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Peo howe ALS OF BEN LrOMOLDOG Y :-
[Established in 1874. ]

VOLUME 6.

1891-1893.

CamBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

1893.

CONPENTS:

ALDRICH, J. M. A new genus and species of Tabanidae. Figures
The dolichopodid genus Liancalus Loew

ASHMEAD, WILLIAM Harris. Three new Pambolids on ihe United States
On the species of the genus Mirax found in North America

BANKS, NATHAN. A new American Lacinius
BEAN, THomas E. Arctia yarrowii in Canada

BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM. sae eas of the larva os pupa Ge Scotobates dailea-

ratus Fabr.
Description of the preneratone stages of Callosazak padtietives rary
BLANCHARD, FREDERICK. On an aoe character, hitherto little noticed, in the
family Buprestidae : :
BLATCHLEY, W.S. An unusual Aster ae mehistocerea americana

CHoLopkowsky, N. The morphology and phylogeny of insects.
CLARKE, Cora H. Caddis-worms of Stony Brook. Figures
CocKERELL, THoMAS D. A. Brief notes on two Jamaica Papilionidae
Early stages of two Jamaica Nymphalidae
Two new forms of Diaspinae

DouertTy, W. Green butterflies. 5 c e
Dyar, HARRISON G. Descriptions of the prepamatony stages oft two formas of Geran
cinerea Walk c :
Preparatory stages of Eee eaeuear a iatenloe Pace

Notes on Bombycid larvae c . I1O-112: 145- a :

A list of the Bombyces found in the lect ic- light eee at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

On the specific distinctness of Halisidota harrisii, with notes on the preparatory
stages of the species of Halisidota inhabiting New York

Preparatory stages of Pheosia dimidiata H. S.

Choice of food

A correction

Life history of Oreyia cana pity. Bie

Dryocampa riversii Behr

The larva of Nola minuscula

The larva of Sarrothripa reveyana 2

Notes on Cerura, with descriptions of new species

Cerura modesta

Additional notes on Howby rcid acne

The number of larval stages in the genus ieadats

53
465-466

404-405
153-158

450
481-482
571-573

80-83
95-96

177-179
126-129

162-166
194-196
196
197
203-205

Fs)

248-249
259-260
290-292

293
323-326
337-349

Dyar, H.G. (Cont.) Preparatory stages of Pheosia portlandia Hy. Edw. 0 : 351-353

Preparatory stages of Clisiocampa erosa Stretch . > : : 9 : : 364-365
Notes on the larval stages of Arctia blakei Grote . : ; 4 : ; F 379-381
The larval stages of Ichthyura multnoma Dyar . : - ; 403-404
Orgyia badia and other notes, with a table to separate ne larvae a Ouse - 419-421
Additions to the list of Bombyces at Poughkeepsie. Figures. . : : 479-480
A description of the larva of a species of the lintneri group of Gluphisia_. : 503-504
On variation in the venation of an Arctian with notes on other allied genera.

Plate 79 5 : . c : : , , : : : : ; ; 51-512
Notes on Gluphisia . : : . : : : : : : : : 3 529-530
A-correction . 5 : : ¢ : ; - 2 556
A note on the larva ee Dene Moiidana Cie? : : ‘ : : : : ; 573

ExioT, IDA M. and SouLE, CAROLINE G. Smerinthusastylus . : : 2 : : 31
Hemaris diffinis : c : 0 : 5 5 : 3 : é 5 < 142-145
FORBES, STEPHEN ALFRED. Experiments with chinch-bugs. . 5 : - 250
- Fox, WILLIAM JOSEPH. Synopsis of the North American species of Mepecilicee Smith 421-422
Descriptions of new aculeate Hymenoptera. : : : : 553-556
FRENCH, GEORGE HAZEN. The partial preparatory stages of Heteeopacha niles ere
Harvey. 3 : : : é : : : : . : 5 5 ‘ - 30-31
GARMAN, H. On the life history of Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. Figures . 28-30: 44-49
Oebalus pugnax an enemy of grasses. 3 : : 4 5 : : : ‘ 61
A supplementary note on Diabrotica 12-punctata . : 5 2 : : é . 78-80
On a singular gland possessed by the male Hadenoecus subterraneus. Figure . : 105
American Phytoptocecidii. Plate 6 : : : : : : : . : 241-246
Hampson, G. F. Theclick of Ageronia. Figure. : ‘ é A : Or
HAMILTON, JOHN. The new catalogue of European Goleapeers : : : : 147-148
HAMILTON, JOHNand HENSHAW, SAMUEL. A list of some of the catalogues and local
lists of North American Coleoptera. c : : : 160-162: 188-193: 205-209
HENSHAW, SAMUEL. Bibliographical notes . : . 180: 293: 440-441: 557
Hoop, Lewis E. The Leptidae and Bombylidae of me White Mountains : : 283-284
Heraclides cresphontes. : 2 : : > : 5 : : : : 5 By
HOLLAND, WILLIAM JOSEPH. Descriptions of new West African Lycaenidae; Paper II. 50-53
The life history of Spalgis s-signata Holl. Plate 4 c : . : : - 201-203
Notes upon the transformations of some African Lepidoptera. Plate 5 : : 213-216
Descriptions of new species and genera of West African we Plates ro,

17, 18, 20, 21; Figures : 5 : : 373-376: 393-

400: 411-418: 431-434: 451-454: 469- 476: 487-490: 513- 520: 531-538: 549-552: 565-568
Communal cocoons and the moths which weave them. Plateg . . : : 385-391

Hyarr, ALPpHeusand ARMs, JENNIE Maria. A novel diagrammatic representation of

the orders of insects. Platez. Figures . : : : : : : II-41

A general survey of the modes of development in insects, and fer meaning . 37-43

JAcK, JoHN GeorGrE. Notes on three species of Hylotoma 5 ; : ; : “IO-11

LuGcGeEr, Otro. Two new lepidopterous borers. Plate 3? 108-109
McNEILL, JEROME. A list of the Orthoptera of Illinois . s 3-9: 21-27: 62-66: 73-78
MERRIFIELD, FREDERIC. Temperature experiments with moths 148-149
Temperature experiments : ‘ 196
Morse, ALBERT Pitts. A melanistic locust : : : 401-402
A new species of Stenobothrus from Connecticut, with remarks on ether Neon
England species. Figures 477-479
PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING. The Bombycine genus Lagoa, type of a new family. 281-282
Notes on the nesting habits of certain bees ° . : : C : : 340-341
Notes on Gluphisia and other Notodontidae . . ; : : : 499-502: 521-522
PATTON, WILLIAM HAMPTON. Synonymy of butterfly parasites 261
S., S. H. Early appearance of Anosia plexippus : : ; 491-492
Bconban: SAMUEL HuBBARD. More damage by white ants in New England 15-16
Lestes eurinus Say : ; : 66
A decade of monstrous beetles. Plate 2 89-93
Oeneis and its early stages : 99-100
Some of the early stages of Zerene catenaria 124-126
Experiments with alpine butterflies 129-130
The early stages of three Coleoptera : : ; 3 : : : 173-175
The Orthopteran genus Hippiscus 5 : : . 265-274: Hee 288: 301-

304 : 317-3203; 333-336: 347-350: 359-363

Some notes on the early stages, especially the chrysalis, of a few American
Sphingidae : :
SHarP, Davip. Mould in cabinets :
Supp, J. W. An undescribed species of Vespa : ‘ . ‘ :
SLINGERLAND, MARK VERNON. Some observations upon two species a Bruchus.
Plate 16 : : : : :

Snow, FrRANcIis H. Bcperineute for ine aestritiion ee cnineh bugs by fafcios
SouLe, CAROLINE G. The march of Hyperchiria io

Harrisimemna trisignata : :

Full grown larva and pupa of Deidamia ‘ase¥ipta

On the food-habit of Telea polyphemus

A moulting-habit of larvae of Platysamia ceanothi

Some abnormal larvae

Another Deidamia inscripta

Halisidota caryae

Food plants; choice of food

Heteropacha rileyana

Nadata gibbosa : :

The early stages of Nerice Hidentata

Tardy wing-expansion in Callosamia

Notes

Tutt, J. W. Vanessa milberti, a correction

435-437
461
450

445-449
225-233
15
53-54
I16-117
117

133

149
149-150
158-160
166
193-194
197
276-277
595
530

441

TowNSEND, CHARLES HENRY TYLER. Two new Tachinids
A new Simulium from southern New Mexico
A parasite of the fall web-worm
Note on Phorocera promiscua
A tachinid parasite of the oak unicorn prominent
Description of a Sarcophaga bred from Helix
A new genus of Tachinidae ; ,
Tachinid parasite of Eucaterva variaria Gite and other notes
An Aporia bred from Limacodes sp. 3 : 0 ;
Description of Oestrid larvae taken from the Jack- rabbit and Coton tail
Introduction to Brauer and yon Bergenstamm’s Vorarbeiten zu einer Mono-

graphie der Muscaria Schizometopa_. : - : : 4 : 313-316:

Oviposition of a homopterous insect in Yucca : .
An interesting blood-sucking gnat of the family Gironomniaes Plate §
Description of a new and teresting Phasiid-like genus of Tachinidae, s. str.
Description of the pupa of Toxophora virgata O. S.

Note on Atropharista jurinoides

Hosts of North American Tachinidae, etc., I.

A cabbage-like cecidomyiidous gall on Bieclovid

Note on Dr. Williston’s criticisms

A cock’s-comb gall on Rhus microphylla

On a fleshy leaf-gall on scrub-oak f

Note on a scutellerid on native tobacco in Arizona

Van Duzee, Epwarp P. The North American Jassidae allied to Thamnotettix

WALSINGHAM, Lord. Protection by conspicuous colors 5
WEED, CLARENCE Moores. A preliminary synopsis of the eee epics (Pha-
langiidae) of Mississippi. Plates 17-15 :
WHEELER, WILLIAM Morton. Hemidiptera haeckelii
The embryology of a common fly
The germ band of insects

Concerning the blood-tissue of the Tasecta: IMIR Pe ; 216-220: 233-236:

329-332
353-354
369-371
4205130
tomo
461
466-468
49
Te
5045595
SI)
547-548

305-310
67
425-429

66-67

97-99
112-115

253-258

The primitive number of Malpighian vessels in insects. Figures. 457-460: 485-486: 497-

498: 509-510: 539-541: 545-547:

WicKHAM, HENRY FREDERICK. Notes on some myrmecophilous Coleoptera
On the attraction of light for the two sexes of Coleoptera
WILLIAMS, J. Lawron. Clouds of insects
WILLISTON, SAMUEL WENDELL. A merited honor
Notes on Tachinidae
Atropharista jurinoides 5 : : : 5 5 : : :
WoopworTH, CHARLES WILLIAM. On the relation between scientific and econo-
mic entomology

561-564
321-323
391-392
180-181
: 346
409-410

492

12-19

UNSIGNED ARTICLES.

A NEw INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY - Z : : : . : ‘ 14
RECENT ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS (Buckton’s British Cicadae; Moore’s Lepidoptera
Indica; Kirby’s Catalogue of Odonata) 14-15

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs (Novitates lepidopterologicae; Vanessa mielbertd in Eng-
land; Dr. C. Berg, 16. Marine insects; Dr. Weed’s appointment, 27.
Kolbe’s Introduction; the oldest phryganid; eggs of Lycaenidae, 32-33.
Mr. C. P. Gillette; New England spiders; classification of Diptera; trans-
formations of Coleoptera; l’Abeille, 54. Lowne’s Anatomy of the blow-fly;
reported death of Kiinckel d’Herculais; distribution of Vanessa carduz, 100-
101; Maynard’s Manual of N. A. butterflies; a Cincinnati boy in the tropics;
the reported death of Kiinckel, 133-134. Monograph of the Conocepha-
linae; larva of Micropteryx; hermaphroditic Arthropoda, 150. Announce-
ments; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica, 166. Prize for essay on insect pests;
insect appreciation of insect song, 181-182. Catalogue of Elateridae; two
interesting papers; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; genera of Aeschnidae; new
trap door spider; Macrolepidoptera of Buffalo; new works upon British
insects; Kolbe’s Introduction; October meeting of the Entomological society
of London, 197-198. Reprint of vol. 1 of Psyche; Labrador insects; Sharp
eyes; amber insects; Gundlach’s Entomologia cubana; new list of American
Lepidoptera, 209. Pieris rapae engaged in a new kind of sport; the gypsy
moth; the amber museum of Stantien and Becker, 237-238. The gypsy
moth; biology of the Chalcididae; Goniops,—a correction, 246. A study of
California butterflies, 260. Henry Edwards’s entomological collection; cole-
opterous fauna of the Ecuadorian Andes; formation of new colonies and nests
by New Zealand ants, 261. Psyche; protective resemblance; new Classifica-
tion of the Acaroidea; Kolbe’s introduction to entomology; Schatz and
Rober’s Families and genera of butterflies ; visits of insects to flowers; destroy-
ing the chinch bug in the field; cecidomyian galls; insects of New York,
277-278. Hudson’s New Zealand entomology; Lowne’s Blow-fly; Moore’s
Lepidoptera Indica; a prize in economic entomology; Heraclides cresphontes
in Massachusetts, 294. Insects of Custer Co., Colo.; Ofomala brachyptera;
Riley’s Directions for preserving insects; Oenezs semztdea; Memorial to H.
W. Bates; Riley’s recent papers; Fasontades glaucus; Kirby’s Catalogue of
moths and Text book; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Gundlach’s Cuban
Orthoptera; a correction, 341-342. A new catalogue of Hemiptera; the
illness of Dr. Hagen; enumeration of Iowa insects; the young of mole-
crickets; Humbert’s posthumous work on Myriapoda, 365-366. Development
of the head of Chironomus; Edwards on Chionobas; a catalogue of Hymen-
optera; strange egg of a Reduviid; Marx’s American spiders; Latrodectus
formidabilis; a fragment of a manual of our butterflies; Casey on Rhyncho-
phora; a new index, 381-382. Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Osten Sacken’s

classification of Diptera orthorrhapha; Distant’s Oriental Cicadidae; Wash-
ington entomology, 405-406. Brongniart succeeds Lucas; death of Speyer;
Kolbe’s Introduction, 410. Explanation of plate 10; mouth parts of Apio-
ceridae; New York insect galls; anatomy of Orthoptera, 422. Kolbe’s Intro-
duction; defensive odor in a caterpillar; Alaskan Coleoptera; Gryllidae of
Indiana; a blind cavernicolous cockroach; Comstock’s classification of the
Lepidoptera; new iconographs of Lepidoptera; dates of issue of Psyche,
441-442. Spiders of Indo-Malesia; North American Neuroptera; phylogeny
of butterflies, 460. Insect embryology; revision of the system of Orthoptera ;
list of Nebraska Orthoptera; exchange of places of Messrs. Townsend and
Cockerell; the new catalogue of Hemiptera; two new works on butterflies ;
honors to entomologists; explanation of plates 17-18; correction, 492-493.
Insect paratism; stridulation in ants; West Virginia Scolytidae; reissue of
Hiibner’s Exotic butterflies, 505. The seventeen-year locust; the ‘‘genuine
oestrid larva” of the box turtle; Mr. J. M. Aldrich; recent publications, 524-
525. Kolbe’s Introduction; Weismann on ants, white ants in the Cambridge
botanic garden ;Cuterebra fontinella, 541).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB (Election of officers;
exhibitions, 16. President’s address; exhibitions; early stages of Odonata;
Ixodes; retractile organs in Craesus; Atractocerus braziliensis; distribution
of Odonata; early stages of Blepharocera; various notes on Neuroptera;
Typhlocybidae; cut-worms, 33-34. Subsegments of butterfly larvae; cocoon
in Oeneis; Sphingidae, 54. Axthocharis genutia; larva of Lagoa; election
of officers; leaf cutting ant; suspension in chrysalis of Thais; Pvercs
oleracea and P. napt, 69-70. Exhibitions; Hypochilus, 86. Injury by Otio-
rhynchus; Saturuza zo; copulatory organs of Agalena; fossil insect locali-
ties in the West; milk-weed butterfly; muscardine; Ocnerza dispar ; fossil
butterflies, tor-1o2. Anax; fossil plant-lice; election of officers, 118. Books
for beginners; injury to wooden water-pipes, 134. Fossil insects; Meonym-
pha canthus; Platyblemmus; Pteromalus, 150. Exhibitions, 166. Injury by
white ants; insects in stomachs of woodpeckers, 182. Zopherus; monstrosi-
ties, 198. Variation in Bryodema tuberculata; New England Attidae;
Aphodius pumtlus ; election of officers; young larvae of Oeneis, 210. Celia;
Amblychetla piccolomint?, 238. Melanoplus minor; \arval filaments in
Anosia; development of Oeneis semidea; exhibitions, 250. Election of
officers; capture of Orthoptera; exhibitions; ink from butterfly scales; the
genus Hippiscus; red larvae on snow, 261-262. Corethra, 294. Origin of
ant-fauna of Europe; Pelectnus polycerator; species of Colias; 300. Aztho-
master leonardus; Callidryas eubule, 366. North American Phasmidae;
earliest occurrence of injurious beetles, 372. Embryonic and paleozoic
Phasmidae compared; malformations in embryo Dissosteira; exhibition of
specimens, 406. Officers for 1892, 410. Change of by-laws; Melanoplus
atlanis; Metrypa in the United States; illustrations of fossil insects; papers
on Arctia and Stenobothrus, 461-462. Tropaeolum as food of Pieris rapae;
races of Schistocerca literosa on the Galapagos, 494. Mycetophaetus a Penthe-
tria; lepidopterous fauna of the Bahamas; stridulation of Lepidoptera; exhibi-
bitions; embryology of the sheep tick, 525).

BRONGNIART ON PROTHORACIC WINGS IN CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS. : . : é 31
A HINT FROM EMBRYOLOGY . : : : : - 5 : - - : . 32
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Panes SAY AND PICKERING. Figures. 57-60: 12I-

124: 137-141: 169-172 : 185-187 : 297-298: 345-346: ee.

PERSONAL NOTES . : ; : - 5 5 : : : : . 60, 86, 93, 118,

FOREL ON THE HABITS OF BRACHYTRYPUS ‘ , : : , : : : ie
BUGNION ON ALPINE FAUNAS i : P ‘ : : : : ; ‘ : . 68-69
THe ABBE PROVANCHER’S WORK IN CANADA : : : : : j : : F 69
EDWARDS’S BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA . : : 2 : : . 85-86 : 221-222
PACKARD’S FOREST-INSECTS : : : : : ‘ ‘ é : A j 86
BIBLIOGRAPHY (The proboscis of the tee -fly; the foot of the same). . : . 115-116

ReEcENT LITERATURE (Tutt’s British Noctuae; Bugnion’s Postembryonal develop-
ment, habits, and anatomy of Encyrtus; Foerster’s Insects of the middle oligo-
cene of Brunstatt, 117. Transactions of the American entomological society ;
Insect life; the ‘‘jumping bean” ; Kolbe’s Introduction, 132. Buckton’s British
Cicadae; succession of wing colors in chrysalids of butterflies; a cyclopean
honey-bee, 222).

EDWARD BURGESS ¢ : : 4 3 é ' : : ; : : ; : 131
THE LonpoNn INSECTARY. : ‘ F : : : ; : : J F 131-132
A DrpTrEeRouS PARASITE OF THE TOAD : 5 : : : : F : é sek 240)
HENRY WALTER BATES . : : : . : ‘ : ; : ; ‘ 249-250
DoHRN AND BURMEISTER F 3 , : : : F ‘ ‘ : ; : 2 300
JoHN Witt RANDALL . é : : : ; : : , : : : ; = 3n6
A LoweER SILURIAN INSECT FROM SWEDEN j : p : 3 : : : « i365
ANTS BREEDING IN AND IN . : Z ‘ - : : j P ‘ ; eee
A MoNoOGRAPH OF NORTH AMERICAN Tacs : ‘ A : =) een
LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL Notes (A grant from the Bache Fund; the Keavvett collection

of Indian Lepidoptera at Pittsburg; Indiana butterflies) . 2 : : : = 392
WESTWOOD AND STAINTON . : : 5 : 5 ; f : : : : = 405
HYMENOPTERA OF MADAGASCAR . ; - : - 449
Locat Nores (Dr. Packard’s insect types; Dr. \[- w. Randall fie gypsy moth) Z 5 ne

For Brief Notes, Foreign Notes, General Notes, Literary Notes, Miscellaneous Notes, and
Notes, see Entomological Notes.

Se : “A
i 70S 2 ¢
A eeory RIAL OE BNTOMOLOGY.
[Established in 1874. ]
Vol. 6. (No. 17s
January, 1891.
CONTENTS:
A List oF THE OrTHorreRA oF ILLINoIs,—I. GRYLLIDAE.—Ferome McNeill : 3
NoTes ON THREE SPECIES oF HyLotoma.—¥f. G. Fack - : 4 : : : 10

A NoveL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS OF INsEcTs (Plate I.)
—Alpheus Hyatt, Ff. M. Arms . 3 : : : : < : : : II

Descriprions oF THE LARVA AND PupA oF SCOTOBATES CALCARATUS FaBR.— Vm.
Beutenmiutller ‘, us 5 : 5 : 5 ; - : 4 : : A 13

A New INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY : : : : ; : ; 5 E 14

RecENT ENGLISH PuBLICATIONS (Buckton’s British Cicadae; Moore’s Lepidoptera

Indica; Kirby’s Catalogue of Odonata) . : : - F : . ; : 14
THe Marcu oF Hypercairia 10.—Caroline G. Soule : : ‘ : : : 15
More DaMaGE By WHITE Ants tN New ENGLAND.—S. H. Scudder : ; : 15
MIscELLANEOUS NoTEs : - - ; : 3 : 2 c : c : 16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB , , ‘ : ‘ . 16

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

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Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Club, Vol.
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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anatomy

of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archippus.
Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. c : 1.00
Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the descrip-
tive and systematic Coleopterology of North

America. Part I-II. : I.00
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England.
Boston, 1858 . : 5 I.50

Schwarz, E. A. The Coleoptera of Florida .50
Scudder, S. H. ‘The earliest winged insects
of America: a re-examination of the Devon-
an insects of New Brunswick, in the light of
criticisms and of new studies of other paleo-

zoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate -50
Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus.
Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 171 p. : oe eae

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PSY CHE.

A bist, OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS:—1.

BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.

THE following list is an enumeration
of all the species of Orthoptera known
to me to occur within the State, as well
as those species reported by others but
not identified by the writer. Names
of the last mentioned class are preceded
by an asterisk and accompanied by the
name of the person upon whose author-
ity they are inserted. If the species is
uncommon, one or more localities in
which it has been or is reported to have
been captured will be given. The
earliest date, known to me, of the ap-
pearance of each species will be given
and unless otherwise stated this date
will be understood to be the recorded
time of their appearance or capture
at Rock Island, III.

GRYLLIDAE.

1. Zredactylus apicalis Say. Urba-
ua, july 7. “Quincy, Sept. 6. Found
in abundance on a sand bar in the
river at the last mentioned place by
Mr. C. A. Hart of Illinois Univer-
sity.

*2. Tridactylus terminalis Uhler.
Southern Illinois (Thomas, Uhler).

3. Tridactylus minutus Scudder.
Champaign, Aug. 20.

4. Gryllotalpa columbia Scudder.

This mole-cricket I
have found in a single locality on Rock
Island. This place is between Fort
Armstrong and the Powder House on
the southern side of the Island. Here
the shore is flat and sandy and thickly
strewn fragments of bark and
wood brought down by the river from
the saw-mills at Moline and left on the
My
attention was attracted the first time I
had the good fortune to walk that way
by observing that from many of these
pieces of bark which were within a few
feet of the water a number of little
ridges radiated in crooked lines which,
however, never seemed to intersect each
other. An exploration of these tunnels
revealed at the end of almost every one

“long-winged”

with

low shores by the receding water.

opened a cricket large or small. Au-
gust.
5. Gryllotalpa borealis Burm. 1

have found this species as early as June
25 in eastern Indiana.
ance about Moline is early in August.
At this season of the year at least it is

Its first appear-

solitary as all the specimens I have cap-
tured have been the sole occupants of
burrows. Mr. Scudder has compared
its song to that of ‘‘the distant sound of
been struck with the

frogs.” I have

4 ESOL.

resemblance of its note to that of Oecaz-
thus niveus. ‘To my ear the only dis-
cernable . difference is that of pitch.
This song is a simple chirp, very low
in pitch for an orthopteron, repeated at
intervals of about a second. This spe-
cies can be made to eject from their
cerci a grayish viscid substance and
this substance can be thrown several
inches. Of what use this faculty is to
the insect I can only conjecture as I
have seen the occurrence but twice.
That it is protective in character is very
probable as the phenomenon has only
occurred in my experience when the
insect has been very much maltreated.
The ejected mass does not have any
noticeably bad odor and if it is used to
repel the attacks of enemies it is most
probably efficient because it entangles
the feet and perhaps covers the eyes of
the unfriendly insect.

6. Gryllus luctuosus Serv. Very
rare. I have captureda single specimen
at the electric light and on one occasion
I allowed a long winged black speci-
men which could not be referred to any
other species, to escape me in the long
grass. I have seen another specimen
taken by Mr. C, A. Hart at the electric
lightin Urbana, Junes7. All the speci-
mens I have seen from Illinois are de-
cidedly smaller than specimens from
Florida and than those whose dimensions
are given by Saussure.

7. Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm.
Moline, June3. ‘This species may be,
as Mr. Saussure is inclined to believe, a
short-winged form of the preceding
species. Except for the shortened or

January 1891}

abortive wings it is scarcely different
from G. luctuosus, which is abundant
southward and very rare in the northern
States and Canada. From Maryland to
Massachusetts and Northern Illinois
G. pennsylvanicus is common but
it is not reported from Canada and
is probably not found as far north as
Maine. ‘The species of the genus are so
extremely variable and consequently so
difficult to separate that the whole sub-
ject is in much doubt. This confusion
has been so great that I am inclined to
think that the habits of entirely different
species have been confused so as to lead
to serious misunderstanding and worse
confusion. I advance my opinion on this
point however with the greatest hesita-
tion and I am free to acknowledge
that I do not feel entirely sure in my
own mind of my conclusions.

In speaking of the habits of these
Orthoptera a late writer, Mr. Lawrence
Bruner, says: ‘*Usually most of our
North American Grylli live singly or in
pairs in burrows which they dig for
themselves. These are used as retreats
during the daytime and serve as shelter
from ordinary inclemencies of weather.
These burrows are generally forsaken
about mid-summer for some sort of above-

ground shelter. From this time on,

until fall, they appear to be more social
and live in colonies under various sorts
of rubbish. Grain-shocks are a favorite
haunt for them, and since twine has
been used for binding, the crickets have
been quite troublesome by cutting the
bands. During late summer and fall
the females commence preparations for

January 18g1.]

the continuance of their kind, by thrust-
ing their long, slender ovipositors into
the loose soil and dropping their eggs.
These sometimes hatch the same year,
but, as a rule, lie over until the follow-
ing spring. The young generally live
above ground, where they hide among
fallen leaves, grasses, and other debris,
though sometimes they also creep into
chinks and crevices in the earth.”

My limited observation leads me to
conclude that the description just quoted
applies to no single species. The burrow
making species is G. pennsylvanicus
and, probably, G. @actuosws. The social
crickets are G, and G.
neglectus, Which is probably a variety
of the first. Briefly recounted, the life
history of G. abbreviatus is as follows.
The eggs hatch in this latitude in July,
and the first adults appear as early as

abbreviatus

the second week in August. During
every stage of life they are social, feed-
ing together, seeking shelter in company
and when egg laying time comes, in
October, the females collect by hundreds
in some suitable locality, an abandoned
or little used roadway suits them well,
and each lays several hundred eggs in
After this duty is
performed. their business on this planet

an irregular mass.

seems to be finished and they succumb
to the cold, none surviving the winter.
The eggs do not hatch until the follow-
ing July or if in rare cases they do they
probably perish with cold.

In Florida, Grylls luctuosus attains
G. pennsyl-
vanicus, Which is probably merely the

its growth in December.

short winged form of the former, is not

RPSTCHE. 4)

found in the southern States and in the
middle States it does not haye time to
complete its metamorphoses in the fall
and consequently survives the winter in .
In the
spring it soon completes its transforma-
tions and by the first of June its note is
heard. They dig burrows which they
occupy probably as long as they live.
During the months of June and July
the meadows and pastures and especially
open woods pastures are filled with the
music of their Ordinarily in
favorite haunts every square rod will
contain at least one burrow and these
burrows are, of course, sometimes much
more abundant.

the larval and pupal stages.

song.

The males never seem
to stray away from their houses in the
daytime and are frequently found within
the entrance, while singing. Where
their eggs are laid or when I have never
been able to discover, but I have never
seen the young before September, so
that the eggs are probably laid about the
time the young of G. abdreviatus are
hatching.

G. pennsylvanicus is so far as I have
observed never a social species not even
I think in the larval and pupal stages.
G. abbreviatus on the other
social and are

hand are
always never burrow
inhabiting, although itis quite probable
that on occasion they seek the burrows
Mr.
Scudder says in his paperon The distri-
bution of insects in New Hampshire,‘‘At
Jefferson in 1867 no chirp of a Gryllus

was heard until August 12, although

of their congeners for protection.

they often commence their song in

Massachusetts in June.” If Iam right

or)

this absence of the cricket serenade dur-
ing the months of June and July and
early August is accounted for by the
fact that this locality is north of the
range of G. pennsylvantcus. This
species has not been, I think, reported
from Canada and G. luctuosus as rare,
so that if I have not erred there should
not be heard anything more than an
occasional cricket chirp there before the
middle of August. The only invariable
and easily recognized difference between
G. pennsylvanicus and G. abbreviatus
is that in the females of the former the
ovipositor is decidedly shorter than the
body, in the latter this organ is nearly or
quite as long as the body.

8. Gryllus abbreviatus Serv. Mo-
line, August 14. Very abundant.

g. Gryllus domesticus Linn. Mo-
line and Urbana. Very rare, a single
specimen having been taken at each
place at the electric light.

10. Memobius fasciatus De Geer,
Abundant everywhere, especially in
blue grass meadows. It is very com-
about July
27. The wingless form vzttatus Harr. is
at least in the northern part of the State
more abundant than fasczatus.

11. Axnaxipha pulicaria Burm.
Taken in a single locality on Rock
River near Colona, Rock Island Co.,
about August 20.

12. Phylloscirtus pulchellus Uhler,
A few specimens have been captured at
Pine Hills, September 14, 1883.

13. O0ecanthus niveus De Geer.
Abundant throughout the State from
the latter part of July to the late fall.

mon at the electric light

PST ORE:

[January 18q1.

There are five species of Oecanthus
in Illinois which are very widely distri-
buted in North America. Two of these,
Oecanthus fasciatus Fitch and Ocecan-
thus angustipennis Fitch, have gener-
ally been considered varieties of Oecan-
thus ntveus De Geer, but several years
observation of this genus has led me to
conclude that they are quite distinct in
structure, habits, and song and they must
therefore rank as species.

The last named species can be distin-
guished from the two former by its
broader wing covers, the width of the
dorsal field compared with the length
being about one to two in /latzpennis
and zzveus, one to three in angustt-
pennis and two to five in fasczatus.
The average of these dimensions is in
the first mentioned species .30 by .62
inches ; in the second .26 by .54 inches ;
in the third .16 by .44 inches; and in
the last .18 by .46 inches. Miveus can
usually be distinguished from all the
other species by its color, which is ivory
white with almost no perceptible infusion
of green in the male but the elytra of the
female may be quite decidedly green.
In angustipennis the male as well as
the female, probably. is deeply suffused
with green. In fasczatus the greenish
tint is also predominant in the wings
and elytra but the other parts of the body
vary in color from deep black to ivory
white varied with fuscous. In typically
colored specimens however the head and
pronotum are whitish with three dis-
tinct fuscous or black stripes, extending
one over the top of the head and pro-
notum and the other two on the lateral

January 1891.]

lobes’ of the pronotum and upon the
sides of the head. Latcfenns differs in
coloration distinctly from the two last
mentioned species but only slightly from
mtveus.
is ivory white with the elytra perfectly
transparent but it is distinct from z¢veus
and the other two species in having the

Like the latter its general color

head and basal half of the antennae suf-
It also
lacks very generally if not always the

fused with pink or light brown.

small fuscous spots which are to be
found always in the other species,
except in the case of the black variety
of fasciatus, on the lower face of the
two basal joints of the antennae.
Niveus is also distinguished from all
other species by its proportionally longer
maxillary palpi.
most apparent in the ultimate joint,
which is not only relatively but actually

This disproportion is

longer than the same joint in Zat¢pennzs,
These dimen-
sions are forthe two species respectively :
fifth joint 1.5 mm and 1.4 mm; fourth
joint 1.3 mmand 1.3 mm; third joint
1.6 mm and 1.7 mm.

a decidedly larger insect.

Finally in zzveus
the outer or fourth curved oblique nerve
at the base of the elytra is more angular
than in any of the other species and con-
sequently the distance between the third
and fourth nerves which in the other
species is about equal to that between
the first and second, and the second and
third nerves, is in zzvews much greater.

In addition to the distinctions already
mentioned fasczatus has longer antennae
than the other species have, since these
organs are rather more than two and one
half times the total length of the body,

PS TVCHE : 7

and the larger spines at the tip of the
posterior tibiae are unusually strong and
acute. The ovipositor of the female is
also plainly distinct from the perfectly
straight ovipositor of zzveus in being
distinctly turned up at the tip. The
palpi also offer distinct
specific characters in the proportionally

maxillary

short fourth joint and in the subclavate
fifth joint which in the other species
Angustipennis difters
from the other species in its small
head and slender pronotum, which in the
female especially is decidedly narrowed
anteriorly instead of being of equal width

is fusiform.

throughout as in the females of z/veus
and /atipennis. The hind legs are pro-
portionally longer and more slender than
they are in the allied species and the
post-tibial apical spines are so weak as
to be somewhat difficult to count with
the unaided eye.

These species difler from one another
as markedly in song as in structure.
That of zzvews is the well known
t-r-r—r-e-e: t-r-r—r-e-e, repeated with
out pause or variation about seventy
times in a minute. In the vicinity of
Davenport, Iowa, this song is heard as
early as the twenty-third of July and it
continues until the persistent little song-
sters are killed by the heavy frosts of the
late fall.
night and occasionally on cloudy days

but in the latter case it is only an isolated

This song is heard only at

song and never the full chorus of the

night song produced by many wings
g ‘ :

whose vibrations in exact unison produce

that characteristic ‘‘rhythmic beat als

Burroughs has happily phrased ite, Lt

8 PSILCHEL.

is this effect of many united songs that
has led the same author to speak of
“purring” crickets. Thoreau calls it the
‘¢slumbrous breathing” and the “intenser
dream” of crickets, but Hawthorne has
given it a more spiritual interpretation
than either Burroughs or Thoreau. He
describes it as ‘‘audible stillness” and
declares that ‘‘if moonlight could be
heard it would sound like that.”’ Prof. C.
V. Riley says of the song of Jazz, Eunts
that it ‘‘is continuous and recalls the
trilling of a high pitched dog whistle in
the distance.” He also says ‘+The com-
mingled shrill of this species recalls also
the distant croaking of frogs in the
spring.” The song of fasczates is also a
high trill continuing usually for several
minutes with the intervals between the
trills of very irregular length. It sings
all day as well as all night apparently
in the bright sunshine as well as on-
cloudy days and in the dusk of evening.
Angustipennis has a song which re
sembles that of fasc¢atus in some degree,
but it is very much fainter and lasts for
about five seconds with an equal interval
between the trills

Mr. Scudder says* of the song of zzv-
eus: **The day song of this insect is ex-
ceedingly shrill and may be represented
by the following figure [which repre-
sents a trill] though the notes vary in
rapidity. When slowest they are about
sixteen a second. The song is of varied
length, sometimes lasting but two or
three seconds, sometimes continuing a
minute or two uninterruptedly; it isa
nearly uniform, equally sustained trill,

Rep. Geol. N. H., V. I. p. 365-366.

[January 1891.

but the insect often commences its note
at a different pitch from the normal one
as if it required a little practice to attain
it. When singing the tegmina are
raised at fully a right angle to the body.
The night song consists of ‘¢hrrr’ re-
peated incessantly, three parts of song
and one of rest in every three seconds.”’
‘Uhe ‘‘day song” described by Mr. Scud-
der seems to be the song of fasciatus,
while the ‘‘night song” certainly resem-
bles that of azgustépennts more than
the song of xéveus. Walker’s Oecan-
thus nigricornts is, I think, nothing
but a long-winged fasciatus. Speci-
mens of the last-mentioned species with
wings extending beyond the elytra as
much as .16 of an inch are not uncom-
mon.

Finally, Zatépennis, according to Prof.
Riley, generally chooses the tender
shoots of the grape in which to lay its
eges, while zzveus prefers the raspberry
and blackberry, but is less particular than
the first-mentioned species and lays its
eggs in many other shrubs and trees.
Both of these species with angustipen-
zzs prefer cultivated ground, but _fascza-
tus is comparatively rare in such locali-
ties and is abundant along weedy road-
sides and hedges and in weedy meadows.
The females are abundant in late sum-
mer and early fall on the various species
of Helianthus and Solidago,

14. Oecanthus angustipennts
Fitch. | Much less common in the north-
ern part of the State than either zzveus
or fasctatus ; it has been taken at Mo-
line Sept. 29.

15. O5ccanthus fasciatus Fitch. Its

January 1891.]

range seems to be coextensive with that
of zzveus and it is even more abundant.
The earliest recorded date of its capture
at Moline is August 23.

16. O3ccanthus latipennis Riley. It
is doubtful if this species is found as far
north as Moline. There is a specimen
in the Museum of the University of Ili-
nois labelled Carmi, Ill., Oct. 6, 82:
Itssong has been described as ‘‘a con-
tinuous, high-keyed trill continued for
fifteen minutes or more.” This is ex-
actly the song of fasctatus. Since
there has been so much confusion in the
species of this genus, there is a chance
that the song described above is mistak-
enly referred to /atépennzs.

17. O3cecanthus b¢punctatus De Geer.
Apparently an uncommon species in
Illinois. I have seen but two specimens
captured at Rock Island in August.

18. Orocharts uhler¢, n. sp.

A single specimen in the Museum of the
University of Illinois seems so distinct
from described species that it deserves

a name. It may be described as fol-
lows:
Female. Length, .40 in.; post. fem., .36

in.; elytra, .32 in.; ovipositor, .32 in.

Dull brownish yellow with the head, pro-
notum and posterior femora very obscurely
spotted with fuscous. The body and limbs
are pubescent with soft hairs, the color of the
body. The pronotum is short, with the an-
terior margin sinuate and the posterior con-
vex. The elytra do not exceed the abdomen.
The venation of the dorsal field is not promi-

PSC HL: 9

nent and the reticulation is not lozenge-shap-
ed. The vein which separates the dorsal
from the lateral field is unusually prominent,
however, and as a consequence the angle
formed by the two fields is very distinct:
The mediastinal vein, the uppermost vein of
the lateral field, is two-branched. Both fields
are triangular, so that the elytra are acute at
the apex. The wings are scarcely more than
half the length of the elytra. ‘The posterior
femora are very long, exceeding the oviposi-
tor and almost equalling the body in length.
The posterior tibiae are as long as the fem-
ora. ‘hey are very moderately pilose and are
with strong, acute,
brown-tipped spines, seven on the inner and
six on the outer margin of the lower face,
besides the three at the apex on either side.
The lower face of the metatarsus of the poste-
rior legs is armed with similar spines, four
on the outer and two on the inner margin.
These spines increase regularly in size pos-
teriorly, and the pair at the apex equal fully
half the length of this, the metatarsal, joint.
The ovipositor is straight with the apex very
acute and armed with distinct though minute
teeth.

furnished spreading,

This species can be distinguished at
a glancefrom O. sa/tatrzx Uhler by its
smaller size, much longer posterior legs,
acutely tipped antennae and short wings.
In addition to these distinctions, the
spines of the posterior legs of whlerz
are conspicuously large and strong,
while those of saltatr7x are weak and
inconspicuous. ‘Lhe posterior tibiae
are quite densely pilose in the latter
species and only very moderately pilose
in the former.

10 PP SHOE .

[January 1891.

NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF HYLOTOMA.

BY JOHN GEORGE JACK, JAMAICA PLAIN.

Among the papers of the late Benj.
D. Walsh, published in the Transactions
of the Saint Louis Academy of Science,
(7 May 1873, v. 3, pp. 67-68) is a des-
cription of the male and female of
Fylotoma dulciaria Say. His des-
cription of the male appears to differ so
much from some specimens which have
come under my notice that I venture to
give a note of the inséct as it appears to
me.

After describing the female, Walsh
gives the following description of the
male :—

““@ differs from @ only as follows :—t1.
The antennae are 2 as long as the body,
the usual hairs on the last joint nearly as
long as wide. 2. The tegulae and the entire
thorax above and below, except the cenchri
which are whitish and the basal plates which
are luteo-rufous, are blue black. 3. The
abdomen is immaculate. 4. The wings are
several shades paler, but there is an obvious
darker cloud extending from the base of the
stigma to the usual dark dot in the disk of
the 2d submarginal, which cloud exists in
6 [2] also, but is not noticed from the rest
of the wing being equally clouded. Length
& .27 inch. Front wing @ .27 inch.”

Mr. Walsh’s description was from a
single specimen and it differs so much,
by its black thorax and ‘+immaculate”
abdomen (the thorax and abdomen of
the female being of a shining yellowish-
red color), from the specimens taken

by me that it seems hardly possible
that it can belong to this species.

fi. dulciarta Say, is a synonym of
HI. pectoralis Leach, in Cresson’s last
revision of the hymenoptera, and upon
the male I offer the following note.

fTylotoma pectoralis Leach (=H. dulcia-
vita Say).— Male. Head shining black,
antennae black and longer than those of
female; ciliae beneath appearing either
black or rusty colored. Thorax yellowish
red above and around the collar; shining
blue black beneath and with a_ yellowish
red spot below the fore wings, on the pectus
or breast on each side. Legs blue black,
the anterior pair having the tarsi, tibiae and
the extreme tips of the femora of a light
reddish color. Abdomen shining bright
blue black. Wings light smoky brown on
inner and clear on outer or apical portion.
An irregular smoky brown blotch extends
from the basal end of the stigma to the
third submarginal cell in the centre of
which is a minute dot. Expanse of wings
15mm. Length of body 7 toS8 mm.

Out of four specimens examined, two have
four submarginal (or cubital) cells in the an-
terior wings, corresponding to the characters
of the genus. The other two specimens have
only three submarginal cells, the second sub-
marginal nervure being absent. Described
from four specimens bred with a larger num-
ber of females in July, 1889, from larvae
found in the previous summer feeding on the
foliage of Betula alba in the Arnold Arbore-
tum at Jamaica Plain, Mass.

The
been made of the larvae of two species”
of Hylotoma.

following observations have

January 1891.]

Flylotoma scapularzts Klug.— The full-
grown larvae have a pretty general resem-
blance to those of H. pectoralzs Leach (=H.
dulctarta Say),* and are about 18 mm. long.
Head light orange yellow, body somewhat
flattish and light yellowish green in color.
There are six distinct rows of small closely
adjoining black spots on the upper portion
of the body extending from the head to the
anal segment. On each of the fleshy projec-
tions on the sides of the segments, except
the last, there is an oblong dark spot; but
these spots above the two posterior pair of
true legs appear as two large somewhat tri-
angular black blotches. Above the anal seg-
ment there is a large oval shaped black spot.
The legs are black on the outer side, and the
prolegs are marked by a dark brown blotch
on the outer side. The black legs and black
blotch on the anal segment are the chief
marks which distinguish this larva from that
of H. pectoralis in which the legs and anal
segment are yellowish. The cocoons are of
a dirty white or light brown color and aver-
age about 12mm. in length. They are com-
posed of two walls, the inner being closely,
and the outer loosely spun.

The eggs are deposited along the margins
of the leaves of the common American elm
(Ulmus Americana) upon which the larvae
feed. Young larvae were found early in Au-

PSL CLT Ts. 11

gust and those observed attained full growth
about the end of the month. Two males
and many females were raised from these
about the first of July following.
Hylotoma McLeayt Leach.
larva from 15 to 18 mm. long. Head black.
Body flattish; pale yellowish green, with
four distinct lines of black spots along the
back extending from the head to the anal seg-
ment; and with some minute, less regularly
arranged spots or dots along the sides above
the fleshy projections which characterize lar-
vae of this genus.

Full grown

Each fleshy projection
bears a long narrow black spot. The anal
segment is surmounted by a large irregular
oval black blotch and is brown above the
anus. Thelegsare dark brown or black onthe
outer base and have a heavy black blotch at
the base. The prolegs are marked on their
outer side by a somewhat triangular, black
or very dark brown spot. The cocoon is
double walled, the outer wall being loosely
woven and it is dull white or pale brown in
color, and is from 12-14 mm. in length.

The larvae were found in considerable
numbers in the month of August feeding
upon the foliage of common choke-cherry
(Prunus Virginiana) at Jamaica Plain, Mass.
From these larvae-a number of female im-
agos were bred in the latter part of the
month of May following.

A NOVEL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS
OF INSECTS.+

The difficulty of representing satis-
factorily by any linear arrangement the
relations of the orders to each other
and to Thysanura has compelled us to
give diagrams I-III. Diagram II [pl.

*See T. W. Fyles in Canadian entomologist, v. 18,
p-38; V-19, p-59-

1] shows by parallel bars rising above
the circular plate, which represents the
surface of the earth, the sixteen orders of
insects as they exist to-day, and below
this plate the different orders are ar-

t Reprinted from Guides for Science Teaching. No.
VIII. Insecta. By Alpheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms.

12 PSTCHE:

ranged in converging bars according to
their supposed relations during geologic
times. This last is purely theoretical,
since the present state of our knowledge
of fossil insects is too fragmentary and
unsatisfactory to afford sufficient evi-
dences for the demonstration of sucha
classification,

Diagram II [pl. I] represents the op-
posite or farther side of Diagram I,
the plate having been turned around
so that the orders X—XVI can be more
clearly seen both above and below the
earth’s surface. Diagram III is a view
from above the circular plate giving in

Diagram III.

[January 1Sqt.

horizontal section the position of the
orders. In Diagrams I, II, A repre-
sents the wingless, primitive, or Thy-
sanuran stock. The stems B, 3B”,
BY * Diagram ls Gees. iasram
II, represent the winged stocks which
sprang from A. These may have been
composed, so far as the facts now known
are concerned, of a number of separate
or branching lines leading up to the
various orders as termini of more or
less distinct stocks.t

The line 4’ in Diagram II indicates
the winged stock from which the true
Neuroptera sprang, and so far
know, this may have been the same
common stock as that from
which the Ephemeroptera and
Odonata. also arose (Diagram I,
£). In spite of the introduction
of the quiescent pupal stage in
the Neuroptera, their obvious
resemblances to the Odonata,
and the fact that they still retain
the Thysanuroid form of larva
should not be overlocked. Dia-
gram I recognizes these simi-

as we

larities, and presents the least
modified
branches of the genealogical
tree of the Insecta as near to-
gether as practicable. The
placing of Thysanura near the

and most. ancient

centre, by means of a short

* BI! 1 extends in the diagram to the orders Hemiptera and Thysanoptera instead of to the stem from which
these orders sprang. It is placed here because the stem proper is out of sight, being farther down and behind B

and B! ?.

| For example, as suggested by Packard in Third Rep. U.S. Ent. Com., p. 289, the Dermaptera may have been

fr x é . Ch ee, F =o ae S . . . . ¥F
derived from a form Similar to Japyx, a curious Thysanuran genus, and since it has characters allying it both to

@rtheptera aud Coleoptera, it may be the existing descendant of some common forms from which both of these

orders originated. The Thysanura stand, according to Comstock, in a similar position with relation to the Hem-

iptera.

Tao

—.

Plate '.

Psyche, 1891, vol. 6.

STi or nay

January 1Sq1.]}

vertical line ,* indicates the essential-
ly generalized and character
of the order, and does not necessarily
imply any nearer relationship to Neu-
roptera, which stands on the right,
than to Coleoptera on the extreme left.
The height to which the vertical bars
have been carried above the plate is a
rough approximation to the specializa-
tion attained by the adults, and also to
the removal of the mode of development
from the primitive Thysanuroid mode.
The orders existing to-day are re-
garded as parallel series differing from
each other in structure, and not as yet
connected by well-known intermediate
forms. Where the probability exists
that certain orders have had a common
origin, they are placed on the same
radiating lines, as seen in Diagram III,
orders II-III; also VI-VII, and VIII-
IX; and this rule has been departed
from only where the data seemed to
justify a more natural interpretation, as

larval

PSI CHL. 13

in the case of the orders from XII to
XVI, inclusive.

All of these graphic presentations
are necessarily extremely rough approx
imations to the actual facts, and present
even the authors’ views in a very im-
Nevertheless, if con-
scientiously studied, they will,
hoped, help to give teachers some ideas
of the principles upon which a classifi-

perfect manner.
he ae

cation is based, and prevent them from
falling into the absurd but natural mis-
takes often occasioned by the linear
treatment of types in the text.

LIST OF ORDERS.

IX. Hemiptera.
X. Coleoptera.

I. Thysanura.
II. Ephemeroptera.

III. Odonata. XI. Neuroptera.
IV. Plecoptera. XII. Mecoptera.
V. Platyptera. XIII. Trichoptera.

XIV. Lepidoptera.
XV. Hymenoptera.
Diptera.

VI. Dermaptera.
VII. Orthoptera.
VIII. Thysanoptera. XVI.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LARVA AND PUPA OF SCOTOBATES
CALCARATUS FABR.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Larva :—Head subquadrate, anterior angles
obtusely rounded, sides moderately rounded,
shining. Clypeus tranverse, about three
times as broad as long, oblique. Labrum
smaller than the clypeus, anterior margin
rounded and beset with a few bristle-like
hairs. Antennae three jointed, first joint
cylindrical, about twice as long as broad;

*See also the diagram given by Packard in Third
Rep. U.S. Ent. Com., 1883, p. 295.

second joint considerably longer, clavate;
third joint minute, cylindrical, with a few
hairs at the apex. Mandibles short, stout,
arcuate externally, excavate internally, apex
tridentate, base with a prominent elevation
with two small teeth. Maxillae subcylindri-
cal, stout, elongate, lobe somewhat truncate
at the apex with a number of bristle-like
hairs. Maxillary palpi three jointed, first
joint stout, cylindrical, broader than long;

14 PST CHL.

second joint more slender and longer; third
joint subcylindrical, thicker at the base
than the apex, which is beset with minute
points. Labium subquadrate, broader at the
apex than the base. Labial palpi
jointed; first joint thick, cylindrical; second
joint slender, rounded at apex. Body corne-
ous, highly polished, minutely punctured,
last segment terminating in two short pro-
tuberances curved upward. Over the body
are scattered a few light brown hairs. Color:
head and body testaceous. Body beneath
somewhat paler. Length about 25
Width about 3.50 mm.

PuPa sordid white, elongated, with each of
the abdominal segments at the sides pro-
vided with a flat, quadrate process. Anal
segment with two rather long processes at
the extremity. Thorax subquadrate, sides
rounded. Head bent downward;
folded around the sides of the body.
gmm. Width 5 mm.

Lives on wood of oak, chestnut, and hick-
ory. Collected early in April.
18th. Imago emerged June gth.

two-

mm.

wings
Length

Pupated May

A NEw INTROpuUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY.*
—We have here a noyel and suggestive book,
in which the interrelationships of insects
are worked out on independent lines. Neither
Professor Hyatt, a zoologist and _ paleon-
tologist of the very highest repute, nor
his associate Miss Arms, has ever before
claimed a hearing in the entomological world,
and they have approached the subject quite
untrammelled by tradition or authority, but
with experience as successful teachers and
thoroughly imbued with the principles which
guide modern science. It is not a text book
for scholars, but precisely what its title indi-
cates, a guide for teachers. It abounds with
novel suggestions, and is interspersed with
cautions of the utmost importance to teach-

Insecta (Guides for science-teaching, viii). By Al-
pheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms. 16mo, Boston) 18g0.
Published for the Boston Society of Natural History

by D. C. Heath & Co. pp. 23, 300, figs. 223.

{January 18oq1.

ers.
sage,

We have room here for only one pas-
in which the limitations of the
Darwinian theory are enforced :

“Tt is very important that teachers should
be cautious in allowing themselves the free
use of explanations which the doctrine of
Natural Selection seems to furnish. ‘The
danger lies in the fascination of the logical
form presented by this doctrine, the ease
with which it seems to explain even the most

complicated relations of organic beings, and

the general although unfounded belief that it
is universally accepted and believed in by nat-
uralists. They will find... that this doctrine
is not used by any investigators in account-
ing for the origin of structures and their
modifications, and only to a limited extent
by those quoted above and others of the
same school [the so-called Neo-Lamarcki-
ans], in explaining the preservation of struc-
tures and modifications after they have been
originated by the action of physical and other
causes.”

A diagrammatic scheme for illustrating the
authors’ views of the phylogeny of insects is
given on a preceding page of this number,
and we hope to print at an early date their
concluding general remarks, after a survey
of the whole field.

RECENT ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS.— The
fourth part of Buckton’s Monograph of the
British Cicadae or Tettigidae, just issued,
completes the first of the two volumes of
which the work will be composed. The first
volume contains 41 plates and 211 pages of
text, 78 of the latter given up to the Intro-
duction. The remaining volume will treat
of the Jassides, Deltocephalides and Typhlo-
cybides of the classification adopted by him.

The fourth part of Moore’s Lepidoptera
Indica is of less interest than the preceding.
The plates are still concerned with the Eu-
ploeinae but only with species of very sim-
ilar appearance having a dull brown ground
color, and of which the early stages are not
The modification of the

known. hind mar-

January 1891.]

gin of the fore wings in the males of all
these species to accommodate the sexual scale-
pocket in the medio-submedian interspace is
a striking feature. The text, which keeps
éxcellent pace with the plates, has many
points of interest and calls attention to some
interesting cases of mimicry.

Mr. W. F. Kirby has just published with
Van Voorst’s successors a synonymic cata-
logue of dragon-flies living and fossil. It ex-
tends to 202 pp. 8vo. They are arranged
systematically under families, subfamilies and
divisions, the further subdivisions by Selys
and others, legions and groups, being ignored:
So too all subgenera are regarded as genera.
This hasat least simplified the author’s work,
but can hardly be regarded as satisfactory.
A number of new generic terms are employed
for preoccupied names and in a few cases
radical changes occur, as when Agrion is
made to replace Calopteryx (because Latreille
had fixed the type as the Lzbellula virgo of
Linné) anda new term Coenagrion employed
for Agrion, carrying with it the subfamily
name Coenagrioninae. Selys strenuously
objects to this in the comptes-rendus of the
Belgian entomological society. | About 1800
nominal species are entered in 267 genera,
besides a few in the appendix. 102 fossil
species are catalogued separately. The work
appears to be conscientiously done and will
certainly be of as great an assistance to the stu-
dents of Odonata as that of Lepidoptera, pre-
pared by the same author, is to its votaries.

THE Marcu OF HyPeRCHIRIA 10.—I have
carefully watched a brood of zo larvae in their
marching, and have found the secret of their
regularity. The leader spins a fine thread
as he moves, and the larva next in order
follows the thread, and spins one himself.
If he follows the thread by feeling it at
one side, instead of following ow it, the
thread which is spun by No. 2 lies parallel
with that spun by No. 1, and usually each
thread will be followed by a larva, when the
wedge-shaped ‘‘order of march” will result—

LS ROLE, 15

No. 1 ahead, No. 2 following just a trifle at
one side, No. 3 and No. 4 side by side, No. 3
following the thread of No. 1,and No 4 that
of No. 2; No. 5 will follow No. 3; No. 6 will
often feel the two threads and march be-
tween them, when No. 7 will follow No. 4,
and so the ranks will widen. The thread
can be seen plainly with a lens, and the pro-
cess watched. If a larva loses his way he
feels for the thread, and seems able to tell,
by its surface, in which direction the proces-
sion has gone, always following the right
direction after a moment’s careful feeling of
the thread. Caroline G. Soule.

MORE DAMAGE BY WHITE ANTS IN NEW
ENGLAND. — At a recent meeting of the
Cambridge Entomological Club Mr. S. H.
Scudder showed the work of white ants,
Termes flavipes, on the wooden tubs con-
taining plants at the Botanic Garden. This
and some of the culprits were brought
to him by Frederick A. Quinn, one of the
employes of the Garden, who stated that
they had destroyed some of the tree-ferns
growing in such tubs. This shows that
the white ants are there increasing in num-
bers and have become a real element of
danger, for in 1885 Dr. Hagen reported in
the Canadian entomologist (v. 17, 134-135)
that ‘‘the earth in the hot-houses here in
Cambridge is largely infested by white ants,
but as far as I know no destruction of plants
has been observed.” Two years later the
speaker pointed out (ibid., v. 19, 218) that
geranium cuttings were attacked by white ants
in the forcing houses attached to the Mt. Au-
burn cemetery; but here we find a more seri-
ous damage. On visiting the Garden Mr.
Scudder was shown by the head gardener,
Mr. Cameron, a plant almost completely de-
stroyed in which the traces of their work
were very apparent. The plant was Cyathea
znsignis, four or five feet high. One of the
same kind had been destroyed before and
thrown away. According to Mr. Cameron,
the ants seemed to show a preference for the

16 PSC LE.

long juicy stems of the fronds, to which they
made their way through the trunk, while the
latter was full of their droppings. The first
outward sign of their attacks was seen in the
drooping of the fronds. The inner sides of
the wooden staves of the tubs were full of
the irregular burrows of the white ants. Mr.
Cameron also stated that a lot of cabbages in
the vegetable garden attached to his house
on the grounds were completely ruined by
the attacks of these same white ants, as he
found by inspection. Mr. Scudder recom-
mended replacing all woodwork in contact
with earth or stone by iron, and particularly
the discarding of all wooden tubs; it would
seem to be perfectly practicable to construct
even the largest tubs of staves made of gal-

vanized iron or some such metal.

AMPELOPSIS VEITCHII has been good hunt-
ing ground this year. I have foundon one
vine specimens of Deédamiéa inscripta, one;
Thyreus Abboti, several; Everyx myron, sev-
eral; Alyfza octomaculata, Pyrophila pyra-
midotdes, both very abundant; Sfzlosoma vir-
ginica, few; Hyphantria textor, few; Lopho-
campa caryae, many; L. éessellaris, several;
and Crmbex ulmz, many.

Caroline G. Soule.

A NEW SERIAL inconography is announced
under the auspices of Mr. Paul Mabille and
Vuillot of Paris, to be called Movstates Lepi-
dopterologicae. These authors contemplate
the issue of at least one hundred monthly parts
of lexicon octavo size, each with eight pages of
text and one colored plate, illustrating new
and little known Lepidoptera. Only 150
copies are to be issued — a wrong to science
—at the price of about three francs a part,

A SPECIMEN of Vanessa milberti, said to
have been taken at Polegate, Sussex, Eng-
land, was exhibited at the South London en-
tomological and natural history society on
October 9th.

Dr. Cartos BERG, formerly attached to

{January 18g -

the Museo publico of Buenos Aires under
Burmeister, and well known for his notable
contributions to the entomology of South
America, has been appointed director of the
Museo de Historia Natural of Montevideo,
Uruguay, and is now removed to that city.

~PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 January, 1888.—The 134th meeting was
held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr. S. H. Scud-
der was chosen chairman.

The annual report of Mr. R. Hayward, the
retiring secretary, was read and accepted.
The report of Mr. B. Pickman Mann, the re-
tiring treasurer, was also read and referred
to the auditors. The retiring librarian, Dr.
Geo. Dimmock, presented his report which
was accepted.

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. B. P.
Mann for the use of his office on Follen
St. as a storage place for the library of the
Club since its organization.

A ballot for officers for 1888 then followed,
which resulted in the election of the follow-
ing gentlemen: President: William Trelease.
Secretary: Roland Hayward. Treasurer:
Samuel Henshaw. Librarian: George Dim-
mock. Members at large of Executive Com-
mittee: George Dimmock and Samuel H.
Scudder.

On motion the thanks of the Club were
voted to Mr. B. P. Mann for his long and
faithful services as treasurer of the Club.

Mr. Scudder being obliged to leave, Mr.
S. Henshaw was then chosen chairman.

On account of the absence of the president,
Mr. J. H. Emerton, the reading of the annual
address was postponed till another meeting.

Mr. C. W. Woodworth showed a new
method for mounting small insects, which
gaye rise to some discussion; and Dr. G.
Dimmock showed an apparatus for maintain-
ing a constant temperature in raising in-
sects.

4) Glan oy
\ Jl j J
\\
NE
j : U Va»
aime

foe) Qe tee, Come ENTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874.]

Vol:- 6. No. °178:

FEBRUARY, 1891.

CONTENTS:
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.—Charles W.
Woodworth : : : : : : : : - - : - : : 1g
A LIST OF THE OTHOPTERA OF ILLINoIs,—II. LocusTIDAE.—Ferome McNeill. ; 2
Notes (Marine Insects; Dr. Weed’s appointment.) : . ‘ ; , : : 24
ON THE LiFe History oF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA OLIv.—H. Garman . ; : 28

THE PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF HETEROPACHA RILEYANA HARVEY.--G. H.
French ; ; ‘ E : : , : : : F : : : ; 20

3
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.—/da M. Eliot, Caroline G. Soule. ; ; : } , 31
BRONGNIART ON PROTHORACIC WINGS IN CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS , 31
A HINT FROM ENTOMOLOGY : : : ; - ; : . - E : - 32
Notes (Kolbe’s Introduction; The oldest phryganid; Eggs of Lycaenidae. ) ; : 32
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB - : . 5 es. : 33

PUBLISHED BY THE

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The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Club
Vol. I, 1878-1879, ; st Bass 5

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip-
pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates.

Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the
descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of
North America. Part I-II. :

Entomology of the Wheeler Survey.
(chaps. 7-16, v. 5, Zoology) Washington, 1875.

Grote, A.R. Check list of the Noctuidae
of America, north of Mexico. Buffalo, N. Y.
1875. :
Grote, A. R. Reviced Check list of ine
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, I8go.

Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858

Packard,A.S. Synopsis of the Thysaqura
of Essex County, Mass. Descriptions of new
American Phalaenidae. Noteson N.A. moths
of the families Phalaenidae and Pyralidae in
the British Museum. On the cave fauna of
Indiana. Salem, 1373.

Schwarz, E.A. The Golcanten of Florida

Scudder, S. H. The earliestwinged in-
sects of America: a re-examination of the
Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the
light of criticisms and of new studies of other
paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate

Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus.
Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 171 p.

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, tage:

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PSY CEE.

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC

AND ECONOMIC

ENTOMOLOGY.

BY CHARLES W. WOODWORTH, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.

[Annual address of the retiring president of the Cambridge Entomological Club,.9 January, 1891. ]

The subject of this address is not of
the kind usually chosen for similar occa-
sions but is of none the less interest and
importance. It is one also that is in full
harmony with the genius of this society
which is the recognition of the preemi-
nence of what is called the philosophy
of science. Another reason makes it of
especial immediate importance to us.
Economic entomology is upon the verge
of an era of great advancement. The
establishment of the agricultural ex-
periment stations have added to its ranks
more young men of scientific training
and ability perhaps than have ever en-
gaged in this line of investigation. If
economic entomology is but a phase of
scientific entomology then we want to
put forth especial efforts to assimilate
this young blood in our ranks; if on the
other hand they are different and distinct,
the difference will become more and
more apparent as economic entomology
develops and we should define our posi-
tion as on the side of pure science.

I believe that the pure sciences are
distinct from the economic sciences ; that
this is the primary division of science.
We seem to be prone in this utilitarian

age to try to find excuse for the pursuit
of pure science by holding up the possi-
bility of applying our discoveries for
economic ends. Let us recognize and
not act as though we were ashamea of
the fact that the sole aim of the student
of pure science isthe discovery of truth,
catering to human wants being entirely
out of his province.

It may be said that laying aside this
matter of sentiment, the human wants
are supplied through the discoveries of
science and that this is simply the appli-
cation of science for economic purposes,
or, to put ita little stronger, that econom-
ics are but applied sciences. Such a
statement comes from the conception
that facts are or in some way become the
peculiar property of ascience. This is
not the case however. Perhaps if we
could see all the intimate relations
sciences have to each other we should
say that every fact belongs to every
science ; at any rate we could scarcely
name a fact which when closely viewed
has not more than one bearing. An ex-
ample of the far reaching character of
a fact is that of the origin of species
through evolution. When Darwin es-

20 EST CH FE;

tablished the truth of this fact it soon
came to be recognized that this basal
fact of evolution was a fundamental
principal of almost every other science
which had occupied the attention of
man. For economic purposes it is the
facts which are appropriated, and in the
same way that the biologist appropri-
ates the facts discovered by the chemist.
Economic sciences no more become
departments or applications of other
sciences by using some of the same facts
than biology becomes a department or
application of chemistry.

It may be further contended that in
the cases cited above we have to do with
real sciences but that the so called eco-
nomic sciences have no right to the title
of science, that they are essentially dif-
ferent. This will lead us to a consider-
ation of what a science is. We have
just seen that it does not consist of a body
of facts peculiar to itself, but on the other
hand it is evident that facts are closely
connected with it, that it depends in-
deed on a set of facts, and further that
these facts have some definite relation to
each other and are susceptible of a
rational classification. This classifica-
tion is not the science as it cannot ex-
press nearly all the relationships, but
these relationships do constitute the
science. Any one science does not com-
prehend all the bearings of any fact but
only such as have a relation to that one
subject. The science of entomology, for
example, consists the of relationship of
the facts to insects. The relation of the
same facts to the subject of plant dis-
eases belongs to another science. When

[February 1891.

the subject is economic, the production
of honey, the feeding of stock, or the
like, are there any grounds upon which
we can refuse it the title of science?
The economic sciences are all infan-
tile, many perhaps not yet even con-
ceived of by man. They are the only
true foundation to the useful arts. Agri-
culture is a science though hidden by a
mass of misconception and empiricism.
It must make its advances by the same
methods that have made the pure sciences
what they are. A clear conception of
the object and structure of the science
and experimentation with all the
conditions under control are essential.
Economic entomology as_ generally
understood is chiefly a department of
agriculture but includes much heteroge-
To be a scientifically
rational term, it must, like some of the
genera of the older naturalists, be re-
stricted. I can in no better way show
the difference between it and scientific
entomology than to indicate the parts
of economic entomology and show where
they belong the

neous material.

among economic
sciences.

Insects of economic importance may
be grouped into six categories. First,
those directly injurious to man, which
properly forms a department of medi-
cine. Second, those attacking the do-
mestic animals, a part of veterinary
medicine. Third, those injuring culti-
vated plants, which includes by far the
major part of the injurious insects and
to which the term economic entomology
should be restricted; it is only a part
and perhaps not a natural part of the

February 1891.]

science which deals with the diseases of
cultivated plants. Fourth, those which
destroy other property ; in this category
are the insects attacking furs, woollen
goods, etc., and the foed stuffs, which
belong to domestic economy and at the
saine time to commerce ; library insects
belong to library economy and so on.
Fifth, those directly beneficial to man,
which includes the bee, the silk worm,
etc., industries which form one of the
primary divisions of agriculture. Sixth,
those indirectly beneficial to man by de-
stroying the injurious insects; these in-

PSYCHE. 21

sects of course belong to the sciences
that consider the insects which are their
victims.

Finally, to recapitulate, scientific en-
tomology is a department of biology,
economic entomology of agriculture.
They have all the difference between
them that there is between a pure sci-
ence and an economic science. Can we
as a society include them both? I think
we should not. On the other hand the
economic entomologists are nearly all
at the same time scientific entomolo-
gists. These we can and do welcome.

mee lorrOn Vit ORFHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS;—II.

BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.

LocusTIDAE.

19. Scudderta curvicauda De Geer.
This is an abundant species in Illinois
in suitable localities. Its favorite haunt
is the wild meadows and prairies cov-
ered with coarse grasses and weeds. It
is the only one of the katydids that
flies freely in the daytime. It is in fact
crepuscular rather than nocturnal. It
may be seen flying at any hour of the
day, but its note is not generally heard
untilthe middle of the afternoon. The
note cannot be supposed to represent
more than the first two syllables of the
‘¢Ka-ty-did” or ‘*Ka-ty-did-n’t” of its
congeners. It is made but once and
the rasping jerky sound has been very
well represented by Mr. Scudder as

It has been found at Moline as
early as the 21st of July.

20. Scudderia fuscata Brunner.
This species is more abundant than the
last but it too must be looked for in the
right place. It is even less domestic in
its habits than curvicauda. The latter
is sometimes found about houses and
gardens in town but the former is almost
never seen in town. It may be looked
for in the shrubs and undershrubs of
open woods and clearings and in weedy
fields and meadows. Its note is indis-
tinguishable from that of curvicauda
but it is much less frequently heard.
The earliest recorded date of its cap-
ture at Moline is August 4th.

21. Amblycorypha oblongifolia De

bzrw.

22 PSOE.

Geer. This species like the last is par-
tial to shrubs but it is much more com-
mon in the vicinity of houses in towns.
Its note is a quick shuffling sound which
resembles ‘‘Katy” or ‘‘Katy-did” very
slightly. It sometimes flies in the eve-
ning but much more rarely than SS. cz7-
vicauda. It makes its appearance in
the neighborhood of Moline about the
first of August.

22. <A. rotundifolia Scudder. This
species resembles the preceding in song
and habits. In northern Illinois it
makes its appearance about the tenth of
August.

23. AMlicrocentrumlaurifolium Linn.
I have never captured this species at
Moline nor have I heard its note there,
which may be represented by the sylla-
ble ‘‘¢zc” repeated from eight to twenty
times at tl.e rate of about four to the sec-
ond. It is a tree-loving species, very
common in Missouri, according to Ri-
ley, and therefore presumably common
in southern IlIlinois.

24- Cyrtophyllus concavus Harr.
This is the true ‘* Katydid,’” common
wherever there are trees. Its song is
better known and the insect itself less
known, because of its arboreal habits,
than either of the other katydids. This
species moves about so little that it is
not unlikely that in many cases an indi-
vidual spends its whole life upon a single
tree. I have listened to the song of one
katydid on a certain tree every even-
ing for more than two months. I have
noticed repeatedly that on any evening
when they are singing there are the
same number of individuals, as indicated

[February 1Sgt.

Of all the
specimens I have collected on the ground
or had presented to me, prokably a
dozen, only a single one was a male.

by the number of songs.

I have collected in sweepings hundreds
of specimens of the young of Scudderia
and Amblycorypha but not one of Mi-
crocentrum or Cyrtophyllus; but if Mi-
crocentrum does not leave the trees when
inthe larval and pupal stages it certainly
does when it reaches maturity. It is
then a great wanderer, coming frequently
tothe, selectric Might. UIs Shave mever
known Cyrtophyllus to come to a light.
So far as I know this is the only species
of Orthoptera in which the male is not
smaller and more active than the female.
It is the only green, winged Locustid
with which I am acquainted that does
not have the wings longer than the ely-
tra. These facts are not improbably
mutually related. It may be surmised
that, in the evolution of species, the katy-
did that developed in the greatest degree
its musical apparatus had the least need
of hunting up his partner when the mat-
ing season came round, and as it was
so well protected by its form and color
and arboreal habits as to have little need
of wings, these organs have gradually
degenerated into a musical and _ protec-
tive apparatus. As the male was re-
leased from the necessity of hunting up
the female, he would naturally lose after
a time his slighter but more active body :
it is easy to see how arboreal habits
once acquired may react upon the entire
organization. If at first glance it seems
strange that two species so much alike
as O5ccanthus niveus and O6ccanthus

[February 1891.

fasciatus should differ so much in sing-
ing habits, the latter singing as con-
stantly in daytime as at night, while the
former is strictly nocturnal in its song,
we have only to consider, in order to
remove the difficulty, that fasczatus,
being terrestrial, is not easily exposed
by his song to the attack of birds, while

niveus Would inevitably be discovered.

should he venture to sing when his bird
enemies were most active. This con-
sideration will explain equally well, of
course, why the arboreal katydids,
Microcentrum, Amblycorypha and Cyr-
tophyllus, are silent in the day time
and why the only one of the group that
sings in the day time is terrestrial rather
than arboreal. The case of Conxoceph-
alus robustus offers a still better illus-
tration of the truth of this theory. This
species lives both upon trees and in the
grass ; but while its song may be heard
in the grass while the sun is high, I
have never heard it from trees until after
dark.

25. Conocephalus ensiger Harr.
This species is common in Northern I]-
linois from the first of August until
frost. It occurs as frequently along the
weedy roadsides and in the gardens of
suburbs asin the country. Its song is
aloud rasping 2zp-z¢p-z¢p repeated in-
definitely. It does not begin to sing
until dark.

26. Conocephalus nebrascensis Bru-
ner. Isa less common species than the
preceding; not reported farther east
than Illinois, but occurring as far west
as Nebraska. It is more shy in its hab-
its than ezs¢ger, never being found, so

PSYCHE. 23

far as I am aware, about the streets of a
town. Like both of the other species
occurring here it seems to have a great
liking for Johnston grass, a species of
Andropogon ; but it is by no means par-
ticular in its habitat, as it may be found
in little colonies in weedy or grassy pla-
ces throughout the locality it inhabits.

If exstger may be said to sing the first
part of the song of Orchelimum vulgare,
the well-known zzp-z2¢p-z7p-ze-e-e-e, me-
brascensis may be said with equal truth
to sing the last part of the song, that rep-
resented by the ze-e-e-e; but the sound
is much more resonant, being really
in quality much more like the song of
a Cicada, but not so loud and without
a swell. It begins to sing earlier in
the evening than exszger.

27. Conocephalus robustus Scudd.
My cabinet contains a single specimen
of this species captured on the sand-hill
referred to below. Its song is indistin-
guishable from that of dzsszmzzs. The
specimen mentioned above was captured
the 28th of August.

All the species of Conocephalus seem
to possess more intelligence than is
usual in Orthoptera and they are about
the most difficult of the order to ap-
proach. In escaping they usually slip
or fall into the grass instead of jumping
or flying; but they seem to fully under-
stand that they are very well protected
by their color and form. If approached
very cautiously they often remain quite
still upon the stem of grass upon which
you have surprised them with the usu-
ally well-founded expectation that you
will not be able to distinguish them from

24 PSICHE.

the green herbage around. If they think
it worth while to make some active
movement to escape, they will frequently
slip round on the other side of the stem
and walk down to the ground or off
upon another plant. Unlike most Or-
thoptera they do not use their front legs
in holding to the mouth the thing upon
which they feed. Instead of biting they
seem to wrench or tear away pieces from
the stems or leaves.

28. Thyreonotus pachymerus Burm.
This is the first Orthopteron hatched
in the spring in northern states. It
may be eusily recognized by the gray
top and shining black sides of its pro-
notum and by its very long and slender
antennae. Very little seems to be
known of its habits, but in captivity it
shows a decided taste for animal food,
and it may be not unreasonable to sup-
pose that it is at least partly carnivo-
rous in the wild state. It is found usu-
ally in shaded ravines, upon the bare
ground or the trunks of trees or under
rottenlogs. First appearance, Aug. 9.

29. Atcphidium fasciatum De Geer.
Abundant everywhere, in blue-grass
meadows especially, Its song is a faint
echo of that of Orchelimum vulgare with
the ‘‘zzA-zzp” omitted. It is, I believe,
the first of the green grasshoppers to
reach maturity and its faint little quaver
is the first note of the great chorus that
sounds in all the meadows from the
first of August until the first of October
or until cold weather. I have captured
this species as early as the first of July.

30. Acphidium brevipenne Scudd.
This is a much less common species

[February 18or.

than the preceding but it is not rare in
damp meadows. It first appears here
about the middle of August.

31. Azphidium ensiferum Scudd. I
have obtained numerous specimens
about Moline which I refer to this spe-
cies with certainty, but in many cases I
have the greatest difficulty in deciding
whether others should be referred
to this or the preceding or still other
species. Both species apparently may
have the under side of the posterior
femora armed with spines and both
seem to have forms in which there is a
peculiar modification of the grasping
organs of the male. Further study may
enable me to tell certainly whether they
are two or more or only one species. I
have two forms which I place here that
have wings and elytra extending much
beyond the knees.

32. Atphidium sp.? Asingle speci-
men which is apparently deformed has
the ovipositor growing out of the upper
side of the apex of the abdomen with
the convex side up. Inshape and size
it resembles the preceding species but
the ovipositor is curved instead of
straight and two and one half times as
long as the body.

33. Atphidium strictum Scudd. Not
rare in places similar to those frequented
by érevipenne and ensiferum. It is
found from the first of August to the
middle of October or later. My cabinet
contains a single specimen of this spe-
cies with elytra extending to the knees
and with the wings .25 of an
longer.

34. <Acphidium nemorale Scudd.

inch

February 1891.]

This isa wood species. Itis found most
commonly on sparsely wooded and
rather barren hillsides. It is
equal in size to stréctum. The elytra
of the males are unusually ample al-
though not longer than the abdomen

almost

and the veins of the stridulating appara-
tus are conspicuously large. The song
is louder than that of fasc¢éatem ; it con-
sists of two parts, the first a_ short
abrupt note which is very well repre-
sented by the syllable zzZ. the second is
the familiar ze-e-e which lasts about half
a second and is made from one to five
times; the zzf is not repeated. I have
not found it at Moline earlier than Au-
gust 20th.

35- Orchelimum vulgare Harr.
Abundant throughout the State. I have
heard its note as early as the 21st of
July. Its song is the familiar z2/p-zzp-
ztp-zip, ze e-e-e-e. The staccato first
part is repeated about four times, usu-
ally about twice a second; the Ze-e-e-e
continues from two or three to twenty
or more seconds.

36. Orchelimum glaberrimum Burm.
This species is very like the last and is
very probably nothing more than a va-
While it seems to be
constintly larger and more robust it has
the same form of pronotum. The wings

riety of valyare.

are of the same length relative to the
elytra, the posterior femora are similar
in form, relatively of the same size, and
destitute of spines on the under side.
The two stripes on the disk of the pro-
notum are not uncommon in velgare. |
_ have a single specimen from Effingham
county, which is south of the center of
the State.

leit MOV EM DS 25

37. Orchelimum longipenne Scudd.
This species, if I have correctly deter-
mined it, is very like va/gare with long
wings. It has, however, proportionally
shorter legs, longer wings, with the
elytra considerably shorter than the
wings instead of equalling them as in
vulgare. It is much less common than
the last mentioned species but it is not
rare and is found in similar situations at
the same time.

38.
I have a number of specimens which I
refer to this species though the females

with one or two exceptions differ in

Orchelimum concinnum Scudd.

coloration in a marked manner from

typical specimens. The specimens re-
ferred to are almost completely infus-
cated with the elytra lighter or even
green apically and the tarsi distinctly
green. But one specimen, a male, has
the brown stripe extending down over
the face.

as the second week in August.

I have captured them as early
They
are partial to low, damp or swampy
meadows.

39. Orchelimum nigripes Scud.
This handsome species is about as com-
mon at Moline as vulgare. It is notat
all shy but is likely to be found in the
It
even showsa preference, I have thought,
for human society. During the past
summer an instance came under my ob-

grass or shrubbery about the house.

servation of one keeping a place over
the wooden finish of a doorway for
more than a week.
that time he must have been obliged to
leave his post to satisfy his hunger, and
he probably returned many times to the
The song is difficult to distin-

If he ate during

place.

26 PST EBLE:

guish with certainty from that of vzd-
gare but usually the zzp-zzf is repeated
only once or twice very rapidly and the
ze-e-e-e-e does not continue so long. The
earliest recorded date for it here is the
1st of August.

40. Orchelimum silvaticum n.sp. A
species occurs here not very rarely that
I have thought until recently to be O.
agile De Geer, but a careful compari-
son with typical specimens of that spe-
cies shows so many points of difference
that I think they should be considered
specifically distinct.

Length of body ¢ 70 @ .70; length of
elytra gf .60 to .7o 2 .56 to .7o; length of
posterior femora @ .59 & .59; length of an-
tennae @ Q 22; length of ovipositor Q .32.
Very similar to agz/e but different in the fol-
lowing particulars: Theelytra and wings are
shorter and in the male, at least, the latter
do not exceed the former. The posterior
femora are relatively shorter and less atten-
uated apically though similarly armed with
about three small spines on the under side
of the apical half. The pronotum is con-
spicuously larger and the lateral lobes are
decidedly wider at the humeral sinus. The
brownish stripes on the disk of the pronotum
are more remote from each other. In the
proportions of the body, pronotum, hind
Yemora, wings and elytra this species ap-
proaches vulgare much more closely than
agile but it can be separated at once from the
former by the presence of the spines on the
under side of the hind femora.

I found this Orchelimum first on corn
afterw rds more commonly in open
placcs in woods. Its stridulation is quite
distinct from that of valgare. It con-
sists of the same two elements but the
zip is repeated many times very rapidly

“from three to five seconds.

{February 1891.

so as to make almost a continuous sound
and the ze-e-e-e is comparatively short
and very constant lasting about> eight
seconds. The first part of the song lasts
I have not
taken this species before the 7th of
Sep ember.

41. Orchelimum volantum n. sp. A
second species occurs here which I
think has not been described unless I
am mistaken in my identification of
longtpennts. Inthis case the supposed
new species might be the latter. The
specimens which I refer to dongipennis
agree in every. particular with the de-
scription of that species and the new
species does not agree inthe characters
given and it has so many characters
strikingly ditferent from any Orchel-
imum that I know that I think there
can be little risk in making a synonym
if I describe it.

Length of body, @ .72 2 1.04; length of
elytra gt @ 1.40; length of wings @ 1.12
@ 1.50; length of posterior femora g .66 2
.88; length of antennae @ 2.25 @ 2.50;
length of ovipositor .44. The general col-
or is green with the usual brown band on
the head and pronotum -very incomplete.
On the disk of the pronotum it divides into
two stripes which form almost a complete
ellipse enclosing a short stripe on the
front part of the disk while on the poste-
rior part these stripes diverge but do not ex-
tend beyond the principal sulcus. The pro-
notum is of medium size, with the lateral
lobes well rounded on their lower border and
the humeral sinus deep. The vertex is de-
cidedly turned up at the tip and the occiput
is flat so that the top of the head is strongly
concave. The elytra and wings are very
long and narrower in proportion than in any

February 1So1.]

other Orchelimum. The elytra are so
strongly reticulate that they look rough. In
the female they are peculiar in having the
anal field form a distinct angle (as in Scud-
deria) with the rest of the elytra. In the
male they are peculiar in that the posterior
vein of the stridulating apparatus is trans-
verse instead of oblique as in the other spe-
cies and only half the length of the adjacent
vein on the right instead of twice as long as
it is usually. The posterior femora are
slender and armed below on the posterior
half with several smallspines. The ovipos-
itor of the female is long, slightly curved on
its upper side and slenderly acute.

This very marked and handsome spe-
cies I found on the banks of Rock River
near Cleveland in Henry County. The
specimens upon which this description
is based were found in a clump of rank
growing Sagittarta vartabil’s which
grew in the angle of an old wall that
had once formed a part of the founda-
tion of a mill. A peculiarity in the
stridulation attracted my attention and
led to the discovery of this as well as
the preceding species. I was passing
this forementioned clump of weeds in a
canoe when the peculiar stridulation fell
upon my ear and I at once proceded to
investigate the cause. These specimens,
unlike any Orchelimum with which I

PST CHE. 27

am acquainted, flew about from one
broad leaf to another. The song has a
new note in it. It may be represented
as follows: zip-zip kr-ze-e-e kr-ze-e-e,
the last part of the song not lasting
more than a half to three quarters of a
second and is always preceded by the
sound which I represent imperfectly by
kr. I have found this species in no
other place and it must be very rare as
its unusual note would have betrayed it
to me if I had ever been near it. Two
males and two females taken August
roth.

41. Udeopsylla nigra Scudd. I have
found this species not uncommon in
woods from the first to the middle of
June.

42. Ceuthophilus maculatus Say. A
rare species at Moline, a few specimens
taken in June.

43. Ceuthophilus latens Scudd. Not
uncommon in the latter part of June.

44. Ceuthophilus niger (?) Scudd.
I have a single immature specimen
which I refer to this species.

45. * Ceuthophilus gractlipes Scudd.
Mr. S. H. Scudder gives Southern Illi-
nois as a locality for this species. I
have not identified it.

MariINneE Insects. Those interested in
this somewhat restricted field will find in last
year’s Revue biologique of Lille an interest-
ing contribution to the subject by Prof. R.
Moniez, entitled Acariens et insectes marins
des cétes du Boulonnais. Six species of
Thysanura of four genera, one of Coleoptera
(Micralymma) and one of Diptera (Chiron-
omus) are recorded.

THE TRUSTEES OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
have recently established in the agricultural
department a chair of entomology and zo-
édlogy, and filled it by the election of Dr.
Clarence M. Weed, now in charge of the
entomological department of the Ohio Ex-
periment Station at Columbus. Professor
Weed is also editor of the entomological de-
partment of the American naturalist.

28 PS LEME.

ON THE LIFE-HISTORY

OF DIABROTICA

{February 1891.

12-PUNCPATA, OLIV:

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

This insect is deserving of especial
attention just now because it appears to
be undergoing a change of habit similar
to those undergone in the past by sev-
eral other native American insects, and
probably due to the destruction, by the
cultivation of land and by grazing, of
the wild plants upon which it has hith-
erto subsisted. This explanation of its
sudden appearance recently over a wide
extent of territory as a corn-infesting
insect seems to me the only one war-
ranted by the published facts of its his-
tory.

Until 1888 Dzabrotica 12-punctata
did not appear in the literature of eco-
nomic entomology as an important en-
emy of any of our staple crops. Mr.
B. D. Walsh, writing in 1866 (Pract.
€Nnit., Veo U,))110)) and referring to the
beetle, states that ‘‘it is very injurious to
flowers especially to Dahlias,” and in-
fers that it is in part responsible for an
injury to the leaves of melons, cucum-
bers and other plants, of which one of
his correspondents complains.

In 1868 Walsh and Riley (Am. ent.
v. I, 227) in reply to a correspondent in
Bushberg, Missouri, wrote of the same
beetle, ‘‘The yellow beetle with twelve
black spots which we herewith illustrate
(Fig. 168, twice natural size)
which has been so destructive to your
water melons and Hubbard squashes, is
the 12-spotted Diabrotica.” In the same

and

place in reply to R. D. Parker of Man-
hattan, Kansas, these authors state that
insects sent to them for determination
are also D. 12-punctata.

In1$70 Prof.C.V. Riley (zd Mis-
souri Report, 66) wrote that the beetle
‘‘may often be found embedded in the
rind of both melons, cucumbers and
squashes,” a statement which is re-
peated in 1872 by Mr. E. B. Reed (Ent.
soc. Ont., Report foris71,, 91).

Prof. S. A. Forbes somewhat extends
the knowledge of the food-habits of the
beetle by recording in his first report as
State Entomologist of Illinois (p. 104)
that it was observed Aug. 1, 1882, feed-
ing on the pollen of corn and on the
blossoms of clover.

One of the most notable cases of in-
jury by the beetle is that reported in 1888
by the editors of Insect life (v. 1, 58).
In an orchard at Hernden, Virginia,
planted chiefly in 1887, young apricot
and plum trees are stated to have been
badly injured in late April and early
May by the beetles, which devoured
the leaves as they unfolded. The land
on which the trees were planted was
mostly in corn in 1887, but a half acre
had been in melons. In concluding
their notice the authors use the follow-
ing words:

‘It is safe to say, however, that this occur- ~

rence is exceptional, and that it depended
almost entirely upon the peculiar circum-

[February 1891.

stance of a young orchard having been
planted close to a last year’s melon patch,
which was not replanted this year. The bee-
tles undoubtedly bred upon the melons last
season and hibernated in large numbers.
The present spring, finding no more appro-
priate food at hand they took to the young
plums and apricots merely as a substitute.
We have little fear, therefore, that a new
habit has been formed.”

What basis the authors had for the
positive statement that the beetles bred
upon the melons I am unable to say,
but it is more than probable from what
is now known of the life-history of the
insect that many of the beetles had de-
veloped instead on the roots of the corn.

These references and quotations will
serve my purpose of presenting the in-
sect as it was known to entomologists
during the time which they cover. It is
to be noticed that no reference is made
to the larva except that implied in the
statement made by the editors of Insect
life to the effect that the beetles breed
upon If these authors had
known at the time their notice was writ-
ten that larval Diabrotica 12-punctata
feed on the roots of corn we may assume
that they would have mentioned it in
reporting a case in which the relation
between the injury to the trees and the
corn-infesting habit is so evident.

During the years 1882 and 1883 Prof.
S. A. Forbes made a thorough study of
the related D. longicornis, which
affects the roots of corn in Illinois and
other middle states. In this region D.
12-punctata is a very common species,
occurring everywhere in gardens and

melons.

BST CPE. 29

fields on flowers. With the thorough

examination of insects from the roots of
corn which to my knowledge was made
by him, itis altogether unlikely that it
would have escaped notice if its larvae
had then been present in any numbers
in corn fields.

In the report for 1887 (published in
18838) of the Entomologist of the Na-
tional Department of Agriculture, Mr.
F. M. Webster states in a brief notice
that while in Louisiana in 1886:

“We frequently heard of fields of young
corn being seriously injured, during some
seasons, by a small white worm which at-
tacked the roots, usually during April. From
the description given us of the pest and its
manner of attacking the plants, we first
thought it might be the larva of D. longi-
cornts, as the habitat of that species is known
to extend southward to Central America. On
April 12 of the present year [1887] we were
enabled to solve the problem by finding con-
siderable numbers of these larvae in a field of
corn in Tensas Parish, La., where they were
working considerable mischief by killing the
young plants. As observed by us, their
mode of attack differed from that of their
northern congener in that they did not ap-
pear to attack the fibrous roots or bury them-
selves in longitudinal channels excavated in
the larger roots. On the contrary, they bur-
rowed directly into the plants at or near the
upper whorl of roots, which almost invariably
resulted in the death of the plant. . . . Both
of these fields had produced cotton the pre-
ceding year. The adult beetles were fre-
quently seen before we observed the larvae,
but they were not abundant about the plants
in the corn fields, being usually on the yellow
blossoms of a species of Aster which springs
up in cultivated grounds early in the spring
in great abundance. No pupae were found,
although careful search was made for them.”

30 VOI A Va Vike

The above is the earliest notice of D.
12-punctata asa corn insect of import-
ance which I have seen. Unfortunately
the writer does not state whether his
conclusion as to the author of the injury
was the result of inference, or was ar-
rived at by carrying the larvae through
their transformations. From the fact
that he had not found pupae up to the
time of writing, it is proper to assume
that the transformations were not ob-
served. As a possible clue to one of the
original food-plants of the larva atten-
tion is directed to the fact that he found
the beetles Aster
growing on cultivated ground. (From
its yellow color the plant would appear
to belong to some other genus.) If, as is
not unlikely from an observation made
by Prof. Lugger and reported farther
on, the plants observed by Mr. Webster

abundant on an

are attacked by the larvae, the fact
may have an important economic

bearing.

[February 1891,

During the years 1889 and 18go the
injury from larvae to corn attracted at-
tention over a wide area of country. To
my knowledge it has been witnessed in
Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis-
Arkansas, Kentucky, Illinois,
Indiana and Ohio.

My own observations began July 15,
18Sg, and have continued, as other work
permitted, to the presenttime. <A brief
notice of the insect, its habits and stages,
was printed in the Louisville Home and
Farm, Sep. 1, 1889, and in November
of the same year was followed by a more
elaborate account of the transformations
and descriptions of the stages, presented
before a meeting of the Association of
official economic entomologists at Wash-
@See) Insect lifes sve) 2.51705)
The latter paper is embodied in what

iana,

ington.

follows, with the addition of observa-
tions made during the winter of 18S9-
go, and the spring of 1890.

(To be continued.)

PH SPARTA EREPARATORY STAGES: OF HEREROPRACHA
RILEYANA “HARVEY.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

In 1887 I found larvae of this species
feeding on the honey locust in two
stages of their growth. At the time I
was feeding quite a number of other
larvae and did not make so full notes of
these as could be desired, but what I
did make are as follows:

Length, .45 inch. The body flattened be-

neath, the back rounded, head small, a fringe
of white hairs on each side of the body. Color

reddish brown with an indistinct dorsal stripe
of a more distinct red, a stigmatal blackish
stripe; head black, with a longitudinal fulvous
line each side of the middle and a transverse
line of the same about the middle of the
front.

Next to last stage:—Length at moult .60
inch. Shape asin the preceding. Brownish
red on the dorsum, but joints 8 and g gray on
the sides leaving only a narrow dorsal brown-
ish red stripe; joint 6 gray but less distinct.

February 1S8gr.]

the whole side gray tinged and the borders
of the dorsal stripe of clear color outlined by
gray touches; a dorsal line of clearer color
indicated on the anterior joints; between
joints 3 and 4 and between 4 and 5 on the
dorsum a yellow transverse stripe that is hid
when the larva is at rest; the head is less
distinctly marked than at the other stage;
the lateral fringe pink tinted. The dorsal
stripe is more of a distinct red than the gen-
eral ground color.

An interesting parasite was bred in
this stage from one of these larvae, but
at the time of writing it is misplaced
so that I can not now say what it is. Its
manner of pupation was as follows:
When ready to spin its cocoon it burst
open the under side of the host so that
the skin of the dead Heteropacha larva
formed a cover for the upper side of the
cocoon. The ends of the dead larva
were shrunken, but the middle where
used as a cover for the cocoon was three
times as broad across as the living larva
had been. The pupal period of the para-

Vite (C17 ioe 31

site was 8 days, from May 20 to May 28.

Last stage—Length, 1.05 inches. Striped
with 7 yellow stripes, a dorsal, subdorsal,
suprastigmatal, and substigmatal, the first
two quite dark almost orange, the other two
paler and much narrower. The space be-
tween the dorsal and subdorsal black ;a white
patéh between the joints breaks the subdorsal
stripe and extends almost to the dorsal.
Sides gray. Venter pale yellow, dull, a black
patch to each joint. Head black, a short
transverse buff streak in front; top of joint 2
black; short hair all over the body but not
enough to very much obscure the colors, the
hair on the upper part of the body mostly
black but that along the sides above the legs
gray.

The pupal period of the moth was 15
days, from May 22 to June 6. This
was the period of the first one that
pupated. Several others were raised
but their periods were not noted. They
continued to hatch to July 17, some
being in the larva state when the first

one emerged as an imago.

SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.—A brood of twen-
ty-four raised this past season, showed some
variations from those of last year.

Eggs laid July 29th and 30th.

Hatched—-Aug. 8th.

Ist moult—Aug 16th.

2nd moult—Aug. 22d.

3rd moult—Aug. 29th.

4th moult—Sept. 5th.

Most stopped eating Sept. 14th, and pupa-
ted Sept. 18th to 30th, varying much in
length of time required for this change. All
these periods were shorter in 1890 than in
188g, except that between 2nd and 3rd
moults. But three of the larvae kept on
feeding till Oct. 15th—one dying just before
that date. There was much greater variation

in color in this brood. Twenty were much
more marked with red than those of last year,
while four had no red, even on the caudal
horn! Three of these four were the three
which continued feeding after the others had
pupated. Every one lost the ‘bifid tip” of
the caudalhorn so that, in the last stage, no
one could imagine that it had ever been
bifid. Ida M. Eliot, Caroline G. Soule.

ProtruHoracic Wi1nGs.—M. Charles Brongn-
iart of Paris has just published in the Bul-
letin of the Société philomathique two plates
representing three insects, differing consid-
erably in st¢ucture, found in the rich carbon-
iferous beds of Commentry, France, two of

_which show, besides fully developed meso-

32 PSHCHE:

thoracic and metathoracic wings, a pair of
prothoracic wings, bearing much the same
relation to the others as the mesothoracic
tegmina of tropical Phasmidae bear to their
metathoracic wings. They are short subtri-
angular lobes having a well defined basis
which is narrower, sometimes much nar-
rower, than the parts beyond, and from which
course three or four radiating nervules. Al-
though on these individuals these parts
spread laterally like the wings behind them,
and are sometimes so broad at base as to ap-
pear at first sight rather as laterai iobes of
the prothorax (especially in an English car-
boniferous insect described by Woodward,
which Brongniart also places here) M.
Brongniart believes that they were movable
and could be extended backward along the
body, so as to cover the base of the mesotho-
racic wings. As to the question which nat-
urally arises, whether these members are to
be regarded as atrophied organs and therefore
presuppose a progenitor equipped with three
pairs of fully developed and similar thoracic
wings, M. Brongniart prefers to wait for fur-
ther paleontological facts. One recalls in
this connection the discussion between Haase
and Cholodkovsky in the Zoologischer an-
zeiger, Nos. 235, 239 and 244.

A Hint From EmBryoLocy.—Mr. Wm.
M: Wheeler has enriched entomology by a
very interesting and suggestive paper on
the appendages of the first abdominal seg-
ment ininsect embryos (Trans. Wisc. acad.
sci,, v- 3, pp. 87-140, pl. 1-3). Besides his
own observations on Phyllodromia, Peri-
planeta, Mantis, Xiphidium, Cicada, Zaitha
and Sialis, he gives a résumé of the observa-
tions of others and discusses the probable
original function of these appendages among
the ancestral insects when they must have
extended to postembryonal life. Showing
that in view of their origin from the ectoderm
they must have been either respiratory or-
gans, sense organs, or glands, he reviews the
arguments for each hypothesis pro and con

| February 1891.

and concludes in favor of the last; he is fur-
ther inclined to regard them as having
probably been odoriferous glands and his
ingenious arguments in favor of this view
will be found of interest to all entomologists.
He proposes for these organs, which he notes
to have been found only in the Heterometab-
ola, the name of Adenopodia, a name which
demands the acceptance of the glandular hy-
pothesis. Considering the variety that he
shows has already been found in the nature
of the adenopodia, a fruitful field of investi-
gation is opened, in which there is plenty of
room for many workers.

KOLBE’S INTRODUCTION to the study of
insects is slow in publication, Begun early
in 188g, it was to be completed in six or seven
small monthly parts. The fifth part has just
appeared and the second of the twelve divi-
sions of the book is not half finished, so much
more extensive is our author’s performance
than his promise. The present part (pp. 225-
272) deals with the mouth-parts of the suck-
ing insects and the structure ‘of the wings.
In the former, under the bibliography of the
Lepidoptera, we miss reference of any kind
to either of Edward Burgess’s papers, the
most important ever published. In the latter
there is no reference to Saussure’s paper
on the folding of the wings of cockroaches,
but there will be found a good account of
Adolf’s views. There are 23 wood-cuts in the
text of this part, mostly original.

Dr. ANTON FRITSCH of Prag, has recently
described in Vesmdr, a popular Bohemian
journal of natural history,the case of a caddis
fly from the permian formation, and it may
be regarded as the oldest indication of the
Phryganidae yet brought to light.

Ec6s or LycAENIDAE—Doherty of Cincin-
nati has carried the study of the eggs of
eastern Lycaeninae so far as to propose, in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
for 1889, four divisions to the Theclini, based
principally upon characteristics drawn from

[February 1891.

the egg, though he points out several accom-

panying features in the adult. They are as

follows :—

Egg large, tubercular, indentations obscurely
hexagonal .......... Aphnaeus group.

Egg similar, not tubercular..Loxura group.
Egg small, tubercular, indentations sharply
cut, usually trigonal .... Thecla group.
Egg small, spiny, indentations sharply cut
tetragonal ........... Arhopala group.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

10 February, 1888.—The 135th meeting
was held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr. S. Hen-
shaw was chosen to preside, and Mr. G.
Dimmock chosen secretary pro tem.

Mr. Roland Thaxter of Cambridge, Mass.,
was elected to active membership.

Mr. J. H. Emerton read his address as re-
tiring president, having been unable to be
present at the January meeting. The ad-
dress was entitled ‘‘ The study of species
and the study of cells” (see Psyche, v. 5, p.
77-78).

Mr. C. W. Woodworth exhibited his col-
lection of North American Cicadidae, which
contains all the described species. Numer-
ous notes were given upon the distribution
and other peculiarities of each species.

Mr. J. H. Emerton showed mites taken
from a lizard and made some remarks upon
their peculiarities.

Mr. Emerton also showed drawings of the
cribellum and calamistrum of various species
of Ciniflonidae. These organs are used by
these spiders for curling their web to make
it sticky. He also showed drawings of the
feet of certain species of spiders.

Mr. S. Henshaw showed a fine specimen
of a vegetable parasite (Sphaeria) from a

PS TCL. 33

New Zealand species of Cossus or Hepialus.

Dr. H. A. Hagen spoke of the early stages
of the Odonata and especially of a pupa
skin of a large Libellula from China that he
had lately examined. In this species the
palpi did not meet, but each had five or six
teeth comparable toa comb. Otherwise the
insect belongs near Macromia, and this pe-
culiarity of an earlier stage furnished the
text fora discussion of how far position in
classification should be governed by the
earlier stages of animals and how far by adult
characters only. The discussion was partici-
pated in by several members.

g March, 1888.—The 136th meeting of the
Club was held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr.
J. H. Emerton was chosen chairman.

Mr. S. H. Scudder invited the Club to hold
its meetings hereafter at his laboratory, and
offered shelf room for its library; both offers
were accepted with thanks.

Mr. J. H. Emerton spoke of Mr. McCook’s
observations on the habits of Mygale hentzit
while kept in confinement (see Psyche, v.
5, P- 55)-

Dr. H. A. Hagen said that a specimen of
Ixodes in his possession, taken from the ear
of a man in July, 1887, was still living,
though it had been without food for a pe-
riod of nearly eight months.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed a
maps giving the distribution of New Eng-
land butterflies, and called attention to
some curious points in the range of several

series of

species.

Mr. C. W. Woodworth described retractile
processes on the abdominal segments of the
larva of Craesus latitarsus, and suggested
that they were probably defensive in func-
tion. Discussion on similar organs fol-
lowed.

Dr. H. A. Hagen spoke of the larva of
Glyptus sulcatus found in the nests of white
ants in south Africa.

13 April, 1888.—The 137th meeting of the
Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. H.
Scudder was chosen chairman.

34 PYSCHE,

Mr. C. W. Woodworth recorded the cap-
ture in the south-western states of Afracto-
cerus braziliensts. The venation is peculiar,
bearing a closer resemblance to that of the
Meloidae than to that of the clavicorns.
The species is distributed from Brazil to
Mexico, and this specimen, if taken in the
United States, is probably from Texas.

Mr. S. Henshaw thought the label rather
suspicious. He stated that Gorham says in
the Biologia Centrali-Americana that the
large size of the eyes and readiness with
which this insect flies to the light indicate
parasitism.

Mr. Woodworth stated that on _ pres-
sure being applied to Cumponotus pensylvan-
zeus a drop of what was apparently water
was exuded from the alimentary tract.

Mr. S. H. Scudder read a paper on the
distribution of Axosta plexippus.

Dr. H. A. Hagen stated thata species named
by him as Lebellula vacua was identical with
Cordulia lintnerz, and has occurred in Mani-
toba and the northwest and at Centre, N. Y.
He also said that Aeschna grandis which has
been taken at Hoboken also occurs in Onta-
rio.

Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the analo-
gy which the distribution of Cordudia lintne-
yi bore to that of Rusticus scudderzt, which
occurs in Labrador, Manitoba, the Saschat-
chawan up to Great Slave Lake, and also at
Wemtres Nee

11 May, 1888.—The Club metat 156 Brattle
St. Mr Samuel Henshaw was chosen chair-
man and Mr. S. H. Scudder, secretary.

Dr. H. A. Hagen exhibited illustrations
and specimens of the early stages of the
species of Blepharocera which Fritz Miiller
has found living in rapid currents in southern
Brazil, remarkable for the suckers attached
to each segment of the abdomen, by which
it is enabled to withstand the rapidity of the
stream. Dr. Hagen also gave an account of
our knowledge of the history of the several
species and in the same connection exhibited
the larvae of Blepharocera found by Mr. H

[February 1§91.

G. Hubbard in the streams of Michigan.

Dr. Hagen also announced the discovery
of the larvaof an unknown species of Sisyra
in northern Illinois, and offered some re-
marks on the peculiar structure of this larva.

Mr. C. W. Woodworth mentioned finding
a very interesting larva of Stratiomys which
used its palpi as locomotory organs.

Mr. S. H. Scudder called the attention of
the Club to the completion of the Rev. Mr.
Eaton’s monographs of the Ephemeridae,
the last part of which had been received
within a few days. A discussion ensued, in
which accounts were given of the immense
numbers of single species of Ephemeridae
sometimes seen.

Mr. Scudder also exhibited a Hemerobius
taken in the house since the last meeting,
in which, contrary to what is customary in
the Hemerobidae, a cross vein united the
subcosta and radius near the tip, though the
neuration of the two wings of the spe-
cimen did not agree.

He also read from his forthcoming work
on New England butterflies a chapter on the
life-history of Anosza plexippus, with special
reference to the annual recolonization of New
England from the south.

Mr. Woodworth gave an account of species
of the group Typhlocybidae; five genera are
known in the whole world, all of them found
in North America, where we have about
thirty species.

Mr. Holmes Hinkley stated that he had ob-
tained an immense number of cut worms
from a greenhouse adjoining his residence,
where they were now appearing upon the
surface every night, attacking the pansies
and geraniums, and were supplied to him in
large numbers by the proprietor.

The librarian announced that the Club’s
library was now stored and arranged on
shelves in a room adjoining that in which
the meeting was held, where they will be
kept for the present, and be accessible to
the members on every Tuesday evening as
well as at the Club meetings.

;
as KEE) 2
\ Es py

e S a a =

Som ft MAT, Or BNTOMOLOG YY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 179.

Marcu, 1891.

CONTENTS:
A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MopEs oF DEVELOPMENT IN INSECTS, AND THEIR
MEANING.—Alpheus Hyatt, Fennie M. Arms : : : 3 : : : 37
On THE LiFE History oF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA OLIv. (Concluded).—H.
Garman (Illustrated) 3 : : ; - : 2 : : : : 4
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WesT AFRICAN LyCAENIDAE; Paper II.—W. ¥. Holland E 50

On AN IMPORTANT CHARACTER, HITHERTO LITTLE NOTICED, IN THE FAMILY Bu-

PRESTIDAE.—Frederick Blanchard : 2 : - : - ; “ : 53
HARRISIMEMNA TRISIGNATA.—Caroline G. Soule . 5 é ‘ , : ; : 53
MISCELLANEOUS Notes; L’ABEILLE : : ; : : : 3 : ‘ , 54
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB - - - - : 5 54

PUBLISHED BY THE

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{ March, 1Sg!
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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

The regular meetings of the Club are now held at
7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at
No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in
Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city
on that day are invited to be present.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip-
pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates.

Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to ihe
descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of
North America. Part I-II.

Grote, A.R. Check list of the Noctuidae
of America, north of Mexico. Buffalo, N. Y.
TOTS me c +25

Grote, A. R. Revieed heck list of ike
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. _ . 50

Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 :

Packard,A.S. Synopsis of the Thysanund
of Essex County, Mass. Descriptions of new
American Phalaenidae. Notes on N.A. moths
of the families Phalaenidae and Pyralidae in
the British Museum. On the cave fauna of
Indiana. Salem, 1873. c ~50

Schwarz, E.A. The Coleoptera of Florida -50

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
gencric names ie for Butterflies. Sa-
lem, 1875. :

Scudder, S. H. The pine- note of Nene
tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25

Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus.
Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 17I p. q 50

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES.

The undersigned desires to obtain, from all parts
of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of
diurnal Lepidoptera, and can offer similar speci-
mens of many North American species in exchange.
Dried specimens are preferred, especially of cat-
erpillars, which should be prepared by inflation.

Samuel H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass.

I.vo

I.00

1.50

I.00

Se FG.

A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MODES OF DEVELOPMENT IN
INSECTS AND THEIR MEANING.*

The mode of development in all of
the first series of orders from I-IX [see
Psyche v. 6, p. 13] is asa rule direct,
and this necessarily unites the Thysanu-
riform larva, when it is present, .more
or less closely with the adult stages,
and the adults are apt to show traces of
this connection in the retention of cer-
tain primitive characteristics. The ab-
sence of a waist or deep constriction be-
tween the thorax and the abdomen is due
to the fact that the junction with the
metathorax remains in most adults as it
is in the larva and in Thysanura. The
mouth parts also are for biting, except
in the highly specialized Hemiptera, in
which, although the suctorial character-
istics of these parts are developed early,
the larvae, with this exception, have
what may be called a Thysanuriform
stage. The highly specialized adults
of groups having indirect development
(Coccidae) are not exceptions to this
rule, and retain to a recognizable de-
gree the primitive form of the larvae.

The second series of orders from X-
XVI have, as a rule, more complicated

modes of development, introducing va-

rious intermediate and often extraordi-
nary stages, such as grubs, caterpillars,

* From Guides for Science Teaching, No. VIII. By
Alpheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms.

Following Brauer and some other
entomologists, we have regarded these

etc.

as more or less degraded modifications
of the primitive Thysanuriform larva,
but have spoken of them collectively as
the secondary larval stages. They ap-
pear subsequently to the Thysanuriform
stage, when that is present, or between
the ovarian and pupal stages when that
is absent. The pupal stage is similar
to that of the first series of orders in all
respects except that, as a rule, it is in-
capable of motion, or is what is called
quiescent, and is usually more or less
protected. The complicated develop-
ment of individuals in the second series
of orders has led several authors to des-
ignate the first series of orders as Ame-
tabola, and the second series as
Metabola.

The use of the term ‘‘ametabola,” as
applied to the orders from I to IX, in-
volves an exaggeration, since it implies
that they have no metamorphoses ;
whereas, as pointed out by Comstock
and others, the Coccidae have a ‘**com-
plete”’ series of metamorphoses, or in-
direct development, even including a
quiescent pupal stage in the develop-
ment of the only winged form, the
male. The quiescence of the pupal
stage loses much significance in view of

38 STG FIL:

this exception, and also when it is noted
that an extra quiescent larval stage may
occur in the second series of orders, as
in some beetles, whose extraordinary
habits render two quiescent stages es-
sential in their development.

It is a remarkable fact that, as a rule,
the larvae of the second or specialized
series of orders have the habit of feeding
voraciously. In this way the larvae
store up fats and food matters in their
own bodies in preparation for the qui-
escent and helpless pupal stage, during
which they live upon these accumula-
tions, they being taken up by the cells
of the tissues and used in building up
The
pupal stage is passed, as arule, in more

the organs and parts of the adult.

or less sheltered situations, and it is
either enclosed in a special covering, a
cocoon, woven by the animal, or else
protected by one acquired through the
moulting and hardening of its own cut-
The difference between this last
and the ordinary process of moulting
consists in the retention of the moulted
skin, the animal shrinking within it for

icle.

shelter as its fatty parts are consumed,
instead of casting it off altogether.
Lubbock, in his Origin and meta-
morphoses of insects, has shown that
the inactivity of the pupa in the second
series of orders is not a novel condi-
tion, but a mere prolongation of the
shorter periods of inactivity which ne-
cessarily accompany every change of
skin or moult. These facts and the ob-
vious want of any common structural
differences in the quiescent pupae, as
compared with the similar stages of ac-

{March 1891.

tive pupae, show that quiescence must
be reckoned as a habit of resting from
active exertion during a more or less
prolonged period of their growth which
has been acquired by the more special-
ized forms of insects, not only generally
among the members of the second series
of orders, but also by many among the
first series. The degraded larvae of in-
dividuals in these specialized forms are
as a rule farther removed structurally
from their own adults, than in forms
having a direct mode of development,
and the changes to be gone through be-
fore reaching the adult stage are greater
The habits of the
animal during the pupal stage have con-

and more numerous.

sequently changed in proportion to
these requirements from the active to
the quiescent condition.

There are other series of facts equally
While the
Thysanuriform stage is present more or
less in Coleoptera and Neuroptera,
which have the indirect mode of develop-
ment, absent in the orders from
XII to XVI inclusive, having been re-
placed by the secondary larval stages in
accordance with the law of acceleration
in development.

The tendency of the more specialized
forms in the orders I to |X to accelerate
the development of the earliest stages is
shown in various ways. In the grass.
hoppers,* Mantidae, etc., the inheri-
tance of the adult peculiarities of the
type affects the young at such early

important and significant.

it is

*Packard’s illustrations on p. 60 of his Entomology
for beginners give an excellent series of one species,
Caloptenus femur- rubrum

March 1891.|

stages that, as has been described above,
the primitive larval Thysanuriform stage
is skipped or omitted from the develop-
ment.

In Coleoptera and in the highly spe-
cialized orders of insects (XI to XVI)
a novel and disturbing influence appears,
due to the extraordinary importance of
the functions of larval life. This period
in the larger number of groups in other
classes of animals is much less variable
than the adult stage, and it is really very
often a mere vehicle for the record and
transmission of hereditary characters.
In some of the orders of insects, how-
ever, it is as efficient for the manifesta-
tion of new modifications and adaptive
characters as the adult, and often per-
haps more variable.
tional rather than the usual aspect of
the larval stages, and makes the study

This is an excep-

of insects remarkably difficult and inter-
esting.

Sometimes in the orders I to LX (Coc-
cidae, Cicada), as well as more gener-
ally in X to XVI, the larvae carry the
line of development and modification a
long way outside of what can be termed
the normal or direct course, but these
deviations lead, as a rule, back again
through similar pupae to the same goal
in the imago, a typical adult insect.
Epicauta, the blister-beetle, is a good
example. Fig. 98 shows the active Thy-
sanuriform larva, and Figs. 102, 106,
107, the grub-like larva which passes
two stages
the true pupa
the imago.
tions were probably due originally in

before becom-
that
These complica-

through
ing transforms

into

BSTC EHE. 39

each type to the plastic nature of the
organism, which enabled it to fit itself
to different conditions and surroundings
during its passage through the younger
The history of para-
sites, whose loss of parts and correlative

stages of growth.

modifications are plainly adaptations to
the nature of the surroundings in all
branches of the animal kingdom, shows
this to be sound reasoning. Among some
of these types there are all kinds of meta-
morphoses and very complicated modes
of development, so that it is not difficult

One

can apply a similar nomenclature and

to surpass even those of insects.

the same laws in explanation of the
often curious and sometimes extraordi-
nary metamorphoses, and these changes
are often, as in Taenia, accompanied
by corresponding acceleration and loss
of primitive stages. The curious trans-
formations of Echinodermata are plainly
adaptations of the larvae to a free life
in the water before they become attached
or sink to the bottom and begin their
In this class
there are a number of examples of accel-
eration (Comatula, Spatangoids, etc.).
Such life-histories and those of Epi-
cauta, Sitaris and Meloe among beetles
which run out the gamut of changes

proper life as crawlers.

from the simplest Thysanuriform larva
through several grub stages to the qui-
escent pupa, that the
complicated metamorphoses, called hy-

show most

permetamorphoses by entomologists,
must have arisen in response to the
No other
hypothesis can account for the number,

changes of the surroundings.

variety, and novelty of these metamor-

40 TES) Oz Wo

phoses and their suitability to the num-
ber, variety, and novelty of the changes
in the surroundings and the correspond-
ing changes in habits of the larvae at
different stages of growth.

The occupation of the larval stages
by strange and curious forms, like cat-
erpillars, grubs, etc., naturally attracts
attention and at first makes one wonder
at the apparent eccentricities of nature’s
ways. But in reality they serve to
throw a strong side light upon the nor-
mal mode of action of the laws of hered-
ity, and show us that, in spite of its
enormous conservative force, heredity
is subservient to the effects of habit or
use of parts.

That these secondary larval forms are
more reduced, although more special-
ized organisms than the primitive Thy-
sanuriform larvae,
stated. Among Coleoptera and Neu-
roptera this is obvious whenever the

has already been

Thysanuriform and secondary adaptive
forms are present in the growth of the
No one can compare
the swollen, soft, round-bodied grubs
with the active Thysanuriform larva,
especially when occurring in the growth

same individual.

of the same beetle, without realizing
that the former is due to specialization
by reduction. That their structures,
although degraded by this process, are
suitable to the conditions under which
they live has been pointed out by many
writers; notably, Graber, Riley, Lub-
bock, and Packard. ‘This reduction
becomes still more apparent when we
regard the larvae of Diptera and the
grubs of the weevils among Coleoptera,

[March 1801.

the latter being generally without legs,
and the former also deficient in these
organs and in large part without a dif-
ferentiated head. If these or the cater-
pillars or other secondary larval forms
similar to them were isolated, and their
subsequent into pupae
and adults unknown, naturalists would

development

no admit that they possessed close affin-
ities with the adult insects of the same
groups, and they would be considered
as more rudimentary or simpler in
structure than any Thysanuran or Thy-
sanuriform larva. In the most special-
ized forms of Coleoptera, the weevils,
the early development of a footless grub,
a reduced form similar to the maggot of
the Diptera, replaces both the Thysa-
nuriform larva and also the active six-
footed grub of the normal groups of
beetles. The Insecta furnish such ap-
parently isolated examples, and, on ac-
count of the absence of intermediate
forms, it has been supposed that these
could be put in evidence against the
derivation of the orders of which they
were members from Thysanura, as has
been stated above with reference to the
saltatorial Orthoptera, but the researches
of Brauer, Packard, and Lubbock, de-
monstrating that the secondary larval
stages, grubs, maggots, etc., are modi-
fications of the Thysanuriform larval
stages, show that this: use of them can-
not be admitted. If this be granted, it
becomes possible to account for the phe-
The modified, and

adaptive, larval characters of the grubs,

nomena as follows.

caterpillars, etc., having become fixed
in the organization of such groups as

March 1Sogrt.]

the weevils among Coleoptera, and in
some whole orders, as in the Lepidop-
tera and Diptera, have been inherited
at such early stages in accordance with
the law of acceleration in development
that they have replaced the useless Thy-
sanuriform stage. In other words, the
absence of this primitive larval stage in
the young of many specialized forms of
insects now living is due to the tendency
to earlier inheritance of the later ac-
quired, adaptive characters of the secon-
dary larval forms.

It is very important for these consid-
erations to notice that after the insects
possessing the indirect modes of devel-
opment have passed through their re-
ductive secondary larval stages, they
return to the more normal or direct
mode of development in the pupa. In
doing this, they clearly illustrate the
exceptional and adaptive nature of their
deviations from the direct mode during
the larval stages, and show that this re-
sumption of the older beaten path
marked out by heredity is essential in
order that a typical hexapod form may
be evolved in the adult stage. The
pupa is always a six-legged form, with
the legs more or less developed, and
being common to all insects, whether
quiescent or active, is really a part of
the direct mode of development wher-
ever it occurs. It is as universal and
essential as are the typical ovarian and
adult stages. Indirect development is,
therefore, composite. It is first a devia-
tion in the larva from the direct mode,
and then a return in the pupa of the
direct mode, and this return necessarily

PST CHE. 41

brings the organism back again into the
normal line of evolutionary changes,
and the normal form of insect is the re-
sult of this return and the resumption
of progressive specialization.

The reverse of this process, z. e.
when direct development is not re-
sumed, is shown in the case of parasites
like the female of Stylops.

If it be true that the stages of develop-
ment in individuals are abbreviated rec-
ords of the modifications undergone by
the group during its evolution in time,
and that as a rule the characteristics of
adults of the more generalized or primi-
tive forms of any order, or even of
smaller divisions, in all groups of the
animal kingdom, show a tendency to
occur in the young of more specialized
forms of the same group or division, it
follows, that in each natural group the
specialized forms have been evolved
from the generalized forms. This ten-
dency to accelerate and abbreviate the
record preserved by heredity in the
growth and development of each indi-
vidual can be understood if one imagines
a series of forms evolving in time. First,
the representatives of the simple, primi-
then
another coming into being successively

tive ancestor; one form after
would each introduce some novel modi-
fications, according to its place in time
These modi-

fications being inherited at earlier stages

and the structural series.

in descendants than those in which they
originated in the ancestral forms, would
crowd upon the characteristics already
fixed by heredity in the growth of the

young. By and by, as characteristics

42 PST CHL.

accumulated, it would become not only
inconvenient to repeat all the character-
istics of its ancestors, but it would be a
physical impossibility for any individual
to reproduce them all in the same suc-
cession in which they had arisen; life
would not be long enough nor vital pow-
ers strong enough to accomplish sucha
process. Nature provides for such
emergencies by a law of replacement;
and as stated above, when a part or
characteristic becomes useless, if it
stand in the way of the development of
other parts or other characteristics of the
same part, itis replaced to a greater or
less degree by the newer and more useful
modifications.
as relates to an ordinary normal series
of forms when such a series can be
traced with abundant materials through
a sufficiently long period of geologic
time, as has been repeatedly shown by
Cope and one of the authors, Made
confident by such experiences we do
not hesitate to apply it to the insects
where positive evidence of this sort is
not yet forthcoming.

If this be correct, it is evident for ex-
ample that the sucking-tube and other

This is the rule so far

correlative internal modifications origi-
nated in the pupal or adult stages of the
primitive Hemipteron, then became
fixed in the organization of the order,
and are now inherited at an early age,
having replaced or driven out the ances-
tral, primitive, perhaps Thysanuriform
mouth parts from the larval stage. The
assumption that the sucking mouth parts
originated in the pupal or adult stages

is considered probable, because, al-

[March 18or.

though there are many exceptions, char-
acteristics usually originate in the later
stages in other branches of the animal
kingdom. In Lepidoptera and Diptera,
which resemble the Hemiptera in hav-
ing the highly modified mouth parts
with a tubular arrangement, these char-
acteristic peculiarities are confined to
the later stages of development, and are
not found in their larvae. The larvae
of Hemiptera are also decidedly Thy-
sanuriform, and that they originated
from a modified Thysanuroid form
having biting mouth parts in the larvae
and sucking mouth parts in the later
stages, seems to be indicated by this
fact. We have already seen in such ex-
amples as the locusts, etc., that an earlier
development in the inheritance of the
characters of adults may effectually ob-
literate the Thysanuriform larva, and
in the Coleoptera, Neuroptera, etc., that
it is the earlier inheritance of the sec-
ondary larval characteristic which ac-
complishes this result. In. no case do
the pupal or adult characteristics become
accelerated in development so as to re-
place the larval stage in the second se-
ries of orders except in parasites such
as the parasitic Pupipara (ticks). The
young are in some of these species born
as pupae, and the ovarian and larval
stages are passed within the mother.*
Asarule, then, the orders having in-

*Among theorders having the direct mode of develop-
ment a similar case to the Pupipara is to be found in
the plant-lice. These being viviparous, the young are
born in an advanced stage, and are in reality, although
wingless, comparable with active pupae. In the case
of the sexually perfect forms which emerge from
pseudova, they are, according to Comstock, in a still
more advanced condition.

March 1801. |

direct modes of development do not
show to any marked extent acceleration
in the inheritance of adult or adolescent
(pupal) characters, but, on the contrary,
the characteristics of these later stages re-
main remarkably constant in the ages
at which they are inherited. They do
not encroach upon or replace the larval
stage to any very marked extent, as in
the examples cited above, among the
Orthoptera or Hemiptera. This might
be considered as fatal to the application
of the law of acceleration, and this
would be the case if that law were any-
thing more than the expression for a
general result of causes which underlie
the action of heredity. One of these
causes is what we have already expressed
as a law of replacement.

Two modifications cannot occupy the
Same space, and the secondary larval
forms having become fixed in the organ-
ization, they hold their own in the de-
velopment of individuals against the en-
croachment of the pupal and adult
characters by virtue of their suitability
and the conservative power of heredity.
The few cases in which acceleration of
the pupal stages at the expense of the
larval stages does take place in the sec-
ond series of orders seem to show this,
since they occur not in the normal forms
having the ordinary habitat, but in par-
asites like the Pupipara.

Teachers who read Sir John Lub-
bock’s interesting chapter on the Nature
of metamorphoses will find opposite
views expressed in regard to the rank
of metamorphoses, and these may con-
fuse them unless explained. He speaks,

PSTCHE. 43

on page 41, of the maggots of flies as
belonging ‘‘to alower grade” of meta-
morphoses than the grubs which have
biting mouth parts and heads, and of
the caterpillar as on a higher level than
the vermiform larvae of Diptera and
Hymenoptera. This,
lated, means that larvae, like those of
the grubs of most Coleoptera and Lep-
idoptera, have heads, mouth parts, and
legs which have not yet suffered from
reduction; but in speaking of these as
‘lower grade,” Lubbock makes a mis-
take in systematic perspective. If, as
he holds, the secondary larvae are all

literally trans-

primarily the outcome of the Thysanu-
ran form, they are all what he ought to
call ‘*higher grade,” being more spe-
cialized and farther removed from this
primitive insect standard than the larvae
of the more generalized or first series of
orders. The same and, we think, more
philosophical mode of dealing with the
facts leads to the corollary that among
themselves the larvae of the more spe-
cialized orders are really ‘thigher,” if
the use of this word is considered essen-
tial, or more specialized in proportion
to the extent of their structural devia-
tion from the Thysanuran standard.
Thus the larvae of Diptera are, as a
rule, more specialized than any other,
and have to be set on the extreme left
in our table on this account. ‘The words
‘chigher and lower grade” are extremely
confusing, since they embrace three dif-
ferent classes of ideas,—anatomical and
physiological facts and teleological no-
Nature leads us along lines of
which

tions.

modification sometimes rise

44 PSTCIE,

through continuous progressive special-
ization to more and more differentiated
structure with correspondingly increased
functional powers, or larger or different
fields of work. At other times it may
lead us in a wave line, which follows a
devious course, rising part of the time
through progressive specialization, and
then falling for another period of time
through specialization by reduction.
If the animals under consideration be
parasites, they may continue on this
descending plane both in the growth of
the individual and the evolution of the
Nevertheless the resulting ad-
ult is not necessarily of ‘‘low grade” in

group.

any scientific scheme of arrangement
founded upon the principles of evolu-

[March 1891.

tion. Itis, however, farther removed
from the primitive type, and is extremely
specialized. The use of the aesthetic
terms ‘“‘low” and ‘thigh” have come
from a period in the history of our sci-
ence when nature was made to assume
a rigidly progressive aspect, each divi-
sion of the animal kingdom representing
a finger-post pointing towards the so-
called perfect animal, man, each rising
higher and higher in the scale of per-
fection whose standard was the human
organization. Such artificial ideas re-
venge themselves, and words become
their ready instruments, first to express
what is false, and then to help in bind-
ing the mind with the conservative fet-
ters of habit.

ON THE LIFE HISTORY “OF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA, OLIV.

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

(Concluded from p. 30-)

THE INJURY TO CORN.

The larva of this insect works much
like its congener, D. longicornis, com-
monly destroying the roots, but often
also working on the underground part
of the stalk. The larva of D. longi-
cornis often makes a longitudinal bur-
row in a root leaving little outward trace
of its presence. The larval D. 72-punc-
tata has not been observed to work in
this manner, the roots being mined and
irregularly, often

channeled bored

through from side to side, or even com-
pletely devoured where the worms are
abundant. Very few fields in Kentucky
are entirely free from injury, and many
are affected very injuriously, the damage
being perceptible to casual observation
in the retarded growth, and, as the sea-
sons advance, in the prostration of in-
fested corn by the winds. As a rule the
injury is greatest on land that retains
moisture longest. On high and well-
drained land it is not so prevalent. In

March 1Sor. |

all these respects it agrees with the re-
lated corn root-worm of the North.

I have not observed thus far that its
abundance has any relation to the land
The
northern species, it will be remembered,
is commonly most abundant on old corn
land. Two of the worst infested fields
examined in 188g were, one in tobacco,
and the other in oats, in 1888. A_ third
field, in corn in 1887 and 1888, was in
oats in the spring of 188g, these to be
followed the same season by a late plant-
ing of corn. This difference in the in-
juries of the two corn root-worms is to
be attributed to the fact that D. /ong7-
cornzs hibernates in the egg state in the
earth of corn fields, whereas D. 72-
punctata hibernates, at least in great
part, as an adult beetle which wanders
actively about in fall and spring in
search of food. Still, the observation
reported in Insect life concerning injury
to orchard trees planted on corn land
renders it probable that in some cases
beetles which develop in corn land
hibernate there. This would certainly
be the case at any rate if the corn was
very late.

D. 12-punctata seems to be the only
corn root-worm of Kentucky, and cer-
tainly is the only generally injurious one.
During two seasons’ collecting I have
not found a single specimen of D. longi-
corms within the limits of the State.

having been previously in corn.

LIFE-HISTORY (FOR KENTUCKY).

Young larvae noted on the 15th of
July, 1889, were mostly grown, and
some had pupated in small cells in the

LS CLE. 45

earth by the 29th of the same month.
Adult beetles dissected at this time con-
tained numerous ova of relatively large
On August 3 of that summer an
examination

size.
showed
that most of the larvae had pupated or
were ready to do so. No very young
One adult wis taken
from an earthen cell where it had re-
From the
abundance of females with well devel-
oped ova about fields at this time it
seemed probable there was to be a sec-
ond brood.

of infested corn

worms were seen.

cently changed from a pupa.

Subsequent search in the
fields did not reveal young larvae there,
and towards the end of August the fe-
males disappeared, and none were ob-
served with developed eggs during the
remainder of the season.

The eggs of these females were cer-
tainly not deposited freely among corn
that was damaged by the early brood of
larvae. What then became of them+’

Several larvae and pupae, perhaps
from eggs laid by these females, were
found among injured corn late in sum-
mer, but thorough search at different
times showed them to be rare, and I was
for a time led to think the species might
be single brooded like the related D.
longicornis. But on the first of Novem-
ber, 1889, the discovery in a field of
late-planted corn of numerous larvae to-
gether with pupae and recently trans-
formed adults,
proof of at least two annual broods of
the insect for this locality. The exam-
ples collected at this time were chiefly
grown larvae, contracted and ready for

gave unquestionable

pupation, with occasional individuals

46 PSOE:

about three-fourths grown, and a few
pupae and recently emerged adults.

In my paper as read at the Washing-
ton meeting of entomologists I stated
that the above facts made it seem prob-
able that the late brood of larvae fed in
part on plants other than corn. In the
discussion following, Prof. Otto Lugger
of Minnesota showed the surmise to be
well founded by stating that he had taken
pupae at the roots of one of the native
Compositae,—a species of Rudbeckia.
At my request he has since kindly given
me the following definite statement,
quoted partly from his notes:

‘‘Diabrotica 12-punctata.—Sep. 3, ’895
found among roots of Rudbeckia sp. three
pupae of a chrysomelid, nearly ready to issue
the imago. Sep. 5, 8g, all three insects ap-
peared above ground in breeding cage. At
first white, they soon changed to the normal
color, excepting that the black spots were
only faintly visible. Sep. 7, 89, insects
mature, and mounted. It is the above spe-
cies.

Many specimens occurred at this time upon
the above plant and upon Solidago and this
tles. The majority appeared quite fresh, as
if hatched quite recently. The Rudbeckia
grew in an old field cultivated some four years
ago, but grown up into a wilderness of Soli-
dago, Rudbeckia, thistles, etc. The nearest
field of corn is fully one-fourth mile from
this spot.”

Prof. Lugger’s observation explains
the whereabouts of most of the late
brood. Very little corn is planted here
as late as that in which the second brood
occurred, so that ordinarily the beetles
must resort to some other plant for ovi-

position. Five Kentucky species of

; March 1Sor.

Rudbeckia are known, and in all prob-
ability the beetles which emerged from
the ground in this vicinity during Au-
gust resorted to these. The observation
also renders it almost certain that the
insect is two brooded at latitudes much
higher than this.

The larvae and pupae in the field of
late-planted corn were followed until
all had completed their transformations.
From an excess of larvae in November,
the proportion was gradually changed
to an excess of pupae in December. A
short time spent digging about hills of
corn on Dec. § resulted in finding seven
pupae and two larvae. Subsequently
Wwe experienced a most exceptional
period of spring-like weather, and
urged apparently by its influence all the
larvae and pupae completed their trans-
formations. On January 16, a close
search among the infested roots did not
reveal the presence of a single example.
Previous to December we had some
weather during which the surface of the
ground was frozen. If the winter sub-
sequently had not been so mild it is safe
to assume that the larvae and pupae in
the frozen ground would not have
changed to beetles until the spring of
1Sgo.

The adult beetle has been found
abroad at all times when looked for
from July ro, 1889, until December,
1890. During the winter it is to be
found among rubbish in strawberry
beds, in gardens, and meadows. Dur-
ing mild days it is often awake, and
feeds at such times on almost any green
vegetation within reach. It is one of

March 1801.]

the first insects to become active in
_ spring, and at this time is to be found
on grasses, clovers and other plants
feeding on leaves, flowers or pollen.
It is during this time, and before the
corn is up, that the ova develops in the
ovaries of the females. During the fall
‘and winter those taken and dissected
contained no developed eggs. In the
latter part of May last spring when the
corn was a few inches high, the females
collected contained ova in an advanced
stage of development.

I was unfortunately unable to find the
eggs after oviposition, but there can be
no doubt but that they are placed like

those of D. lonyicornis in the ground at

the roots of corn. A search in corn
fields June 3, 1889, resulted in no lar-
vae. On June 10, they began to ap-
pear, and by the close of the month
were mostly well grown. On July 5
pupae were found in confinement from
larvae brought in June 30. The pupae
began to appear out of doors about the
same time and the beetles came forth
from them during the first two weeks
of July, all apparently being out before
the 21st. The first brood was thus
matured earlier than in 1889, a result,
doubtless, of the forwardness of the
season of 1Sgo.

REMEDIAL TREATMENT.

A complete remedy for the pest may
prove hard to find. If the insect spent
the winter in corn fields in the egg state,
as has been determined by Prof. S. A.
Forbes to be true of D. longicornis,
we might hope to avoid injuries by

PSTCHE. 47

rotation of crops. Since it hibernates
in part at least as an adult, and is capa-
ble of prolonged flight, rotation would
not avail. The food habits, too, of
larva and imago are such as to favor it
in the struggle for existence. As a beetle
it is a voracious and
feeder, and
way of
amiss.

indiscriminate
nothing, seemingly, in the

succulent vegetation comes
Tomato leaves, clovers, potato
leaves and tubers, turnips and cabbage
have been used to feed beetles kept in
confinement. During the latter part of
August they are very common here in
the ends of corn ears, eating out the
silks. It is possible they may do some
harm in this way, but I can not see
that the affected corn fails to develop
At times
it is scarcely possible to find an ear of

the usual number of grains.

corn that does not harbor one or more
beetles.
ENEMIES,’

Some predaceous beetles and Jarvae
have been found during summer and
fall in the earth with young root worms,
but not in any great numbers,
birds I find only the brown thrush re-
corded as eating the beetles.

Among

Several parasites occur in the fluids
of the beetles, and can perhaps be ex-
pected to check any extraordinary in-
crease in the numbers of the root-worm.
The most common of these is one of
the protozoans, a large Gregarina. prob-
ably the same species as that noted some
years ago in the fluids of D. longz-
cornts. The fluids of examples occa-
sionally swarm also with a small nema-
tode worm, and in one instance a large

48 PYSCHE.

thread worm with tapering caudal ap-
pendage was noted. Occasional beetles
have been found affected with an Em-
pusa resembling Z&. gryl/i, a species
commonly known as a parasite of grass-
hoppers. An interesting bacterial dis-
ease of the larva reported by Prof. S. A.
Forbes at the Washington mecting of
entomologists is also to be mentioned
in this connection, though I have not
detected it here in Kentucky.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Egg. — Matured ova from ovaries of fe-
males are much like those of D. longicornis.
They are white, oval, with the surface retic-
ulated and sculptured so as to produce nu-
merous hexagonal, pitted areas. Prof. Forbes
gives the dimensions of the egg of D. longt-
cornis as .025 inch, by .o15 inch. Ova of the
spotted species measure a trifle larger, being
about .027 inch in length by .016 inch in
greatest diameter.

Larva, enlarged.

Fig. 1.

Larva. — Body cylindrical, tapering a
trifle towards the extremities, composed of
twelve segments behind the head. Skin
wrinkled, papillose along the sides, white,
sometimes becoming yellowish just before
pupation. Head dark brown, nearly black
in some examples, with a few rather strong
hairs arising from the surface; a narrow
median longitudinal line of black above, and
two pale lines which converge from the bases
of the antennae, following sutures, to meet
at the middle line on the posterior part of
the head; ventral side of head pale medially.
No eyes. Antennae of three segments,
white. Labrum dark brown. Mandibles
dark brown, black at tips, with four or more
blunt denticles. Maxillae pale, armed with

[March 1Sor.

numerous strong spines within. Labium
Cervical shield pale brown, with a
narrow median longitudinal white line,
broadly triangular in shape. Jointed legs
pale, each with a dark brown chitinous sup-
porting frame work at base; each segment
of legs provided with a number of strong
hairs; a single brown tarsal claw, beside
which arises a white, elliptical, striated plate
slightly longer than the claw. Dorsal shield
of posterior body segment nearly circular in
Outline, brown, with numerous minute black
specks, slightly rimmed at posterior margin,
and in young examples obscurely bitubercu-
late; furnished with several strong marginal
hairs, and with four minute, striate, cen-
trally-placed, spatulate appendages. Spira-
cles round, the two anterior pairs sometimes
with brown rims, the rest pale. Posterior

pale.

‘segment with a single fleshy proleg.

Length about .56 inch, diameter about .06
inch. Examples ready for pupation about
-37 inch long.

Fig.2. Pupa, enlarged.

Pupa. — Translucent white, with scattered
brown hairs on dorsal side of body arranged
as follows: one within, and a pair posterior
to, the base of each antenna; a transverse,
arched row near the anterior edge, a pair
near the middle, one at tne middle of each
side, and one at each side near the posterior
margin, of the prothorax; four each on the
meso- and meta-thorax; three at the extrem-
ity of each femur; a pair at the middle and
one at each side of each abdominal segment,
except the posterior three; antepenultimate
and penultimate segments of abdomen each
with six, the four inner being in pairs and

[March 18ot.

posterior to the others; two within, and
three without each of the large spines borne
on the posterior segment. Caudal spines
straight or curved, black-tipped. Wing-pads
covering the posterior femora below. An-
tennae curving around the femora of the two
anterior pairs of legs and then extending
inwards towards the ventral middle line.

Length .22 —.25 inch.

Fig. 3. Imago, enlarged.

Imago. — Pale green, or greenish yellow,
marked with black. Head and mouth-parts
black, the former showing a brownish cast
medially on ventral side. Three basal arti-
cles of each antenna pale, sometimes with
dusky dots on posterior side; remainder of
antennae black. Prothorax uniformly green
or yellow. Elytra green or yellow, with
twelve large black spots, six on each, ar-
ranged in three cross series; the first series
at the base, the second at about the middle,
and the third midway between the second
_and the tips of the elytra. Scutellum brown
or black. Mesothorax beneath, the coxae,
the basal third to half of femora, and the
abdomen, yellow or green. Metathorax
beneath, the distal portion of the femora,
and the whole of the tibiae and tarsi, black.

Head with a basal pit behind antennae.
Prothorax above smooth and shining, obso-
letely punctulate, with a pair of pits, one on
each side of the middle line. Margin of
prothorax sinuate at sides, no prominent
angles. Elytra minutely, regularly punctu-

PSTCHE. 49

late, each elytron with a humeral promi-
nence. Antennae, metathorax beneath, ab-
domen, and legs, clothed with a fine silken
pubescence.

Length .25 —.28 inch; antennae about .19
inch.

For
record more nearly complete I may be
allowed in conclusion to call attention
12-

the purpose of making this

to the most recent notice of J),
punctata known to me, printed in a
recent mumiber of) Pnsect liferr(ve.)3:
150). The writer, Mr. Webster, here
gives a brief description of the larva
in the main with that
In several points, how-

I presume the

which agrees
given above.
ever, we do not agree.
statement that the posterior segment of
the body is provided with a pacr of
prolegs is a slip of the pen; certainly
there is only one of these in both D.
longicornis and D. 12-punctata. ‘The
statement also that the brown plate on
the hindmost segment is furnished with
a ridge ‘‘bearing a long erect bristle”
cannot be verified on the larvae collected
in this State, and I respectfully suggest
in explanation that in examples nearly
grown some of the hairs on the plate
are frequently worn or broken off. The
hairs are constant in position and num-
ber in the examples I have studied, and
none have been seen with a single erect
hair arising from the ridge. If these
differences in the descriptions are not
thus to be explained away, then I sub-
mit that we have examined different
larvae, and am content to leave to others
the decision as to who has described the

larva of D. 12-punctata.

50 i ge) Ou a We

{March 1891.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WEST AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE;
PAPER i *

BYE Wows

Tue following descriptions have been
lying in my portfolio for some time, and
I have been intending to add to them
descriptions of a dozen or more other
species which are manifestly nonde-
script, but finding no time at my com-
mand in which to execute this purpose,
I herewith present them as they are.
The insects all come from the region of
the upper waters of the Ogové River in
West Tropical Africa, and were cap-
tured by Mr. Good.

Pittsburgh, Jan. 31, 1Sg1.

PSEUDALETIS Druce.

1. P. zebra, sp. nov. Upperside :—Head
and thorax yellowish brown, abdomen white
ringed with pale gray, and tufted at the anal
extremity with
white, faintly laved near the base with stra-
mineous, and narrowly bordered upon the
costa and broadly bordered upon the outer

fulvous. Anterior wings

margin with black, and further ornamented
by three broad black bands, the first and
shortest of which crosses the cell about the
middle, the next is situated at the extremity
of the cell, and a third, which runs from the
costa about one-third of the distance from
the apex, across the wing in the direction of
the outer angle until it is fused with the
broad black external margin. The posterior
wings are white with a black border, narrow
at the external angle and gradually increasing
in width toward the anal angle. The tails
are very small and black. Underside: —
Thorax, abdomen and legs fulvous. Ground

* For Paper I see Psyche, v.5, p 423.

HOLLAND,

PITTSBURGH, PA.

color of the wings white. The anterior wing
is marked as upon the upper surface except
that the cell at the base is deeply black, the
two outermost of the broad black bands are
traversed in the middle by a narrow whitish
line, while the white of the surface replaces
the dark outer margin from the outer angle
upwards for half of the distance to the apex.
The fringe is black. The posterior wings
are marked by a ray of dark brown running
from the base along the submedian nervure
Two faint
brown lines run transversely across the wing

about half way to the anal angle.

in a direction approximately parallel to the
outer margin toward the anal angle, and two
similar lines run parallel along the inner
margin and all converge in the neighborhood
of the anal angle, which is broadly laved
with yellow and marked by two small black
spots at the points where the tails are given
off. The outer margin is fringed with black.
The markings of the underside of the poste-
rior wings re-appear to some extent upon
the upper surface. Type, @, in the collec-
tion of the author.

LYCAENESTHES Moore.

2. L. sctntillula, sp. nov. @. Upper-
side :—Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen
black; wings lustrous orange-red with the’
costa of the primaries at the base and near
the apex somewhat broadly margined with
black, and the costa and the inner margin of
the secondaries very broadly margined with
the same color. The fringes of both wings
are black and near the anal angle of the sec-
ondaries there are three small black spots, of
which two are marginal, and the third is sit-
uated above the one nearest the anal angle
and is subhastate in form. Underside :—

March 1So1.]

Ground color pinkish white with the wings
barred and mottled by spots of brown and
black. Near the anal angle of the secondaries
are two red marginal spots pupilled with
black, irrorated with greenish-blue scales.
Expanse of wings 25 mm.

Types, four ¢ g in collection of au-
thor and one ¢ presented to the British
Museum. (Lycaenesthes scintillans

Holland, MS.)

3. L. regillus, sp. nov. 9. Upperside
dark fuscous with white spaces and black
spots. The white spaces are located just be-
yond the cell and between the median ner-
vules upon the primaries, and are disposed
in the form of a marginal band upon the sec-
ondaries. Both wings have a conspicuous
black spot at the end of the cell defined in-
wardly by a narrow white line, and succeeded
externally by a transverse series of similar
spots. The primaries have in addition two
subbasal spots of black. Both wings are bor-
dered heavily with black and the posteriors
have in addition geminate white marginal
lines. Underside :— The ground color of the
wingsis white. The markings havea genera]
jikeness to those of the preceding species, but
owing to the lighter ground color of the
wings they are more conspicuous. Expanse
of wings 25 mm.
the writer.

It is barely possible that this is the
female of ZL. sczztillula, but I hesitate
to declare it such and name it provision-

ally.

4. L. lychnaptes, sp. noy. Allied to the
two preceding species and to L. leptines
Hew.

&. Upperside :—Antennae, head, thorax,
and abdomen black; wings shining orange-
red, the anteriors with the costa broadly and
evenly bordered with black and the outer

Type, 2, in collection of

PSTCH LE. 51

margin bordered with the same color, the
width of the border gradually diminishing
from the apex to the outer angle. The pos:
terior wings are broadly bordered with black
upon the costal and inner margins, and nar-
rowly upon the outer margin near the ana
angle. Underside: — The
the wings is black, both have black fringes.
both have narrow, geminate white marginai
lines, and both are traversed by irregular se-
ries of more or less broken narrow whit
lines. The posterior wings are adornec
with a small black spot at the extremity o!
the first median nervule, crowned with rec
and irrorated with blue scales, and with <
similar black spot at the end of the subme-
This latter spot is not crownec

ground color o!}

dian nerve.
with red.

Expanse of wings 20 mm.
lection of the writer.

Types in col-

There is a female which is upon the
under surface almost the exact counter-
part of the male just described, but the
upperside of the wings is almost uni-
formly blackish brown. Whether this
is the female of L. lychnaptes, or not,
it is impossible to tell at this time,
though the presumption is that this sur-
mise as to the relation of the two forms
is correct.

5. L. rubricinctus, sp. nov. Male:— Up-
perside :—Head, thorax, and abdomen dark
brown. Wings dark fuscous except upon
the margin of the secondaries, which are
adorned by a band of orange red extending
from the upper radial tothe analangle. This
band is marked at each of the intra-neural
spaces by a marginal spot of black, of which
that situated between the first and second
median nervules is the largest. Underside :—
The ground color is pale fawn color, grow-
ing paler toward the outer margin, and be-
coming almost white near the outer margin
of the secondaries. Both wings have a short

if
bo

transverse bar at the end of the cell bordered
outwardly by a fine paler line; both wings
have an irregular transverse band of similar
spots, and a submarginal line followed bya
marginal series of triangular spots. The
secondaries have two marginal spots of black
crowned with red and irrorated with blue-
green scales.

Expanse of wings 27 mm. Type in the
writer’s collection.

6. L. tésamenus, sp. Allied to Z.
sylvanus, but less than half the size.

Upperside :—The color of the upperside of
the wings is uniformly dark violaceous. Un-
derside :—The ground color of the underside
of the wings is a light fawn. Primaries.—
Just beyond the cell of the primaries there is
a dark transverse band which is interrupted
between the median nervules, and defined
both externally and internally by lighter
lines. This is followed toward the margin
by a broader and darker transverse band,
which runs from the costa to the first median
nervule, and is followed by a narrow brown
submarginal line. The fringes are dark
brown. Secondaries.— There are two sub-
triangular spots of dark brown, almost black,
upon the middle of the secondaries near the
costal margin, a similar spot at the end of
the cell, and one upon the inner margin
about its middle. These spots are followed
upon the limbal area by darker shades, out-
wardly edged by pale lines. The submar-
ginal line of the primaries is continued upon
the secondaries, enlarging at the first median
nervule, and just before the anal angle into
red marginal spots pupilled with black. The
fringes are as on the primaries. The palpi
and, the abdomen upon the lower side are
white.

Expanse of wings 20 mm.
collection of the author.

nov.

Type. in) sthie

NACADUBA Moore.

7. N.stratola,sp.nov. @. Upperside :—
Both the primaries and the secondaries are
dark shining brown in certain lights reflect-

TP SUG CTLLS «

{March 1891.

ing very obscurely a greenish blue gloss.
The cilia are lighter. Underside: — The
ground color is a slaty gray, much paler than
the upper surface. Both wings are adorned
by a marginal row of small dark spots, suc-
ceeded inwardly by a row of sagittate marks,
defined inwardly and outwardly by fine light
lines. The marginal spot at the anal angle
and the one between the first and second me-
dian nervule of the secondaries are deep black
crowned with a fine line of bright blue. The
discal and basal areas of both wings are
adorned with dark spots arranged in bands
and all defined on the inner and outer edges
with lighter colored lines. The inner margin
of the primaries is lighter than the rest of the
wing.

Q. The female does not differ materially
from the male in color and size.

Expanse of wings 26 mm.

Described from numerous examples
in the collection of the author.

LYCAENA Fabr.

8. L. paludicola, sp. nov. Upperside : —
The prevalent color is dark gray, the poste-
rior wings being ornamented with a very
narrow marginal line, within which are lo-
cated between the extremities of the nervules
toward the anal angle six subtriangular black
spots margined with pale blue. Underside :—
The underside is paler in color than the up-
perside. Both wings havea double dark line
at the end of the cell, defined outwardly and
inwardly with light lines. Succeeding this
upon both wings are bands of darker mark-
ings defined by lighter shades on either side,
and succeeded by a submarginal row of lu-
nules defined in the same way. The poste-
rior wings are further ornamented by two
subquadrate dark brown spots situated upon
the costa, one near the middle, the other
near the base; and by a circular spot of the
same color upon the inner margin near the

base. Of the black spots which are so con-

March 1801.}

spicuous upon the margin of the posterior
wings upon the upperside, only those just at
the anal angle and the two between the me-
dian nervules reappear upon the underside.
Of these the two at the anal angle are ob-
scure, while those between the median ner-
vules are large and very distinct. They
are all crowned with red lines and have their
black centres irrorated with shining green
scales.

Expanse of wings 28 mm.
collection of the author.

Type in the

I have assigned this species in a gen-

PS PCE: 53

eral way to Lycaena Fabr., feeling un
it to
subdivisions of the genus instituted by

able to refer any of the recent
the Indian lepidopterists, without such
an examination of the neuration as I do
not feel justified in making with only
one specimen at my disposal. It is very
different in appearance from any othe
species of the group known to me, and
recalls Pseudodipsas cephenes Hew.,
so far as the coloration of the upperside

of the secondaries is concerned.

ON AN IMPORTANT CHARACTER,
HITHERTO LITTLE NOTICED, IN THE
FAMILY BUPRESTIDAE.

BY FREDERICK BLANCHARD,

In Comstock’s Introduction to Entomology,
part i, the many excellencies of which and its
fresh treatment of the subject lead us to hope
for the early appearance of the succeeding
parts, on page 18, there is given a figure of the
underside of Huchroma gigantea Linn. in
which is shown the antecoxal piece of the me-
tasternum, separated by a short transverse su-
ture, the ends arcuately bent towards and
reaching the hind coxae. This appears to
be the first distinct reference to this pecu-
liarity of the Buprestidae so far as I can learn.
Deyrolle, in his Buprestides de la Malasie,
plate 4, figs. 3 and 4 exhibits the same thing,
but in fig. 25, illustrating the underside of a
species of Pachyscelis, the suture is not indi-
cated. There is, however, no reference to the
antecoxal piece in the text.

From the examination of a considerable
number of genera in this family during the
last few years, both native and foreign, it ap-
pears that this structure is always present and
is of much greater importance in limiting the
family than the connate first and second ven-
trals chiefly depended upon heretofore.

Although the members of the family Bu-
prestidae are usually quite easily recognized,
some early errors would have been avoided
had this character been observed or appreci-
ated; in our own fauna, notably in the case
of the genus Schizopus Lec., for the recep-
tion of which a distinct family, the Schizo-
podidae, was created although afterwards
suppressed.

It need hardly be said that the existence ot
an antecoxal piece, seen elsewhere among Co-
leoptera, so far as I know, only in the Ade-
phaga, where the importance of its existence
and of its modifications have been so skilfully
demonstrated by Dr. Horn, does not necessa-
rily imply any relationship of the Buprestidae
to that series, but adds another, and a most
impressive one, to the many known instances
of the repetition of characters or structures
in widely different families, which have been
noticed by writers, and especially by Dr.
Horn.

HARRISIMEMNA TRISIGNATA—I found two
of these grotesque larvae on Spiraea tomen-
tosa, Sept. 22nd, Northborough, Mass. The
only food-plant given by Mr. Edwards is
‘“Syringa.” The larva bored into bits of
rotten wood, and ‘‘backed out” with the
chips. These chips were rolled into neat
pellets of almost uniform size, very round,

D4 PSYCHE.

and evidently kept in shape by some gummy
secretion applied by the larva. Each pellet
was about one-sixteenth inch in diameter
and all could be rolled about without crum-
bling. When the burrow was finished the
larva ‘‘backed in” and closed the opening with
a thin, transparent. parchment-like door.
It took over twenty-four hours to make the
burrow and seal it. C. G. Soule.

MisceLLANeous Notes.—Mr. C. P. Gil-
lette, formerly entomologist at the Experi-
ment Station at Ames, Iowa, has removed to
Colorado to take a similar position at Fort
Collins.

A continuation of Mr. J. H. Emerton’s
New England spiders appears in the last
part of the Transactions of the Connecticut
Academy. It concérns the Drassidae (33
sp.), Agalenidae (11 sp.), and Dysderidae
(2 sp.), with six plates crowded with excel-
lent figures; more than half the species are
regarded as new.

Baron Osten Sacken has suggested in the
February number of the Entomologists’
monthly magazine a new classification of the
families of nemocerous Diptera.

A timely and convenient catalogue of the
described transformations of North American
Coleoptera by W. Beutenmuller will be
found in the January number of the journal
of the New York microscopical society.

L’ABEILLE, the journal of entomology
founded by the late abbé Marseul, and by
him carried through twenty-six volumes, is
to be continued by the Entomological Soci-
ety of Paris, to which he bequeathed it. Mr.
L. Bedel has been chosen editor, and the
twenty-seventh volume is now in press. The
journal, as formerly, will be devoted mainly
to Old World Coleoptera, and the frequency
of its issue will depend upon subscriptions
and sales.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

8 June, 1888.—The 139th meeting was held
at 156 Brattle St. Mr. J. H. Emerton was
chosen chairman.

Mr. C. W. Woodworth exhibited speci-

{March 1891.

mens of a species of Typhlocyba found on
the rose, to which they are very injurious.
He also showed a specimen of a species of
Jassidae found on the apple. No jassids
have before been found on that tree.

Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the num-
ber of subsegments in the larvae of butter-
flies. Mr. Scudder has applied this to the
position of Libythea, which has been vari-
ously placed in the Pierinae, Nymphalidae,
and Erycininae.

Mr. Scudder stated that most of the changes
in the larvae of the Lepidoptera, such as
moults, etc., occur before ten o’clock in the
morning.

Mr. S. H. Scudder mentioned the finding
of the larva of Oeneis semidea which had
formed a very slight silken cocoon for pu-
pating. It is now a pupa.

g November, 1888.—The 1goth meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr.
J. H. Emerton was chosen chairman.

Mr. J. H. Emerton exhibited some draw-
ings of spiders made by himself and Mr. Ed-
win Sheppard for Dr. H. C. McCook of
Philadelphia. ,

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed a collection of
butterflies brought together to iJlustrate mim-
icry in this country. Considerable discussion
of the subject of protective mimicry followed.

Prof. C. H. Fernald spoke of the work of
the State experiment stations, established
under the new act of Congress appropriating
asum of money to each state for the purpose,
and especially of the Hatch Experiment Sta-
tion of the Amherst Agricultural College, of
which station he is entomologist.

Mr. S. Henshaw read a paper for Miss
Caroline G. Soule on a mode of preserving
pupae of Sphingidae through the winter.

Mr. H. Hinkley spoke of forcing the early
emergence of Sphingidae by keeping the pu-
pae at room temperature.

Mr. S. H. Scudder described how Mr. S.
L. Elliot kept his pupae through the winter,
and mentioned the opportunity offered by a
cold storage company in Boston for winter-
ing hibernating insects.

Mr. H. Hinkley described a double cocoon
of Attacus promethea.

PSYCHE. : a,

Aras FNPAT; OE set A Mee Token i

wi *

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 180.

APRIL, 1891.

CONTIN S:

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—I ‘ : 57
PERSONAL NOoTES : : : : é ‘ ‘ : ‘ : : : : ? 60
OEBALUS PUGNAX AN ENEMY OF GRASsES.—H. Garman . ; : : : : 61
A LIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINors, III. AcRIDIDAE (part). — Ferome

McNeill . 3 : : : : J : : ‘ : F : é : 62
LESTES EURINUS SAy.—Samuel H, Scudder . , . : : ; k : 2 66
HEMIDIPTERA HAECKELII.— W. MW. Wheeler . 5 : : : : : ; : 66
PROTECTION By Conspicuous CoLors.—Lord Walsingham : 5 - : : 67
GREEN BUTTERFLIES.— W. Doherty. - : : ; : : 5 : : ‘ 68
FoREL ON THE HABITS OF BRACHYTRYPUS . : : ; é ‘ é - ‘ 68
BUGNION ON ALPINE FAUNAS : ‘ : : : : : : : ‘ , 68
THE ABBE PROVANCHER’S WORK IN CANADA : : ; ‘ ‘ : ; : 69
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ‘ : ‘ : : : 69

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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the
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S10 Fae.

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY, AND
PICKERING.—I.

[Many years ago Dr. J. L. LeConte
entrusted to me some letters of Dr. T.
W. Harris and Dr Charles Pickering,
for use if I wished it in the Entomolog-
Correspondence of Dr. Harris,
then preparing. Most of them were
written in the earliest period of their
entomological studies, from Milton and
from Salem, and in the discrimination
that had then to be made from the great
volume of correspondence, only one of
Ehemiiewas. used, (loc. ‘cit., 251), viz.
one from Harris to Say, written from
Milton in 1829. The others, however,
are so interesting as showing the con-
dition of entomology at a time when
the numbers of its devotees in this Coun-
try could easily be counted on one’s
fingers, and as revealing in some slight
degree the temperament and character
of the different writers that I have
thought it worth while to reproduce
them in PsycHE, one at a time, that
others may share the pleasure I have
had in their perusal.

The letters proposed to be printed in
this series are six from Dr. Harris and
two from Dr. Pickering, all addressed
to Say, together with the abbreviated
draft of Say’s replies, which, whenever
such occur, were scribbled on the back
of the writer’s letters. They will be
printed in chronological order, first five
letters from Dr. Harris written between
1823 and 1825 with Say’s replies, then

ical

two from Dr. Pickering, both of 1825,
and finally the last of Dr. Harris’s, of
somewhat later date, in 1834, the last
from each of Say’s correspondents bear-
ing no reply. All are printed exactly
as written, abbreviation, punctuation,
and all, with an occasional memorandum
of my own in brackets. The first of
the series is given below with the reply.
The others will follow under the above
caption, from time to time as oppor-
tunity offers.— Samuel H. Scudder. |

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

Mitton, (Mass.) July 7, 1823.

To Tuomas Say, Esar.

SZ%s

Though personally a stranger to
you I have taken the liberty of address-
ing you—and, in doing so, I have the
permission of Mr. Nuttall to use his
name as a password to admit me to
your notice. An ardent love of Natu-
ral Science has induced me, though en-
gaged in an arduous profession, to de-
vote some of my leisure moments to the
study of Botany & Entomology; but
the want of books, time, & patience,
has not permitted me to make any great
proficiency. Permit me, Sir, respect-
fully to request your aid in this pursuit,
so far, at least, as to answer some que-
ries which I would propose to you. In
May 1822 [ accompanied an invalid to
Philadelphia, but was hurried away by

58 PSC FILS

the nature of my patient’s complaint,
before I could obtain the honour of an
introduction to you, a circumstance
which I have greatly regretted ever
since. I however saw Mr. Peale’s mu-
seum, & found that Mr. Titian Peale
was making a collection of insects;
among these I observed that which per-
forates the apple tree, known here as
the afple-tree borer. This (which I
presume to be of the Cerambyx family)
I was informed had been described by
you. Please inform me the name it has
received, & where I shall find your ac-
There is another insect
Reach trees:

count of it.
very destructive to our
boring around the trunk near the root,
& which from the chrysalis (for I have
not as yet obtained the perfect insect)
must be the larva of a Cossus, or some
other of the wood eating lepidopterous
Length of the larva one
& a quarter inch (legs 16.) colour
white, with a reddish tinge. Do you
know it? The Locust tree is infested
by a large species of this kind, which is
described by Prof. Peck, in the Mass.
Agricult. by the name of
Cossus Robinie. This, as I have as-
certained, also perforates the Black
Oak (Quercus tinctoria Bart.). The
Peach tree is subject to the attacks of
a Luprestis, such
branches as are old & incline much.
The name of the species I do not know.
Length rather less than 4 inch. Colour
of the elytra dull brassy brown, with 3
or 4 irregular longitudinal lines. Abdo-
men above green; below brilliant cupre-
I am particularly desirous to ob-

caterpillars.

Papers,

which perforates

ous.
tain information respecting our native

[April 1&91.

species of Lytta, or Meloé. In Boston
Lytta atrata Fabr. is sold for Lytta
vittata; & some of our Physicians have
confounded Z. czzerea under the same
name vétfata. This is not important
in practice; but is so in nomenclature.
Are not all three, together with Lytta
marginata, of the genus Caztharis of
De Geer, Geoffr., Oliv., Lamark, &
Latr., as defined by Leach in Brewster’s
Encyclopedia? What species have
you in Pennsylvania? Are any kept by
apothecaries for the purpose of vesica-
tion? By what names are they sold?
On what plants are they principally
found? At what times? And are they
easily procured? Lytta atrata and
cinerea are very common here: vzttata
and margitnata I have seen in collec-
tions only: none others have I yet found.
Do you know the economy of these in-
sects? Do the larve live and metamor-
phose in the earth? Any information,
or reference to authors on the subject
will be gratefully received. Illiger’s
Magazin 1.256 has been quoted; but I
have not the work to consult; if you
have access to it, pray give me the sub-
stance of his account. It is my intention
to draw up a description of these species,
for some of our medical journals, in
order to correct the mistakes in the
names of the species, and your observa-
tions, if you will favour me with them,
shall be duly acknowledged.

Has the moth from the apple-worm
been described? and by what name?
The gregarious caterpillar, which infests
some trees in autumn, enclosing whole
branches in a web, and devouring all
but one membrane of the leaf, giving it

April 1Sor. |

the appearance of having been scorched
by fire, is produced by a small white
moth (genus Artica?) immaculate, and
but little more than half an inch in
length. What is the species? Can you
give me the history of the common rose-
bug, Melolontha subspinosa? Fabr.,
or of the striped cucumber-bug? C&ry-
somela——?

My collection of insects is small, con-
taining but few more than 500 species,
& my professional avocations will not
permit me to increase it much. If I
have any species which could be accept-
able to you, they are at your service. I
have fine spec. of Pap. Troilus, Asterias,
Plexippus, Idalia, &c., Bombyx Cecro-
pia, Polyphemus, Prometheus, with
their cocoons, that of the latter being
I have also Hemerobius
many

very curious.
cornutus, Pectini[c]ornis, &c;
Hymenoptera, among which Leucospis
dorsigera, [chneumon pennator, the gall
insect of the black oak &c. Also sev-
eral insects interesting as having been
described by the late Prof. Peck. Such
as Stenocorus putator Peckii, which
prunes the branches of the oak; Ayz-
chenus strobé Peckii, perforating the
leading shoot of the white pine; Ayz-
chenus cerast Peckii, inhabiting the
cherry and plum; Zezxthredo cerasz,
the cherry tree slug. I have hitherto
pursued the study of Entomology with-
out any other systematic work than
Samouelle’s litthe compendium; and,
having very recently procured Fabricius,
have not ascertained more than one
tenth of the species in my collection.
How deplorably ignorant Iam you will
therefore easily imagine—indeed it must

PISCE. 59

be sufficiently apparent from this letter.

Accompanying this, isa little memoir,
which was printed in the Agricultural
Journal. The species described I have
since found to answer tolerably to Bom-
byx acrta Fabr.; the colour of the
wings of the male however is not so
dark, & the ash-coloured female is not
mentioned by Fabricius; & though it
may possibly prove to be the same in-
sect, yet I think its identity could hardly
have escaped the observation of Prof’r
Peck. I confess that I am much more
interested in the Azstory of such insects
as appear to be injurious, or promise to
be useful, than in the mere collection of
such as are curious only.

A correspondence with you would be
esteemed a great gratification & honour.
I must rest my claim to your notice,
principally, on the similarity of our pur-
suits, on my desire for information, & on
your ability to give it. Whichif you do,
it will greatly oblige, Sir,

Your humble serv’t
T. WM. Harris.

Please address your reply to Thaddeus
William Harris, M. D., Milton, Mass.

[DRAFT OF REPLY BY THOMAS SAY. |

The beginning of my reply was a copy
of the answer to

I shall endeavour to reply to y’r in-
quiries as well as time & memory will
permit. The apple borer I’ve desce’d
under name Saperda 2-fasciata Melsh,.
The name however is a very bad one,
inasmuch as the ins. is not banded, but
ornamented w. 2 wh’t long’! broad lines ;
notwith’g this as the name has b’n given

60 EST CHE:

and to my knowledge, I cannot stoop
to the knavery of changing it.* The
publ’n of the paper will soon take place
in the Journal, it was in fact in the press
before I ret’d from N. W. [the North-
west]. The fact of the Peach tree being
subject to the attacks of a Buprestis is
altogether new tome. We have 2 sp.
at least wh. agree w. yr desc’n viz.
femorata & characteristica. The latter
being rather larger than y’r mensuration
& the thorax having elevated lines as
well as the elytra I think it probable y’r
depred’r is femorata wh. is orn’d w. 2
dull brassy irregulat spots on ea. elytron
more or less indistinct, but somet. obso-
lete.

The g’s Lytta F. is certainly same w.
Cantharis Oliv. &c. The larve of the
Cantharids live & metam’e in the earth
feeding on roots &c, but for more in-
form’n I must refer you to Sonnini’s Buf-
fon Vol. 54, p- 395; also Olivier, Vol.
3, The no. of sp. already disc’d in the
U. S. is 16, viz. segmenta J, vittata x,
marginata X, atrata x, Nuttalliit, al-
loidaf, articularisf, immaculatafT, aenea
X, polita, sphaericollis}, maculataf, fer-
ruginaef, cinerea X, Afzeliana, reticu-
latat ; of these those marked w. a X in-
hab. this state, those marked w. a f have
been desc’d by myself and will appear in
the Journal. It is prob’e that nearly if not
all of these sp. might be used w. effect

PERSONAL Notes. — Mr. P. R. Uhler,one
of the leading American entomologists, has
recently been elected provost of the Peabody
institute in Baltimore. Mr. Uhler will still
retain the position of librarian which he has
held for the past twenty-five years. It is not

*[He changed his mind, describing it in this very

paper under the name of bivittata. It is the S. candida
of Fabricius. }

[April 1891-

in vessication. By far the finest sp. is
the Nuttallii, wh., as well as 2 or 3 of
the other sp. is somew’t larger than
vesicatoria & more brilliant. On one oc-
casion near Rocky M’s. I saw this sp.
in such nos. that I c’d have gathered a
couple of quarts in $ an hour, but few
were seen elsewhere, & but one occurred
on last exped’n. Have not Illiger, nor
moth of apple worm. Do not know wh.
species of greg’s caterp’s you mean.
Rose-bug is Mel. subspinosa F. and
cucumber bug is Crioceris vittata F.,
but I know no more of their history
It w’d
give me g’t pleasure to see those ins.
you mention desc’d by Peck. I have
not met w. his desc’n.

The Peach Insect I desce’d sew’] months
since for a paper by Mr. Worth on this
ins. under name of 4. exitiosa. W’n
this essay will be publ’dI do not know,
it was read tothe A. N. S. 6 or 8 months
ago. The sexes are very diff’t. I have
b’n desc’g shells of U. S. & w’d be
much obliged to you for any sp’s you
may pick up on y’r coast. Land and

than is familiar to every farmer.

fresh water shells also highly accept’e. .

I will be happy to send you the names
should you wish it. Your salt marsh
caterpillar is cert’y the B. acria F. and
it is fig’d by Drury and also by Cramer

under the name of B. caprotina.

a little curious how many entomologists have
held the position of librarian in the public
institutions of this country.

We deeply regret to announce the death,
on February 25, of Mr. Holmes Hinkley of
Cambridge, one of the active members of the
Club and an ardent student of our Lepidop-
tera.

April 1Sqr. |

sp wl SOG aie 61

OEBALUS PUGNAX AN ENEMY OF GRASSES.

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

THIs is one of the commonest of the
Pentatomidae in Kentucky, occurring
everywhere in July and August on
grasses. Its constant presence and abun-
dance on millet attracted my attention
in 1889, but with Podzsus spinosus
and other predaceous members of the
family in mind, it was assumed to be
there after other insects, and was not
given special attention. In the summer
of 1890 it was again found to be
common on several species of Setaria
and Panicum,—so common that as
many as twenty adult bugs could be
taken from a single stool of grass. This
time the incongruity of a predaceous
insect congregating on particular species
of grasses, where there was no evident
animal food, made its impression, and
a brief examination was sufficient to
show that the bugs were attracted by
the grasses themselves, which they were
puncturing, and from which they were
extracting the sap. They seemed espec-
ially fond of the young. spikelets, and
where the bugs were abundant large
numbers of the spikelets were found
to be dried up, having been emptied
of their contents.

On July 16 a number of the bugs
were collected from Setaréa glauca and
Panicum sangutnale, and confined
with a bunch of grass ina breeding cage,
where they were observed to continue

their work of puncturing the spikelets.

Some individuals were coupled when
taken, and on the 19th of July the eggs
were found to have been placed in scat-
tered clusters of about a dozen eggs each,
on the stems of grass, and on the sides
of the cage. Each cluster consisted of
two series, the eggs being in contact,
but those of one series alternating in
Anhas
arrangement of the eggs accommodates
them to the stems of grasses. The habit
of so arranging them appeais to be fixed,
for no matter where placed the double
lines were alwaysadheredto. The eggs
are pale green, and measure .7 mm. in
length by .6 mm. across, the diameter

position with those of the other.

being maintained to the extremities.
The attached end is perceptibly convex.
The free end is so little convex as to ap-
pear flat; it is rimmed, and provided
with a marginal series of capitate ap-
pendages which are so small as not
to be easily made out even with a good
lens.

From my own observations I should
have supposed Oe. pugnax to be exclu-
sively a vegetable feeder, but in the
fourth report of the United States Ento-
mological Commission, p. 97, I find it
stated that the species has been obsetved
attacking the cotton worm. Of course
there is nothing improbable in its taking
both vegetable and animal food.

62 PSY CHE.

{April 1891.

A LIST -OF THESORTHOPTERA OF TELINOIS:—lil-*

BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.

ACRIDIDAE (OEDIPODINI, TRUXALINI.)

46. Arphia sulphurea Fab. This
is a common species throughout the
state. In the northern part of the state
there is but one brood a year and the
individuals pass the winter as larvae or
pupae, being found in exactly the same
localities as Chortophaga viridifasciata
De Geer and Hippiscus tuberculatus
Pal. de Beauv. They become full fledged
as early as the 14th of May and disappear
about the first of July.

*47. <Arphia xanthoptera Burm.
This species is said by Thomas to in-
habit Illinois, but I have seen no speci-
mens that could be referred with cer-
tainty to this species unless indeeed A.
cartnata Scudd. is a synonym. I have
been inclined to this opinion but Saus-
sure still continues to separate them and
it is probable that he has been able to
compare carizata Scudd. with Bar-
meister’s type.

48. Arphia carinata Scudd. This
is a very common species throughout
the state, formerly thought to be a
variety of sal/phurea Fab., but it seems
to be quite distinct and the two species
are now placed in different divisions of
the genus. In practice they may be
distinguished by the facial costa which

* In the first two parts of this paper, in almost every
case where I have accredited specimens to the Museum
of the University of Illinois, I should have said the
Museum of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural
History.

is acuminate towards the vertex in
sulphurea, while in carénata Scudd.
the sides of the facial costa are nearly
parallel from the median ocellus to the
vertex. The carina of the pronotum of
the latter is very high and strongly
arched while in the former it is but little
The
earliest appearance of this species in
northern Illinois is the 20th of August.

49. Arphia tenebrosa Scudd. Mr.

Thomas says this species is occasionally

elevated and nearly straight.

seen in the extreme northwestern part
of the state.

50. Chortophaga viridifasciata
De Geer. Common throughout the
state, though never very abundant.

The larvae and pupae winter in the same

situations with Arphia sulphurea and

complete their transformations only a
few days sooner than the last mentioned
This species is the first of the
order to reach maturity in the spring

species.

and the note of the male is the beginning
of the grasshopper chorus which con-
tinues for six months or more. It isa
very variable species, but all of the
varieties may be referred to two forms,
the green and the brown, which is a
seasonal form apparently and therefore
worthy of a name according to the rules
of systematic zodlogy. It should there-
fore be called Chortophaga viridifas-
ciata infuscata Harris.
has frequently been remarked is the com-

This form as

April 189i .]

mon one in the early spring and while
green males are very rare at this season
green females are common; later the
green form predominates and the brown
form is the one of exceptional occurrence,
but the males are less uncommon than the
females. In the northern part of the
state there is but one brood that hatched
from eggs in the late summer and ma-
tured the following spring, so that the
form zxfuscata is the common one
always. In Moline I have captured
full grown specimens as early as the
twenty-second of April and as late as
the seventh of July.

51. LExcoptolophus sordidus Bur-
meister. Common throughout the State
but more abundant northward. While
the males of many species and the females
of some species occasionally fly with a
crackling noise, the males of this species
seem not to be able to fly at all without
making this noise. This is a fortunate
circumstance for the collector since the
dark color and the short and exceedingly
quick flight of the male make it very
difficult to follow. I captured speci-
mens from August twenty-first to the
thirtieth of October.

*52. Cammula pellucida Scudd.
This species undoubtedly occurs in the
northern part of the state although I
have never seen a specimen taken within
its borders. I have specimens from
Wisconsin and Mr. Thomas includes
the species in his List of the Orthoptera
of Illinois on the authority of Mr. Scud-
der.

53. Lippiscus tuberculatus Pal. de
Beauv. This a rather common species

PSILCHSL. 63

in the early spring. Larvae and pupae
pass the winter under the shelter of
leaves and grass and mature very early
in the spring, about the first of May. It
shows a decided preference for certain
localities, being found year after year in
the same field or on the same hillside.
haunts it

From these favorite never

seems to wander far although appar-
ently well-able to fly across the state.
There are two places each a few rods
square on Rock Island where 1 have
never failed to find them summer or
winter and these are the only places
where they are to be found on the Isl-
and, which is three-fourths of a mile
wide and three miles long.

54. AMippiscus rugosus Scudd. This
species is also rather common at Moline
and probably throughout the state. The
red and the yellow winged forms are
found in about equal numbers in Rock
Island Co. except on the ‘‘ Sand Hill”
where they are quite common and all
apparently yellow-winged. Ihave taken
them on Rock Island as early as the 20th
of August.
state laboratory of natural -history bears
the date of Aug. 14, taken at Pekin.

55. AMippiscus phoenicopterus Burm.
This is the species formerly known as
FH. discofdeus Serv. while the species
that used to bear the name fphoentcop-

A specimen in the Illinois

Zerus is now known to be A. tubercu-
latus Pal. de Beauv. I have taken a
a single species at Moline. It is prob-
ably a rare species throughout the state.
Taken the 5th of September.

*56. Xanthippus neglectus Thos.
Thomas says he captured it in the

64 PSTVCHE,

southern part of the state but thinks it
is rarely found there. I do not know of
its occurrence elsewhere.
- 54. Diussostetra
Abundant everywhere along roadsides
and railroads especially. Taken as early
as the 25th of June.

*58. Spharagemon aeguale Say. It
is not certain that this species occurs

carolina linn.

in the state although Thomas says it is
found ‘‘throughout the greater part of
the state.”’ It is in no collections that I
have seen while the species next named
is abundant wherever I have collected
in Illinois or Iowa or Indiana; but as its
occurrence here is not improbable I
have not excluded it from the list.

59. Spharagemon bolli Scudd. Com-
mon on dry hillsides. It makes its ap-
pearance as early as the 21st of June.
This is the only species with which I
am acquainted, except Déssostetra car-

olina Linn., that remains stationary a,

few feet above the ground and in some
manner produces a dry rustling note. I
have known this species to go through
the performance in but one instance
although it was repeated several times
by different individuals. As four out of
the five individuals that I captured on
the spot were males, the thought sug-
gested itself that it might be a part of
the courtship of the species.

60. Spharagemon collare Scudd.
This species occurs rarely on the tops of
high sandy hills, in Rock Island Co.
and doubtless throughout the state as I
have found it as far south as Pine Bluff,
Ark. where
abundant along the sandy shore of the

individuals were found

[April 1891.

Arkansas River. They are abundant
however on the ‘Sand Hill.” They have
been taken at Moline as early asthe 28th
of August.

61. Pstntdia fenestralis Serv. This
has been found, so far as I know, in but
a single locality in the state, the sand
hill at Moline Bridge. It is abundant
here on the bare sand. Its crimson
wings make it conspicuous but when
on the ground it is so small and colored
so nearly like the sand that it is not easy
to see it and its flights are so short and
quick that it is not very easy to capture.
Aug. 28th is the earliest recorded date
of its capture.

*62. Mestobregma cincta Thos. Said
by Thomas to occur sparingly in south-
ern Llinois.

63. (?) Philobostroma parva Scudd.
I think I am not mistaken in referring to
this species a considerable number of
individuals found on the sand hill, Sept.
2, and at Cordova Sept. 28. They are
very variable in size and color but as the
lateral foveolae are always very distinct
they are distinguished from
Philobostroma quadrimaculata Thos.

*64. Trimerotropis maritima Harr.
Said by Thomas to occur in the north-
ern part of the state.

65. Ctrcotettix verruculatus Kirby.
The collection of the State laboratory
of natural history contains two speci-
mens, one from Henry, Ill., and the
other from Birds Point, Mo.

66. Chloéaltis Scudder.
Seems to be common throughout the
state, but it is never abundant. Speci-
mens of both the brown and green varie-

easily

viridts

April 1891. ]

ties will be found in any locality, but so far
as my experience goes the green speci-
mens far outnumber the brown every-
where andat allseasons, It is a grass lov-
ing species as indeed are the group
Truxalini generally, being in this re-
spect strongly contrasted with the Oedip-
odini, which very generally prefer barren
hillsides or other localities characterized
by somewhat scanty vegetation. The
short wings as in allied species are quite
variable. J have one in my cabinet with
elytra and wings quite as long as the ab-
domen. Specimens have been taken at
Moline as early as the ninth of July, and
as late as the fifteenth of October.

67. Chloealtis conspersa Scudder.
Probably found throughout the state,
though never abundant and perhaps not
everywhere common. The females are
very likely to be confused with the
brown females of the preceding species
from which they may always easily be
separated by the slight median carina
of the vertex. The wings and elytra as

in the preceding species are quite vari-
able, one specimen in my collection hav-
ing elytra which extend one fourth
their length beyond the tip of the abdo-
men. The species is noted for the ex-
hibition of a habit not possessed by any
other member of the family so far as is
now known. This peculiarity is its
habit of depositing its eggs in holes
bored in slightly decayed wood. This
fact was first reported by Mr. S. I.
Smith in his List of the Orthoptera of
Maine. It has since been corroborated
by the observations of Mr. C. A. Hart
of Chumpaign.* This species makes its
~*See also Scudder. Rep. Geol. N. Hampshii
v. 1, 371-372.

Rep. Geol. N. Hampshire

PST CLE,

appearance in spring even earlier than
C. vir¢dis; indeed I know of but one
other, Pezotettix virtdulus Walsh, that
is developed earlier from eggs hatched
in the spring. It has been found in Mo-
line as early as the twenty-first of June
and as late as the twenty-fourth of Sep-
tember.

68. Stenobothrus curtipennis Har-
ris. Quite common throughout the
state and generally more abundant than
either of the two preceding species. It
has a decided preference for thick blue
grass growing in partially shaded situa-
tions. Like its allies it can scarcely be
said to either fly or jump, but it suffers
little or nothing in lacking these accom-
plishments as its astonishing facility as a
tumbler and contortionist generally dis-
courage all but the most determined ef-
forts for its capture. It appears almost
as early in the spring as the preceding

‘species, its first recorded appearance at

Moline being the twenty-third of June,
and its latest appearance the twenty-
fourth of September.

69. Stenxobothrus maculi pennts
Scudd. This very variable species is
common in a few localities. It occurs
on the ‘*Sand Hill” several times re-
ferred to and described in this paper.
It is found too on the barren or sandy
tops of the highest hills along the bluffs
of the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. It
is full-fledged about the first of August.

70. Syréula admirabilis Uhler.
Widely distributed but rare or uncom-
mon. Thomas described the brown
form of the male and did not know of
the existence ofthe greenform. I have
raised from pupae several males which

66 PS TCH TE

show the usual green color and mark-
ings of the females. The earliest ap-
pearance at Moline is August 22.

*71, Mermiria bivittata Serville.
Very rare if it occurs at all in the state.
Mr. Thomas thinks he has seen one
specimen taken within this limit. It
has been taken at Omaha, Nebraska, by
Mr. Lawrence Bruner so that its occur-
rence here is very probable.

92. Truxalis brevicornis Linn. This
is a southern species but it extends as
as far north as Urbana, Illinois, where I
am told by Mr. C. A. Hart it has been
frequently taken at the electric light,
as many as seven or eight having been
taken in one e ‘ening, August sixteenth

[April 1891.

1888. The frequent occurrence of a rare
species at the electric light is more
remarkable since it is of very rare occur-
rence for the commonest species of
Acrididae to visit a light.

73. Arcyptera lineata Scudder. A
very rare form in the northern part
of the state. I have taken a few speci-
mens on the Iowa side of the Mississippi
opposite Watertown. This is pretty
certainly the species from the northern
part of the state, which Thomas says
he saw for too short a time to certainly
identify. In his list it is given as
Stetheophyma (Arcyptera) gracilis?
Scudd. The single specimen in my
collection was captured August 9g.

LESTES EURINUS SAy.—This species ap-
pears never to have been taken since Harris’s
day, who obtained his specimens on the bor-
ders of ponds in Milton, Mass., in 1826. The
only notices which have been published since
the description by Say, in 1839, have been
based solely on histext. The accompanying
description is from the type (a @ ) in the
Harris collection of the Boston Society of
Natural History. It is a true Lestes.

Greenish blue above, yellowish beneath.
Head bronze blue above, yellow beneath;
apex.of clypeus, labrum, sides of mandibles,
and front of face very pale greenish blue,
glistening. Thorax bright blue above with
violaceous reflections and with dorsal and
lateral sutures yellowish brown; sides of
thorax blue, the side of mesothorax with a
biserrate lemon yellow spot occupying lower
posterior third, that of metathorax yel-
low with an oblique triangular fuscous stripe ;
base of all the legs, and under surface of
femora (especially of posterior pair) yellow;
upper surface of femora, lower surface of
tibiae and tarsi brownish green; upper sur-
face of tibiae fuscous; wings subhyaline or
very slightly flavescent, pterostigma black;

abdominal segments 1-5, above blue, 6-10
blackish green; beneath very pale fuscous,
more dusky posteriorly, their apices black-
ish; superior appendages forcipated, beneath
bidentate interiorly; the first tooth at the
extremity of the basal fourth sharply pointed,
directed posteriorly; the second, just beyond
the middle, depressed, laminate, denticulate,
directed toward that of the opposite appen-
dage (inferior appendages lost); thirteen
postcubital cross nervules on right, fifteen

on left fore wing.

Length (inc. forceps) 46 mm.; alar ex-
panse, 59 mm.; length of pterostigma, 2.5

SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

mm.

HEMIDIPTERA HAECKELII.—Entomologists
who would derive the Diptera from the Hemi-
ptera, if any such exist, will be delighted to
find in the last number of the Jenaische
zeitschrift ftir nmaturwissenschaft (bd. 25,
heft. 1 & 2, 1890, p. 13-15) a description of
what purports to be a ‘‘zwischenform” con-
necting these two widely separated orders.*
Dr. N. Léon figures and gives a brief de-
scription of an insect taken by Prof. Ernst
Haeckel in Ceylon together with species of

April 1891, |

Halobates. The‘insect, of which Dr. Léon
had only a single specimen, is 4 mm. long.
Its mouth ‘‘is constructed exactly like that of
the Hemiptera,” it has typical hemipteran
antennae, a pair of prominent compound
eyes, three stemmata, and the head is not
freely attached to the thorax. The wings, of
which only the mesothoracic pair is present,
appear to be hyaline, with a venation which by
no stretch of the imagination can be regarded
as dipteran. The legs are hairy and adap-
ted to swimming; there are three tarsal
joints, the last of which terminates ina sin-
gle claw. When we come to look for dipte-
ran characters the only one that can be found
is the lack of metathoracic wings; as if this
character were sufficient to elevate a hemip-
ter to the rank of a dipter! Has Dr. Léon
ever heard of the two-winged male Coccidae,
which®o tyro in entomology would think of
placing among the Diptera? The stemmata
furnish Dr. Léon with another reason for re-
garding his insect as allied to the Diptera,
because, forsooth, the Hydrocorisa have no
stemmata! We are informed that at the
very beginning of his examination of this
insect, Dr.. Léon saw that he was not dealing
with a Halobates but with a form which re-
sembles a dipter more than a hemipter. He
further states that Dr. Arnold Lang, to whom
he communicated his observations was of the
same opinion. We cannot believe that so
eminent a phylogenist as Dr. Lang could
have examined the specimen. The insect is
not a hemidipter but a genuine hemipter
albeit with only one pair of wings. It will

hardly be necessary to study its ontogeny ~

for the sake of ascertaining that it does not
hatch as a maggot and does not pass through

a quiescent pupastage. W. M. WHEELER.

PROTECTION BY CONSPICUOUS COLORS.—
The following passages in Lord Walsing-
ham’s last presidential address to the Ento-
mological society of London are sugges-
tive;—

‘‘My attention was lately drawn to a pas-
sage in Herbert Spencer’s ‘Essay on the

PS ECHE. 67

Morals of Trade.’ He writes:—‘As when
tasting different foods or wines the palate is
disabled by something strongly flavoured
from appreciating the more delicate flavour
of another thing afterwards taken, so with the
other organs of sense, a temporary disability
follows an excessive stimulation. This holds
not only with the eyes in judging of colours,
but also with the fingers in judging of tex-
LUmES 3); =

‘‘Here, I think, we have an explanation of
the principle on which protection is undoubt-
edly afforded to certain insects by the pos-
session of bright colouring on such parts of
their wings or bodies as can be instantly cov-
ered and concealed at will. It is an un-
doubted fact, and one which must have been
observed by nearly all collectors of insects
abroad, and perhaps also in our own country,
that it is more easy to follow with the eye
the rapid movements of a more conspicuous
insect soberly and uniformly coloured than
those of an insect capable of changing in an
instant the appearanceit presents. The eye,
having once fixed itself upon an object of a
certain form and colour, conveys to the mind
a corresponding impression, and if that im-
pression is suddenly found to be unreliable
the instruction which the mind conveys to
the eye becomes also unreliable, and the ra-
pidity with which the impression and conse-
quent instruction can be changed will not
always compete successfully with the rapid
transformation effected by the insect in its
efforts toescape....

“Tf this protective effect of the partial and
intermittent display of brilliant colouring is
so obvious in relation to the human eye,
must it not be at least equally so in relation
to the eyes of its more natural enemies, such
as birds, and have we not here indicated a
new and distinct line of investigation as re-
gards the use and advantage of brilliant
colours in many cases which cannot be ac-
counted for by the theory that they are de-
veloped for the purpose of warning, or
through their aesthetic relation to court-
ship ?”

68 PS CHE:

GREEN BUTTEREFLIES.—‘ ‘Grant Allen shows
that, while greenish flowers are among the
oldest, really green flowers are the most re-
centiy developed of all and among the most
conspicuous. Very much the same thing is
true of Lepidoptera. Pale green moths, like
Actias, Geometra, and Pachyarches, are pro-
tected by their colouring. which is common
to both sexes, and are quite hidden when
nestling among the leaves. Such seems also
to be the case with Lehera eryx, a lycaenid
which is greenish on the underside, and may
possibly be the case with some Catopsilias.
But bright metallic-green is, I think, the lat-
est developed colour among butterflies, and
decidedly the most conspicuous. Noone who
has not seen it can imagine the brilliancy of
Arhopala farquhartt or Ornithoptera brook-
eana in the greenest jungle. The brightest
of the metallic-blue butterflies look dim be-
side them. It may be confidently asserted of
all such butterflies that, unless the species is
protected, only the male is green. The pro-
tected Ornithopteras have sometimes assumed
green colours as well as golden and orange,
and the female shares in this useful ornamen-
tation tosome extent. In non-protected but-
terflies the green is confined to the upperside
and is quite invisible except during flight.
In the Lycaenidae it is found in many Zep-
hyri, in some Poritias and Massagas, in a
few Arhopalas, and in Lampides marakata,
a rare butterfly [ discovered in the Malay
Peninsula and after its emerald tint
above. Among all these, whenever the fe-
male is known, it is blue, orange, black, vio-
let, or any other colour but green. The con-
servative and, in butterflies, unadorned sex,
has not yet acquired the latest development
in colours. It is also remarkable that the
green colours seem to occur where the genus
is most dominant. The Malay Peninsula and
Borneo form the great centre of development
of the genera Arhopala and Lampides, and
it is there that most of the green species
occur. The outlying Arhopalas, those of the
North-West Himalayas, and the Timorian
islands, are all blue. In Zephyrus, the green

named

{April 1So1-

species are found only where the genus is
best represented and most vigorous. Zephy-
rus pavo, a species found in the Bhutan and
Assam hill-ranges, remote from the regular
habitat of the genus, has, I discovered, the
male blue and greatly resembling allied fe-
males from the Western Himalayas. The
green and orange Ornithopteras also occur
only in the heart of the Ornithoptera region.
These remarks on green butterflies also ap-
ply in some degree to certain other wzausual
colours of great brilliancy, such as the shin-
ing coppery gold of Llerda brahma, and the
fiery red of Thamala marciana. It ought to
be borne in mind that such colours must
never be ascribed to a female without careful
examination.” W. Doherty (Journ. Asiatic
soc. Bengal, v. 58, pp. 416-417).

THE HABITS OF BRACHYTRYPUS, the huge
desert cricket of the Mediterranean region,
have only recently been studied by A. Forel,
although, excepting the mole crickets, it is
the largest known European form. The rea-
son appears in the fact that it is a nocturnal
insect, remaining in its burrows by day and
even closing the entrance to the same (al-
though itis three or four centimetres in di-
ameter) to an extent of several centimetres,
leaving only a little sand heap to mark its
place. Dr. Forel discovered them by mark-
it g the spot where he saw and heard them
chirping lustilp in the dusk, and the next
morning detected the heaps, carefully remov-
ing which the burrows were found. These
extended for over a metre in length and half
as much in depth, and digging the creature
out was a thankless task; Dr. Forel obtained
some by drowning them out and othersin a
way characteristic of a myrmecologist: he
secured a bag of ants, a species of Acantho-
lepis, and setting them loose before the
burrow, they entered it and soon ousted the
occupant.

ALPINE FAUNAS.—An interesting general
statement of the characteristic features of the
entomological, and especially coleopterolog-

April 1891.]

ical, fauna of the canton of Valais, compris-
ing the upper valley of the Rhone will be
found in Prof. Ed. Bugnion’s Introduction to
Favre’s Faune des coléoptéres du Valais, now
publishing in quarto form in the memoirs of
the Swiss society of natural sciences (vol.
31). Mr. Bugnion divides the district into
three regions or zones, the lower, the sub-
alpine or forest, and the alpine, their highest
levels respectively at Soo, 2,000, and 2,700
metres; the subalpine he further subdivides
into a lower forest, whose upper limit
reaches 1,350 metres, and an upper forest
region, the latter characterized by the preva-
lence of conifers and rhododendrons. These
divisions, as he points out ina note, differ
from those of preceding authors, though not
very greatly from the latest authority. Heer
in 1837, writing for the whole of Switzerland,
made out seven zones, each 450 metres in
height after the field (campestre) which ter-
minated at 300 metres; the succeeding were
the hill or colline with an upper limit at 750,
the mountain (1,200), subalpine (1,650), al-
pine (2,100), subnivale (2,550), and nivale
(3,000). Rion in 1852 made four divisions
as follows :—

Zone of cultivation, 375-1,263 m.

*¢ ** conifers, 1,263—2,050 m.

“¢ «alpine pasturage, 2,050-2,760m,

‘« * eternal snow, 2,769 m. upward.

Christ in 1883 also made four divisions :—

1. Lower zone up to 550 na. (7oo in south
Switzerland).

2. Zone of deciduous trees, 550 (or 700)—
1,350 metres.

3. Zone of conifers, 1,350-2,100 m. (2,300
in central Alps).

4. Alpine zone, 2,100 (or 2,300)—3,000 m.
(perpetual snow).

Professor Bugnion gives a large number of
groups of specific forms, mostly Coleoptera,
inhabiting two districts, or living under dif-
ferent conditions, etc., in illustration of their
geographical distribution, and after discuss-
ing at some length the geological antiquity
of insects endeavors to show from what
sources the different elements of the entomo-

FST CULE. 69

logical fauna of Valais were directly derived.

Tue ABBE PROVANCHER has completed the
third volume of the Faune entomologique du
Canada which has been appearing from time
to time asa supplement to his journal, Le
naturaliste Canadien. It is entirely devoted
to the Hemiptera, and makes a volume of 354
pages and five plates. A large number of
new species are described, principally from
the Province of Quebec; systematic tables
of the groups lead to an easy determination
of the species. It can be obtained of the au-
thor at Cap Rouge.

The volume on the Hemiptera was to be
followed by a serial work on the Canadian
Lepidoptera in the same journal by the
abbé Provancher; but the editor has been
obliged to forego his intentions as his jour-
nalis no longer to receive a subvention from
the Quebec government without which its
publication is impossible, and it will accord-
ingly cease with the end of the present vol-
ume in June.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

14 December, 1888.—The r41st meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Dr. G.
Dimmock was chosen chairman.

Mr. Andrew G. Weeks was elected to ac-
tive membership.

Dr. H. A. Hagen remarked on swellings
along the midrib of the leaves of the young
shoots of white oaks found by him which
contained hymenopterous larvae.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed caterpillars col-
lected this year, among them the adult and
immature larvae of Terias lisa.

Mr. Scudder, in reply to a question in
regard to Anthocaris genutia, said that it
was only found in New England along a line
of trap-rock in the Connecticut valley,

Mr. Scudder then showed plates of eggs,
larvae, and pupae of butterflies, from his
work on New England Butterflies now in
press, and remarked somewhat at length on
certain species.

70 PSITCHE.

Mr. H. Hinkley showed specimens of Lagoa
crispata which he had raised. It is interest-
ing in that in hatching, it pushes the pupa
skin from the chrysalis. The legs, anten-
nae, etc., have separate coverings. There is
also a sort of double lid to the cocoon.

II January, 1889. The 142d meeting of the
Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. H.
Scudder was chosen chairman.

The annual reports of the secretary and
librarian were read and accepted. The an-
nual report of the treasurer was read and ac-
cepted subject to the approval of the auditors.

The club then proceeded to ballot for offi-
cers for the ensuing year. The following

were chosen: President: S. H. Scudder.
Secretary: R. Hayward. Treasurer: S.
Henshaw. Librarian: G. Dimmock. Mem-

bers at large of Executive Committee: G.
Dimmock, and H. Hinkley. Editors of
Psyche: G. Dimmock and S. Henshaw.

The annual address of the retiring presi-
dent, Prof. Wm. Trelease, was on Myrme-
cophilism (See Psyche v. 5, p. 171-180).

Remarks were made by Mr. Albert E.Smith
on a leaf-cutting ant which is very injurious
to the coffee plant in South America. These
ants cut off the leaves and carry them away;
they are supposed to use them to cover up
their subterranean passages.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed some of the
late Dr. Asa Fitch’s manuscripts and read
a note of his in which he recorded as early
as 1855 the occurrence of Fenzseca tarqui-
nius with plant lice.

Mr. Scudder next called the attention of
the Club to the remarkable mode of suspen-
sion in the chrysalis of the genus Thais, ex-
hibiting specimens of the chrysalis of 7.
rumina. In all the three species of this genus
found in Europe the anterior extremity of the
chrysalis is furnished with a double tubercle,
bristling with short curving hooks, and the
chrysalis, besides being attached in the normal
way of the Papilionidae by the hinder extrem-
ity and the girth around the middle, has also
an additional support by the entanglement of
these anterior hooks ina loop of silk spun by

[April 1891

the caterpillar in preparing for pupation, and
which seems to spring from about the same
points as the transverse loop of the thorax.
There seems to be very little reference to this
peculiar mode of transformation by those
who have treated of this genus, although it
was distinctly mentioned by Rambur as long
ago as 1840 in his Faune entomologique
d’Andalusie; Boisduval, Rambur, and Gras-
lin in their work on European caterpillars
describe and figure two species and Duponchel
gives an independent description and figure
of one of them,—all without reference to this
peculiar mode of suspension, or to the unique
structure of the anterior extremity, to which
there seems to be no parallel im the Lepidop-
tera. Rambur in the work referred to says
(p. 243): ‘‘The anterior extremity which is
pointed and bifid is also furnished with little
short hooks which hook themselves in two
bundles of thick silk; it is thus supported
by the two extremities besides the slight
band of silk which embraces it.” Yet Doub-
leday in 1846 says that ‘‘according to Dr.
Rambur, when about to undergo their meta-
morphosis, they not only fasten themselves
by a transverse thread like the Parnassii, but
also surround themselves by a very slight
silken web,” which Rambur nowhere asserts
and which is an entire mistake.

He then showed some living pupae of P7e-
rts napae and called attention to the differ-
ences between them and those of P. oleracea.
The frontal spine is straight in P. xafpae,
short and hooked upward in P. oleracea.
The pupae of P. zapae are also more heavily
marked. The larvae differ in the amount of
pile and in the prominence of the larger
wartlets. He stated that the specimens of P.
oleracea from the temperate regions of Amer-
ica and of P. xapae from those of Europe are
easily distinguishable in their earlier stages
and also by the abdominal appendages of
the male imago.

Mr. A. E. Smith showed a part of his col-
lection of Orthoptera from Brazil, and re-
marked at some length on his collecting in
South America

—~———

{Established in 1874.]

Vol. 6. No. 181.

May, 18or.

CONTENTS:
A LIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS,—IV. (concluded) — F¥erome McNerll. . 73
A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA. — H. Garman 78
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF TWO FORMS OF CERURA CINEREA

WaLxk.—Harrison G. Dyar : ‘ 5 5 ; : : z F So

Two NEw Tacuinips.—C. H. Tyler Townsend . p ; ‘ : : 83
EDWARDs’'S BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA : : , : : : : 85
PACKARD’S FOREST-INSECTS. ‘ : : , , : : ; ; 86
PERSONAL NOTES 86
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB : 5 : , ; : 86

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PHALANGIDAE,

I am preparing a monograph of the PHALAN-
GIDAE of North America and will be glad to get
specimens from any locality. Will identify and re-
turn any sent. Specimens from the Northwest,
Southwest, and the Pacific coast especially desired

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Hanover, N. H.

PSYCH EH.

Ao tot OF THE (ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS.—=IvV.

BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.

ACRIDIDAE (ACRIDIINI, TETTIGINAE).

74. Schistocerca americana Drury.
Of rare occurrence north of the center
of the state but common southward. I
have taken a few specimens in Rock
Island County, the earliest recorded
appearance being Sept. 2oth.

75. Acridium alutaceum Harr. The
only species of this genus found in Rock
Island County.
along rail-roads and in waste ground,
but there is a very small district where
it is extremely abundant. This is a
little strip of ground a few hundred
feet in length along the C. B. & Q. R.
R. about one mile and a half southwest
of Colona, Henry Co. Prof. Garman
with a party from Illinois University first
stumbled upon this locality a few years
ago, and I visited it in 1889. This
colony has established itself in a patch
of Johnson grass, a species of Androp-
ogon, which seems to have furnished it
with the conditions exactly fitted for its
development. These specimens have
the dorsal stripe almost always distinct.
Colona, Aug. 12th.

It is found sparingly

*96. Acridf/um emarginatum Scudd.
Reported by Mr. Thomas as_ having
been taken a few times in the state.

*44. Acridium rubtginosum Scudd.
Said by Mr. Thomas to be a rather

rare species found only in the neigh-
borhood of oak groves.

*78. Melanoplus spretus Thomas.
Stray specimens have been identified by
Mr. Thomas, but it cannot be consid-
ered a resident species, as Illinois is out-
side of even the ‘*Temporary region”
as determined by the U. S. entomologi-
cal commission.

79. ALelanoplus atlantis Riley. This
wide spread species occurs throughout
the state. It seems however to be very
unequally distributed. In some local-
ities it is about as common as AZ. femur-
rubrum while in others it may be very
rare. In Rock Island County it is usu-
ally rare or at least uncommon but on a
sand hill an eighth of a mile south of
Moline bridge on Rock River it is very
abundant. As this sand hill shelters a
number of species which occur not at
all or rarely elsewhere in the neighbor-
hood it may be well to say a few words
as to its character. It consists entirely
of fine clean sand which is in places
covered with a thin soil which supports
a scanty vegetation of willows and sand-
burr but which is for the most part
wholly barren. This hill rises gradu-
ally on every side from the Rock River
bottom. It is about
length and only a few hundred yards in
width at the widest. At the highest

a half mile in

74 Tgs PCIE.

point it is not much lower than the hills
on either side of the river valley. Its
size and isolated position make it a
conspicuous object from the river bluffs
for several miles above and below the
bridge. It is in fact a small island or
‘tow head” in the old Mississippi chan-
nels. This

once flowed

is well known
through the Meridosia
swamps, which are situated about four
miles above Cordova, into the Rock
River valley, which it occupied to the
present mouth of this river. A consid-
erable part of this hill is fenced out from
stock and here the natural features have
been preserved for a long time so that
many species retain a foothold or even
flourish here which do not seem to occur
elsewhere in the county. Atlas seems
to be at Jeast imperfectly two brooded
in the northern part of the state as I
have taken a few specimens as early as
the middle of June while the great ma-
jority attain the adult stage after the
middle of August. It was formerly
thought to be not easy to separate this
species from JZ. femur-rubrum, the
common Red-legged Locust of our mead-
ows, and indeed this difficulty still exists
in the case of the females, but it is now
known that the males

river as

at least can be
very readily distinguished from those of
This
the scoop-shaped
ultimate abdominal segment, which is
obscurely notched at the tip in atlants

the allied species. distinction

consists mainly in

and in the rounded ultimate segment of
femur-rubrum which is squarely trun-
cate at the apex.

So. Melanoplus femur rubrum De

[May 1891

Geer.
abundant everywhere in meadows and
along wood sides. It has been taken at
Moline as early as the twenty-third of
June.

S81. Melanoplus collinus Scudder.
This rather common species is pretty
closely restricted to the tops of hills and
the sides of ravines which are almost
too barren for pasturage.

This well known species is

It is never,
so far as I am aware found in rich bot-
tom lands.

2. Melanoplus punctulatus Uhler.
The museum of the State laboratory ot
natural history of Illinois contains two
specimens a male and a female from
Galesburg and Urbana. ‘These are the
only specimens from the state that I
have seen.

83. Melanoplus minor Scudd. This
species is included in the list because
its occurrence in Indiana renders its oc-
currence here almost certain. It has
been captured at Bloomington, Indiana.

84. Melanoplus differentialis Thos.
This species is common along road-
sides. Its earliest appearance at Moline
is August 8th.

85. IMelanoplus bivittatus Say. This
is an uncommon species in the northern
part of the state atleast. In eastern In-
diana it is not unfrequently so numerous
as to do considerable injury to hay and
grain crops. It matures at least a month
earlier than the last mentioned species,
according to my observation, as I have
taken it at Dublin, Ind. as early as June
28th and at Moline as early as the 7th
of July.

86. Melanoplus cenchré n. sp.

May 1So1.]

Male: Length to tip of abdomen .80 to .go
in.; length of elytra .7o to .74 in.

General color dull brown varying through
testaceous to bright yellow, but in the light-
est specimens the sternum is dull olive or
brown. In the most common form the head,
disk and sides of the pronotum are light
brown or testaceous or at least lighter in
color than the middle region of the body.
The black band of the pronotum, common in
species of this genus, is entirely obsolete or
rarely represented by a faint dusky line or
narrow band extending along the sides of the
head and the lateral carinae of the pronotum
to the base of the elytra. The elytra are
testaceous, unspotted or sometimes very ob-
scurely spotted with faint small or medium
dusky flecks. The posterior femora have the
upper half of both the inner and the outer
faces infuscated or at least darker than the
lower part with upper margin marked with
three lighter spots. The posterior tibiae are
bright blue with white spines tipped with
black. The whole body is hairy, but this fea-
ture is more marked upon the disk of the pro-
notum, the upper face of the posterior tibiae
and at the end of the abdomen. The facial
costa is sulcate, and the median carina of
the pronotum is distinct upon the metazone,
more or less distinct upon the prozone and
cut by three incisians. The elytra are nar-
row and usually extend much beyond the
abdomen. The posterior femora extend more
or less beyond the tip of the abdomen. The
anal cerci are broad at the base but are sud-
denly contracted on the upper side to half or
less than half the width at their origin; the
lower margin is straight and oblique, so that
the apical two-thirds of the cerci is directed
upwards but of equal width to the apex which
is rounded. The last ventral segment is ele-
vated and narrowed above at the sides with
the upper outline, seen from behind forming
a distinct but very obtuse angle.

Female: Length to tip of ovipositor .go to
1.08 in.; length of elytra .75 to .85 in.

Similar to the male in color but somewhat

PS VCH LE.

stouter and larger. The elytra extend to or
considerably beyond the tip of the abdomen.
The posterior femora do not generally reach
to the tip of the abdomen. The upper plates
of the ovipositor are much_ exserted,
strongly upcurved and very acute while the
lower plates are long and slender with a
small or minute lateral tooth at the base.
Moline, Ill. August 27. 3 @’s, 12 9’s.

The species just described belongs to
the femur-rubrum group of the genus
but it is very distinct from this species
and all others apparently. It was found
in large numbers on the sand hill be-
fore referred to and afterwards a few
specimens were found at widely scattered
points in Rock Island and adjoining
counties. It seems to inhabit only high
sandy ground.
upon
that portion where the only vegetation
was sand-burr (Cenchrus). They were
colored so nearly like the yellow sand
that they were difficult to see when only

The specimens found
the sand hill were confined to

two or three feet away. “The specimens
l-afterwards found were generally darker
in color but they were invariably in the
neighborhood of sand-burrs. In the
lighter specimens the apical half or two-
thirds of the elytra were almost perfectly
transparent.

87. Pezotettix viridulus. This very
pretty species was described from speci-
mens obtained in this locality. It is by
no means common however, being re-
[It shows a
decided preference for the sides of open
grassy ravines. It is I think the first
orthopteron to become mature from eggs
hatched in the spring. I have found

stricted to a few localities.

‘

76 bas VC FFs.

full grown specimens as early as the 5th
of June. The museum of the State lab-
ratory of natural history contains a few
specimens from Normal and Blooming-
ton, Ill. My collection contains speci-
mens from Bloomington, Indiana.

SS. Pezotettix occidentalis Bruner.
A very common species which makes
its appearance as early as the middle of
July and is abundant through August
and September.

89. Pezotettix scuddert Uhler. This
is probably as common as the last men-
tioned species and probably more evenly
distributed throughout

the territory
which it occupies.

Occtdentalis cer-
tainly prefers grassy hillsides and tops,
but scwdderd is very frequently found
along roadsides or in pastures. It
reaches maturity about the first of Au-
gust. Itistolerably certain that wzzzcolor
Thos. is but a synonym of this species.
Mr. Uhler’s specimens were from Balti-
more and Rock Island, and it is not
probable that I overlooked the species
during four years collecting in the
neighborhood of the last mentioned
place. Mr. Thomas distinctly states
that he was unacquainted with scudder?.
So it is scarcely to be doubted that he
redescribed this species as zzdcolor.

90. Pezotettix gracilis Bruner. This
is P. minutipennis Thos. It is very
rare in the north-western part of the
state, but seems to be widely distributed,
as specimens have been found at Moline,
Bloomington, Urbana and Normal. It
is a wood loving species. It has been
taken as early as the first of July.

gt. Pezotettix autumnalis Dodge.

{May 18or.

The occurrence of this species was some-
thing of a surprise as it was thought to
be a local Nebraska form. Its peculiar
distribution here however leads me to
think that it may be a widely spread
species and explain perhaps why it has
been supposed to be so restricted in its
range. It occurs in abundance at one
place near Colona, Henry Co., IIl., ac-
cording to Professor Garman, who gave
me specimens obtained at that point and
saw nothing of it anywhere else, but sev-
eral days search for the species was en-
tirely fruitless, and I was almost inclined
to think some mistake had been made in
referring the specimens to that part of
Illinois, when I stumbled upon the spe-
cies at Cordova, Rock Island Co. There
I found it abundant in a large orchard
on the east side of a high hill. Careful
search in that neighborhood did not en-
able me to find it any where else, and
I have never found it in any other
part of the state. The Colona speci-
mens were captured Aug. 2oth, 1885.
Those captured at Cordova were taken
the 28th of September, 1889.

92. Pezotettix viola Thos. This is a
south-western form not generally dis-
tributed throughout the state. Said by
Thomas to inhabit central and southern
Illinois, but the museum of the State
laboratory of natural history contains
but two specimens captured at Running
Lake July 15, andin September. Mr. C.
W. Woodworth of Fayetteville, Ark.,
has repeatedly observed females of this
species ovipositing in crannies of wood
and stone frequently three or four feet
from the ground.

May 1801. |

93. Pezotettix manca Smith. This
species is put in the list of Illinois Or-
thoptera on the strength of a single pair
of specimens taken at Running Lake
July 15, 1883.

94. Tettix cristatus Harr. Accord-
ing to Bolivar’ Batrachidea cartnata
Scudd. isa synonym of B. crzstata Harr.
and the latter is transferred to the genus
Tettix. I have a single specimen from
Bloomington.

95. Tettix triangularis Scudd. I
have seen but two specimens from this
state; both are in my collection, one
from Rock Island and the other from
Bloomington.

96. Tettix granulatus Kirby. I
have a specimen from Brookeville, Ind.,
and one from Moline, which I refer to
this species.

97. Tettix ornatus Say. There isa
single specimen in the museum of the
State laboratory of natural history from
Bloomington, Ill. which belongs to this
species. I havea specimen from Bloom-
ington, Indiana, which I place here.
While these four species are all found in
the state it is pretty evident that they are
all rare, since out of all the hundreds of
Tettiginae examined by me these seven
individuals are all that I have seen of
these species from Illinois or Indiana.

98. Tettix arenosus Burm. I refer to
this species a large number of Tettix
collected at various times by Mr. C. A.
Hart of Illinois University and a lim-
ited number of specimens that I have
collected in the north-western part of the
state. I have formerly been accustomed to

1 Essai sur les Acridiens de la Tribu des tettigidae,
par Ign. Bolivar. Gand, 1887.

ES Giid Fe. 77

consider this form as 7. rugosus Scudd.
but these specimens seem to be indistin-
guishable from 7. arenosus Burm. as
Mr. Scudder understands this species,
and they do not seem to belong to the
new genus Paratettéx in which Bolivar
places Z. rugosus Scudd. Besides
this species is too nearly allied to Z. cz-
cudatus Burm to allow of its being put
in a different genus. I am tempted to
risk the opinion that 7. arenosus and
7. rugosus are too much alike to re-
main in different genera, if they are
really different species. I have mature
specimens that have been taken in every
month from March to September inclu-
sive, afact which would seem to indicate
that there are two or more broods of this
species in a year, or that their breeding
time is so irregular that they can not be
divided into broods at all.

99. Tettix cuculatus Burm. This
species is represented by numerous spec-
imens taken in Rock Island and neigh-
boring counties and by a few in Mr.
Hart’s collection. They were taken
during the months of May, June, July,
and August; I have three pupae taken
at Hampton on May sth and four taken
at Moline, one on the 5th and three on
the 8th. These pupae taken at about the
same time in different localities are all
ready to moult for the last time. This
regularity would indicate that they have
developed from eggs hatched in the
spring, and if this is the case the title of
Pezotettix virtdulus Walsh to be the
first grasshopper to be developed from
eggs hatched in the spring will be in
some danger.

78 GAS 7 CLL.

100. Tett¢gidea lateralis Say. This
form is not uncommon at Moline but it
is apparently much more common south-
ward. Ihave a number of specimens
collected from Aug. gth to 16th; some
of them are full grown but the majority
are pupae in the last stage.

101. Tettig?dea polymorpha Burm.
I have not found this species in the
neighborhood of Moline, but I have a
number of specimens collected by Mr.
Hart in the central part of the State.

PHASMIDAE.

102. Déapheromera sayt Gray.
This species is not uncommon in Rock
Island county and probably it is not less
common throughout the State, though
its form and habits render it too incon-
spicuous to be known by many. July
11th is the earliest date I have for its
capture at Moline.

*103. Déiapheromera velii Walsh,
Tuioc. ent. soc. Philads, v.32, a10.

104. <Aztsomorpha buprestoides
Stoll. A single specimen in the mu-

[May 1891.

seum of the State laboratory of natural
history is labeled g Saratoga, Union
Co., Ill., July 1877.

MANTIDAE.

105. Stagmomantis carolina Linn.
This species occurs uot rarely in the
southern part of the state.

BLATTIDAE.

*106. Blatta germanica Fab. Given
on the authority of Thomas.

*107. Periplaneta americana Linn.
Is in no collection of Illinois Orthoptera
that I have seen, but I include it on the
authority of Thomas.

108. Pertplaneta ortentalés Linn.
Too abundant in old houses.

109. Lschnoptera pennsylvanica De
Geer. Not foundin Rock Island county,
but itis common in the southern part
of the state, where it is common under
old logs.

*110. Lschnoptera unicolor Scudd.
Given on the authority of Thomas.

AY SUPPLEMENTARY NOTEON DIABROTICA) 12-PUNCTATA:

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

After the first part of my paper on
this insect was published (Psyche, v. 6,
p. 29) and the second part was nearly
all in print, I received from Prof. C. V.
Riley a copy of his notes on the habits

and life-history of the species with per-

mission to use them in what I might
subsequently write. It is not now possi-
ble for me to take advantage of this
courtesy further than to add here some
of the more important observations

which his notes contain.

May 1So1.]
In an introductory paragraph he
says: ‘*Prof. H. Garman justly calls

imequestion @ysyche,‘v. 6, p: 29; Feb.
18g1) a statement made in Insect Life
(v. 1, p. 59) where, by a typographical
oversight, the T'welve-spotted Diabro-
tica is stated to have ‘bred upon’ in-
stead of ‘fed upon’ melons. The error
is self-evident from the language and
from the tenor of the article which does
not treat of larval habits at all but of
the food-habits of the beetle.”

‘“My knowledge of the corn-feeding habit
of the larvae of this insect dates from April
30, 1883, when Judge Lawrence Johnson fors
warded to me from Allenton, Wilcox Co.,
Ala., a number of larvae of which he wrote
as follows: ‘Isent you last week from Allen-
ton specimens of the same destructive ‘bud-
worm’ that I once mentioned as heard of but
not seen. This is about the right time, for
they are now going into the pupa stage and
in the sand you will find one of the pupae.
The worm leaves the corn after doing its
mischief and the pupa referred to was found
immediately under the stalk among the roots.
I have never met with this worm except in
the prairie regions of southern Alabama, but
have heard of it in Mississippi.’ ”

From these larvae Professor Riley ob-
tained adults May 21, 1883. He ob-
tained larvae and beetles from Missis-
sippi in 1884 where they are said to
abound in corn fields from March to the
middle of May. In June, 1886, they
were reported to him as injuring corn
at Mt. Vernon, Va., the result being a
withering and drooping of the central
parts, while in some cases the plants
were killed as soon as sprouted.

The eggs were obtained by Professor

PS7Cn E. 79

Riley from females confined with earth,
and were placed in the soil as in the
case of D. longicornis. Larvae col-
lected June 18 from infested corn at
Mt. Vernon, Va., changed to pupae
June 22, and beetles emerged July 6,
and produced eggs on the following
day. Larvae from these eggs were first
observed July 15. In this connection
Professor Riley continues:

‘“The above indicates that this insect is at
least double-brooded, in which respect it dif-
fers in habit from the closely allied D. longz-
cornts which is single-brooded and winters
usually in the egg, though occasionally in
the adult state. The second brood of Dza-
brotica 12-punctata doubtless winters over,
and deposits eggs about the young corn or
other plants in the spring. Eggs of the last
brood are also doubtless deposited in the fall,
and winter over, as is usuaily the case with
D. longicornts.”

Iam not at present prepared to be-
lieve that the female D. 122-punctata
produces eggs in the fall of the year.
Careful examination of examples taken
whenever possible has failed to show
ova in the ovaries at any time except
in the early spring just before the first
brood of larvae appear, and again when
these larvae become beetles. After
these adults have deposited their eggs,
no gravid females occur again until the
following spring. The search for them
has been especially thorough in the fall
and winter, and among all the exam-
ples dissected during these periods not
a single one showed any signs of de-
veloped ova.

“The early stages of D. 12-punctata are
scarcely different from those of D. longi-

80 ; HS 1 CHE.

cornis. The egg is larger, being .03X.02 of
an inch as against .025X.o15 in the case of
Zongicornis. In color, instead of being dirty
white it is dull yellowish. ‘The hexagonal
pits are exactly like those on the egg of
longicornis, but are perhaps smaller, as there
are 30-35 in its entire length as against 20
only in the smaller egg of longicornis ”

The larva is said to differ from that of

[May 1891.

D. longicornés in being larger and in
the presence of the two small tubercles
at the posterior edge of the caudal plate.
The pupae of the two species are said to
differ only in size.

Two dipterous parasites of D. 12-
punctata are known to Professor Riley,
one a Tachinid obtained from the larva,
the other coming from the adult.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF TWO FORMS
OF CERURA CINEREA Walk.

BY HARRISON G. D¥AR, NEW YORK.

I have discussed the differences be-
tween the Eastern and Western forms
of the imago in the Canadian ento-
mologist’ and in the present article
consider the larval stages. The larvae
of the two forms are much alike; the
differences, after eliminating certain ap-
parent ones due to individual variation,
narrow to the greater prominence of
crimson in cézereotdes and its some-
what shorter caudal filaments or sfema-
poda, to use Dr. Packard’s term. My
examples of czzerea were nearly without
crimson spots in the dorsal patches, but
Professor Lintner has allowed me to see
some notes by Professor Riley on this
species in which they are described as
present, and doubtless the character is
variable. In the following some allow-

ance should be made for individual

variation.

1 Can. ent., v.22; p: 253:

CERURA CINEREA Walker.
form.)

(Eastern

Egg. Slightly more than hemispherical,
the base flat. Color, dead black; diameter
1.2 mm.

Laid singly ; the larva hatches by eat-
ing a hole in the side but does not de-
vour the rest of the shell.

Larva: Second stage. Head rounded, the
sutures deep, blackish brown; width 1 mm.
Cervical horns brown, spinose as are the
caudal filaments, the latter twice annulated
with pale yellow. Body green, a blackish
brown subdorsal line on each side, the space
between them over the dorsum filled in with
the same color except in three patches (1) on
joint 3 posteriorly, joints 4and 5 quadrate, (2)
on joints 8-10 pointed anteriorly, and (3) a
rounded one on joint 12. These are of a more
yellowish green than the body color. Exten-
sile threads black, once annulated with white.
Length of larva 7 mm; of tails 5 mm.

Third stage. ead subquadrate, rounded,

May 1891. ]

flat in front, dead brownish black, the lower
part paler and mottled centrally in front with
a paler color. Antennae white; labrum and
ocelli brown; width of head 1.3 mm. Cervi-
cal horns thick, heavily spinose, brownish
black; several rows of minute piliferous
tubercles on the body; tails spinose, dark
red-brown, twice broadly annulated with
yellowish and tipped with the same color.
Body green, a purple-brown subdorsal line
on each side which passes to the spiracles on
joints 7 and 8, a little interrupted, especially
on joint 5. The space between them is filled
in with purple-brown on joints 2 and 3, on
joints 6-9 and on joints 11 and 13, though
not completely on joints 8 and g, but with a
trace of a dorsal line on the other joints.
Venter whitish.

Fourth stage. Head higher than wide,

rounded, a little flattened in front; a minute
tubercle before the apex of each lobe; pur-
plish black, finely mottled with yellow, green
at the sides posteriorly; antennae white,
ocelli black; width 2.2 mm. Cervical horns
thick, covered by piliferous tubercles with
about six rows of similar tubercles on each
side of the body, only the upper two distinct.
Color yellowish green. A triangular dorsal
patch on joints 2 and 3 covering the cervical
horns purplish black, mottled with little yel-
low spots; a larger patch on joints 4-9 ellipti-
cal, retracted at thesegmental incisures, reach-
ing the spiracle on joint 8, replaced centrally
irregularly by yellow and broadly connected
with a small patch on joints ro and 11 which
widens on 11 and is narrowly connected with
the last patch on joint 13, replaced by green-
ish on the anal plate. Tails purple-brown,
twice annulated with yellow.

Fifth stage. Wead purplish black, green
at the sides posteriorly, reticulated where the
colors meet; mottled with yellowish in front
rather broadly but more narrowly to vertex.
Clypeus and mouth purplish, jaws black, an-
tennae white; width of head 3.2 mm. Cervi-
cal shield large, smooth, with angulations at
the corners, representing the ‘‘horns”’ of the

PSPCH LE. 81

previous stage. Body slightly elevated dor-
sally at joint 3 posteriorly, but without a pro-
cess on either joints 3 or 4. Tails spined, pur-
plish black, twice annulated with greenish
yellow. Body yellow-green speckled on the
sides with yellow and with small brown pili-
ferous spots. The dorsal patches are much as
before, the first triangular on joints 2 and 3
covering the top part of the smooth punctured
corners of the cervical shield, ending on joint
3 posteriorly, covered with little yellow spots
and narrowly bisected by a pale dorsal line.
The other patches are confluent; beginning
in a point on joint 4 the second patch widens,
contracted at each suture to below the spiracle
on joint 8 and over the subventral space, just
enclosing the spiracles on joints 7 and g; it
narrows on joints 8 and g joining the third
patch on joints 10 or 11 (in different ex-
amples). The third widens alittle on joint
Ii and narrows on joints 11 and 12 where it
joins narrowly the last patch, which widens
on joints 12 and 13 and contracts a little at
the anal plate. The patch on joints 6-8 is
much mottled by large yellow (or partly
crimson) spots and on the anal plate by
whitish. Spiracles purple-black with a cen-
tral white line and black marks around them;
the lateral yellow specks here segregate to
form an obscure stigmatal line. A row of
purple-black subventral blotches irregularly
represent the feet on the apodal segments.
Venter a little whitish with a narrow ventral
line posteriorly; feet green. Two erect
black spines at the anus. As the stage ad-
vances, yellow spots appear in the dorsal
patch on the 3rd—5th abdominal segments,
the sides are strongly sprinkled with little
brown spots and the dorsal band becomes
purplish edged with yellow but with no dis-
tinct crimson,

Cocoon. Constructed on bark of gummy
silk and bits of bark and wood, like that of
the other species of Cerura.

food plants :— Poplar
and willow (Salix).

Larvae from Dutchess Co., New York.

(Populus)

82 BSVCHE.

CERURA CINEREOIDES Dyar. (West-
ern form.)

Slightly less than hemispherical,
Color, dull brownish black,
Duration

Egg.
the base flat.
smooth. Diameter about 1 mm.
of this stage, eight days.

Larva: First stage. ead dark red-
brown. On joint 2 are two brown processes,
minutely spined. Joint 13 has two ‘‘tails”
3 mm. long, brown, twice broadly annulated
with pale yellow and minutely spined. The
body is brown with three dorsal pale yellow
patches, on joints 2 to6, 8 to 1oand 12 re-
spectively, the posterior one faint. Venter
and legs pale whitish. Length of larva, ex-
clusive of the tails, 4mm. It spins a slight
web on the surface of the leaf to which it
clings.

Second stage. WHead red-brown with two
blackish shades in front. Processes on joint
2, which is somewhat swollen, thick and
spined. Tails twice broadly annulated with
pale yellow. The body is red-brown with a
transverse row of minute spined points on
each segment. The dorsal patches are as in
the previous stage, but the one on joint 12
extends also on joint 11. The venter and
legs are pale yellow. The extensile threads
in the ‘‘tails’” are pale whitish at base, the
rest dark brown, once broadly annulated
with white. They are extended in the same
manner as the ‘“‘horns” of a larva of Papilio,
the base appearing first, followed by the re-
mainder of the part, reversing itself as it is
extruded. These the insect lashes over its
back if disturbed. Length6 mm., tails, 4 mm.

Third stage. Head brown, densely
marked with small yellow spots, but leaving
two wavy lines of the ground color in front,
paler at the sides posteriorly. Antennae
whitish. Joint 2 is somewhat swollen and
bears two thick processes about 1 mm. long
covered with pointed tubercles. Each seg-
ment has a row of similar tubercles each
bearing a short fine hair. The dorsal ones on
joints 3, 6, 7, 8,9 and 11 are rather larger

[ May 18or.

than the others. The tails are spinose, green
but brown above at the base and twice annu-
lated with brown towards the ends. Length
4.5 mm. The body is yellowish green, the
red-brown of the dorsum being reduced toa
subdorsal brown line on each side which join
on the last segment and are connected over
the back on joints 2and 3 by brown mottlings
between the processes, by a large patch on
joints 6, 7 and § and another on joint 11. The
large spot is paler centrally. Later the sub-
dorsal line disappears and the brown dorsal
patches are connected by an obscure dorsal
line. Length of body, 8 to 12 mm.

fourth stage. The head is partly retracted
under the skin of joint 2, purple-brown be-
fore, yellowish green at the sides behind the
eyes, the upper two thirds densely covered
with small pale yellow spots, but leaving two
lines of the ground color in front. A few
the surface. Antennae
white. The body is slightly elevated dorsally
at joint 3. Color green, with a yellowish
tinge at the bordering of the dorsal patches,
which are four in number and purple-brown.
The first is on joints 2 and 3, triangular,
covering the upper part of the spined pro-
cesses of joint 2, partly divided by a green
dorsal line anteriorly; the second
joints 4 slightly and 5 to g, elliptical, reach-
ing below the spiracles, pointed anteriorly,
and connected posteriorly with the third
patch on joints 10 and 11, which widens pos-
teriorly and narrows abruptly to the fourth
patch on joints 12 and 13 which is partly re-
placed by the ground color. The two last
extend over the subdorsal spaces. All are
partly mottled with pale yellow and contain
conical tubercles, each surmounted bya short
hair. The sides of the body are sprinkled
with brown and whitish specks. and have a
few short fine white hairs. Venter white.
Tails purple brown at the basal half above
and twice annulated with brown at the ex-
tremities. They are still spinose and the ex-
tensile threads are black with a white ring.

Fifth stage. ead as before, but at ma-

minute hairs over

is on

——e

May 1801.]

turity the yellow spots are quite faint and a
blackish shade extends up from the eyes
widening to the vertex. Jaws black; anten-
nae white. Body smooth, the conical pili-
ferous elevations represented by brown spots.
The processes on joint 2 are relatively much
smaller and without spines. A slight dorsal
elevation on joint.3 posteriorly, just covered
by the end of the first dorsal patch. Tails
spined as before and marked the same. The
extensile threads are dark purplish black,
once annulated with purplish white. Dorsal
patches much as before, the second, third and
fourth strongly confluent, the second and
third-most so. The second is marked cen-
trally with many dark crimson spots, with
which color all the patches are narrowly
edged inside the yellow border. At maturity
the color of all the patches fades to lilac and
a number of yellow spots appear in the sec-
ond one, its outline anteriorly becoming ir-
regular. Body yellowish green with a
transverse row of purple-brown spots on each
segment, more numerous subventrally, and
a number of whitish spots, which are thick-
est at the spiracles giving the appearance of
a stigmatal line. These are also found on
the dorsal patches, and on the anal plate are
partly confluent, replacing the purplish
brown. The spots on the patch on joint 2
are yellowish like those on the head. Spir-
acles dark reddish brown, partly surrounded
by a similarly colored but paler spot. Ven-
ter whitish, at maturity green, a reddish
ventral line on joints 12 and 13. Purple spots
on the bases of the legs and on the legless

PSE CHL. 83

segments. Feet green, marked with brown-

ish.

At the anus, beyond the upper anal
plate, are two erect spiny hairs which
serve to project the frass to a consider-
able distance. Length of larva 35 mm. ;
of tails 5 mm.

Cocoon. Formed on a piece of wood
first of gummy silk which is strength-
ened by many little pieces of wood
bitten off from inside. When finished,
it is elliptical, quite hard and of the
color of the wood or bark on which
it is Length about 30 mm.;

width, 13 mm.

made.

Pupa. Cylindrical, tapering slightly at
both extremities, somewhat flattened. Color
pale brown, venter yellowish and a dark
dorsal line. Wing and leg cases greenish.
Abdomen very minutely punctured. Wing
cases creased. Length 18 mm.; width 6 mm.

The duration of the first larval stages
was from three to six days, the last two
seven days. The pupa state lasts through
the winter.

food plant.
(Salix).

Larvae from Los Angeles Co., Cali-

Probably Willow

fornia.

TWO NEW TACHINIDS.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,

The following two species of Tachi-
nidae, recently received from Professor
F. L. Harvey, of Orono, Maine, among
a lot of other Diptera for determination,

prove to be new. As he desires to use

EAS CRUGE Ss. Na N-
the names in a future paper of his, I

submit descriptions of them.

Tachina clistocampue n. sp. @. Eyes
brown, very thinly and indistinctly hairy;

84 PST CHE.

front at vertex about one-half the width of
the face below, at base of antennae about one-
third the width of the head; frontal vitta
black, of equal width, with a row of black
bristles on each side extending fully half-way
down the cheeks, the front on each side
golden, this color extending nearly as far
down on the cheeks as do the frontal bristles;
vertex blackish with longer and stouter bris-
tles, three on each side posteriorly inclined,
and a pair on the ocellar area anteriorly in-
clined; antennae blackish, a little shorter
than the face, second joint elongate, the
third joint about twice the length of the
second; arista 3-jointed, basal half somewhat
thickened; vibrissae removed from the oral
margin, the facial ridges with a few bristles
which do not extend quite half way up the
face, but usually as far as the lowermost
frontal bristles; proboscis blackish, palpi
reddish-brown, black bristly; face and
cheeks silvery, in places with a golden sheen,
lower cheeks cinereous with short black
bristles; | occiput blackish or cinereous,
covered with dense, coarse, whitish hair ex-
cept a narrow bare space opposite the vertex,
the edge with a fringe of black hairs. Thorax
black above with six gray vittae, the middle
pair sometimes coalesced, covered with short
black hair and with rows of black bristles;
humeri and pleurae more or less cinereous,
black pilose; scutellum dark flesh-red, some-
what black at base, with black hair and eight
marginal macrochaetae which reach at far-
thest about to the middle of the second ab-
dominal segment. Abdomen long oval, some-
what conical, black, thickly covered with
rather short black bristles becoming longer
behind, the basal half of the second, third and
fourth segments cinereous usually more dis-
tinct on the sides, the second segment usually
with a flesh-red tinge on the sides; the first
and second segments each with one dorsal
pair of macrochaetae near the hind margin,
the third segment with two pairs, the anal
segment with many stout bristles; venter
black, the bases of the segments cinereous

[ May 1891.

except the anal, black hairy. Legs black,
black hairy, femora somewhat cinereous,
femora and tibiae with black bristles and a
few macrochaetae; claws black, elongate,
pulvilli dirty yellowish. Wings hyaline,
costo-basal portion tinged with yellowish,
curvature of the fourth vein with a wrinkle
appearing like a stump; veins black, very
stout towards the base of the wing, the base
of the costa with black bristles, the third vein
bristly above and below at its origin; tegulae
white with yellowish margin, halteres very
dusky, nearly black.
Length of body 12 mm; of wing 93 mm.

Described from two specimens, bred
from larvae of Clistocampa sylvatica.
Orono, Maine. The eyes in this species
cannot be said to be hairy, although thin,
scattered hairs are distinctly visible with
a high-power lens. I base my generic
reference of this species particularly on
the strongly elongated second antennal
joint as compared with the third, and
the wrinkle at the curvature of the fourth
vein, characters of the true Tachina
sens, ‘Schiner.
exactly with Schiner’s description, ex-
cep the one Gemark ie levess bares.
Some authors seem inclined to abandon

This species agrees

this much patronized genus, but I think
we can not do better than accept it as
restricted by Schiner (Faun. austr.,

Dit 05.472.)

Phorocera promiscua n. sp. Q. Eyes
brownish, thinly, indistinctly hairy; front
broad, a little more than one-third the width
of the head; frontal vitta nearly black, of
equal width, cleft behind where a prong
widens outward on each side of the ocelli; a
row of bristles on each side of the vitta, ex-
tending about three or four bristles below the

May 1891. |

base of the antennae, two orbital bristles out-
side each row; a long pair of bristles directed
backwards on the vertex, and a shorter pair
directed forwards on the ocellar area; the
front golden on each side, this color extend-
ing as tar down on the cheeks as do the frontal
bristles, the rest of the cheeks and face gray ;
facial ridges with bristles extending fully or
*more than half way up the face; antennae
not quite so long as the face, blackish, second
joint short, the third joint nearly or quite
three times as long as the second; arista
black, two-jointed, the basal half thickened;
vibrissae somewhat removed from the oral
margin; proboscis blackish, palpi light red-
dish-yellow, black bristly ; lower cheeks dark
gray, with black bristles; occiput ashy, gray
pilose, with black bristles on the borders.
Thorax above leaden gray, with four black
lines, with numerous black bristles becoming
longer behind, and covered with short black
hairs; humeri and pleurae gray, the bristles
and short hairs of the dorsum extending be-
low on the sides of the thorax; scutellum dull
gray, darker at the base, covered with short
black hairs, and with eight marginal macro-
chaetae, the longest pair reaching the base of
the third abdominal segment, a shorter de-
cussate pair between them. Abdomen ovate,
first segment black above; second and third
segments leaden gray, densely covered with
short black bristles, each one arising from

PS CLE . , 1185

an opaque black dot; anal segment obscure
golden pollinose, edges of segments black; a
dorsal pair of weak macrochaetae near the
hind margin of the first segment, a stronger
pair on the second, four pairs on the third,
and about twice as many on the anal segment};
venter dull gray, anal segment obscure gol-
den as above, incisures and median line black.
Legs black, femora and tibiae black bristly ;
claws short, pulvilli dusky. Wings grayish
hyaline, fourth vein without wrinkle or
stump, third vein bristly above and below at
its origin; tegulae white, halteres dusky
brown.

Length of body 7 to 74 mm; of wing 54 to
6 mm.

Described from three specimens, bred
from larvae of Cl¢stocampa sylvatica.
Orono, Maine. I believe I am right in
referring this species to Phorocera, al-
though in some specimens the bristles
on the facial ridges do not extend more
than half way up the face. This species
seems to be near Zachina (Masicera)
armigera Coquillett (Insect life, 1,
332), which however is said to have
the eyes bare. I would not be sur-
prised if the latter should prove to be a
Phorocera.

EDWARDS'S BUTTERFLIES OF N. AMERICA.

The eleventh part of the Butterflies of
North America, just issued, is in every way
equal to its predecessors. For the first time
in this third series, each of the three large
quarto plates, with the accompanying text,
is given up to a single and relatively little
known species of butterfly, two of them to
species of Satyrinae,a group which nowhere
in the world has found so complete a treat-
ment as in America, at the hands of our

author. Excepting for theintermediate larval
stages of Satyrus meadit, every single stage
of the creature’s life is represented, usually
by more than a single jfigure, and all in that
exquisite and finely exact style we have be-
come accustomed toin this work, but which
can never be too highly praised or too fully
appreciated. Such illustrations lie at the very
foundation of the exact knowledge of butter-
flies, and are the key to any proper under-
standing of their real relationships.

The butterflies treated of are Afatura

86 22'S VACHALEE

flora, Satyrus meadit and Chionobas chryxus,
all of them living from five hundred to a
thousand or two miles from Mr. Edwards’s
home, where they were bred and studied.
This shows at once the opportunities to be
overtaken by any zealous student, and ren-
ders possible thorough acquaintance with our
entire fauna. Mr. Edwards hints here and
there at some of the difficulties of the work,
to have overcome which, even partially, in
the case of such distant and secluded insects
as this Satyrus and this Chionobas, is a high
merit indeed ! Afatura flora is an inhabi-
tant of ourextreme southern border; Satyras
meadit lives at moderate altitudes in restricted
localities in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona
and Montana; and Chzonobas chryxus at
higher elevations in the Rocky Mts. from
Colorado to British America and, if with Mr.
Edwards we include calais in the species’
also across the continent inthe higher north.
In all three species the caterpillars hibernate
in early life, but the history of the species as
given here presents nothing of unusual inter-
est and closely resembles that of their nearest
allies. Eighty-one figures, most of them col-
ored and many much magnified, are given on
the three plates.

FIFTH REPORT OF THE U. 5. ENTOMOLOGI-
CAL COMMISSION.—Dr. Packard’s treatise on
forest insects, only just issued though com-
pleted over three year’s ago, closes the work
of the U. S. entomological commission. It
is based on a former ‘‘ bulletin” of the com-
mission, but is vastly enlarged and abounds
in illustrations many of which, unfortunately,
conform to the standard of those published
years ago by the agricultural department,
but are much inferior to those now published
by its division of entomology. One can
quickly see by a glance through the volume
of more than gco pages, 40 plates and 300
cuts in the text that it isa veritable store
house of facts and observations, and is
worked out in the same way as the previ-
ous bulletin. It has the faults of many gov-
ernment publications that the material is too

[May Sor

little sifted and digested, but there can be no
doubt of its great service. A systematic
index of the insects is sadly needed; the
very plan of the book particularly requires it.

PERSONAL Notres.—Mr. William Beuten-
miiller has recently been appointed curator
of the department of entomology in the Am-
erican museum of natural history in Centra]
Park, New York City.

Mr. C. H. Tyler Townsend has just taken
the post of entomologist at the agricultural
experiment station at Las Cruces, New Mex-
ico.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

8 February, 1889.—The 143d meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St., the president in the
chair.

Mr. G. Dimmock read part of a letter from
Mrs. C. M. Winston describing the resem-
blance of some ‘‘walking-sticks” to the plants
on which they lived.

Mr. Dimmock showed a collection of Cyni-
pidae with their galls given to the Club by
Mr. C. P. Gillette of Iowa; it was voted to
give the collection to the Boston society of
natural history.

Mr. J. H. Emerton showed specimens of
Hypochilus, a spider recently described by
Geo. Marx which has the cribellum and cala-
mistrum like Filisata and also four respira-
tory sacs like the Theraphosidae. These
specimens were collected by Miss Mary T.
Palmer at Manitou, Col,

Mr. Emerton also made some remarks on
the spiders collected by the Messrs. Smith of
Brooklyn, N. Y. in the province of Matto
Grosso in Brazil.

Mr. S. H. Scudder explained the history of
a newspaper account of a pretended great
flight of butterflies at Westerly, R. I.

Mr. H. Hinkley showed some artificial in-
sects made by Japanese and made some re-
marks on the breeding habits of Lepidoptera.

Pey Coe.

@ SOURNAT, OF ees aN ae = CNA

Ow,

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 18.2

JUNE, 1891.

CONTENTS:
A DECADE OF MONSTROUS BEETLES (Plate 2).—Samuel H. Scudder . é ; ; 8g:
PERSONAL NOTES : : : : . : . - - - “ ; : : 93

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CALLOSAMIA PROMETHEA DRURY.—

Wm. Beutenmiiller . : : - : : < . : 5 : : : 94
PREPARATORY STAGES OF HETEROCAMPA UNICOLOR PacK.—AHarrison G. Dyar. : 95
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF A COMMON FLY.—W. M. Wheeler . - : : . 5 97
OENEIS AND ITS EARLY STAGES.—Samuel H. Scudder . é c ; : : 99

Notes (Lowne’s Anatomy of the blow-fly ; death of Kiinckel d’Herculais; distribution
of Vanessa cardui) . : j ‘ : : : 2 ; 4 ; : at) eLOO:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB . ° . A : LOL

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A very few complete sets of the first five volumes
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The following books and pamphlets are for sale
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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. 1.00
Grote, A.R. Revised Check list of ‘the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. . ; 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
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Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan-
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Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 1.00
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TACHINIDAE WANTED,

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

PSC ELE.

A DECADE OF MONSTROUS, BEETLES.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Monstrosities among insects have al-
ways a unique interest; early in my
entomological career I began the col-
lection of facts regarding them, planning
a general survey and classification of
the entire literature of the subject, which
I have not only never fully carried out,
but which the multiplicity of other work
will prevent my undertaking seriously
for a long time to come, if ever. On
that account I have thought it well to
publish the few original cases which
have come into my hands, and of which
I have made notes, together with illus-
trations of them. None of them are of
exceptional interest, but one or two are
not a little remarkable. They all be-
long to the Coleoptera, and all but one
to one of the two families, Carabidae
and Scarabaeidae. The drawings were

made by Messrs. J. H. Emerton and
Edward Burgess.

CARABIDAE,

Carabus serratus Say. f. A right
fore leg in which the femur is normal but
the tibia unusually thick at base; only
a short distance beyond (about + the
distance) it divides into two branches,
each of which is at tip very nearly, if
not quite, as large as the normal tibia.

The inner one is not so well developed
as the outer and may therefore be con-
sidered the supernumerary limb. The
inner is slightly shorter. The tarsal
joints of each are five in number, and in
the inner are slightly shorter than in the
outer; this is especially the case with
the terminal joint. In the inner leg the
terminal joint is not inserted in the
middle of the previous but upon the
middle of its inner half and at the same
time it is slightly curved inwards as if
to give room for another joint, which
indeed I think once existed, for there is
a pit upon the middle of the outer half
of the terminal surface of the penulti-
mate joint just large enough for the re-
ception of such a joint, and this too
would account for the unusual shortness
of the remaining terminal joint. The
terminal joint of the outer leg is pro-
vided with a normal pair of claws; the
other has only a slightly bent, very
minute, and very short central and un-
divided process.

The outer tibia is normal in shape
and in armature; the inner exhibits
above a longitudinal groove broad and
deep in the middle, becoming abruptly
shallow and narrow anteriorly, and ter-
minating by a union of the borders at

90 PS) CHE.

the very margin of the limb; posteriorly
it shallows, narrows gradually, and ter-
minates in a point back of the division
of the primary tibia. A similar but not
so distinct groove is seen beneath, and
at the tip beneath three instead of two
prominent spines are visible. It is evi-
dent, then, that the inner portion of this
supernumerary leg is exhibiting a ten-
dency itself to divide in two places: at
the tip of the tibia and at the tip of the
tarsi; the only indication in the parts
lying between these two points is in the
very trifling greater width of all the
tarsal joints.

This specimen was received from Mr.
Frederick Blanchard of Lowell through
Mr. E. P. Austin.

Museum

It is now in the
of comparative zoology in
Cambridge.

Dyschirius sp. (Ply 2.) fig. 7). | ‘Of
this species I have only notes and rough
sketches referring to the right front
tarsus. The 1st and 2d joints are nor-
mal; the 3d is longer than usual, bent
a little forwards, and bears at the bend
a 4th joint and at the tip another ; that
at the tip bears a normal 5th joint with
claws as usual only a little smaller; that
at the bend bears an altogether similar
5th joint only the claws are still smaller,
scarcely curved, and a second still more
abortive pair of claws is found at the
outer edge close to the tip, thus show-
ing signs of double bifidity.

The specimen was shown me by Dr.
J. L. LeConte, but its origin I do not
know.

Amara musculus Say (Pl. 2, fig. 2).
The right antenna is 12-jointed; the left

[June 18or.

antenna is affected as follows: joint 1-6
normal (the first not shown in the figure)
7th a very little enlarged apically, the
better to support the abnormal Sth joint,
which is depressed and beyond the base,
here slightly larger than usual, ex-
pands and forms a sublenticular mass
slightly longer than broad, with a dis-
tinct straight impressed line down the
middle of the upper inner surface (as if
made up of two connate joints) ; it is of
the normal length. Each of these two
lateral halves bears an appendage of
four almost precisely similar joints, the
exact counterpart of those of the oppo-
site antenna except in being a very little
smaller though of the same proportions;
the lower is borne at the extremity of
the lower half, and is continuous with
the antenna; while the upper is attached
to the upper outer angle of the upper
half and trends a little away from the
normal direction; the gth, roth and
11th joints of this half are a trifle shorter
than those of the other more normal
half.

The specimen came from Massa-
chusetts, and was received from Mr.
Samuel Henshaw.

Galerita janus Fabr. (Pl. 2, fig. 1).
The specimen of this species which I
have to describe briefly, is not greatly
malformed. Malformation occurs in the
right hind leg, the femur of which is
perfectly natural, and the tibia is of nor-
mal length and clothing, but is perhaps
a little swollen, and considerably twisted
from a point slightly beyond the base,
the curvature being more or less sinuous,
at first and most strongly backward, at

June 1891.]

the apex in the opposite direction. It
bears the usual spines at the apex, but
the longer inner one is curved beyond
the middle. All that remains of the
tarsus is a spine-like appendage which
takes its place,—an appendage less than
one half the diameter at base, about as
as long as twice the width of the tibia,
tapering slightly, and bluntly rounded
at tip.

The specimen was obtained by the
late Mr. F. G. Sanborn, May 10, 1868,
in West Roxbury, Mass., and is now in
the museum of the Natural history
society, Boston.

Chloenius tomentosa Say (Pl. 2,
fig. 3). The single specimen before me
shows a somewhat simple malformation
in the left middle leg. ‘Che femur and
tibia are normal, excepting that the tibia
is somewhat more enlarged than natural
at the apex, more resembling in this
respect the fore tibia, expanding broadly
at its extreme apex. Here, besides the
normal spurs, there is the attachment
of what appear to be a triple series of
tarsi. The middle one is reduced to a
mere conical bulb between the other
two, bristling at its apex with spines of
a moderate length; one of the others
consists only of what may perhaps be
regarded as the basal half of the meta-
tarsus extending at right angles outward,
bluntly rounded at the apex, but show-
ing at the extreme apex and just at its
side the points from which a couple of
spines, probably of moderate size, have
been broken off; the inner is the only
developed tarsus, and this is malformed
in two ways: first that the metatarsus

he S AGH Ff. 91

is rather stouter than normal, a little
curved, and is followed by a_ short
supernumerary joint only a little smaller
than the normal second joint; and
second, that the whole tarsus is bent at
right angles between the supernumerary
joint and the second (this bend is not
seen in the figure); unless indeed these
two joints may be regarded as one, con-
stricted and bent at right angles in the
middle.

This specimen was obtained by Mr.
F. Stratton at Natick, Mass., and is
now in the museum of the Natural his-
tory society, Boston.

LAMPYRIDAE.

Telephorus rotundicoll’s Say (Pl.
2, fig. 5). A right antenna in which
the first joint is longer than usual; the
second is of ordinary length but as large
at base as at apex and bears two joints,
one at the apex, a normal third fol-
lowed by eight joints as usual, and the
other a short, depressed, thickened joint
articulated on the apical half of the an-
terior face of the second joint, and fol-
lowed by five joints, the first of which
is like the preceding, while the rest are
slender, elongated joints, somewhat like
the normal joints but evidently useless
and perhaps immoveable (by will) in
life, together curling backward.

In the drawing the normal third bears
a curved appendage which I did not
see; and the third joint of the supple-
mentary palp, being bent and folded, is
represented as if made up of two small
joints.

This specimen was shown me by Dr.

92 ES Gi7 E.

J. L. LeConte, but its origin I do not
know.

SCARABAEIDAE.

Lachnosterna fusca Froh. (Pl. 2,
fig. 8). This is on the whole the most
singular monstrosity with which I have
met. It concerns the middle leg of
the left side.
length is extraordinarily enlarged so as
to form a cuneate piece, at its apex
nearly as broad as half the length of the
femur. From both the anterior and pos-
terior extremities of the expanded sub-
compressed apex there arises an inde-
pendent tibia; the anterior is sub-nor-
mal, having all the parts but the tibia
somewhat reduced in size and of more
uniform width throughout, the tarsl
entirely normal and complete. The set
of members arising from the posterior
extremity of the expanded femur con-
sists of a tibia similar in length and in
general appearance to the other but
stouter and deeply cleft on its outer face
to the depth of fully one third its length.
Each of the uniform halves thus cleft
presents the normal pair of apical spurs
and is followed by a series of tarsi in
general respects normal but of rather
diminished size, and the upper having
the terminal joint not bullate at the ex-
tremity but terminating in a conical
point without any claws.

The origin of this specimen I do not
know; it is now in the Museum of
comparative zoology at Cambridge.

Polyphylla decemlineata Say (PI.
2, fig. 6). A right antenna in which
the first and second joints are normal,

The femur of normal

[June 1Sgt.

the third not larger than usual but bear-
ing two fourth joints: the first articulated
at the tip, the second articulated on the
anterior face, the articulation occupying
all of it but the part close to the base;
both fourth joints are formed in general
like the normal fourth joint; the first is
directed backward and bears a normally
formed set of laminae, seven in number,
but small and directed subparallel to,
though not so much curved as, those of
the left antenna; in this case the second-
ary fourth joint differs from the normal
fourth only in being smaller to about
the degree that the laminae are smaller
than normally. In the second case the
fourth joint is greatly swollen and bears
at its broad apex a very peculiar set of
lamellae, which from the first show their
intention to divide; three are undivided,
but irregular in shape, more or less im-
perfect, and attached not by one ex-
tremity but near the middle, the longer
portion directed anteriorly and a little
inward; the shorter in an opposite
direction, each curved downward; the
first two of these are flat laminae, a little
thickened at the point of attachment;
the third is enormously thickened at
this point and produced into a triangular
projection, upon either side of which
are attached the remaining laminae,
four anterior and three posterior, the
division of this portion of the bifid an-
tenna taking place at this point.

This specimen was shown me by Dr.
J. L. LeConte, but I did not learn its
origin.

Cotalpa lanigera Linn. Instances
are quite frequent in which the longer

Plate 2.

Psyche, 1891, vol. 6.

June 1891.]

anterior claw on one or many of the
feet shows a tendency to division, being
in some instances cleft on the posterior
outer edge from a little below the tip
one-sixth the distance to the base of the
Mr. E. P. Austin first drew
my attention to this feature, and informs

claws.

me that he has noticed it in a consider-
able number of specimens he has ex-
amined. Nearly every specimen I have
examined shows some trace of it, from
a tubercular enlargement of the spot
whence the bifurcation proceeds, up to
the amount I have mentioned above.
Half of the four specimens in the Harris
collection in the Boston society of nat-
ural history have it.

Trichius piger Fabr. (PI. 2, fig. 4).
A right hind leg in which the femur is
normal; the tibia is slightly shortened
and thickened, but terminated by the
usual two spines; the tarsal joints are
curved rather strongly upward, and in-
stead of being uniformly long, slender,
and gradually thickened at the apex,
are (except the last) uniformly and
nearly equally short and stout, nearly
triangular, with the apex prominent be-
neath; they are scarcely longer than
their extreme height at apex. The last
joint is conical, truncated, a little smaller
only at tip than at base, about twice as
long as it is broad at the base, and very
slightly curved outwards; it bears at

LES TGHT Ts 93

the tip a pair of scarcely divaricating
claws a little shorter than the normal;
but in addition to this it also bears at.
the very base of the joint, above, two
more pairs of claws; one pair so near
the base as to appear at first sight to be
attached to the penultimate joint, a little
smaller than, and facing in the .same
direction as the apical pair, and also
scarcely divaricate; the other, just be-
yond, also scarcely divaricate, larger
than either of the other pairs, but still
smaller than the normal claws, and fac-
ing in an opposite direction to the other
two pairs; apparently the claws are all
freely moveable.

The specimen was obtained at Med-
ford, Mass., by the late Mr. F. G. San-
born, and is now in the museum of the
Boston society of natural] history.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.

1.. Right hind leg of Galerita janus.

2. Left antenna of Amara musculus.

3. Left mid leg of Chloenius tomen-
tosa.

4. Right hind leg of Trichius piger.

5. Right antenna of Telephorus ro-
tundicollis.

6. Right antenna of Polyphylla de-
cemlineata.

7. Right fore leg of Dyschirius sp.

8. Left midleg of Lachnosterna fusca.

PERSONAL Nores.—Mr. C. W. Woodworth,
recently entomologist to the Agricultural
experiment station at Fayetteville, Ark., has
accepted a similar position at the station in
Berkeley, Cal., and has already moved to his
new post.

Mr. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, of England,
formerly secretary of the Colorado biological
association, has been appointed curator of
the museum in Kingston, Jamaica. After
June 24 his address will be Institute of
Jamaica, Kingston, W. I.

94 PAS Ti CTIT::

{June 18or.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CALLOSAMIA
PROMETHEA DRURY.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Egg.— Oval, slightly flattened above and
below, sordid white. Height1.2omm. Width
1.50mm. Laid June 14. Emerged June 24.

Larva: First stage.—Head dull black with
a sordid white transverse band across the
middle. Body greenish yellow with a trans-
verse black band on the anterior and posterior
portions of each segment, running to the
sides.

Along the dorsum are. two rows of tuber-
cles, and a row along the subdorsal and
another row along the sides below the spira-
cles. All the tubercles are yellow, except
those on the first segment and the two dorsal
pairs on the second and third segments and
those on eleventh and twelfth segments,
black. Each of the tubercles are also fur-
nished with about five bristle-like hairs, which
are black. Length 3 mm.
stage seven days.

After first moult.—No change except that
the larvae are more conspicuous. In some
individuals of the brood the two tubercles
on dorsal region on the second and third
segments are yellow instead of black as in
the previous moult. Length 1omm. Dura-
tion of this stage five days.

After second moult.—The body is now
‘whitish green, with the tubercles black, ex-
cept the two dorsal pair on the second and
third segments and the one on the eleventh
segment bright yellow, with their bases
black; these six tubercles remain present in
all the subsequent stages, while all the re-
maining tubercles gradually become reduced
into mere piliferous spots. Anal plates yel-
low margined with black. Head yellow, with
a black transverse band anda black spot on
each side of the top. All the feet yellow,
abdominal ones with a black spot on the
outer side of each. The transverse bands

Duration of this

across the segments are now quite faint, and
in some specimens they are broken or ab-
sent. Length 20 mm.
stage four days.

After third moult.—'The body color is
the same as in the previous moult. The
four tubercles on the second and third seg-
ments are now bright orange yellow and
the one on top of the eleventh segment
lemon yellow; all other tubercles black and
much smaller than the ones just mentioned.
Thoracic feet and anallegs yellow, abdominal
legs same as in the last stage. Head yellow
with two black spots on each side. Length
24 mm. Duration of this stage three days.

After fourth moult.—Body entirely green,
with a whitish hue. The transverse bands
have now disappeared. The four tubercles
on the second and third segments are now
quite prominent, coral red, and the one on
the eleventh segment lemon yellow. All the
other tubercles are reduced to mere pilifer-
ous spots. Head and legs yellowish green.
Length 30 mm. Duration of this stage five
days.

After fifth or last moult.—Same in all re-
spects as the preceding moult, except that the
larva becomes stouter and more prominent
in appearance. Length 39 mm. The full
grown larva measures about 55 mm. Dura-
tion of this stage five days.

Food-plants.— Sassafras, tulip-tree, linden,
spicebush, sweet-gum, choke-cherry, plum,
pear, ash, Magnolia, Halesia, etc.

The early stages of this species were made
first known by Dr. C. V. Riley, (4th Mo.
rep. p. 121) who gives only four moults,
while the brood I raised moulted five times. -
The mature larva was first figured by Abbot
and Smith (Ins. Ga., v. 1, p. 91, pl. 46) and
again subsequently by various writers.

Duration of this

June 18o1.]

Pie Cl, 95

EREPARATORY STAGES OF HETEROCAMPA UNICOLOR PACK,

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, NEW YORK.

The eggs were not observed but I believe
that I have found the larva in its first stage
which is as follows :—

First stage.—Head cordate, black, shiny,
a large white patch in front covering the
clypeus and labrum; width .4 mm. Body
enlarged dorsally at joint 2 and bearing on
each side of the cervical shield a smooth
elongated process (.4 mm.) of uniform thick-
ness tipped by a fine short hair. The anal
feet are prolonged into a pair of smooth
processes or imperfect stemapoda, a little
enlarged at the end and minutely hairy
below. Body cylindrical, smooth, shiny,
pale green with four fine red-brown lateral
lines on each side, the uppermost faint;
three patches of red-brown, the first on joint
2 dorsally, the second on joint 7 dorsally and
laterally and the third on joint 11 and joint
12 anteriorly dorsally running forward upon
joint 10 above the feet. Cervical shield and
“horns” and anal plate black. Stemapods
1 mm. long, green, twice ringed with black,
the swollen ends red-brown. The legs on
joints 7 and 1o are black outwardly. Venter
pale whitish throughout. During this stage
the larva eats only the lower half of the leaf.

Second stage.—Head slightly bilobed, flat
in front, pale whitish, more distinctly white
in a large patch covering the clypeus. A
broad diffuse red-brown band runs to the
vertex of each lobe. Ocelli black; width of
head .7mm. Cervical horns short, black,
arising from swollen bases and each tipped
by a short hair; stemapods 1.2 mm. long,
pale yellowish, with a few black dots near the
center, the terminal extensile portion crim-
son preceded by a black ring. Body pale
greenish, not shiny; joints 2, 7, 11 and 13
red-brown above as are the feet on joints 7
and 10. A broad irregular brown dorsa]
shade and four fine red-brown lateral lines

somewhat indistinct on joints 8—t1o. As the
stage advances all the red-brown fades out
except on the cervical shield; the dorsal
shade becomes a band, contracted at the seg-
mental sutures and enlarged on joints 7 and
11. During this stage and subsequently the
larva eats the whole leaf.

Third stage.—Head slightly bilobed, flat
in front, rounded and narrowing a little to
the vertex; pale whitish green, a broad dif-
fuse brown band on each lobe from the ocelli
to vertex; ocelli black; width 1.35 mm.
Cervical horns are two short black tubercles
on the cervical shield; stemapods 2 mm.
long, faintly reddish with a few elevated
black dots, especially below and outside, the
tips a little swollen and crimson. Body
whitish with three fine faint white lines on
each side of the reddish brown dorsal band
which is very distinct, covering the cervical
shield and anal plate, retracted at each suture
and widening on joints 7 and 11 more than
on the other segments. Feet and venter
concolorous with the body. As the stage
advances the body becomes green, the bands
on the head and the dorsal band of the body
become edged with white and the two
remaining narrow undulated subdorsal lines,
pale yellow.

Fourth stage.—Head not distinctly bilobed,
about as high as wide, flat in front and nar-
rowing toward the vertex; width 2.1 mm;
marked as before, the inner white border of
the brown bands very broad, covering nearly
all of the front of the head except the clypeus
suture; antennae and mouth
maxillae black inwardly.
Cervical horns reduced to mere points;
stemapods 2.5 mm. long, whitish, shaded
with red-brown at the bases and ends, the
few minutely piliferous elevated dots brown,
and the extensile part white. Body marked

and central
parts whitish;

96 PSPCTHE

as before; the dorsal band of nearly uniform
width, retracted at the sutures, hardly dis-
tinctly wider on joint 7, considerably widened
on joint 11, expanded on joint 2 to cover the
rudimentary horns and faint on the anal
plate. Length after molt, 15 mm. As the
stage advances the broad inner borders of the
bands on the head fade out near the bands
leaving a white line bordering the clypeus
and central suture; the dorsal band becomes
partly mottled with its white borders which
are yellow at the sutures; there is a trace of
a yellow stigmatal line and the sides have a
few black specks at the extremities. Spira-
cles ocher, surrounded by yellow.

Fifth stage.—Head rounded, flat in front,
pale green, the broad brown bands extending
from before the ocelli to the vertex of each
lobe slightly mottled and bordered behind
with yellow and before faintly with white,
A white line starts on each side of the clypeus
a little above its base and borders it, running
close to the central suture and becoming
merged at the vertex in the borders of the
brown bands; ocelli and maxillae inwardly
black; mandibles and antennae white; width
3-2 mm. Body as before, cervical processes
absent, stemapods relatively shorter (2 mm).
Color green, a broad red-brown dorsal band
mottled and streaked on a white ground, ex-
tended in two small distinct spots on joint 2
which represent the cervical ‘‘horns” and on
joint 11 containing a V-shaped brown line
which is repeated more faintly on joint 12.
The stemapods are white, brown inwardly
and speckled with brown outwardly with a
few minute hairs. In the segmental sutures
the dorsal band is slightly retracted and is
yellow; a narrow yellow sub-dorsal line and
a waved suprastigmatal line besides a stig-
matal line on joints 3and 4. Spiracles ocher,
paler centrally and surrounded by a whitish

[June 1891

shade; a white subventral band on joints
11-13. Feet concolorous with body. A num-
ber of dark purple specks over the sides es-
pecially on joints 2-4 and11-12. As the stage
advances a marked change takes place. The
head becomes finely reticulated with brown
except on clypeus and mouth and the white
marks become faint; the body except in the
dorsal band and on the venter is heavily
spotted with brown, the spots small but so
thick that some become confluent. They tend
to segregate in parallel longitudinal lines
between the lateral yellow lines and are ab-
sent on the cervical shield and anal plate
which are both large, the former semicircular.
The color of the body fades to sordid greenish
white and the brown of the dorsal band fades
out leaving it creamy white with a fine brown
line very near each edge, brown interseg-
mental marks, a broad brown central streak
on joint 7 and on the anal plate and the ir
regular V-shaped mark on joint 11. The
spiracles are each surrounded by a brown
ring. Length at maturity 50 mm.

Cocoon.— Formed between two leaves:
semi-transparent, similar to that of Schzzura
leptinotdes but less perfect and weaker.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, gently tapering to the
extremities; thorax and wing cases moder-
ately prominent; at the posterior edge of
the thorax, a curved row of rounded cutical
granulations. Cases densely creased, body
more sparsely punctured. The cremaster
consists of two separate, short, conical pro-
jections, their sharp ends curved almost
straight outward, above which is a curved
row of about a dozen narrow carinated
ridges 0.5 mm. long, parallel to the length of
the body. Length 20 mm; width 7 mm.

Food plant.—Sycamore (Acer pseudo-plan-
tanus).

Larva from Dutchess Co., New York.

June 1Sog1.]

PSYCHE. 97

THE EMBRYOLOGY OF A COMMON FLY.*

Since 1886 five investigators, Kowalevsky,
Blochmann, Biitschli, Henking, and Voeltz-
kow have contributed important observations
on portions of the embryology of common
muscids (Calliphora, Lucilia). To this list
Prof. Graber’s work is now to be added as the
most comprehensive and voluminous. This
paper is worthy of special attention, coming
as it does froman eminent entomologist who
has for years been actively productive in a
field which many a younger investigator has
deserted after contributing a short memoir on
some common insect.

Prof. Graber’s treatise covers nearly the
whole ground of embryonic development in
Musca beginning with the cleavage of the egg
and concluding with a description of the ner-
vous system and the formation of the imaginal
discs. To our knowledge of the preblasto-
dermic stages he cannot be said to have ad-
ded any really important facts, although he
has succeeded in correcting some of Voeltz-
kow’s errors.

The formation and evolution of the germ-
layers of Musca constitutes the all-important
topic of the paper. After devoting a pre-
liminary chapter to some observations on
Aphis, in order to disprove Will’s statement
that the mid-gut arises from the yolk-cells
(vitellophags), Prof. Graber attacks the sub-
ject in Lucilia and Calliphora, pointing out
step by step as he proceeds the points wherein
he agrees or disagrees with his predecessors.
The main question: Do the vitellophags take
part in the formation of the mid-gut? was
answered negatively by Kowalevsky, Biitschli
and Voeltzkow and to this conclusion Prof.
Graber assents. In this important point he

*Vergleichende studien iiber die embryologie der
insecten und insbesondere der musciden. Von Veit
Graber. Denkschr. d. math. naturw. classe d. ks
akad. d. wiss. Wien, bd. 56. 1889. (4to. p. 257-314. 10
plates.)

cannot be said to have made any great ad-
vance, his observations being merely corrob™
orative of the results obtained by other recent
investigators besides those who have worked
on Musca. The fatiguing length to which
Prof. Graber goes in describing his sections
would be unpardonable, were it not that he
had not read Heider’s work on Hydrophilus
or his present critic’s paper on Doryphora
before publishing.

To the important subject of the relations
of the fore- and hind-gut to the blastopore
Prof. Graber has contributed some interest-
ing observations, although his remarks, as we
hope to show presently, must be received with
some reservations. His-results are very
briefly these: The fore-gut (stomodaeum) is
formed near the anterior end of the gastrula
raphe as a distinctly ectodermic invagination
whereas, on the other hand, the hind-gut
(proctodaeum) appears to be formed as a
deepening of the gastrular groove at the pos-
terior end of the embryo. Its walls are con-
sequently of mesentodermic origin. Be-
sides the elongate median gastrula, familiar
to all students of insect embryology, Prof.
Graber describes two pairs of grooves which
run parallel with the median groove and also
contribute in the formation of the mesento-
dermic layer. These grooves thus constitute
a lateral gastrulation. Their relations to one
another and to the median groove are not eas-
ily understood from the description and Prof.
Graber should have introduced diagrams to
show their exact position and extent. The
true morphological significance of the lateral
gastrulation is not explained and as nothing
comparable to it has been observed in other
insects, the observation has as yet only the
value of an interesting and isolated fact.
The author’s suggestion that the
grooves may be a new formation introduced
for the purpose of augmenting the mesento-
derm is, to say the least, improbable, when

small

98 PSI CHE.

we take into consideration the great extent
of the median invagination in Musca and the
small size of the blastopore in certain Or-
thoptera where no lateral gastrulation has
been observed.

One may venture to object to some of the
new terms of which Prof. Graber has been
rather prodigal in his latest papers. The
time-honored term ‘‘blastoderm’’ is easily
understood and it is difficult to see why it
should be relegated to the biological attic for
effete nomenclature to make room for an only
remotely suggestive term like ‘‘cycloblast.”
Prof. Graber now dubs the yolk-cells ‘‘cen-
troblasts” notwithstanding the termination
‘‘blast” is properly applied only to tissues of
a germinal or formative character and not to
elements which, like the yolk-cells, degener-
ate and take no part in building up the insect.
It would be wiser to suspend the use of terms
like ‘‘ptychoblast” till we possess a better
knowledge of ‘‘arthropod” germ-layers, as we
have still a great deal to learn on this sub-
ject. In the meantime ‘‘mesentoderm” is
quite clear and will answer all purposes.
“Entomyoderm” and ‘‘ectomyoderm” are
scarcely to be regarded as improvements on
the old terms, ‘‘splanchnopleure” and ‘‘soma-
topleure.” We supposed that Prof. Graber’s
terminological fecundity was exhausted
when he gave us the sesquipedalian, ‘‘ec-
toptygmatorhegmagenous ptychonotogony.”
But these are small blemishes in a work
which will rank among the more important
contributions to insect embryology.

The chief value of Prof. Graber’s paper
cannot be said to lie in a furthering of what
we must regard as one of the chief aims of the
study of insect development, viz: a know
edge of the mutual phylogenetic relations of
the existing orders of insects (often separated
by wide gaps, towards the bridging of which
comparative anatomy and paleontology have
contributed only a little), and a knowledge
of the relations of insects, as a,class, to other
arthropod groups and to their remote ances.
tors, the annelids. In our estimation Prof.

{ June 18q1-.

Graber’s work is chiefly valuable as showing
to what an extent the embryonic develop-
ment of a calyptrate muscid has been de-
flected from the ancestral path —in other
words, it 1s an admirable picture of one of
the ‘‘short-cuts” in insect development.

It will be remembered that the egg of the
fly hurries through its whole development
in about 24 hours, that it is provided with a
relatively small quantity of yolk, and that
the characters of the secondarily developed
and degraded maggot have been reflected
back into embryonic life. That this reflection
has materially altered the original ontogeny
as displayed by older forms such as the Or-
thoptera and Hemiptera, is evident from the
fact that the embryo no longer exhibits the
typical cephalic and thoracic appendages, to
say nothing of the abdominal appendages
(embryos of bees, beetles with apod larvae
and fleas still develop thoracic legs!). More-
over the ammion and serosa are rudimen-
tary in Musca; the head has become pro-
foundly and strangely modified and the
mesodermic layer no longer exhibits the typi-
cal paired coelomic cavities. It is, therefore,
obvious that conclusions drawn from the
embryogeny of a muscid cannot without
extreme caution be extended to cover other
insects. It is further evident that to ascer-
tain the exact path of development in an
insect that develops so rapidly a very great
number of eggs must be examined to insure
certainty in regard to the different steps in
the hurried sequence of tissue-changes.
Granting the correctness of Prof. Graber’s
observation that the proctodaeum is of mes.
entodermic origin, we may perhaps account
for this condition on the supposition that
whereas in other insects of slow development
the hind gut is not formed till after the clos-
use of the posterior end of the blastopore,
in Musca the processes of growth succeed
one another so rapidly that the blastopore
does not have time to close before the hind-
gut is found. Thus theapparently mesento-
dermic character of the hind gut would

June 1Sor. |

be a secondary condition due to acceleration
of development.

The 10 plates with 127 figures illustrating
Prof. Graber’s papers are beautifully executed
and are by far the most accurate ever pub-
lished on the subject. It is to be regretted
that Prof. Graber did not introduce larger,
clearer and more numerous diagrams. The
need of these is especially urgent as it is next
to impossible to obtain good surface views

OENEIS AND ITS EARLY STAGES.

At the last (May) meeting of the Cam-
bridge entomological club Mr. S. H. Scudder
spoke of the group of Oeneides as one of the
most interesting of butterfly genera, partly
because (using the word ina restricted sense)
there was no other genus of butterflies in
which so many species were common to the
Oid and New Worlds, but more because it is
the only genus entirely restricted to high
latitudes and altitudes and widely spread in
the world. Eight species occurred in Eu-
rope-Asia, of which two or three were also
found in North America, which possessed
besides at least eight or nine species. One
would suppose that it would be one of the
last with the early stages of whose life we
should be acquainted, and this was the case
until recently, but now more or less has been
published concerning eight of the species,
mostly from observations in this country,
and it is understood that Mr. W. H. Edwards,
to whom most of this advance is due, has full
or tolerably complete histories of two or
three more.

I had the good fortune, he remarked, to be
the first to publish an account of the early
stages of one of the species of the genus —
Oenets semidea, the only one found in New
England,— due to the joint efforts of the late
Messrs. Shurtleff and Sanborn and myself,
though no one has yet carried the creature
through from the egg. Since then most of

PSFCHE. 99

of the fly’s egg, and mental reconstruction,
even from such excellent sections as those
given in the plates, is no easy task for the
reader.

It is to be hoped that the next investigator
who undertakes the study of the Musca egg
will make use of the wax reconstruction
methods now so succesfully employed by
workers in other fields of embryology.

W. M. WHEELER.

the additions to our knowledge of American
species have come from Edwards, but Fyles
has published the history of Oe. 7utta to
which Fletcher and I have added something,
and in Europe, where the same species oc-
curs, Holmgren and Berg. One of the latest
known species, Oe.macountz, is now almost
completely known, thanks to Mr. J. Fletcher,
who has published an account of it, and the
egg and first larval stage have also been de-
scribed by Mr. W. Beutenmiiller. All that is
known of chryxus, iduna, and ivalda, is due
entirely to the indefatigable efforts of Mr.
Edwards.

Of the European species also, it so chanced
that I was the first to publish anything (a
year previous to Berg’s account of Oe. jutta)
describing the egg and first larval stage of
Oce.aello, the alpine species, to which nothing
has since been added; and excepting Qe.
jutta, before referred to, the early stages of
only one other species, Oe. bore, are known,
due to the studies of Sandberg.

Out of sixteen or seventeen species, then,
recognized in the northern hemisphere, we
now know more or less of the transforma-
tions of about half the species not to mention
the two or three which Edwards has worked
out but not yet published. This is a remark-
able showing for a group of butterflies with
such a distribution, and brings out several
features which are a little puzzling. First,
there are two types of surface sculpture in

the eggs; the more common is that in

100

which the more or less sinuous or zigzag
ribs form with their interspaces laterally al-
ternating, very similar and equal, angulate
elevations and depressions over the sides of
the egg; in the other the elevations are
more abrupt and rounded and are separated
from each other by nearly flat interspaces-
The latter type is represented by aello, and,
to judge from advance copies of one of his
next plates Mr. Edwards has kindly shown
me, toa more marked degree by one of the
species whose transformations are yet unpub-
lished; the other type includes semidea, jut-
ta, ivalda, iduna, chryxus, and macounil.
Second, there are two types of structure in
the caterpillars just from the egg, but these
two types in no way correspond with those
found in the egg. In one, the terminal seg-
ment has the two posterior forks produced to
more or less blunt points and the notch be-
tween them is deep; in the other, these forks
are rather broadly truncate and the notch be-
tween them slight. To the latter belongs
only Oe. semidea; to the former, jutta, ival-
da, chryxus, macounii, and aello, as well as
the unpublished form referred to.

The chrysalids, as might be expected with
concealed objects, show little difference, but
in the imago a wide diversity exists, especi-
ally in the form of the wings and their
markings and in the presence or absence of
a discal streak upon the upper surface of the
fore wings of the male. But it would appear
that any division upon these grounds would
more or less cut athwart the groups derived
from the egg or the juvenile larva, unless it
be that the more rounded and less pointed
fore wing combined witha lack of ocelli and
of sexual adornment and the possession of
more densely and profusely haired mid and
hind femora in the imago is correlated with
the truncate tips of the forks of the last seg-
ment in the juvenile larva; in which case
the first larval stage of bore and brucei as
well as of oeno should, like semidea, show a
truncate extremity. Sandberg has described
(but insufficiently) the young larva of bore,

LES CLE,

[ June 1891.

and Edwards has raised but not published
brucei, so that we shall doubtless soon be
able to know whether this is true; if so, it
might be well to divide the genus into two
groups, to which the subgeneric names of
Oeneis and Chionobas might then be given,
the former to the latter group, the latter to
that of which Oe. semzdea would be typical.

Notes.—The second and somewhat tardy
part of Lowne’s anatomy etc. of the blow
fly (London, Porter) is even more extended
than the first, containing 116 pages and 6
plates besides 17 figures in the text, all the
illustrations being very coarse but instructive
wood cuts. The part is entirely devoted to
the ‘“‘integumental skeleton of the imago”
and is so detailed and so full of comparisons
that it almost serves the purpose of a general
treatise onentomology. Half adozen topical
bibliographies scattered through the work
will be found very useful.

The death is reported of M. Jules Kiinckel
d’Herculais, formerly president of the French
entomological society, while carrying on
official researches upon the destructive locusts.
of Algeria. The sensational reports of the
press that he was overcome and devoured by
locusts is in no way to be credited. The
probable truth is that he was overcome by
the heat of the desert and died before his
body was found, the locusts devouring a por-
tion of his clothing. His superb quarto
volume, still incomplete, upon the genus
Volucella, with its 26 exquisite plates, is
practically a treatise on the anatomy of the
Diptera and will remain a monument to his
technical skill as anatomist and delineator.

Concerning the distribution of Vanessa
cardui, Mr. Charles Oberthiir, in comment-
ing at the April meeting of the French ento-
mological society on Scudder’s doubt (Butt.
N. E., 478) whether the species is indigenous
in French Guiana and in Tahiti, says that as
Boisduval neglected to attach any labels to
his exotic specimens of this species (except-
ing one from Madagascar) it is impossible to

June 1891. ]

say whether his collection, now owned by
Oberthiir, contains any specimen from either
country; but he possesses specimens from
French Guiana collected by Constant Bar at
Isle Portal on the Maroni, the river which
separates French and Dutch Guiana. He
gives a list of other localities from which he
possesses specimens, but none of them are of
special importance.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

8 Marcu 1889.— The 144th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St., the president in the
chair.

Dr. H. A. Hagen said that the cyclamens in
a greenhouse in Montvale, Mass.,had been in-
jured by Otzorhynchus sulcatus, and remarked
on the history of our knowledge of its depre-
dations in America.

Mr. S. Henshaw stated that it had recently
‘been introduced into New Zealand where it
is also doing much damage.

Mr. H. Hinkley showed a variety of Satur-
nia zo in which the eye-spot on the hind wing
is almond-shaped. He has raised a large
number and showed a fairly large series
which exhibited some very pretty gradations
of color.

Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the former
range of distribution of Pzerzs oleracea. He
gave as a reason why P. rapae has extermi-
nated P. oleracea that the first brood of the
former hatches about two weeks earlier than
that of the latter species.

Mr. Scudder then read a paper on cosmo-
politan butterflies.

Dr. H. A. Hagen remarked briefly on the
distribution ofcertain dragon-flies in Brazil,
showing that many are extremely local.

Mr. J. H. Emerton showed drawings of the
copulatory organs of Agalena naevia. The
palpal organs are, with few exceptions, of
three varieties, the most common variety
having a stout spiral tube of one and a half

PSHCTLE.

101

turns with the tip turned outward. Another
variety found only in large individuals has
the tube longer and more slender, and a third
variety found in spiders of various sizes, has
the tube very short and coiled in a small
spiral. The epigynum is of two principal
forms; one with a simple opening, and the
other, usually occurring in large spiders»
with a wide opening partly divided into two
by a process from the front edge; between
these are many intermediate forms. The
other parts of the male palpi vary but little
and there are no other variations which
would show that we have more than one
species of these spiders.

Mr. Emerton stated that he had found a
new species of spider in the natural history
society building in Boston. There were two
specimens, one male and one female. They
may be foreign as they were found near some
West Indian material that had been there for

about two years.

(The records of several meetings at this
point have been lost. |

11 October, 1889.—The 148th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St., the
president in the chair.

The secretary stated that the records of the
last meeting had been mislaid.

Mr. S. H. Scudder gavean account of what
had been done at the meeting of the Execu-
tive Committee, and showed the circular
which was sent soliciting subscriptions to
Psyche.

Mr. Scudder then gave a brief account of
his field work in the west during the past
summer for the U. S. Geological Survey.
Having first visited Florissant in order to
make sure of bringing home a sufficient
number of fossil insects to warrant the out-
lay of the expedition, he next went to west-
ern Colorado to examine two localities near
together. One of them on the summit of the
Roan Mountains, on the divide between the
White and Grand Rivers, where fossil plants
of species identical with those found at Flor-
issant had been obtained many years ago,

102

and the other in the lower White River, where
at two different localities forty miles apart
Denton had many years ago brought home a
small collection of fossil insects of presum-
ably the same age as those at Florissant. In
both of these places
successful. The journey had to be made in
a wagon and the search among the rocks on
foot or on horseback, and as the greater part
of the time had to be given up to the attempt
to discover which beds contained fossil in-
sects, very little was left for the exploitation
of the same; for the beds in which insects
were found covered an area of hundreds of
square miles, and in a vertical series ranging
from five hundred to fifteen hundred feet, in
nearly all of which some remains were found
but in certain localities, especially at the ex-
treme upper beds, in such abundance as to
warrant the belief that each of these localities
may be richer than that of Florissant, hither-
to believed to be the richest in the world:
Subsequent visits were made to Green River,
Wyo., where the pocket in which all speci-
mens had hitherto been found had been en-
tirely worked away,and his efforts were direc-
ted to the discovery of some new location in
the immediate vicinity; in this he was suc-
cessful, and was able to obtain several hun-
dred specimens; at Fossil in the same terri-
tory, insects were found to occur so rarely as
not to warrant a search for them, and at
Amethyst Mt., in the Yellowstone Park, no
strata sufficiently fine in which to preserve
the remains of fossil insects were found in
those beds which have yielded the leaves of
plants.

Mr. Scudder then showed specimens of
some of the fossil Diptera brought from Col-
orado. He said that the same species of lar-
vae had been found throughout five hundred
vertical feet of strata.

Dr. H. A. Hagen remarked on Dr. Pack-
ard’s article in Psyche on the epipharynx of
insects which he considers very important.
He said that European white ants had been
introduced into Panama.

Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the scarcity

the party was very

PSYCHE.

[ June 1891

of butterflies and in fact of all insects in the
Yellowstone Park, and indeed throughout all
the west during the past summer.

Mr. H. Hinkley said that he had investi-
gated whether the milk-weed butterfly hiber-
nates or not and came to the conclusion that
it does not.

Mr. Scudder said that he had found it very
difficult to make butterflies which hibernate
in nature do so in confinement, so that he
does not place much faith in negative evidence
from artificial experimentation.

Mr. Hinkley said that a fungus disease very
like muscardine has attacked the larvae of A.
promethea during the past summer. He said
that he had raised a true second brood of
this species, and had reared large numbers
of other Bombycidae in close proximity to
his prometheas and none were affected.

8 NovEMBER, 1889.— The 149th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St., the
president in the chair.

Dr. H. A. Hagen in commenting upon an
article on the gipsey moth (Oczeria dispar)
in the Boston Transcript for 31 October, 1889
said that he remembered the fact of the acci-
dental introduction of the species by Mr. L.
Trouvelot some twenty years ago. Judging
from his experience with the species in Eu-
rope, Dr. Hagen doubted the necessity for
legislative acts and appropriations in order
to suppress its ravages.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited a fossil trilo-
bite which showed a remarkable resemblance
to a scarabaeid-beetle (Phanaeus), also a
new species of fossil butterfly (Barbarothea
frorissantz) from Florissant, Col. This butter-
fly is the second of the Libytheinae found at
Florissant, and is most closely related to the
European species; the other (Prolzbythea
vagabunda) is most nearly allied to the
species from West Africa. Of the known
fossil butterflies one ninth are Libytheinae;
of living species one eight-hundredth belong
to the same family.

Mr. Scudder also exhibited a photograp
of a suffused melanic male of Papilio turnus
sent by Mr. James Fletcher of Ottawa.

ope ial

A JOURNAL OF ENToMmOneG? 1

\
\

[Established in 1874. ] ATIONAL MYL Ze

Vol. 6." No: 183:

Jury, 1Sor.

CONTENTS:

ON A SINGULAR GLAND POSSESSED BY THE MALE HADENOECUS SUBTERRANEUS
(Fig.).—H. Garman

; 105
A NEW SIMULIUM FROM SOUTHERN New Mexico.—C. H. Tyler Townsend . : 106
Two NEW LEPIDOPTEROUS BORERS (Plate 3).—Otto Lugger . : : : ; 108
Nores oN BomsBycip LARVAE.—I.— Harrison G. Dyar 1@ fe)
THE GERM BAND OF INSECTS.— IW. H. Wheeler 112
BIBLIOGRAPHY (The proboscis of the blow-fly; the foot of the same). : “ : 115
FULL GROWN LARVA AND PUPA OF DEIDAMIA INSCRIPTA.—Caroline G. Soule : 116
ON THE FOOD-HABIT OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS.—Caroline G. Soule . : : F 117
RECENT LITERATURE (Tutt’s British Noctuae; Bugnion’s Postembryonal development,

habits, and anatomy of Encyrtus; Foerster’s Insects of the middle oligocene of

Brunstatt). : 117
PERSONAL NOTES . ; . ; ‘ : ; 5 A : : : : : 118
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB : . . : 3 118

PUBLISHED BY THE
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LAS DCTLLE:

[ July, 1891.

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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of ‘the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
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Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (cor
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Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
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Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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ecnaden Savile The mite. nord es Meee
tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of
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Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Ve
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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
especially Lepidopiera and Coleoptera singly or.in
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H. FRUHSTORFER,
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fo CELE;

ON PAS SINGULAR GEAND POSSESSED BY
HADENOECUS SUBTERRANEUS

THE MALE

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

The male of this cricket is found at
times with a pair of white, fleshy ap-
pendages protruding from slits between
the terga of the 9th and roth abdominal
somites, the nature of which is not clear,
and about which I find nothing written
in the literature relating to the species,
to which I have access.

The slits through which the organs
appear are situated one on each side an-
terior to and a little within the cerci.
When fully protruded the ane are
white, cylindrical, a little
tapering, and are about
They are
protruded by
young, as far as observed,
but the slits, which are of
rather large size, can be made out in
them without difficulty. I believe
they are protruded during the period
of sexual excitement. A number of
examples were taken zz copula with

1-8 inch long.

not the

the lot in which individuals with pro-

truded glands occurred, but unfortu-
nately were not noticed with refer-
ence to the glands
collecting.

at the time of
They appear to the have

no immediate connection with genital’

organs.

. What their function may be can only
Scent glands
somewhat like them have been observed

be conjectured at present.

in some female moths of the family
Bombycidae. If the organs are scent
glands, however, it is a little strange
that they should be borne by the males.
I can imagine no other use for them.
The sense of smell is certainly the one
best calculated to bring the sexes to-
gether in the darkness of the caves.
Auditory organs such as occur in Locus-
tidae and Acrididae they do not possess,
and the tactile sense, though highly de-
veloped, is manifestly inadequate to all
demands of the peculiar surround-
ings.

As organs possibly of the same
nature, | may mention that Miall
and Denny refer to glands of un-
known function which are pro-
truded in the pleural region of the
abdomen in Corydza carunculigera,
one of the Blattidae.

Prof. A. S. Packard figures on pl. 17,
fig. 3, of his work on cave animals, a
male cricket which is said by him to be
infested with a parasitic fungus. There
is some probability that this supposed
fungus is one of these glands.

The figure represents the tip of the
abdomen of the male cricket, seen from
the side, and with the somites drawn
apart more than is natural. 7, 8, 9,
somites; a@, gland, partly protruded ;
4, fully protruded gland.

106

TES GLE.

[July 1891.

A NEW SIMULIUM FROM SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO.

BY C. H.

In the southern part of New Mexico,
along the valley of the Rio Grande,
there begins to appear about the first of
May a buffalo gnat which is quite as
troublesome, especially to man, as its
more eastern congener, Si: pecuarum.
It proves to be an undescribed species.
The first individuals that I have noticed
this year were in an orchard near Me-
silla on the 7th of May, and they were
at that date swarming in considerable
numbers. Mesilla is about a mile from
the Rio Grande, which flows to the
west of the town. Gnats were found
also on same date but in less numbers
on the college grounds, which are situ-
ated about four miles from the river.
The river rises in May, overflows all
the low areas lying adjacent to it, and
becomes a roaring, rushing body of
water. Its volume is dependent on the
amount of snow in the foot-hills to the
north particularly in Colorado, and on
rains, which are only exceptionally a fac-
tor. The snow inthe canons exerts little
influence, for its thaw is so gradual as not
to be felt. I give these data for what
bearing they may have on the breeding
habits of this species. It is well known
that Simulium breeds in running water,
and our species no doubt is dependent
on the rise of the Rio Grande for its
appearance. Doubtless, also, it is dis-

tributed through the valley by the

TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. M.

system of acequias or irrigation ditches
in use in this country, which open
from the river ona higher level to the
north, and furnish the only source of
water supply for the raising of crops.
This is an adverse bearing of the ques-
tion of riparian irrigation on injurious
insects. The securing of artesian water
and shutting off of the river water would
no doubt lessen the dispersion of the
gnats through the valley.

From the first part of May the gnats
increase in numbers, until by the middle
or last of that month they are very
abundant in all parts of the valley. It
is usually between this time and the
middle of June that the river is at its
highest point. They are then to be
found on the mesa to the east toward
the Organ Mts., and may be met with
also on the elevated mesa nearer the
mountains, especially to the north. On
May 17th I observed them on the sum-
mit of the first mountain at the eastern
end of the Dona Ana range, which is
nearer the river than the Organs, and
farther north. The elevation is at least
4,500 (probably 5,000) ft. above sea
level, or about 1,500 (perhaps 2,000)
ft. above the level of the river. They
are not found in the Organ Mts., which
are about twenty miles east of the river,
nor on the plains to the east and south
of them, though on the mesa to the-

July 1S91.]

west they approach to within a few
miles. This was observed May 23d-
24th, while in the valley itself at this
time they were almost unbearable.
These gnats are a great annoyance to
man, by far greater than any other in-
sect that we have in this locality. Many
persons are so susceptible to them as to
preserve through the height of the gnat
season a chronic inflammation of the ex-
posed parts of the face and neck resulting
from repeated bites, which cause an in-
tense irritation and even give rise to
cutaneous sores. The inclination of the
gnats to bite increases with the advance
of the season, but the pest is consid-
erably abated after the fall of the
water. They are also very trouble-
some to animals, and are supposed
the inflamed eyes in the
horses of this region through the sum-
mer months. I append a description
of the species. The female alone is de-

to cause

scribed, as that is the only sex which
composes the biting swarms, and I have
not secured either the male or the early
stages.

Simulium occidentale, n.sp. 9. Cinereous,
abdomen light fulvous. Head cinereous, eyes
black ; face cinereous, raised, somewhat darker
in the centre, sparsely clothed with fine sil-
very hairs; front cinereous, widened below
into a cross-bar, a prong invading the orbital
area on each side, silvery pubescent on the
orbital margin, and with longer pubescence
on the occipital margin; proboscis black,
brownish at tip, palpi black; antennae cinere-

PSKLCHE.

107

ous, with short, silvery pubescence, the two
basal joints longer than the following joints,
which are nearly equal in length; occiput
cinereous, with silvery pubescence around the
margin. Thorax cinereous, mesoscutum en-
tirely covered with silvery pubescence, with
two dorsal lines, and usually a fainter median
line between them; pleurae fulvous posteri-
orly; scutellum black, silvery pubescent.
Abdomen light fulvous, sparsely covered
with short silvery pubescence; second, third
and fourth segments above with a brown
cross-band shading to darker on the sides
and in the middle, particularly on the third
and fourth segments; remaining segments
with a broad, median, dorsal, cinereous band,
bounded laterally on the fifth, sixth and
seventh segments by a curved, more or less
faint line of brown; venter light fulvous,
silvery pubescent. Legs black, silvery pub-
escent. Wings hyaline, iridescent by re-
flected lights; halteres white.
body 2mm; of wing 2 mm.
Described from many fresh specimens.

Length of

This species is smaller than either
S. pecuarum or S. meridionale. S.
metallicum Bell. from Mexico is given
as 2 mm. long, but it is the male which
is described, and the female would be
very much larger. |S. occidentale dif-
fers from S. pecuarum very markedly
in the thoracic and abdominal markings,
These markings are very much like
those of S$. merzdionale; but the
median thoracic line is always very
faint, the abdomen is light fulvous, the
lateral lines of segments 5, 6 and 7 are
curved, and the abdominal markings
are of a different color, besides other
minor differences.

108

SGT Le:

[ July 1891.

TWO NEW LEPIDOPTEROUS BORERS.

BY OTTO LUGGER, ST. ANTHONY PARK,

To the long list of injurious borers
infesting cultivated and wild plants two
new species must be added which, in
Minnesota, are of especial interest, as
they cause great damage to some of our
trees, and even threaten to destroy them
entirely in some regions.

All visitors to the Twin Cities admire
our groves of oaks, chiefly composed of
peculiarly branched and gnarled burr-
oaks, and dark and straight red-oaks.
The former, though badly infested by
numerous species of insects, seems to be
proof against any lasting injury by them.
The tree is in fact so well protected witha
corky bark, even found upon the young-
est twigs, that both insects and intense
This is
quite different, however, with our red-
oak, a tree of much quicker growth and
but slightly protected by thin and glossy
dark bark, at least when still young and
not wrinkled by old age. Nature seems
to have endowed the former, like a good
mother, with a warm and enduring coat
against insects and the inclemencies of
winter, and to have treated the red-
oak like the step-mother so much fabled
about. The red-oak seems to have a
very great attraction for all kinds of
boring insects, but notwithstanding its
wonderful power to repair injuries and
to heal wounds made upon its bark and
wood — a power not shared by the burr-
oak — the tree is a doomed one, provid-

cold seem to be powerless.

MINN.

ing no steps are taken to protect it as
well as it deserves. But all advice to
protect any of our native trees is usually
received with a smile that is more or
less unpleasant to the true lover of nature,
as it contains the elements of contempt,
ridicule and derision for the adviser. .

Among the worst borers of the red-
oak are several lepidopterous larvae, but
chiefly those of Prdonoxystus guerct-
perda (Fitch), P. robézzae (Peck) and
Trochilium luggert. The first (pl. 3,
figs. 1 and 2), as well as the second spec-
les, are insects described long ago; the
latter, and the most injurious one in this
regior, has been described by H. Ed-
wards, our authority in this family of
insects. Below is his description, illus-
trated by pl.3, fig. 3.

Trochilium luggerin.sp. Upper side of head
black, orbits of eyes bright lemon yellow.
Face black. Palpiblack at the base, otherwise
lemon yellow. Thorax with the disk black,
with short erect downy hairs. Collar, patagia,
spot at the base of the wings, and a broad
streak at base of thorax conspicuously lemon-
yellow. Antennae chestnut brown above, dull
orange beneath. Tibiae orange, tarsi some-
what of a darker shade. Abdomen black,
anal tuft pale orange, with bright yellow
band at the posterior edge of all segments,
those of the posterior segments much
widened. Forewings thinly clothed with
scales the costa narrowly dull orange as is also
the oblique rather indistinct discal mark at the
end of the cell. The space from vein 2 to
vein 5 clear of scales behind the cell. Hind

Psyche, 1891, vol. 6.

iates3s

|
|

uly 1891.]

wings with the anterior margin dull orange.
Fringe of both wings brownish. Under side
of forewings with the costa lemon-yellow,
Length of body 20 mm. Exp. of wings 35
mm.

The moth issues towards the end of
May, and fresh pupal skins can be ob-
served till towards the close of June.
Some trees harbor hundreds of these in-
sects, and consequently suffer greatly ;
the trunk and all the larger limbs are
equally infested. In only one instance
a pupal case was seen projecting from
the trunk of a small burr oak.

A second and equally injurious borer
is destroying our ash-trees in the wind-
breaks surrounding farm houses located
in the open prairies, and also those
planted in the parks or as shade trees
along the streets in our villages. Asa
general rule only the smaller trees are
infested, but these to such an extent that
they break down entirely. Professors
Aldrich and Orcutt have given the life-
history of this insect in a late bulletin.
But even old and very large trees do not
escape entirely, as I have seen trees two
feet in diameter, and apparently quite
healthy, whose bark was perforated
with numerous holes made by this in-
sect. In these cases the trees did not
suffer to any visible extent, but death is
always the consequence in smaller trees
where the borer cuts off entirely the
circulation of sap, and enters deeper
into the solid wood.

Trochilium fraxint, n. sp. The head is
grizzled black above, with the base, palpi and
antennae dark orange. Coxae black, tibiae
and tarsi orange, the posterior portion of
the tibiae broadly banded with black. Thorax
with the disk black, with rather long and

tol GH E:

109
erect black hairs. Collar, patagia, a large
spot at the base of each wing, and a narrow
streak over the posterior part of scutellum
lemon-yellow; all these spots with the excep-
tion of those at base of wings are edged in
front with dark orange. Abdomen black,
banded with yellow at the posterior end of
each segment; sides of posterior 5 segments
orange, the orange extending almost over
the whole surface of the three last ones.

Forewings covered with scales. except a
narrow portion from base to cell, and some
very small spaces immediately behind the
cell. Costa and internal margin coppery
brown. Outer margin broadly brown, shaded
with purplish copper. Discal mark large,
almost rounded. At the base all the veins
are stained with bright scarlet orange, and
there are some scales of the same color below
the costa. Beneath the forewings are lemon-
color on the costa, shading into orange to-
wards the centre of the wing, and into brown
on the outer margin. Discal mark orange.
Hind wings with a coppery sheen. Fringes
of both wings brown. Length of body 15
mm. Exp. of wings 30 mm.

In pl. 3, fig. 4, this species is shown ;
it resembles very strongly a Polistes.

This species resembles very closely
the injurious moth Podoses‘a syringae
(Harr.), but

genus.

belongs to a ditlerent

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.

Fig. 1. Prionoxystus querciperda,
gd and 2 imago, and empty pupal case ;
natural size.

Fig. 2. The same, larva; natural
size.

Fig. 3. Trochilium
ago, empty. pupal case and hinder ex-
tremity ; the last enlarged, the others of

luggeri, im-

natural size.
Fig. 4. Trochilium fraxini, ima-

go; natural size.

110

PSA TET.

[ July 1891.

NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.—I.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, NEW YORK, N. Y.

NOLA OVILLA Grote.

1875.) Grote, (Can. ent.5) 7, 221.
1884. Packard, Amer. nat., 18, 726.
Larva. Dr. Packard makes the following

statements: ‘It differs from Arctian and
Lithosian larvae in having one less pair of
abdominal legs. The body is broad and
much flattened, rather short, with four pairs
of well developed abdominal feet; the first
pair being situated on the fourth abdominal
segment. The body is hairy, though not
densely so; on each segment are four dorsal
tubercles, from which radiate short dusky
hairs; on the side is a larger and longer

tubercle from which arise lateral, very
long hairs. Length 13 mm.”
Cocoon. ‘‘Boat-shaped, flattened, oval

cylindrical, closely attached to the surface
of a leaf. It is composed of silk, covered

closely on the inside with bits of oak leaves.”
NOLA TRINOTATA Walker.

1866. Walk., Cat. Brit. mus., pt. 35, pg.
1902, Lebena.

1891. Butler, Insect life, v. 3, p. 297,
sexmaculata Grote.

1877. Grote, Can. ent., v. 9, p- 235.
Nola.

1890. Dyar, Insect life, v. 3, p. 61.

Larva. IJ have elsewhere described this
larva. Itis a thick, somewhat flattened in-

sect, the last segment small, the abdominal
feet consisting of but four pairs, as in the
preceding. It is furnished with piliferous
warts as above. It lives exposed upon the
surface of the leaves, forming no web.
Cocoon. Curiously constructed of little
pieces of bark laid together like bricks. It is
interesting to watch the larva forming its
cocoon, which it does by building up two
parallel walls by spinning the little pieces of
outer bark together by their edges, and sub-

sequently drawing them together from the
inside. ‘The pieces of bark are bitten off the
branch on which it forms its cocoon.

NOLA HYEMALIS St¢retch.
1885.
Larva. Congeneric with the above. Body

flattened, wider than high, tapering very

slightly to the extremities; abdominal feet
present only on the 4th, 5th, 6th and roth ab-

Head small, pale testa-

Stretch, Ent. amer., 1, 102.

dominal segments.
ceous, whitish above the mouth with brown-
ish marks at the sides; ocelli black. Body
pinkish, cervical shield bisected, dark; three
rows of piliferous warts on each side as in
NV. sexmaculata. The upper two are brown-
ish and bear short hairs; the third row (lat-
eral) is orange, and bears long, whitish
hairs. On the body is an interrupted dorsal
and waved subdorsal line, and brown dorsal
shades connected with the lines; spiracles
black; length of larva 10 mm.

Cocoon. Notstrong, composed entirely of
silk, and not firmly fastened toa support. It
is elliptical, opaque white. The pupa is with-
out cremaster, light brown, and pilose.

I found a number of these larvae on willow
near Phceenix, Arizona, in November, 1889.

NOLA SORGHIELLA /ez/ey.

1862. \ Riley, (Report “Ua0S) yep. sack,
187, iP Lil
Larva. This is congeneric with the pre-

ceding species, as may be seen from Prof.
Riley’s figures. It is of the same general
shape, and has the characteristic four pairs
of abdominal feet, but differs from the other
species strikingly in habit, as the larvae ap-
pear to live socially in a web. :

These four species of Vola are the only
ones of which the larvae are known, so far as
IT am aware. :

July 1S91.]

ORGYIA DEFINITA Packard.
rood.) Packard, Proce.,ent. soc. Phil:; 3,

Ba2.
1888. Lintner, 4th rept. N. Y. state en-

tom., p. 50.
LOOL-Lhaxter, Cannent., 235/34.

This species has six stages in larvae that
produce male moths, and seven stages for
female moths. I have observed all but the
first of these stages, and the life history, as
far as I have made it out, is as follows :—

Egg. Nearly spherical, the top a little
flattened; a large, central, brownish spot
with a paler dot at the apex of the egg, sur-
rounded by a concentric concolorous ring;
diameter 1 mm. The eggs are laidin masses
on the cocoon of the female moth, but are
not naked as in the O. zova, nor covered
with froth as in O. leucostigma, but with the
hairs from the body of the moth, which are
rubbed on by the female before it dies. The
eggs are gummed together, and the hair also
adheres to them. The winter is passed in
this stage as with the allied species.

First stage. Not observed.

Second stage. Head pale whitish, width 0.7
mm. Ocelli black, mouth brown. The
warts on the body are small, except a large
pair on joint 2, which bear two or three short
plumed black hairs; a few more of these
hairs arise dorsally on joint 12. The other
warts bear a few long white hairs. The body
is pale whitish, the retractile warts on joints
1o and 11 whitish. There are traces of the
two anterior of the four dorsal, brush-like
tufts which are seen in the mature larva on
joints 5-8. Even in this early stage the char-
acteristic markings of the mature larva are
developed, though somewhat indefinitely.

Third stage. Wead pale yellowish, jaws
black; width t mm. The warts are arranged
as in the mature larva, small, concolorous
with the body, the large ones on joint 2 bear.
ing thin pencils of plumed black hairs. A
similar pencil, mixed with shorter brown
hairs, arises from joint 12. The body is pale
whitish, with a yellowish subdorsal band on

PSERCIT EE.

111

the posterior segments and a stigmatal band
running the whole length, wider on joints
5,6,and7. Three dorsal, deep yellow tufts
on joints 5, 6, and 7 respectively. The warts
bear thin, whitish hairs; the dorsal retractile
ones on joints 10 and 11 are whitish with a
blackish shade around them. Length of
larva 10 mm.

Fourth stage. Weadas before, with a small
brown shade above the mouth; width 1.5 mm.
The body differs only in being shaded with
blackish dorsally and laterally. The yellow
tufts are now four in number on joints 5-8.
The cervical shield is pale yellow like the
head.

Fifth stage. Width of head 2.1 mm. Be-
tween the yellow dorsal tufts are a series of
velvety black spots, concealed unless the in-
sect is disturbed. The dorsum is gray,
broadly so anteriorly, but partly replaced by
a yellow subdorsal band on joints 9-13. The
lateral region is gray, the warts whitish and
partly surrounded by yellow. A narrow
stigmatal band. Otherwise as before.

Sixth stage (§ mature larva). Head pale
yellow, shiny, the labrum and antennae
white; width 2.8 mm. Body pale yellow, a
pale, almost colorless, dorsal band, replaced
on joint 2 by the pale yellow cervical shield
containing two darker yellow warts, narrow
and greenish on joints 3 and 4, widening and
enclosing the yellow dorsal brush-like tufts
on joints 5-8, narrowed on joints g-12 en-
closing the concolorous retractile tubercles,
and absent on joint 13. A narrow subdorsal
and fainter stigmatal, similarly colored lines.
These bands are in some specimens more or
less blackish, or black, blue-gray, or dark
brown, and there is a velvety black spot be-
tween the dorsal tufts on joints 6, 7 and 8.
The warts are all pale yellow; the pencils on
joint 2 are long, plumed, black; that on joint
12 of light brown hair with a few long black
plumed ones on its posterior side. The other
hair is long, thin and white.

The larva does not differ structurally from
O. leucostigma, but differs markedly in color.

Seventh stage (Q Head
pale yellow minutely mottled with grayish
spots; labrum, antennae and a spot before
the eyes, white; ocelli and jaws black; width
3-5 mm. The body is as in the previous
stage, but the warts on the cervical shield
are not distinctly darker. The dorsal black-
ish or pale gray shade is in triplicate on
joints 3 and 4. Spiracles white in a fine
black border. The body is often bright yel-
low, as are the dorsal tufts, and even the

larvae only).

hair is yellowish.

Cocoon. Double, thin, made of silk and
the hairs of the larva.

& Pupa. Cylindrical, the abdominal seg-
ments tapering, the eyes, wing cases and an-
tenna cases especially prominent; a little
depressed behind the thorax. Semi-trans-
parent, shiny yellowish white, the back cov-
ered with long, thin, silky white hairs; cre-
master flat, terminating in several brown
hooks well fastened in the silk of the cocoon.
Length 12 mm.; width 5 mm.

Q Pupa. Robust, thickest through the

PSC ie.

{July 1891.

2nd to 4th abdominal segments, elsewhere
smaller, of nearly even width; thorax and
head small, no wing cases, leg cases small.
Last segment rounded, cremaster flat, rather
broad at base, terminating in a number of
brown divergent hooks. Color semitrans-
parent, shiny, very pale yellowish, without
marks. Over the dorsum considerable fine,
rather long, whitish silky hair. -Length 18
mm., greatest diameter 8 mm.

Q Zmago. Of the same structure as O.
leucostigma, but not white, the color of the
down, which is especially abundant on the
ventral side, being light brown. A small
black spot on the second abdominal segment.
The rudimentary wings are dark cinereous.
The @ imago is very similar to O. leucostig-
ma, but can be distinguished by its darker
color and heavier black markings.

Food plants. Dr Thaxter gives oak, but I
have found the species as omnivorous as O, |
leucostigma. My specimens were fed mainly
on maple and witch-hazel.

THE GERM-BAND OF’ INSECTS.*

Those who have watched the advance in
our knowledge of insect embryology during
the past three or four years will be deeply
interested in Prof. Graber’s latest treatise.
Like his muscid paper it represents many
years’ study, but unlike that work it covers
a very considerable ground, being a compre-
hensive description of the germ-band of a
number of insects. The species investigated
belong to the genera: Lina, Lema, Tele-
phorus, Melolontha, Hydrophilus; Pieris,
Gastropacha, Bombyx, Zygaena; Hylotoma;
Stenobothrus, Mantis, and Gryllotalpa. It
will be seen that this list comprises repre-

* Vergleichende studien am keimstreif der insecten,
von, Veit Graber. Denkschr. d. math. naturwiss.
classe d. k. akad. d. wiss. Wien. Bd. 57, 1890, 621-
734. 12 colored plates. 4°.

sentatives of four of the important orders.
Prof. Graber treats of the formation and
method of growth of the germ-band, its re-
lations to the envelopes (amnion and serosa),
its segmentation (both internal and external)
andits appendages. Chapters are introduced
on the formation of the germ-layers and on
the origin of the body spaces. Many pages
are given up to a minute and critical discus-
sion of the results achieved by other investi-
gators. The work concludes with a long
chapter on the development of the nervous
system.

In a brief sketch we cannot hope to do
justice to the mass of matter with which
Prof. Graber presents us; it will be possible
to touch on only a few of the questions with
which he attempts to deal. Before so doing

July 1891.]

a word must be said about the technique em-
ployed by Prof. Graber. As he informs us,
and as is quite evident from his twelve large
colored plates, his results were largely ob-
tained from germ bands isolated from the
yolk, stained zz fofo with carmine, and
mounted in some resinous medium. His
first plate shows that he has also examined
Lina embryos unstained and zz sztz on the
yolk. Now both of these methods, though
useful for some purposes, are quite inade-
quate to decide any delicate question con-
cerning surface relief, and have consequently
been all but abandoned by some recent workers
In point of detail Prof. Graber’s surface
views of Lina cannot stand comparison with
some of the figures of insect embryos pub-
lished decades ago, while nowhere is the in-
adequacy of his isolation method better
shown than when he attempts to elucidate
the structure of the brain. When repre-
sented at all in his figures this important or-
gan is incorrectly represented. In order,
therefore, properly to appreciate Prof. Gra-
ber’s observations it is necessary to bear in
mind that his technique is somewhat defective.

In the 15 quarto pages devoted to the ner-
vous system there are many new and inter-
esting facts, but we miss a careful treatment
of the very earliest stages in the formation
of the ganglia, both cephalic and ventral.
It is safe to say that a few good sections
through the nerve-cord of a sufficiently young
Stenobothrus embryo would have brought
out some interesting facts on the formation
of the median and lateral cords—facts which
would have induced the author to view the
nervous system of the Coleoptera in a little
different light.

A short time ago Prof. Graber devoted a
paper to the important subject of metameric
segmentation in insects. According to the
observations therein recorded, the first seg-
ments to make their appearance in the em-
bryo are not the definitive body-segments
(microsomites), but segments nearly or quite
corresponding to the imaginal aggregates of

JERS IA OVE TR

113

segments (head, mouth-parts, thorax, abdo-
men); the definitive segments being formed
by a splitting up of these macrosomites. Al-
though it occurred to Prof. Graber at the time
that this phenomenon might be due toa fore-
shadowing of adult structure, he chose to
adopt the view that the early macrosomitic
segmentation was an ancestral feature. In
his present paper he devotes considerable
space to this subject, bringing out quite an
array of pseudo-mathematical formulae, and,
notwithstanding Heider’s very sensible com-
ments on his former paper, still persists in
seeing some mysterious palingenetic trait in
macrosomitic segmentation instead of an
anticipation of the ultimate adult structure.
That the latter is the correct explanation is
shown by a study of Xiphidium. In this
Locustid the definitive segments make their
appearance in a wave which runs from the
anterior to the posterior end of the germ-
band. When the whole postoral portion of
the germ-band has thus been split up into
about eight segments, the remainder of the
definitive segments are successively intercal-
ated just in front of the caudal plate. Then,
and not till then, does macrosomitic segmen-
tation set in. Although this method of
growth by intercalation of segments in front
of the anal plate has been repeatedly shown
to be the typical method in Annelids, Crus-
tacea, Peripatus, Arachnids, Myriopods and,
to a certain extent, in Hydrophilus (Heider),
Prof. Graber maintains that it does not occur
in insects. Strangely enough the very fig-
ures of Stenobothrus to which he appeals,
prove the very opposite of his contention, for
they show quite clearly that the youngest
segment must lie just in front of the anal
plate. The first indications of segmentation
have probably escaped Prof. Graber,—it
being impossible, as we have found after
repeated trials, to detect them in semi-trans-
parent, isolated germ-bands.

Prof. Graber divides insect embryos into
microblastic and macroblastic, or long and
short ones. Stenobothrus is microblastic;

114

Lina macroblastic. Apart from its being un-
scientific to classify things as big and little,
it is difficult to understand how such a classi-
fication can be of any service whatsoever.
There is a complete gradation between long
and short germ-bands: in Stenobothrus the
germ-band is very small when first outlined
on the yolk; in Mantis and Oecanthus it is
somewhat larger; in Gryllus still larger; in
Blatta it is nearly as long as the egg; in
other forms, like Musca and the Coleoptera,
it is lomger than the egg. But this is nota
difference in the germ-bands, it is a difference
in the amount of yolk. Stenobothrus has a
direct development, Musca undergoes a pro-
found postembryonic metamorphosis; the
former needs a great deal of yolk because its
embryonic development is long and compli-
cated, the latter but relatively little yolk, be-
cause its embryonic development is very
short and comparatively simple. Although
Prof. Graber was aware of the existence of
transitional forms between his long and short
germ-bands, it seems never to have occurred
to him while writing the ten long quarto
pages, which he devotes to this and similar
distinctions, that the true differences lie in
the quantities of yolk with which different
eggs are provided. This is a strange omis-
sion for an embryologist to make after all
that has been said and written on the effects
of yolk on development. Verum oper? longo
fas est obrepere somnum.

Equally artificial and useless is Prof. Gra-
ber’s division of germ-bands into straight
and crooked (tanyblastic and ankyloblastic).
It is obvious that the curvature of a germ-
band depends on the character of the yolk
surface on which it happens to lie. Thus the
germ-band of a spherical egg is necessarily
curved (Phryganeide), while the germ-band
on the long side of an elongate, oval egg will
be mere or less straight (Blattidae). It is
somewhat disappointing to find that no at-
tention is devoted to the important relations
of the germ band to the micropylar axis, a
subject on which Hallez has published two

PS WAG TES.

[July 1891

suggestive little papers (Comptes rendus, v.
tor, 1885 and v. 103, 1886).

Prof. Graber finds the abdomen of the em-
bryo insect to consist of eleven true segments.
He believes that he has found distinct traces
of coelomic cavities in the last (eleventh)
segment, and figures them in Mantis and
Hydrophilus. If correct, this observation is
of great interest, since Haase has recently
maintained, after an exhaustive study of the
facts of larval and imaginal structure, that
there are only ten segments in the insect ab-
domen, the ‘‘afterstiick” not being a true
segment. *

The antenne are shown by Prof. Graber
to be decidedly postoral in their origin.
Reichenbach pointed out that of the two
pairs of antennae in Astacus the first arises
on a level with the mouth, while the second
is postoral. As far as their relation to
the mouth is concerned, therefore, the anten-
nae of insects would correspond to the
second pair of antennae in Crustacea. The
labrum arises, as Prof. Graber points out,
from a pair of appendage-like organs. The
honey-bee is cited as an exception to this
general rule, the labrum of this species
having been described as an unpairedappen-
dage from the first. But Carriére has re-
cently shown that the labrum of the wall-
bee (Chalicodoma muraria) arises as a
pair of papillae at first separated at their
bases, but subsequently uniting to form a
single piece. Prof. Graber has not succeeded
in throwing any new light on the obscure
question as to whether the labrum represents
a pair of true appendages serially homolo-
gous with the antennae, mouth-parts, legs,
etc.

A lengthy chapter is devoted toa consid-
eration of the abdominal appendages of
insect embryos. Among the numerous facts
recorded the most valuable are those relating
to Hylotoma berberidis. In this Tenthre-
dinid the German investigator succeeds in es-
tablishing direct continuity between the em-
bryonic abdominal appendages and the pro-

July 189t.]

legs of the caterpillar-like larva. He finds
that during embryonic life each of the eleven
abdomidal segments presents a pair of appen-
dages. Those on the 1stand 7th-gth segments
soon disappear, while those on the remaining
segments persist as the prolegs of the larva.
The pair ofappendages on the tenth segment,
which are at the time of their origin in
line (homostichous) with the appendages of
the preceding segments, move pleurad, and
thus become ectostichous. On the rrth seg-
ment the appendages (‘‘afterspitzchen”) are
close together (entostichous). It is this last
pair of appendages which corresponds to the
anal legs of Lepidoptera, since, in the true
caterpillars, according to Prof. Graber, the
anal legs do not belong, as Haase and other
investigators aver, to the fezthk, but to the
eleventh abdominal segment. Prof. Graber’s
figures are certainly far from being conclu-
sive on this point. The peculiar cerci of
Lyda belong to the tenth segment and are
not therefore homologous with the anal legs
of Lepidopterous larvae.

It is also interesting to note that the forma-
tion of the embryonic envelopes and the
manner in which the dorsal body-wall is com-
pleted in the embryo Hylotoma strikingly
resemble what is observed in Lepidoptera.
This fact may prove to be of use as further
evidence of a common ancestry for the Lepi-
doptera and Hymenoptera. The embryology
of Hylotoma certainly appears to bear out the
conclusion long since drawn from the adult
structure of the Phytophaga, viz.: that this
group is the most primitive among existing
Hymenoptera. When we pass from a Tenth-
redinid toan Apid it appears that the embry-
onic envelopes show a tendency to become
aborted, just as they do in the Diptera, in
passing from an old form like Chironomus to
a recent form like Musca. The general valid-
ity of this remark is in no wise impaired by
the difference in the kinds‘of abortive change
undergone by the envelopes in the two orders.

W. M. WHEELER.

PSYCHE.

115

BIBLIOGRAPHY: THE PROBOSCIS OF THE

BLOW-EFLY.

Roffredi, M. Mémoire sur la trompe du
cousin et surcelle du taon dans lequel ona
donne une description nouvelle du plusieurs
de leur parties. Avec des remarques sur leur
usage, principalement pour la succion. Misc.
Taurinensia, tom. iv. Turin, 1776-79.

Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand. Entomo-
graphien; untersuchungen in dem gebiete
der entomologie. 1. Ueber zoologische
charactere der insecten, arachniden und crus-
taceen. Berlin, 1840.

Brullé, [A]. Recherches sur les transfor-
mations des appendices dans les articulés.
Ann. sc. nat., sér. iii, tom. i, zool., 1844.

Blanchard, E. - De la composition de la
bouche dans les insectes de lVordre des dip-
téres. Compt.-rend., tom. xxxi, pp. 424-27,
1850, Paris.

Gerstfeldt, G. Ueber die mundtheile der
saugenden insecten. 8°, Dorpat, 1853.

Hunt, [G]. The proboscis of the blow-fly.
Quart. journ. microse. sc., vol. iv., 1856,
London.

Mayer, [F.J.C.]. Ueber ein neu entdecktes
organ bei den dipteren. Verhandl. naturh.
ver. preuss. Rheinl. und Westfalen; sitz-
ungsberichte, bd. xvi, p. 106. Bonn, 1859.

Suffolk, W. T. On the proboscis of the
blow-fly. Month. microsc. journ., vol. ix,
1869.

Lowne, B. T. On the proboscis of the
blow-fly. Journ. Quekett micr. club, vol. i,
p- 126, 1868.

Lowne, B. T. Further remarks on the
proboscis of the blow-fly. Journ. Quekett
micr. club, vol. i, p. 190, 1868.

Anthony. The suctional organs of the
blow-fly. Month. micros. journ., vol. ix,
1369.

Lowne, B. T. The anatomy and physi-
ology of the blow-fly. 8°, London, 1870.

Graber, V. Ueber den schlundmechanis-
mus der arthropoden. Amtl. ber. d. 50 ver-

116

samml. [deutsch.] naturforsch. und aerzte,
Miinchen, 1877.

Macloskie, [G]. The proboscis of the
house-fly. Amer. nat., vol. v., pp. 153-161,
1880.

Meinert, [F]. Sur la conformation de la
téte et sur l’interprétation des organes buc-
caux chex les insectes. Entom. tidskrift, vol.
i, pp- 147, 150, 1880.

Meinert, [F]. Sur
organes buccaux chez
PP- 150-153 -

Meinert, [F]. Fluernes munddele (Trophi
Dipterorum). Kjobenhavn, 8°, 1881, with 6
plates.

Dimmock, George. The anatomy of the
mouth parts and of the sucking apparatus of
Boston, 1881, with 4

la construction des
les diptéres. Ibid.,

some Diptera. 8°,
plates.

Becher, E. Zur kenntniss der mundtheile
der dipteren, Denkschr. Wien acad., math.
nat. kl., bd. xlv, 1882. Gives the literature
of the subject very fully.

Kraepelin, K. Zur anatomie und physio-
logie des riissels von Musca. Zeitschr. wiss.
zool., bd. 39, 1883.

Lowne, B. T. On the head of the blow-
fly larva and its relation to that of the perfect
insect. Journ. Quekett micr. club, ser. ii.,
vol. iii., p. 120, 1887.

[from Lowne’s Anatomy, etc., of the blow-
ty, pp. 127-128. London, 1891. |

THE FOOT OF THE BLOW-FLY.

Power, Henry. Experimental philosophy,
in three books, containing new experiments,
microscopical, mercurial, magnetical, 4°.
London, 1644.

Hooke, [R]. Micrographia. London, 1667.

Leeuwenhoek, A. Anatomia rerum cum
animatarum tum inanimatarum ope micro-
scopiorum. Lugd. Bat., 1687.

Leeuwenhoek, A. Select works, contain-
ing his microscopical discoveries; translated
by Samuel Hoole, plates, 4°. London, 1798-
1807.

PS TCL.

[ July 1891.

Dereham, The Rev. W. Physico-theology,
second edition, 1714. An ingenious teleo-
logical disquisition, containing a note on the
fly’s foot, p. 374, and many curious notes on
insects.

Inman, Thos. On the feet of
Proc. Liverpool lit. phil. soc., no. vi, p. 220.
Liverpool, 1849.

West; Tuffen: The foot of: the fly; its
structure and action elucidated by compar-
ison with the feet of other insects. Part 1,
with 3 plates. Trans. Linn. soc., vol. xxili
(1859), 1861.

Lowne, B. T. On the so-called suckers of
Dytiscus, and the pulvilli of insects. Month-
ly microsc. journ., vol. v., 1871.

[From Lowne’s Anatomy, etc., of the blow-
fly. p. 190. London, 1891. |

insects.

FULL-GROWN LARVA AND PUPA OF DEIDA-
MIA INSCRIPTA.— On July 13, 1890, I found
on Amfelopsis vettchtt, in Brookline, Mass.,
a larva a trifle over two inches in length.

The head was round, green, with a faint
white line on each side of the median suture.
The body tapered from the fourth segment
to the head, and was clear, bright green,
without obliques. Two pale yellow lines ex-
tended from the head over the dorsum of the
first three segments. A _ brighter yellow-
white line extended up each side of the caudal
horn, and a little way down on the sides of
the body—like the ‘‘last pair of obliques” of
many sphingid larvae, only extending by no
means so far down on the body. There was
a thick wavy stigmatal edge from Ist segment
to the tip of anal flap. The body was not
rough, but striated transversely. The caudal

' horn was green except on the sides where

the yellowish lines came. Feet and prolegs
green, spiracles unnoticeable.

On July fifteenth it stopped eating, and, on
the seventeenth pupated. The pupa was I 3-16
inches (20mm.) long, slender, brown mottled
with greenish on the back. The abdominal
segments were ‘‘honey-combed” with tiny

July 18gr.]

darker brown depressions. The tongue-case
was a sharp ridge extending to the apex of the
wing-cases. At its base, on each side, was a
dark, rough tubercle; on each eye-cover was
another; and on the apex of the head
another. The anal hook was long and
pointed, with a little spur near the tip.

e Caroline G. Soule.

ON THE FOOD-HABIT OF TELEA POLYPHE-
mMus.—On June toth emerged in one of my
boxes a Q Telea polyphemus of normal size
and specially brilliant coloring. Its larval his-
tory was an experiment in food. The larva
was found just before the third moult, ona
small oak tree. Its food was varied every
day, and consisted of the following leaves,
givenin the following order :—

Oak, maple, willow, pine, white birch,
apple, chestnut, moosewood, wild grape,
poplar, walnut, elm, cherry, and then began
with oak again. ‘The only leaf it refused
was sassafras.

Chestnut, pine, and wild grape were new
to me as food-plants of 7. polyphemus and
were suggested by finding larvae on them
several times last summer.

The larvae on pine were especially large
and clear in color; those on wild grape,
markedly smaller. Caroline G. Soule.

RECENT LITERATURE. — Mr. J. W. Tutt,
who edits a journal whose special function
is to record all sorts of variation in insects
has just published the first volume (16,
164 pp.) of ‘The British Noctuae and
their varieties” in which over 100 species
and an enormous number of varietal forms
are described and named; scarcely a single
species escapes division, and some show ten
or fifteen varieties (Apamea didyma for in-
stance), while a distinction is further made
between varieties and subvarieties. Only
the imago is considered. A large amount of
the material is new, but the author has care-
fully collated all fragmentary notes in the
literature of the subject. In the introduction,

ES? CHE,

117

which treats of variation in Lepidoptera
generally, its nature, extent and probable
causes, no reference is made to the claim the
author elsewhere refers to (Ent. rec., 1, 55-56)
that melanism has in some instances be-
come a prevailing feature in those parts of
England where manufacturing plants have
given a grimy aspect to nature. If this be
really true, and it would seem to be difficult to
prove incontestably, then natural selection
by elimination of the unfittest has certainly
produced a sensible degree of protective
mimicry within recent historic times.

A painstaking, detailed account of the
postembryonal development, habits, and an-
atomy of Encyrtus fuscicollis has just been
given by Dr. E. Bugnion in the Recueil zoo-
logique suisse, accompanied by half a dozen
folding plates. The species investigated is
claimed to be parasitic on different caterpil-
lars, and among others on a Hyponomeuta
attacking the spindle tree in which the
author studied them. He raised 21 different
lots, and they usually yielded males or fe
males exclusively, and in half the other times
one sex was in excessive abundance. This
Encyrtus appears to lay its eggs (50-129) at
one thrust in the form of a single chain which
floats in the perivisceral cavity. At the end
of the embryonal period, or rather after the
first moult, the larvae pierce this tube, and
live on the lymph of the host till they are
ready for their change, when they devour the
viscera, form separate cocoons which pack
the body of the host to the utmost, and ap-
pear in the imago state in about three weeks ;
they at once pair. Whether they are double
brooded and-in the second generation infest
some other insect is still a question; if not,
the maintenance of the species depends on
the life of fertilized females from early in
August to sometime in April or May of the
succeeding year.

The most considerable and valuable work
that has appeared for fifteen years on the
tertiary insects of Europe, has just been pub-
lished at Strassburg as part of the Abhand-

118

lungen zur geologischen specialkarte von
Elsass-Lothringen. It is on the insects of
the middle oligocene of Brunstatt, Alsatia,
by Dr. B. Foerster, and describes 159 species,
all but one belonging to the Coleoptera,
Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera to
name them in the order of their abundance.
Six excellent plates, including 171 figures,
all drawn by the author, accompany the
work. Two of the beetles, a Dorcatoma and
a Bruchus, the latter rather imperfect, pre-
sented no features by which they could be
distinguished from living European species.
The mass of the species are of a small size.
Interesting comparisons are instituted with
the insects of other tertiary localities.

PERSONAL NOTES. Entomologists every-
where will deeply regret to hear of the death
of Mr. Henry Edwards who loved his favorite
studies quite as much as he did the stage and
brought to both an ardor and freshness con-
tagious and perennial. ‘‘Do mention,” writes
one of his correspondents, ‘‘his unwearying
kindness and unfailing help to entomologists
who were more ignorant than himself. I owe
much to his help and encouragement and
shall miss him sorely, though I never saw
his face,” and these qualities which so en-
deared him to a large circle of friends were
indeed conspicuous in that face.

Two entomologists have recently received
appointments at Harvard university though
not in the field of entomology: Dr. Roland
-Thaxter as assistant Professor of crypto-
gamic botany and Mr. J. G. Jack as Arboretum
lecturer for 1891-1892.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 DecEMBER, 1889.—The 150th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St., the pres-
ident in the chair.

Dr. H. A. Hagen said that from a recent
study of the species of Anax he thought that
A. concolor and A. longipes were identical
and that the number of species so called
should be reduced.

PSP CHE,

[ July 1Sor.

Mr. S. H. Scudder, referring to the fossil
plant-lice found at Florissant, said that most
of the species belonged to the Aphidinae and
a very few to the Schizoneurinae. As a whole
the species differ notably from modern types
in the length of the stigmatic cell and in
this respect they agree with the species from
amber and a form figured by Brodie from the
secondary rocks of England. °

Mr. Scudder said that in a psocid from the
tertiary rocks of White River, the ocelli
were very large and encroached upon the
eyes.

He also showed a photograph of the fossil
butterfly (Barbarothea) mentioned at the
last meeting and called attention to the com-
parative shortness of the palpi.

10 January, 1890.—The 150th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St., the
president in the chair.

he secretarye read) anletten trom Vin:
Pickmann Mann of Washington, in which,
after wishing the Club and its members a
happy and prosperous new year, he detailed
an account of the financial condition of vol-
ume four of Psyche.

The report of the retiring secretary, Mr.
Roland Hayward, was then read, accepted,
and ordered to be placed on file. The retir-
ing treasurer, Mr. Samuel Henshaw, then
presented his report, which was laid on the
table for action, till the report of the audi-
tors should be received.

The Club next proceeded to ballot for offi-
cers for 1890, with the following result:
President, C. W. Woodworth of Fayetteville,
Ark.; Secretary, Roland Hayward; Treas-
urer, Samuel Henshaw; Librarian, George
Dimmock. Members at large of Executive
Committee, Holmes Hinckley and Samuel
H. Scudder. Messrs. George Dimmock and
Samuel Henshaw were elected editors of
Psyche.

The retiring president, Mr. Samuel H.
Scudder, then read his annual address, en-
titled, ‘‘The work of a decade on fossil in-
sects.” (See Psyche, 1890, v. 5, pp. 287-
295-)

an!

Js
:

“A fig ah B / ,]

PoYCH he

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY. —.°

a . ,

Wax
—
Br ees

[Established in 1874. |

Vol. 6. No. 184.

AucusT, 1891.

CONTENTS:
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY, AND PICKERING.—II . : 121
SOME OF THE EARLY STAGES OF ZERENE CATENARIA.— Samuel H. Scudder . : 124

A LIST OF THE BOMBYCES FOUND IN THE ELECTRIC-LIGHT GLOBES AT POUGH-

KEEPSIE, N. Y.—Harrison G. Dvar_ . ‘ ; : F é : ; : 126
EXPERIMENTS WITH ALPINE BUTTERFLI2S.— Samuel H. Scudder . : = : 129
EDWARD BURGEssS . : : : : : : : : : F d : : 131
THE Lonpon INSECTARY : : ; 5 : : ; ; ‘ : : : 131
RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE (Transactions of the American entomological

society; Insect life; the ‘jumping bean”; Kolbe’s Introduction) . : : 132
A MOovuLTING-HABIT OF LARVAE OF PLATYSAMIA CEANOTHI. — Caroline G. Soule . 133

MISCELLANEOUS Nores (Maynard’s Manual of N. A. butterflies; a Cincinnati boy in
the tropics; the reported death of Kiinckel) - : : : . - : 133

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB : : : f : 134

PUBLISHED BY THE
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120

PSIHCHE.

[ August 1891.

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The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais aie
pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. .

Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. aces
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen,1I890._ . 50

Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 .

Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (Gane
taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield, Ill., 1878 ¢ c :

Scudder, S. H. ‘The earliest winged in-
sects of America: a re-examination of the
Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the
light of criticisms and of new studies of other
paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate 50

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
generic names pre eese for Butterflies. Sa-
lem, 1875. 5

Scudder, S.H. ‘he pine- Soh bs Nae
tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25

Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

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1.50

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Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 I.00
Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jette:
42-46. Stettin, 1881- -1885. . 5.00
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INOS-it, 2574.5, Osi7 r : 5 I.00
—Third Report, Washington, 1883 2.50
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-—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 .

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
especially Lepidopiera and Coleoptera singly or in
lots. Also Orthoptera, dragon-flies, land and fresh
water shells at low prices.

H. FRUHSTORFER,
Care German Consulate,
Soerabaia, Java..

PSYCHE.

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY, AND
PICKERING.—II.

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

Wniron, Dec'r 22, 1623;
Dear Sir,

It was with great pleasure that I re-
ceived your interesting letter, in reply
to the one, which I had the honour of
addressing to you. Your attention to
my queries has emboldened
trouble you with another communica-

me to

tion.

Our coasts and waters are extremely
barren of varieties of shells; but few
being found except the most ordinary &
common species of Mya, Balanus, So-
len, Cardium, Ostrea, Mytilus, Murex,
Turbo, & Helix. I have no collection
myself, but may, perhaps, be able to
procure you some of these from my
The coat of mail, or Chiton,
If you will point

friends.
I have never seen.

out by what conveyance I shall send |

you the insects described by the late
Professor Peck, I shall be happy to for-
ward them. Possibly a private oppor-
tunity may shortly occur to me. The
summer past, I procured a dozen or
more specimens of Xenos Peckii; but
the insects were so small that I did not
succeed in preserving more than 2 or 3 ;
one of which is at your service if desir-
able. Prof. Peck described the insects,
named in my former letter, for the
Journal of the Mass. Agricult. Soc.

They are now out of print; but if I can
procure the numbers containing his
accounts. I shall endeavour to present
them to you. The papers & lectures of
this lamented friend are in my hands,
and will be published by my father &
myself. as soon as subscriptions to a
sufiicient amount shall be obtained.
Many of his drawings are exquisitely
fine, & some of these it is proposed to
have engraved for the work. For the
sake of the widow, and orphan son it is
desirable that it should be published ;
I am doubtful however, whether it will
quite equal the expectations ofall. His
friends could have hardly expected so
much from a self-taught naturalist, who,
for nearly twenty years, pursued, but
with scanty resources, his studies in ob-
scurity ; and who, in his latter and
more prosperous days, was a victim to
the repeated attacks of disease. A
short sketch of the life of this most
interesting & amiable man will be pre-
fixed to the volume, and will then
enable the public to appreciate his
merits, & to commiserate his misfor-
tunes.

In the month of August last, I dis-
covered Cantharis marginata on the
banks of the Neponset, and have in-
cluded an account of it ina paper on
our indigenous medicinal species, drawn
up for the N. E. Medical Journal: it

122

will appear in the number, which is to
be issued in April. By the solicitations
of one of the editors of the Boston Jour-
nal of Philosophy, &c., I have consented
to its publication in the number of that
Journal for February next. The object
of this paper is principally to clear up
some mistakes arising from ignorance
of the species, & to collect some facts
of practical utility; it will be only in-
teresting in this vicinity. Should you
see it, you will find your information
on the subject duly honoured. It was
my good’fortune also to trace the pro-
gress of the Peach-tree insect; and
having, in July, obtained it in its per-
sect state, I concluded that it must be
a Zygina, according to Fabricius’ char-
acter of that genus, in his Entomologia
Systematica (1793). An account of it I
presented to an agricultural friend,
John Lowell, Esqr., & proposed to call
it Zygena (Persice) cyanea, alis
posticis hyalinis; abdomine barbato,
cingula croceo. Soon afterwards, I
obtained, what I took to be another
species, from the Cherry-tree ; the larva
being found to infest excrescences on
the trunk and limbs. This, as well as
the former, I was unable to find in
Fabricius’ Glossata, & placed it in my
collection with this definition — Zy-
gena (Cerasi) alis hyalinis, margine
fasciaque anticarum cyaneis, abdomine
barbato, chalybato; barb& apice alba:
pedibus chalybatis, geniculis aureis, &c.
This insect I afterwards obtained also
from the peach tree; inhabiting, like
the preceding, beneath the bark at the

root. Still, the two were so dissimilar

ES CLL,

[ August 1891.

that I could not suppose them to be
merely the sexes of one species. Your
having remarked the great difference, in
appearance, of the sexes of Aegeria ex-
itiosa, has led me to think that, these may
be the same you mention by that name.
Please inform me whether my defini-
tions correspond with your specimens ;
&, if so, whether you are fully per-
suaded that they are but sexual distinc-
tions. My insects are certainly nearer
related to the genus Hgeria of Leach,
in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, than
to that of Zygzena. Does this latter
genus, according to the new arrange-
ment, contain insects with the anus
bearded; or are we to look to the an-
tenne alone for a_ distinction from
Aegeria? I have discovered,
another insect, probably of the same
genus, which may be thus described —
/Egeiia (fulvicornis) brunnea, alis pos-
ticis hyalinis ; margine postico, stigma-
teque costali fuliginoso; antennis,
tarsisque fulvis: abdomine — barbato.*
There Bombyx, quite
common here, it appears to be a non-
descript, & Prot. Peck proposed to call
it B. Trifolii, from the larva being very
fond of the common clover. I have
also found it feeding occasionally on
the leaves of the Balsam Poplar, & the
American Elm. Male sulphureous:
upper wings with two irregular lines &
under

here,

is a beautiful

a central macula ferruginous ;
wings with an ocellus & arc of a blue-
black colour; & an external arc & the

* Habitat unknown to me: found in meadows: mag-
nitude of the first mentioned.

August 1891. ]

inner margin lateritious. Pupil of the
ocellus pale, with a central white dash.
Length from tip to tip of the expanded
Wings 23 Female fuscous ;
upper wings with the lines & macule
dark & somewhat hoary; under wings
croceous, with the same concentric arcs
& pupil as the male. Length between
the wing 3! inches. The larva of this
Bombyx is particularly curious — it is
between 2 & 3 inches long, & covered
with greenish or light yellow spczes
which, /cke those of the nettle are per-
forated, stinging, & contain a potson-
ousliguor. The chrysalis hybernates
in a thin, silky, firm, cocoon; & the
perfect insect is developed about the
middle of June. It may, perhaps, be
well known to you; if so, what do
you call it?

In the Edinburgh Encyclopedia I
find many genera, of the order Lepidop-
tera, accredited to Fabricius, which do
not appear in his Entomologia System-
atica, printed in 1793; nor do I know
in what work of Fabricius these genera
are to be found. This makes it ex-
tremely difficult to study the order
Lepidopt. and almost impossible for a
novice to ascertain the species which
belong to the modern genera. Is Co-
quebert’s Decade a very valuable book
to the student, and can you inform me
its cost & probable utility ?

I should like mich to see Mr. Worth’s
paper, when published.

If Ido not intrude on your time &
patience, I hope you will allow me,
occasionally, to address you; & in
return, to favour me with your replies.

inches.

PSRCH EF.

123

In this way you will, from the centre of
science in which you preside, shed light
on an obscure individual, groping his
Way without access to books, & un-
aided by instruction, but anxious for
information, & desirous to obtain it
from the best sources.

Be pleased to receive my congratula-
tions on your safe return from your late
expedition, & my hopes that it will be
productive, to yourself, both of honour &
reward.

I am, Sir, with great respect,

Your humble serv’t
T. Wm. Harris.

Pas

you soon?

May I not hope to hear from

[DRAFT OF REPLY BY THOMAS SAY. |

Dear Sir—

I avail myself of a leisure interval to
reply to your letter of the 22nd ult. I
was not aware that an AZgeria inhab-
ited the Cherry tree, but of the fact
there can be no doubt as you found the
larva in the trunk and limbs of the tree.
Your desc’n of this insect and that of
the specimen from the peach tree,
agree perfectly with those I have desc’d
as the sexes of EZ. exitiosa. That my
two specimens are male & female I
have no doubt, but that they are sexes
of the same species I hold Mr. Worth
responsible; they do indeed differ very
much in appearance, but so also do
other sexes of identical species of the
same genus. The anus of /&®geria is
far more obviously bearded than that of
latter are

Zygena many, of which

124

altogether destitute of elongated hairs
on that part, the antennz however are
widely different. I do not
to have met with the third sp. of .
you mention; but your description of
the Bombyx agrees perfectly with B. Jo
of authors, yet, I cannot suppose that
Profess’r Peck was unacquainted w.
that insect which is so common in na-
sure & familiar in the books; if indeed
it is not that species it is without doubt
new.

Fabr. did not live to publish his Sys-
tema Glossatorum, but the work was
left in manuscript, & was finally publ’d,
I think, by Illiger, but I have never met
with it, & have therefore, with you, to
rely entirely on the Edinb. Encyc. for
his genera. Coquebert in his Decades
proposes to illustrate the works of Fabr.
by figures; his figures are good &
represent the genera as they stood at
that time, but so many divisions have
been since made that the book might

remember

PSTCHE.

[August 1891.

lead to error if implicitly relied upon.
I have seen but one copy of this work,
& doubt much if it can be purchased in
I have no idea of the
price in Europe. It is a folio vol.
& contains if I remember rightly 30
plates.

The number of the Journal A. N.S.
containing Mr. Worth’s obs’s on the
Peach tree destroyer will be published
about Tuesday next. I thank you for
mentioning the name of the work in
wh. Prof. Peck published his desc’s, we
have the Jour. Mass. Agric. Soc. here
& I can refer to them,

To communicate any information I

this country.

may possess to those who are in pursuit
of knowledge in Zoology, affords me, I
assure you, much gratification, I there-
fore hope that you will not scruple to
command me freely, though on the
other hand such are the nature of my
avocations I cannot promise always to
answer promptly.

SOME OF THE EARLY STAGES OF ZERENE CATENARIA.

BY SAMUEL

On September 24, 1859, I raised a
female of this species, and kept her in
confinement. On the third day she be-
gan to lay eggs and in the next two or
three days laid 259 of them. Two years
afterwards I placed a similar female, as
soon as born, alone ina large box with
asprig of sweet fern (Compfonia as-
plentfoliz), but her eggs were in all
cases dropped loose in the box.. The
eggs are about 0.75 mm. in height,

H. SCUDDER.

ovato-spheroidal, truncate at base, very
minutely punctured, and of a somewhat
pale pea-green color. None hatched.
The caterpillar is very common on
sweet fern, and is said by Packard to
feed upon Carex pennyslvanica, and
also on ‘‘blackberry, woodwax, wild in-
It lives solitarily, though
many are often found upon a single

7 »
digo, etc.

plant, and when full grown may be fre-
quently seen extended in a straight rigid

August 18or. |

position upon a twig, supported only
by its two pairs of prolegs, the body
at an angle of about forty-five degrees
with the terminal segments. In this
position it may remain a long time.

is a greenish lemon
The body is largest
segment, and

Its general color
yellow or straw color.
at the seventh abdominal
tapers very regularly and gently in each
direction, the head being scarcely broader
than the first thoracic segment. ‘The head
has the mouth parts white, a transverse se-
ries of three black dots on the frontal triangle,
and on each lobe of the head a series of four
similar dots arranged in a quadrilateral.
The body is marked by several longitudinal
series of very delicate reddish brown lines,
two on either side above and three on either
side below the spiracles, those above being
apparently latero-dorsal and infralateral, the
latter the finer; the first thoracic segment
bears a rounded dorsal shield with four black
dots arranged in a quadrilateral, and on
either side of each thoracic segment is a sin-
gle, on that of each abdominal segment a
pair, of short, transverse, black spots. (one
in front of and one behind the spiracle) the
lower ends of which are on the stigmatal line;
each of the legs has a pair of black dots and
each of the prolegs two vertical series of sim-
ilar dots, the hinder series of the hindmost
pair forming a triangular cluster, its apex
downward; the last segment has an arcuate
series of four black dots, opening forward,
besides a cluster of smaller ones at the ex-
treme posterior margin, and the penultimate
a transverse series of four dots next the pos-
terior edge, two subdorsal and two stigmatal ;
spiracles marked by a black dot encircled

with milky white. Length 45 mm.

The cocoon is an ovate open-meshed
net about 25 mm. long by 8 mm. in
greatest breadth, made of shining yellow
silk; the meshes are so open that the

dos PCLT.

125

caterpillar in making the cocoon can
thrust its head through any of them,
yet on completion the cocoon is rigid
and yields to handling less than many
compact cocoons, so stiff are the threads.
It is also strengthened by the guys which
attach it to the surrounding foliage.
When completed, it is much shorter
than the enclosed caterpillar, which is
obliged to lie in a cork-screw-like posi-
tion until his change occurs, and then
by his contortions he contrives to eject
the cast skin through the meshes of
the cocoon.

The chrysalis is of a white color, though a
pale pea-green tint suffuses the thorax and
appendages, especially on the ventral side,
and the abdominal segments are edged pos-
teriorly with lemon yellow, except the last two
which are black. There are also some other
distinctive marks: the head is covered with
short curved irregular lines and dots, and hasa
few yellow spots on top; the ocellar riband
is black; all the incisures of the appendages
are marked with black, and the wing veins
are indicated by ragged black lines now and
then interrupted; there is a dorsal yellow
streak on the abdomen which is bounded by
short black lines and dots; cremaster yellow
except the reddish testaceous tip. Length

22 mm.: breadth 4.5 mm.

An inky tinge begins to suffuse the
body about three days before emer-
ging; it first affects the dorsum of the
thorax, then it extends to the head and
rest of the thorax except the wings
and to the ventral portion of the abdom-
inal segments just succeeding the wing-
tips, and finally to nearly the whole
body. I once chanced to observe a
moth while emerging; it had thrust its
body forward out of the chrysalis skin

126
so as to touch the cocoon. I saw
it force its way out through one of the
meshes, which it did in a few seconds
by a series of starts, pushing itself with
its legs and opening and contracting its
limp wings; it made use of any limb
as soon as it was free from its encase-
ments, and as soon as it was out of the
cocoon it took up a position where its
wings could properly hang and expand.
Most of the imagos bred by me came

TS TOE:

[August 1891.

out in the third week of September ;
one was in chrysalis from August 23 to
September 24, or thirty-two days. As,
according to Packard, there is but one
brood a year and eggs are laid very
soon after hatching, it is probable that
winter is passed in the egg state.
Packard figures the caterpillar, but not
(as he says) the pupa, in his Monograph
of the Phalaenidae. (From notes taken
in 1859 and 1861.)

A List, OF Lith BOMBY CES HOUND IN. THE. ELEC@RIC, Ligie
GLOBES AT POUGHKEEPSIE, aN. Ye

BY HARRISON G. DYAR,

During the summer of 1890 I made
nine visits to the electric lamps of Pough-
keepsie and the following list shows the
number of Bombyces that they contained
at each visit, with totals. I have in-
cluded also the names of all Bombyces
that I have found in western Dutchess
County even though not found in the
lamps in 1890. The numbers will give
a fair idea of the relative abundance of
the different species. To my surprise I
found Halesidota tessellaris the most
abundant though, judging from the
larvae, it was no more common than
usual, while Clzstocampa americana,
which was second in abundance, was
unusually common, doing much injury
to the wild cherry and apple trees.

I visited about one-third of the electric
lights in Poughkeepsie and took al-

NEW YORK.

The ‘list con-
most

together 7874 specimens.

tains 114 species. The
numerous species, those comprising one
per cent or over of the total number,

seven

were the following :—

Per cent.
Flalesidota tessellaris Sm. Abb. 34
Clisiocampa americana Harr. 31
fly phaniria var. textor Harr. 16
Spilosoma virginica Fabr. I
Clistocampa disstria Hiibn. I
Lyperchirta to Fabr. I
Pyrrharctia tsabella Sm. Abb. I
All the rest together (88 species) I5

I was greatly assisted in making the
collections here recorded by the kind-
ness of Mr. J. H. Van Norstrand of
Poughkeepsie who takes care of the
electric lights I visited.

August 1891. |

PS TOT E.

June | June | June | July | July | July | July | Aug.
14 20 24 Ze 9 17 28. 4
INolamtiiiaotatacie/t. i. tele = «tote
Ob." Sante) ING} SM odco's noAbOobe eH en
Argyrophyes nigrofasciata.......
Glemensiayalibatatar esc. 21 «cst : :
Crambidia pallida...... wileimleyejohaiete tie Teoh lh Maas | eae
Hypoprepia fucosa (and var.).... : ; a eo 8 5 6
Euphanessa mendica....... Ota I I 2 3 P See
(CVOCotas HEE VICOTMIS “toils «1s < stele aisle i > 2 :
ws QWVENS Saccgoeds in istaie siete ; I am ca k I
Ultetheisabella-..-.............. ‘ I ! 5 6 14
Callimorpha suffusa....... Sjarexe's I ; : Sts
Arctia virgo ...... Snpicne od bIb6 bp cael | | ae : : I I 4
CLS PENA Saeco verse A Vewara patio vcvat eadete 5 9 23 I 3
cE SitSiMenlA Sacn0qucudagoce 4 wae ye | ; R 5
oc ALLE cece cceesees cece seeee hs 5 A Rass re Z I 2
Byrnhanctia isabella re... 2). ..' Sin) EO | 15 6 9 I sft
Phragmatobia fuliginosa ........ eek! | : ae I 6 10 I 13
WeucaretiavaGhaeal stetercie- 1+» «<1 I TOW |e) 4: 2 2 : I I
Spilosoma virginica ...... scbocal|| © 8 4 9 5 5 I 24
ee SIS booacepdecde aa He kept ball ets es —
ee AMUN EONS 6 ogecgdieocod ae ANN es 2 | I Pe ae a
Hyphantria cunea ...-.. .. <tetaets 8 167 51 | 543 | 140 16 14 | .180
Euchaetes egle........- ScoGOo005|| |e 8 I 2s Bie not cs -
OC COlilaTnsisrteraraie</ccreeeicre 2 4 5 12) || 3 I I
Ecpantheria scribonia..-.......-- I pias || eu eeeal| sho. coll OMA He toagetal ANS Ne cre
Halesidota tessellaris.........-.. 15 67 | 65 | 204 | 712 | 865 | 117 | 576
ae CATYAE wo eee ce cece eee TI 24 6 CLAN ein ae ox ee
Ce MACWIAbAlS «<1 mood aD I eins Loa 3
Sy Fane fit tas ecelapelote «ov ice selels aah ay dl aes 2
OM Wleucostiemal.« << s% -.2- 2. 5 9 | 20 4 4
Parorgyia clintonii-. .-...--...- ce : Dalle 2
oC joralllblooot soocoe Hone : I ’
oc CIMAMOMEA ---5--0.--- ine Sor : eee it) ere SS eta 1
ILEVTOR CEPI sceonaboDeDD os dBbe 2 Gi 22 Amie Ze last:
Euclea cippus.--..-....-- aio 138s 3 5 7 So aay 7
Parasa chloris (fraterna) ........ ae ad : I I
Bim ore SwimMbllen mcooooue.s weooe 3 3
Phobetron pithecium..........-- Se ene . EU etc
Iuimacodes scapha -+..:. «-.....- I 6 2 I 5
“ biguttata....... «acter moran ne
s y-iMversa .--- eee eee ee oe Maar 2
ce TRINCIOI odtia Gooaeebecc aaah ee, : : Bin
a WEST MORicooedd HUBOU T'S : 2 2 I 3
me GACROMMA lee + cle a «1s clapver= | I : my.
Sisyrosea inornata ..........-+-- | 2 I .
Adoneta spinuloides -----------. I

Aug.

Totals.

dw
FPO AROWO OWN AOOCSO

_
BRO mR On ONMNO DANATUH He OO

128

PSTGHLE:

Packardia elegans .....-5-.--+-.0.
us UKE. ao dbootlodconoopod
geminata .............
albipunctata ..........
Tortricidia flavula .............-
Lacosoma chiridota .............
Ichthyura inclusa...----....----
oi VAU-+ceeee.

& Al WOSUG MA ele iia alee
Apatelodes torrefacta.......+-.--
oe angelica. ..---..se..--
Datana anguSll....-.---- eee eee
iO SEMIMIS cocoon pb onooangoas

G6) Ghrerxelbbl Soaaron copo0d coon
66 MAJOT oe eeee secre ese eeees
66 palmii.. see. eee scenes
‘© integerrima ..--..-eeeee-
‘ contracta....++.---++see--
oe

PEVSPICUA + eee eee eee wees
Nadata gibbosa...--+ essere seers
Gluphisia trilineata ..--.++.-.---
Notodonta stragula..-.-+---+-++---
Lophodonta ferruginea..-.--.---
a ANZUILOSA se eeeee eee

by georgica..
Pheosia rimosa --"-""-
Nerice bidentata ....--
Edema albicosta ..--2. seeeeeeees
Ellida gelida* ..++-+ cesses eeeeee
Seirodonta bilineata .-.- -.---
Oedemasia concinna --+-+--++-+--
Dasylophia anguina .--+-++.++++
Schizura ipomeae --e+e seer reer
ee UENIEOIFONIS GoooGodo0m Good
DANA b5boceganesooused.
oy leptinoides .....-......-

a GMA apoodneosssuqnscs
Tanassa lignicolor ---+-++++ + +--+.
Heterocampa obliqua.....-..-+--
it ManteO:.....-- +e

os EAMKah Alon ccos coos
sie lonibwenc lin Geog oo ood
of TUT COMO tole syerere) slsioie
ce

marthesia
Cerura borealis .

ee ee ww ee

ewer ee ee ee eee ees

June

[August 1891.

‘| Totals.

.
.
~

HRW PNT NW HRP ONNHWDAOO DWH OK NOMNNMNONNNH NH ANTON H AHH OOO OO

iS)

One
iS)

* One specimen in electric light July 11, 18So.

August 1Sor. | PICHE. 129
June | June | June | July | July | July | July | Aug. Aug. |
Totals
14. 20. 24 2. 9. 17 28 4. I
oS
(Senna MOCCIGEMUAIISs. «0 cis clo = -. « I I 10 3 15
oe AQMMOMAGIS wejstsie ere)s «e Ae : Oo
oe SUE Soo bo ogeeenoods I I 33 6
, OG multiscripta........ Pd ee see I
Platypteryx arcuata...... eoreeneys 4 oO
Dryopteris TOSEa. -... <6. - eee cue Noes I I
JXGIIRNS, IUNNZy bo goeoasoepeoboose oe I Ws a 95 he noes tin igs |
Telea polyphemus.......... peters I I 3 OV ll) 1 7 Ai" 14! 2 54
Calosamia -promethea .......... : . me 3 I 3 aie 4
ee EVNGeHI Ney Ggoagaodod é : : I > I
BlAbySAMIa CECKOPIA =c.-c06c.-- 3 an, 22 15 0 \| one 49
Hyperchiria io..... sqoRcde spasge 12 13 LAN Oe 9 9 2 106
acles imipenialis. sc... <> eens 2 I 5 16 7 5 4 40
‘Criin@itorval isetalhiss Seog Gonos eeSbc ome 2 i I 4 I I 4 14
PATS OLA OSITSIMA | 1-- «1 slcis'ss «25 @ 1s I 3 2 Dears 9
sf Geinaiteyatin a ogee Sooo G Sie alana ae fo)
Dryocampa rubicunda .......... il ed | Me 3 8 8 2 2 2 28
Clisiocampa americana......-..-| 15 | 508 |1382 | 429 | 8&2 3 SAE 2419
33 Cliseeligoogqed JOON. 3 || aie 82 || 29 I 5 118
Gastropacha americana .........- a6 I I 2
OMY PE IATICIS («1 0'- « o.s'e esse ces ac 4 4
ue "Elias oSeoordsnosGccos|| ao Ia > D Ike ie. tl) Usuenever on Ie et seates C fo)
Prionoxystus robiniae -...... saql| 3-6 I I 2 2 CME Otome | [a uc I Io
Totals per visit ...-....-.- 118 | 88r | 1579! 1424! 1199| 1074| 178 | 918 | 503
Total number of moths taken........---.-.eeeeee eee SeHOO OIC Ged bone ow BE Us 7874

EXPERIMENTS WITH ALPINE BUTTERFLIES.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Before noon on July 17 last, the morn-
ing being fair, 1 caged half a dozen
Oenets semidea 8 ona pot of growing
sedge in an open south window, in the
hotel on the summit of Mount Washing-
ton, N. H. The afternoon and all the
next day the mountain was enveloped
in clouds, and no eggs were laid before
July 20 when, by eight o’clock, a single
egg was seen; during that day and the
next, both of which were fair, about
eight or nine eggs were laid. perhaps a

few more. July 20, at about 2 P.M.,
two more cages were stocked, both out
of doors on growing sedge, and in one
five, in the other seven females were
placed. These were examined about
twenty-four hours later; three eggs
were found in the former, none in the
latter, and all the females were re-
placed where the five had been, and left
in the care of Mr. H. H. Lyman who
remained longer on the mountain. Into
the cage in the house half a dozen more

’

130

butterflies were placed on the afternoon
of the 21st, and at seven o’clock the
next morning this cage was taken to
Cambridge and carefully examined, with
the result of finding twenty-six eggs;
most of these were laid on the dead last
year’s blades of sedge; a number were
found on the wire hoops supporting the
netting; still fewer on the green blades

of the sedge,—perhaps four or five;

one on a piece of brown paper in which
the pot was wrapped, but none either
on the netting, the edge of the flower-
pot, or the ground.

Toward the end of July, 1887, as re-
ported in my New England Butterflies,
p- 146-147, I carried three females of this
butterfly down the railway on Mount
Washington to the base, and found them
apparently affected by the change so as
to be unable to fly. I thought it would
be well to repeat the experiment and
extend it; accordingly, when [ left the
mountain July 22, I did not disturb the
butterflies I had placed in the cage until
I reached Cambridge, or just before
dark of the 22d. The butterflies were
all of them affected as described by me
before, but to a slightly less extent, none
lying quite helpless on their side and
some, after being fairly down the moun-
tain a few hours, keeping their wings
tightly closed continuously as they hung
It is possible (though I
do not think it at all probable, from the
nearly continuous shaking of the train)

from the lace.

that some of the eggs mentioned were
laid after leaving the summit of the
mountain, but some have certainly been
laid since their arrival at the seaboard,

LYS CHE.

[August 1891.

for one was seen laid on July 23,
seven were found on July 24 and twelve
more on July 25. Their behavior
below when attempting flight is quite
the same as one finds on. startling
them up from the sedge toward the
close of the day on the mountain;
they flutter close to and in contact with
the ground as if injured, and unable
even with desperate efforts to get away.

It was a somewhat curious coinci-
dence that I heard on my return that
Mr. W. H. Edwards had received in

West Virginia a lot of semidea, male

and female, sent alive in a pasteboard
box from Mount Washington; half were
dead, but two of the females were lively
and wandered about the cage in which
he placed them. It is quite evident,
then, that the change to a lower level
does not interfere with their activities to
the extent that I supposed it did.

Oenets semidea is very abundant
this year; a single larva in last stage
but not quite fully grown was found
under a stone on July 20.

During our stay on the mountain,
Mr. Lyman and I searched in vain from
the Ledge to Tuckerman’s Ravine, in
all its best known haunts, for Brezthzs
montinus without seeing one, and I am
quite convinced that it was not on the
wing. But an interesting capture was
made of Hurymus tntertor, males of
which, to the number of a dozen or
two, were seen in the lower half of the
woodless region. The only other but-
terflies seen above timber were Arg-yn-
nts cybele, Pierts rapae, and Huphoe-
ades glaucus.

= = Fo

August 1891. ]

EDWARD BURGESS.

The death of Mr. Edward Burgess of
Boston on July 12 at the age of 43 removed
one of the few persons in America who have
made important contributions to insect
anatomy.

His work was not voluminous but it was
very careful and exact. As president of this
Club he gave in 1880 an excellent review of
the then recent literature in insect anatomy
and physiology. His own most important
and extensive paper was on the anatomy of
the milk weed butterfly, but he worked out in
more or less detail the anatomy of the per-
fect stage in Anabrus and Aletia and studied
minutely the male abdominal appendages of
butterflies, the structure of the head of
Psocidae, the mouth parts of the larva of
Dytiscus and the varied course of the aorta
in Lepidoptera. He was also the first to
show the precise structure and working of
the apparatus for feeding in the imago of
Lepidoptera.

A large part of his work was in aid of ihe
researches of others, in which he was gener-
ous almost to a fault, and his unselfish devo-
tion to his duties for sixteen years as secre-
tary of the Boston society of natural history,
in whose publications most of his papers
were issued, brought the office to a high
state of efficiency —a devotion further sig-
nalized in his will, in which he made the
society his contingent residuary legatee.
Besides, although he published but a single
short paper on Diptera, his knowledge of
this group, in which he rendered large ser-
vice to others, was unsurpassed among our
countrymen.

To entomology, which he had cultivated
with such signal success, Mr. Burgess, it is
true, died several years ago when he parted
from his collection and library and turned his
attention exclusively to naval architecture in
which he had been interested from boyhood
and which offered far more promise of finan-
cial returns, then first absolutely necessary

LSHCTIE. 131

for him to consider. His world-known suc-
cess in his new field (for he fairly leaped
into fame) it is not the place here to con-
sider, but, clearly the greatest genius our
country has ever produced in this branch of
science, his naturalist friends without excep-
tion will agree that in losing him from their
immediate ranks Science at large has been
the gainer; they were indeed eager to ap-
plaud his success, his old scientific friends
being, we believe, the very first to give him
a tangible proof of their pride in his fellow-
ship —a pride all the greater for the almost
painful modesty with which he received
every mark of his growing fame. Selfishness
could not live in his sight. When the city
of Boston gave him a public reception, his
shrinking boyish figure as he rose to return
his thanks, in which he tried to turn public
attention rather to the one whose means,
whose confidence and whose sympathy had
rendered the realization of his scientific
genius practically possible, will not soon be
forgotten by those who witnessed it. But
the gentleness and sincerity of his charac-
ter, the refinement of his life and manners,
his truthfulness and loyalty, and all those
other delicate traits which revealed his heart
and rendered him so dear to his intimate
friends will remain to them a source of
perennial inspiration.

THE LONDON INSECTARY.

The following extract from a recent num-
ber of Nature shows that America is largely
drawn upon for interesting insects in the
display at the insect-house of the Zoological
Society of London, and yet no special men-
tion is made of our large and striking Bom-
bycidae. It suggests that when the contem-
plated natural history gardens in Boston are
fairly established, we can easily rival any
exhibitions of this nature now existing.

“The insect-house in the Zoological
Society’s Gardens is now in excellent order,

132 ST CLE .

and well deserves a visit. In addition to the
silk-moths that are usually present during
the the
swallow-tail butterflies, afford at the present
time the chief display. The perfect insects of
several species of the genus Papilio have

warm weather, Papilioninae, or

appeared—P. cresphontes, ajax, and asterias
from North America, P. alexanor from the
Mediterranean shores, and the handsome P.
maackit from Japan. The last named has
been seen for the first time in the house this
year, and offers a striking contrast to the
other species of the genus that have pre-
viously been exhibited in the Gardens, it
being of black and golden-green colours in-
stead of the yellows and blacks that we are
accustomed to in our European swallow-
tails. P. cresphontes has appeared in large
numbers in the house, but no varieties have
been obtained. This also is the first season
for two other beautiful
Doritis apollina from Asia Minor, and the
Japanese Serzcina The latter
shows considerable difference in the mark-
ings of the sexes. The North American
Limenitis disippus can be at present seen in
all its stages, and is well worthy of atten-
tion, the caterpillar moving along the leaf-
stalks with a peculiar interrupted gait. Of
the sphinx moths, the south European Dedle-
phila alecto has already appeared, and D.
nicae is expected. These insects are, how-
ever, not seen to advantage in confinement,
as their superb powers of flight cannot be
displayed in a Two
examples of the Orthoptera are alive in the
house—Diapheromera femorata, one of the
stick- or twig-insects from North America,
and Empusa egena from southern Europe.
The former has been reared from eggs laid
in the insect-house, but these progeny are
not so healthy as those obtained from fresh-
ly-imported eggs. The Empusa is of a most
bizarre form, and belongs to the family Man-
tidae, the species of which feed only on liv-
ing creatures. The public is indebted to Mr.
S. H. Carver for the opportunity of seeing

Papilioninae, viz.

telamon.

small compartment.

[Augu: t 1801.

living scorpions; he has sent examples of
two species of this group from: Egypt, both
of which unfortunately are unidentified,
there being obvious difficulties in the way of
carrying about live scorpions and comparing
them with dried specimens. There

third scorpion, from south Europe, living

See

with its Egyptian congeners; it has a small
delicate tail, and is altogether a less frightful
creature, though assuming a menacing atti-
tude with equal readiness. A spider, Lycosa
portosantana, from Madeira, is healthy, and
is a fine creature, though insignificant by the
side of its neighbour, a huge Mygale from
South America. The latter, as well as the
scorpions, is fed with mice, which are given
to it dead, though in its native haunts a
Mygale has been known to prey on living
individuals of these small mammals.”

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

The first number of the 18th volume of the
Transactions of the American entomological
society contains convenient analytical tables
to the genera of Coccidae by Ashmead, as well
as a catalogue of the described South Ameri-
can Asilidae by Williston; one is rather sur-
prised to see Dasypogon figuring in three
different places. A monograph of the spe-
cies of Cryptohypnus found in boreal Amer-
ica by Horn will be welcomed by the coleop-
terist; it includes thirty species and they
are divided into nine groups containing from
one to seven species each. Other papers are
less important. If the society would print a
table of contents to each number on the va-
cant fourth page of the cover it would be
very welcome, especially as the head-lines of
the pages are not very distinctive.

The issue of Insect life for June is a
double one and therefore makes even a
better showing than usual. This journal has
now certainly justified its publication, though
grave doubts have been expressed as to the
province of the government in the issue of a
periodical, and it may still be questioned

August 1891. |

whether such a periodical should be open to
direct contributions from others than the
divisional force and those in the state exper-
iment stations working in concert with them.
Particularly technical articles like Lord
Walsingham’s seem out of place, and it
would be hard to justify them, when there
are plenty of openings for their publication
and they have only a very indirect bearingon
economic entomology. Were such articles
omitted, the periodical would certainly gain
in character, and as it is, quite apart from its
value on the purely economic side, no ento-
mological periodical in the world is so rich
in interesting and varied notes on the habits
of insects.

Apropos of the ‘‘jumping-bean” which is
twice mentioned in this number of Insect
life, once in the answer to correspondents
and again in the proceedings of the Ento-
mological society of Washington, it may be
well to call attention toa recently published
foreign paper on Carcocafsa saltttans, and
on another and nearly allied moth, (Cvra-
pholitha motrix, which causes similar move-
ments in the fruit of Colliguaya brasiliensis
in Uruguay: thearticle, by Dr. Berg of
Montevideo, will be found in the Anales of
the Sociedad cientifica argentina, vol. 31.
The new moth is particularly interesting since
the motor power in Dr. Riley’s new jumping-
bean is recognized by him as also a
Grapholitha.

Kolbe’s Introduction to the knowledge of
insects is so good that one must scold at its
slow appearance. Begun in 1889, it has only
reached its sixth number, and to judge by
the scheme laid down in the prospectus it is
not a quarter finished; we hope it is not, for
though we find some oversights, it contains
a rare collection of facts and some very in-
teresting discussions; the present number
deals with the structure of the legs and of
the abdomen; the account of the ovipositor
and of the claspers seems rather meagre
though possibly more is to be given in the
next part.

ASL Le.

153

A MOULTING-HABIT OF LARVAE OF PLa-
TYSAMIA CEANOTHI.—In watching a brood of
ceanothi larvae, which are living on wild
cherry, my attention has been drawn toa
habit, noticed at each moult, and which I
have not seen in other Bombycid larvae.
When first becoming quiet the larva spun a
loose web to the twig just in front of its
head, ata short distance. When the mask
had fallen and the skin split in moulting, the
larva grasped this loose web with its first
pair of feet, and pulled itself along by it, till
all the feet were free and could cling to the
silk. Then moulting proceeded by the usual
contraction and expansion of the muscles.
This was done by every larva at every moult.

Caroline G. Soule.

A ‘Manual of North American Butter-
flies” by C. J. Maynard has just been pub-
lished by DeWolfe, Fiske, & Co. of Boston.
It is an octavo of over 200 pp. with ten plates
and numerous figures in the text, and de-
scribes more than 600 nominal species. The
first thing which strikes one on looking it
over is the total absence of the slightest
allusion to any of the early stages of butter-
flies, excepting that a single chrysalis is fig-
ured. The only reference to the fact that
they have a history—a history the study of
which forms the chief charm and interest in
these insects, and the one thing to which all
novices should be pointed—is in some such
curt statementas ‘‘occurs in June and July.”
Not even a single reference either general or
particular is given to show that such life7
histories are known; we believe the word
“larva” or ‘caterpillar’ does not appear be-
yond the third page where the body of the
work begins. The second thing we notice,
considering that the book ‘‘is intended for
the use of the tyroas well as for the advanced
student,” is the absence of a single table to
distinguish the different genera of a family,
or the different species of a genus. Thirty-
five genera of Nymphalidae, for instance, to
be distinguished by the tyro with no other

134

aid than plodding through each of the de-
scriptions in turn to see which fits best; or
fifty-three species of Argynnis in a similar
plight except that here the rough but fairly
good figures of the under side of a hind wing
materially aid the comparison; or again
eighty-six species of Pamphila where even
figures of a single wing are wanting in more
than two thirds of the species! For such
characteristics as these, no possible excel-
lence in the descriptions or the sequence, or
even in the illustrations could possibly
atone. It is planned upon wrong lines—a
dreary guide to a delightful study. Bettera
single life-history well worked out, to beget
a wish to learn more, than the whole of it.
Butterflies are not lifeless postage-stamps,
and should not be treated as such.

A very lively and interesting account is
given in the last number of the Journal of
the Cincinnati society of natural history of
the wanderings and collections of a ‘‘Cin-
cinnati boy in the tropics,” William Do-
herty, who entirely without funds has wan-
dered all through the east, making fine col-
lections in natural history, especially in-
sects, and paying his way by their sales.
Through perils and adventures innumerable
he seems so far to have escaped with his
life; ‘‘my beggar-like and dilapidated garb
was my safeguard against robbers,” he says,
‘tand my running after butterflies was calcu-
lated to impress them that I was a harmless
lunatic and so I got through where a more
pretentious personage might have failed.”

Reference was made in our June number,
p- 100, to the reported death of Kiinckel, and
discredit given to the story that he had been
overcome by locusts in Algiers. It now
appears that the entire story must have been
a fabrication, for records have reached us of
two or three meetings of the French entomo-
logical society (of which he was once presi-
dent) subsequent to the date of his reported
death, and no sort of reference to such an
event appears, though at least one necrolo-
gical notice is given; moreover Kiinckel has

PST CHE.

{ August 1891.

since that date been appointed upon a com-
mittee of the society, and presented papers
both to itand to the French Academy! We
observe that Entomological news publishes
the telegram from Algiers as if it had no
doubt of its truth.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

14 February, 1890.—The 151st meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. S.
H. Scudder in the chair.

The annual report of the librarian, post-
poned from the January meeting, was read
and accepted. The auditors announced that
the report of the treasurer was correct, and it
was accepted.

Dr. H. A. Hagen asked the opinion of
those present concerning books on entomol-
ogy for the use of beginners and amateurs.
Our common insects, Half-hours with in-
sects, and Entomology for beginners, by Dr.
Packard, and Comstock’s Introduction were
mentioned as the most available.

Mr. S. H. Scudder read from a letter of
Mr. James Fletcher an account of damage
done to the pine staves of the water pipes of
the Ottawa (Can.) water system. The pipes
have been in use fifteen years. The destruc-
tion is supposed to be due first to the decay-
ing of a very thin layer of the surface of the
wood through the chemical action of river
water, and then to the removal of the de-
cayed surface by aquatic beetles. Beetles be-
longing to Dryops and Macronychus were
found in the injured wood; also larvae pro-
visionally referred to the same genera.

Mr. Scudder read an account of the habits
of spiders, by Jonathan Edwards, written in
the last century, and recently published in
the Andover Review.

Mr. Scudder also read a letter from Mr.
E. A. Smyth, Jr., giving his observations on
the habits and relative abundance of several
coliads found in North and South Carolina.

(See Psyche, v. 5, p-. 334.)

~ JOURNAL, OF BHNTOMOLOGY:.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6; No: 185.

SEPTEMBER, 1891.

CONTENTS:

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY AND PICKERING.—III . ; 137
HEMARIS DIFFINIS.—/da M. Eliot, Caroline G. Soule : ‘ : : : : 142
NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.—II.—- Harrison G. Dyar . 5 : ; < P : 145
THE NEW CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN COLEOPTERA.—Fohkn Hamilton . : : 3 147
TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS WITH MOTHS.—Frederic Merrifield 4 . : : 148
SOME ABNORMAL LARVAE; ANOTHER DEIDAMIA INSCRIPTA.—Caroline G. Soule . : 149
MiscELLANEOusS Notes (Monograph of the Conocephalinae; larva of Micropteryx;

hermaphroditic Arthropoda) : . : : : . : ; : : 150
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB - : : : : 150

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S.A.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 2oc.

[Entered as second class mail matter. ]

136

PST CHE.

[September 1Sgt

Psyche, A Journal of Entomology.

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R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
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FOR SALE.

The collection of insects made by the late Henry
Edwards, consisting of about 300,000 specimens of
all orders and well represented in large numbers of
individuals and long suites of specimens, from all
parts of the world. Is particularly rich in Pacific
coast of North America species. A-large number
of Lepidoptera from this region were described by
Mr. Edwards and his types are in the collection. In-
stitutions or private persons wishing to purchase
will please address Mrs. Henry Edwards, 185 E. 116
Street, New York, N. Y.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais ae

pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of ine
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, I8go. 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (com
taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield. Ill., 1878 S| aCO
Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America: a re-examination of the
Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the
light of criticisms and of new studies of other
paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate -50
Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
gencric names ayaa for Butterflies. Sa-
lem, 1875. : - 2.00
Scndder, Sp ale The pine- Eman of Nan-
tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of
Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 », 1.00
Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Je
42-46. Stettin, 1881-1885. : 5.00
Wars: ee Commission. Bulletins,
INOSIE,) 25 415,10 : 1.00
—Third Report “ Washinbion: 1883 2.50
—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 2.00

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

FOR SALE,

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
especially Lepidopiera and Coleoptera singly or in
lots. Also Orthoptera, dragon-flies, land and fresh
water shells at low prices.

H. FRUHSTORFER,
Care German Consulate,
Soerabaia, Java.

Peo LEB:

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY AND
PICKERING.—III.

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

Mitton (Mass.) Nov’r 18, 1824.

To Thomas Say, Esq.
Dear Sir,

I have waited until
this for a private conveyance of the
box of insects which accompanies this
letter.

The numbers of your Journal which
I have received have afforded me much
gratification, particularly the papers by
yourself and those by Mr. Charles Bon-
aparte. From your descriptions I have
already recognized several of my insects,
& probably shall more when I can find
leisure to examine them. The last
number of the Journal wh. I have re-
ceived is that for August; & I shall be
glad to have any numbers that have
since appeared sent me by the gentle-
man to whom I have entrusted this
letter & box. I have requested Mr.
Fuller to procure for me the first vol-
ume of your American Entomology,
from which I anticipate much informa-
tion & pleasure. If the work is pub-
lished by subscription I should be happy
to use my endeavours to procure sub-
scribers for you.

I am completely at a loss for the de-
scription of that weevz? which, in your
letter of the 26th May, you call the

Pinastri of Fabricius. The same spe-
cific name occurs in Melsheimer’s cata-
logue; but I find no species by that
name in the works of Fabricius which I
possess: These are his Entomologia
Systematica, 5 vols. 1792-1798; & his
Systema Eleutheratorum, S. Rhyn-
gotorum, S. Piezatorum, & S. Antli-
atorum, 5 vols. 1801-1805. Neither
does the specific name pzzastrzé occur
in Gmelin’s Linné.

Curculio Nenuphar Herbst I do not
find in Fabr. or Gmelin, & have not
access to the work of Herbst.

I must thank you to refer me to the
number of the Journal Acad. Nat. Sc.
in which your description of Stexoco-
rus tridens is to be found.

Last September I was so fortunate as
to discover the male of that species of
Aegerza of which [ sent you the female
in the spring, & to wh. I gave the name
of fulvicornis, in a former letter. After
repeating my definition of the species I
will, agreeably to your request, add the
charactersof themale. Aegerza (ful-
vicornis) brunnea, alis posticis hyali-
nis; margine postico, stigmateque cos-
tali fuliginoso ; antennis tarsisque fulvis,
abdomine barbato. Mas minor, alis
anticis basi hyalinis, apice opacis; ano
tribarbato, barba media perlonga, fulva.
The most remarkable characteristic of

138

the male is the extremely long, slender,
bearded appendage to the abdomen, of
a tawny or dirty yellow colour. The
whole length of the male from the head
to the extremity of this appendage is 75
of an inch; this appendage is not quite
zy of an inch; beirg nearly as long as
the whole body. Standing obliquely
on each side of the anus is a little fuli-
ginous tuft. The abdomen is some-
what fulvous beneath. The anterior &
intermediate extremities are fulvous, the
latter however have a dark patch on the
genicula & tibie. The first joint of
the posterior tarsusis much more pilose
than in the female; the hair near the
union of the tarsus & tibia is fuliginous,
The pectina-
tions of the antennz are slightly fus-
cous. This is the only male that I have
ever seen, & I found it on the identical
currant bush from which I had the pre-
ceding year taken the females.

the remainder fulvous.

I have this season met with a species
of Cicindela that is new to me, & which
I cannot identify as any one of those de-
scribed by you in the Trans. Am.
Philos. Soc. Phila. 1818. I have called
it Cicindela (erythrogaster)* obscure
fusca, elytris lunulis basi et apicis,
fascia intermedia flexuosa, punctisque
duobus albidis : abdomine femoribusque
viridis; ano late rufo. Length half an
inch. Antenne green at base. Head
cupreous, with two green abbreviated
lines between the eyes. Mandibles
white at the base, black at the points.
Lip white, with a single tooth. Thorax
cupreous obscure, with the margin &
breast green. Elytra obs[c lure, some-

*[See Harris, Entom. corresp., p. 2.]

PS GCL.

[September 1Sq1.

what cupreous, with a humeral & ter-
minal lunule, an intermediate flexuous
band, & two spots behind the band
whitish. Abdomen green, the hypo-
gastrium red. Feet obscure, thighs
I have only met with one spec-
imen, which was captured in a dry,
gravelly pasture.

Prof. Peck taught me to define the
species in Latin & I have generally ad-
hered to his advice, though it savours
somewhat of pedantry.

My friend, Mr. Fuller, has kindly
taken charge of a package containing
two boxes of insectsfor you. In box 1,
(the bottom one) are some of the Cole-
optera which I have collected. They
are all numbered in order to facilitate
you in naming to me such as have been
described, & to enable you to indicate
the nondescripts. I have kept a cata-
logue to correspond, with arbitrary
names for all the species not as yet as-
certained. From the want of books,
plates, & access to other cabinets, but
more than all, from the want of time to
examine them I have made out but few
of the species. These I have added,
however, that I might from your infor-
mation and experience, render myself
doubly sure; & also that I might learn
of you to what genera they are to be re-
ferred, according to the System of Dr.
Leach in Brewster’s Encyclop. I pre-
fer on most accounts his system to that
of Latreille in the Regne Animal of
Cuvier. Should it however be incon-
venient to you to follow the first, I must
content myself with having the genera
according to the second; with such syn-
onyms as may be necessary. No. 1 of

green.

September 1Sg1 J

the Coleoptera I once supposed to be
Cicindela trifasciata, F.; but now
think it must be you[r] C. valgarzs. No.
7 is probably Brachinus fumans F.
No. 27 much resembles your Buprestis
divaricata ; but is evidently a distinct
species, from. the construction of the
apex of the elytra. No. 37 is the lumi-
nous /arva ? of some Lampyris: it is
very common in low grounds in Sept’r
and Oct’r. Nos. 66, 67, 68, and 69
may perhaps be only sexual or other
varieties of one species. The same
may be true as to Nos. 136, 137, 138,
and139. No. 76] take to be your JZelo-
lontha pilostcollis; No. 83 your M.
sericea; & No. 86 your Cetonia bar-
bata. No. 93, as was observed by
Prof. Peck, differs somewhat from the
European TZenxebrio molitor. No. 98
is to be found in all stages within the
legumes of Baptista (Sophora L.)
timctorza, in the months of Aug’t and
Sept’r. No. 106 inhabits beneath the
bark of the Plum-tree ; No. 107 beneath
that of the Juncperus virginiana and
if they are not already described by
some other name, should, according to
a rule of Linnzus, bear for their spe-
cific designations the generic names of
the trees which afford them sustenance.
This rule I conceive to be of the high-
est importance; and it appears most
proper to distinguish the species of in-
sects by the names of the trees or plants
on which they live, in every instance
where it is practicable, or where the
habitat is known.

Can you tell me where I am to look
for the larva of No. 114, Lamia torna-

BSCE,

139

tor, F. & for that of No.117 ? That of
No. 116 inhabits the Lombardy poplar.
Can No. 117 be Stenxocorus cyaneus,
F.? Dr. Leach has separated from the
genus Rhag¢um some insects to which
he has given the generic name of Hfar-
gtum; the characters of which are,
‘* Thorax with a spine on each side;
thickest in the middle.’
The type of this genus is Rhagium
endagator,F. Now it seems to me
that No. 117 might be referred to this
genus.

antenne

Please give me your opinion
No. 132 appears to be
Cassida aurichalcea, F. but no men-

on the subject.

tion is made, in the description of that
species, of the small black spot on each
elytron. I have written a paper on
this insect for my friend Hon’l John
Lowell. No. 149 is extremely com-
mon on the 7Zz/¢a americana, & the
English Elm.

In the second box No. 1 is a complete
scare-sleep, and from its note is called
‘*Katy-did.” No. 20, Stgara
swims in the ordinary way, & not upon
its back.
latus ? F. is found in abundance on the
Robinia pseudacacta in September.
You may have observed the knotted
condition of the small twigs of this tree.
Each protuberance contains in summer
a reddish worm, the larva of some in-
sect, which lives on the pith, & leaves
the tree to go through its metamorpho-
sis, Drobably in the ground. May it
not be the larva of this species of J/em-
bracts. Do you know the oeconomy
of No. 33? I have ascertained the
metamorphosis of Nos. 34, 35, 36, 44,

No. 21, MWemébracis bimacu-

140

45, 46, 47, 48, 49, & 50. The history
of some of them, particularly the 5 or 6
last, is interesting to the agriculturist,
etc. On’ the’ cover are 3 more Lepi-
doptera, with whose changes I have
made myself acquainted; & wish to be
sure that I have ascertained the species.
No. 129 I take to be Papzlio Trozlus,
Po NO.) 120. Ps astercas, F.,. &, No:
wan, fe, carduz, H, All: three!.were
raised from the young larve. No. 75
is the parasite of Papzlio Asterias. I
have sent but few specimens of the
Order Lepidoptera, because they are
large, and occupy too much room.

Do you know the larva of Papilio
Hyale ? & its habitat ? Of Diptera the
box contains but 3 species. The Myopa
& Asilus are curious from their resem-
blance of Hymenopterous insects.

On the cover are a few shells, ob-
tained from a pond of stagnant (fresh)
water. These & some from our beach
which I picked up last summer are not
sent as curiosities, but to convince you
of my desire to comply with your
wishes, as far as it is in my power.

If you have no use for the insects I
shall esteem it a great favour to obtain,
through your means, an exchange of
specimens with any collectors in your
vicinity. You have several insects wh.
are desiderata, e. g. Cremastocheilus
castanee \Knoch., Geotrupes Tityus,
F.; Bolttophagus cornutus; Brentus
anchorago, & other species of the same
genus; Ahagium <inguisitor, F.;
Eilaphrus riparius; Tipula triticé ;
&c, &c. I have not yet found native
species of Blags; but very few of

Jeol esau Ke

[September rSgt.

Dytiscus, of which No. 23 im:-BOx In 4S
the largest; & but one small Aydro-
philus. Those insects which
sent are such as are the most common
here: you can thence form some idea
of what my collection must consist.

I am desirous to know whether Xexzos
Peckiz is common with you; & whether
you have discovered any other species
either of Xezos or Stylops. I could in
summer obtain any number of Nenxos
Peckit, but do not know how to pre-
pare them for the Cabinet.

I will now bring this long letter to a
close, hoping that you will excuse me
if I have trespassed on your time and
patience; for I am like a traveller in a
strange land, anxious to obtain infor-
mation, & the best of guides.

Be pleased, Sir, to accept the best

wishes & grateful acknowledgements
of

I have

Yours, very respectfully,
T. Wivtuiam Harris.

[DRAFT OF REPLY BY THOMAS SAY. |

Jan’y 8th, 1825.

Dear Sir!

Your interesting letter with
the boxes of fine insects came to hand in
excellent order by Mr. Fuller, at whose
lodging I called several times, but
probably owing to his engagements, |
saw only once for a few minutes.

With respect to the pzzastrz I think
it highly probable that I have adopted
the name from Melsheimers Catalogue
without examination since I do not find
the insect desc’d in my Mss. Since
the reception of y’r letter, I have looked

September 1891. ]

for it in vain in Fabr. & Herbst. Prof.
Peck’s name may therefore probably be
retained.

Although much of Herbst’s great
work was publ’d long before the Syst.
Eleut. yet it contains a great many
desc’s not noticed by Fabr.

I am very happy to find that I have
not publ’d the Stenocorus tridens;
after much search I discovered the
desc’n of the insect amungst my rejected
Mss. with the following note sub-
scribed ‘It is probable that this is the
villosus Fabr. as it agrees very well
I do not think
I have seen any insect that agrees better
with the é¢dexs Fabr. than this spe-
cies, but he attributes to that sp. 2
spines to the extremity of each joint of
the antenne. It may be different from
both, in which case Prof. Peck’s name
of putator must of course be retained.

Your /&geria fulvicornis, is, I think
new ; it is certainly a charming and cu-
mous: imsect. I
whether the Cicindela be new or only a
variety, but I am inclined to the opin-
ion that itis new. I have no unpub-
lished description of a Cicindela.

I agree with you perfectly with re-
spect to latin specific definitions; I do
not see the necessity of thus using that
language in preference to the French,
German or English languages, for I
believe that almost every naturalist of

with his short desc’n.”

cannot determine

aS) KC LELS,

141

any distinction can read a description in
either. If any part is to be latinized I
conceive it ought to be the history
which is always the most difficult to
read in a foreign language.

The following is a list of the insects
contained in the first box, carefully
compared with descriptions of authors,
with my Mss. descr’s & with the speci-
mens in my cabinet. [The list is not
given.]| The contents of the second
box I have not yet had time to’ examine
& compare, but I will attend to them
as early as possible.

A new genus has recently been made
by Dejean for the Stexocorus cyaneus
Fabr. under the name of Desmocerus.
It could not be referred to the g’s Har-
gtum of Leach, which is not adopted
by subsequent writers.

I regret my inability to give you any
information relative to the larve you
mention, my opportunity of becoming
acquainted with the changes of insects
is at present very limited.

You sent some
Marine shells, but I have only received
those that are attached to the lid of one
of the boxes, & they are all fresh water ;
I therefore suppose that there was a
package that I have, unfortunately, not
received.

Xenos peckit is common here; but I
have not seen any other species of the
genus or of Stylops.

mention having

142

Y ERS I AGI 5 Ve

[September 18g1.

HEMARIS DIFFINIS: FROM LARVAE SENT FROM MISSOURI.

BY IDA M. ELIOT AND CAROLINE G. SOULE.

The larvae arrived and
were moulting for the second time.

May 30.

Length 5-8 inch. Head pale green, round,
with a deep median suture, and three glau-
cous spots on the sutures; granulated with
white. Body pale green dorsally, darker on
the sides; venter with three brown longitu-
dinal lines; thickly granulated with white.
Ist segment crowned with a _ transverse,
double row of bright yellow, raised granules,
which projected over the head, giving ita
retracted look. This segment was bluer
green than the others. Feet and props
almost white barred with dark brown, Cau-
dal horn long, slender, rough, bright yellow
at the sides of the base, blue-black elsewhere.
Anal shield slightly yellow at tip. Spiracles
deep blue black, ringed with pale blue. No
obliques.

June2, 3d moult.—Length 11-8 inches.
Head clear blue-green, granulated with
white. Mouth-parts blue-black. Body: ist
segment blue-green, crowned with trans-
verse, double row of yellow granules, de-
pressed on dorsal line. Other segments
white-green dorsally, very yellow-green
laterally, and with the venter red-brown,
with two longitudinal stripes of dark brown
which included the base of props and feet.
The body was thickly granulated with white,
yellower on the sides. Feet and props
brown, barred with darker brown. Caudal
horn long, slender, straight, sharp, rough,
bright yellow at sides of base, blue-black
elsewhere. Anal shield with a faint yellow
tip. Spiracles deep blue-black, with a white
dot in the black at top and bottom; a pale
blue ring encircled the whole. No obliques.

June 9, 4th moult.—Like the third, except
in size. Length, 1 1-2 to 1 3-4 inches, vary-
ing in individuals.

June 13. Stopped eating, and the
dorsum and head turned almost purple.
Spun light cocoons, fastening leaves to
the tin.

June 16.

Pupa i 1-8 inches long, smooth, slender,
with the head very pointed, and anal tip
very short and rough. In some specimens
the tongue-case was hardly to be seen, im
others was a flat ridge extending just beyond
the apex of the wings. In color the pupae
were of a dark brown, much lighter between
the segments, and almost black on the head,
thorax and wings.

Pupated.

They were the most active pupae we
have ever seen. One pupa had not
given the imago up to Aug. 8, 1891,
although very lively, rolling from one
end of the box to the other whenever
the box was jarred.

The larvae had been fed on Sym-
phoricarpus racemosus until they
reached us, but ate Lozzcera tartarica
and L. japonica, and were fed chiefly
on the former.

They had one unusual peculiarity :
The slender part of the caudal horn
was easily rubbed off, more than half
the larvae losing it at some stage, and
regaining it at the next moult, or losing
it entirely during the stage before pupa-
tion.

The first moth, g, emerged July 4,
asecond g emerged July 6, and a 9
somewhat later in the day, but before
noon.

September 1$91.]

There were no signs of mating until
the box was put into strong sunlight,
when in less than five minutes the pair
were zz cotfu, and so remained for
about two hours.

Our moths differed somewhat from
those described by Mr. Fernald in his
‘‘Sphingidae of New England.”

The g had the top of the head, thorax,
and first two abdominal segments of a bright
green—almost parrot-green—the dorsal line
being a trifle browner, and the sides of the
abdominal segments a little yellower. The
next two segments of the abdomen were
almost orange, the second browner on the
dorsum, and the first having a brown dorsal
line. Both these segments were edged pos-
teriorly with dark brown. The rest of the
abdomen was dark brown, and ended in
heavy anal tiifts, those on the sides being
black, that in the middle yellow-brown.
On the sides of the first two abdominal
segments, and on the dorsum of the second
were small tufts of blue hairs. The upper
part of the palpi, the sides of the thorax, the
legs and the underpart of the abdomen were
black. The under part of the palpi, the first
joint of forelegs, and the sides of the thorax
just beneath the base of the wings were
bright canary yellow, as was a spot between
the second pair of legs. On the yellow
abdominal segments there was a broad black
ventral band.

When freshly emerged the transparent
parts of the wings were covered with black
scales thickly enough to look almost as
opaque as the dark border, but these scales
quickly rubbed off as the moths moved about.
The forewings had a brown costal band, a
much wider band on the outer margin, with
a rust-colored spot near the apex anda brown
patch at the base of the wings, continuing as
a band along the hinder edge. Veins dark
brown. When freshly emerged there was a
patch of green hairs overlapping the base of

SSS i OW UDR

143

the wings, but these soon rubbed off. The
hind wings were edged with rusty brown, the
band being widest on the inner border.
Veins rusty brown. All these brown bands
were opaque, and the transparent parts of the
wings were irridescent in the light. Legs
black, irridescent in the light. Antennae
wide, club shaped, with a little spine at
the apex, rusty black, serrate on the two
edges.

The @ differed in having no blue tufts on
the abdomen; smaller antennae. which were
not at all serrate; smaller anal tufts; and
yellow, instead of orange, on the abdominal
segments. The brown dorsal line on these
segments was wider than on those of the @.

The moths were very quiet unless
put into the sunlight when they at once
began to fly about almost incessantly.
Sugar and water were put on the net-
ting over the box, but I am not sure
that they fed at all.

The 9 began to lay her eggs at about
9-30 A.M., July 7th. The eggs were
small, oval, bright green. Sixty eggs
were laid the first day, and became
slightly depressed on the next day.
The moth would lay fifteen or twenty
eggs, making a great noise and fuss
over them, and then would seem ex-
hausted, and rest for a long time before
laying more.

Sixty-one eggs were laid on the sec-
ond day. Forty-three eggs were laid
on the third day. Forty-four were laid
on the fourth day and the @ died
before noon, having laid 208 eggs.
July 14, at 1 p.m., the eggs began to
hatch, having turned yellow two days
before.

Young larva 1-8 inch long, pale yellow,
tapering from the large, round head to the

144

anal segment. The body was covered with
short white—or colorless—hairs, and the feet
and props were of the body color. The
mouth-parts were pink; the anterior edge of
the first segment overlapped the head, and
was whiter than the head or the body. The
caudal horn was yellow at first, then gray,
then black. It was straight, stout, blunt and
rather long in proportion to the body. Jt
had one hair arising from its tip. There
was a substigmatal ridge, whiter than the
body, from head to tip of anal shield.

The larvae did not eat any part of the
eggshell, but at once went to the leaves
provided for them and began to eat.
This is unusual in our experience of
newly-hatched larvae, most kinds not
beginning to feed until at least twelve
hours from the egg, though they all
drink greedily. After eating the larvae
became glassy green, with yellow head,
anal segment, feet, props, and_ substig-
matal ridge.

July 17. sst moult.—1-4 inch long. Head
small, yellow. Body above green, covered
with short hairs seen only with a lens;
beneath almost purple. First segment with
a dorsal crest of yellow granules depressed on
dorsal line. Caudal horn blue-black, long,
slender, rough, yellow at sides of base. Feet,
props, and spiracles blue-black.

July 20. 2d moult.—Length 1-2 inch-+.
Head green. First segment greener than the
others, and crested as before, both head and
Ist segment being granulated with white.
Substigmatal ridge yellower. All else as
before.

July 23. 3d moult.—1 1-8 inches in length.
Head and ist segment greener than the rest
of body and of a blue-green. Body finely
granulated with white. Dorsum very white-
green; sides very yellow-green; venter
almost black. Feet, props, and spiracles
blue-black, the latter set in rings of pale

LSC TILE

[September 1891.

Caudal horn as before. Crest on 1st

segment as before.

biue.

Nine larvae came out of a clear, soft
chocolate brown, with the first segment
browner, and crested with yellow gran-
ules ; the base of the caudal horn yellow
on its sides; spiracles, feet, and props
blue-black. There was no difference
of color between dorsum and sides, as

in the green: larvae. They were as

vigorous and ate as voraciously as the
green ones. One was yellow on dor-
sum and brown elsewhere.

Two others were pale brown on dor-
sum, dark brown on sides, and had
black heads. The substigmatal ridge
was lost at this moult.

July 27. tk moult.—Head as _ before.
Venter red-brown with a dark stripe on each
side, in which the feet and props were set.
Dorsum and sides as before. Feet nearly
black with a white bar across the outer side.
Props brown barred with darker brown.
Spiracles blue-black, each with a white dot
in the black at each end, and set in a ring of
pale blue. Horn as before.

They varied somewhat in the ventral
marks, some having the tan-colored median
stripe extend from head to anal props,
others from 5th segment to anal props, the
first five segments being almost black.

The dark larvae came out with the head
black, not shining. Body deep chocolate
brown granulated with white, and lighter on
the dorsum. First segment and anal shield
and props bright orange granulated with yel-
low. Feet and props dark brown. Venter
tan-colored, with an almost black stripe on
each side. Horn yellow at the sides of its
base, blue-black the rest of the way, and
rough.

August 2d they measured from 1 3-4
to 2 inches in length, and the first ones

September 1891.]

turned purplish on head and dorsum,
stopped eating, and began wandering
about the tin for a place to spin. The
brown ones turned duller in color.

Aug. 3. They had spun slight co-
coons.

Aug. 7. They pupated.

This account vives the dates of

moults, spinning and pupation of the
larvae first hatched. The others were
later in all their changes, and the last
hatched did not grow so large or so
rapidly as the first.

These larvae were very voracious,
and ate even the berries of the Lozzcera
and the stems down to the woody twig.
They required food-supply three times

do) CLE.

145

a day, after the fourth moult, although
the tins were large and but thirteen
larvae were kept in one tin.

They were very placid, slow, easy-
going larvae, bore any amount of hand-
ling, and were crawled over by each
other any of the petulant
twitching and biting always shown,

without

under such circumstances, by larvae of
juglandis, astylus, abbotiz, and other
Sphingidae.

Out of the 120 larvae we undertook
to rear only two died, and those two
were from the last eggs laid and died in
moulting.

BROOKLINE, Mass. Aug. 8, 1891.

NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.—II.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR,

ORGYIA DEFINITA
ences, see above, p.

1890.
je Glos

First larval stage. Head pale testaceous,
darker on the vertex; ocelli black, mouth
brown; width 0.5 mm. Body pale whitish,
the subdorsal warts on joint 2 larger than
the rest, the dorsal warts blackish. Hair long,
pale whitish. There are no pencils nor
brush-tufts of hair and no retractile tuber-
cles on joints 10 and 11. As the stage ad-
vances all the warts become dark.

Packard. (For refer-
I11; to which add:)
Leifert, 5th rep. U.S. ent. comm.

TorRTRICIDIA FLAVULA Herrich-Schafer.

1854.
fig. 185.

Herr.-Sch., Sam. ausser. schmett.,

Maturelarva. By its shape allied to the
larva of Lzthacodes fasctola H.-S. Head re-
tracted beneath joint 2, which is in turn re-

NEW YORK, N. Y.

tracted beneath joint 3; greenish testaceous,
mouth parts brown, ocelli black. Body el-
liptical, the sides sloping from a slight sub-
dorsal ridge, and contracted between joints
12 and 13, giving the last segment a square
appearance. Bright green, the dorsum
largely covered by a patch of salmon color
or purple brown bordered with a crimson
line anda yellowshade. It begins somewhat
broadly above the head on joint 3, narrows at
once to a dorsal band on joints 4 and 5,
widens twice, the second time passing down
to the subventral edge of the body at joint 8,
then narrows twice (this part of the outline
varies in different examples), and tapers to a
point at the anal extremity. The body is
covered very minutely with translucent gran-
ulations, the usual elliptical depressions
hardly distinct, smooth, whitish in the dorsal
patch, and containing a dorsal and lateral
row of blackish spots. Length 9 mm.

146

The cocoon and pupa do not differ from
those of all the other Cochlidiae.

Food plants. Deciduous trees.

I have bred from these larvae four moths
which are alike, and correspond with Her-
rich-Schiffer’s figure. Under a glass there
can be distinguished a few brown scales rep-
resenting the usual lines. In the Elliot col-
lection, now in the American Museum of
Natural History, is a fine series of a Tor-
trictdza which represents both 7. favula and
T. pallida, with a number of examples that
appear to connect the two. In 7. pallida the
lines are present very much as in Lzmacodes
flexuosa Grt.,* but the inner one is somewhat
curved as Herrich-Schaffer figures it. T.
pallida can be distinguished from L. flexuosa
by the pale, flesh-color shading that is seen
to overspread the basal half of primaries in
certain lights, while in Z. flexuosa the wings
are uniformly ochreous. The two species are
closely related however.

APATELODES TORREFACTA Abbot & Smith.

1797. “A. & S., Lep. Ins: Ga‘, tab. 76.

1889. Soule, Psyche, V, 148.

1890. Packard, Proc. Bost, soc. nat. hist.
XXIV, 519.

More observations are needed to determine
the number of larval stages of this species.
Miss Soule finds five stages, and Dr. Packard
has recorded six, but it is almost certain that
both have found too few, and, as no measure-
ments of the head are given, it is impossible
to tell where the error is.

I obtained the larva on July 30, apparently
about half grown. It molted four times, and
the measurements of the head for the five
stages which I observed were as follows :—

12) SORPTION fone) Aoaealn Anne Seaver.
mm.

2.6 mm., 3.2

These correspond very well with the series
derived with the ratio .80 by calculation from
the last stage. But, if there are only six
stages, the newly-hatched larva would have

*I have elsewhere called attention to the probable
synonymy of this species.

PSKCHE.

[September 1891,

a head 1.05 mm. wide, which would be very
unusual for a larva as small as this. Of the
species which I have recorded in Psyche,
vol. 5, p. 420, e¢ seg., the only larva hatch-
ing with a head this size is Platysamia cecro-
pia, which is, of course, a very much larger
insect. If we calculate the series further
back, say to ten terms, we have the following
result :—

O14 25 9O153)) O:005 O- 93, 1.055124 li lcOA en O5e
2K OWa 20:

In my opinion, 0.83 mm. or 0.66 mm. would
be about right for this larva in the first stage,
and hence I conclude Afatelodes torrefacta
has as many as seven or eight stages.*

I shall be much interested to have this
verified or disproved, which can be easily
done by any one who can determine the
width of the head of the newly-hatched larva
from a living or an alcoholic specimen.

GLUPHISIA TRILINEATA Packard.

[9644 Pack.) Proc.) ent. soc. hil ali:
355°
1883. Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 129.

The larva of this species has been briefly
described in its last stage by Edwards & El-
liott. It is not uncommon on poplar in
Dutchess and Ulster counties, N. Y., often
associated with Raphza frater, which it much
resembles in general structure, though it is
more slender. It is unusually plainly marked
and inconspicuous for a Ptilodontid larva;
the anal feet are used for walking, and the
body is smooth, without tubercles or proces-
ses. The eggs are shaped like the upper
third of a sphere, flat on the under side.
Their color is pale yellowish green, very
minutely and densely punctured. Diameter
about 0.9mm. They are probably laid singly.

I believe there are five larval stages, though
I have not observed the first. The second,
third and fourth are so much like the fifth

* If the width of the newly hatched larva is about one
half the width of the egg, as seems in general to be the
case, then 0.66 mm. would be right and the species
would have eight stages.

September 1891. ]

as described by Edwards & Elliot, that I will
not re-describe them. When young the
larvae each rest on a little web on the under
side of a leaf, the head held out quite flat.
The mature larva is thickest at joint 9, and
tapers slightly to the extremities. Beside
the yellow subdorsal band mentioned by the
describers there is a fainter white substigma-
tal one on joints 2-4.

The widths of head for the five stages, calcu-
lated and actually found, are as follows :—

Calculated.—o.48, 0.74, 1.14, 1.75, 2.7 mm.
Ratio, 0.65.

Found.—o.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.7 mm.

The cocoon is tormed of few threads, at
the ground. The pupa is very dark brown,
almost black; flattened on the ventral side,
the dorsum evenly rounded; finely punc-
tured. The abdominal segments are closely
appressed, motionless; cremaster none, anal
segments evenly rounded. Length 10 mm.,
width 4.5 mm.

There are two broods each year, and the
winter is passed in the pupal stage.

THE NEW CATALOGUE OF EURO-
PEAN COLEOPTERA.*

This is in every way the most elaborate
and important edition (No. iv) of the Cata-
logue of the European Coleoptera yet pub-
lished. It is on a somewhat new plan. The
family arrangement is that usually followed
in Europe. The sequence of the genera and
Species is that adopted by some monogra-

* Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Caucasi et Ar-
meniae Rossicae. Edited by Edmund Reitter. Ber-
lin, Médling, Caen. 1891.

tI have erroneously referred to this species in
Psyche, v. 5, p. 421, as E£. albifrons S. & A. All
the specimens which have occurred to me at Rhine-
beck, N. Y., have been Z. albicosta, as I have recently
discovered. The species may readily be separated by
the character of the projecting tooth of the white costal

PSTGCHE.

147

EDEMA ALBICOSTA Hiibner.t

Hiibn., Noct. 440.
Herr-Sch., Syst. bearb. sch. Eur. fig. 131.
1871. Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Europ. (Note.)

This larva has not such an abnormal de-
velopment as I have supposed. I have re-
calculated the series for the widths of head,
and find the following much better than the
one l gave in Psyches wi 5, ps 4215. vic-:—

Calculated.—o.61, 0.85, 1.19, 1.66, 2.30, 3.2.
Ratio, .72.

Found.—o.4, 0.7, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 3-2 mm.

This fits the observed facts except in regard
to the first two stages, and I may have
measured them too small. All the measure-
ments were taken from living larvae, and
hence are liable to some discrepancy.

The species has six larval stages, which is
abnormal among the Ptilodontes if we ex-
cept lchthyura tnclusa,t which seems to have
also six stages, and the species of Apatelodes
and Nadata, which probably have even
more.

pher of the family, or genus, usually the
latest, reference to whose work is made
under the title. The name of the species,
with the principal synonyms, and the author-
ities for their creation, with other useful biblio-
graphical references follow, as well as indi-
cations of geographical distribution within
the faunal limits laid down. In the preface
it is stated that the work was parcelled out
to Mr. L. Ganglbauer, Dr. L. v. Heyden, Dr.

band, which in albifrons is regularly rounded, but in
albicosta is sharply pointed or dentate. I strongly
suspect that the larvae described by Mr. Beutenmiiller
in Ent. Amer. vol. 6, p. 75, and by Dr. Packard in
Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist. vol. 24, p. 525, as E. albifrons,
are really those of Z. albicosta.

¢ Prof. French finds six stages for Z. palla (=in-
clusa) in Can. ent., v. 17, p. 42, and I have measure-
ments which, as far as they go, corroborate him.

148

Ed. Eppelsheim, Mr. Edmund Reitter, and
Mr. J. Weise, each of whom is responsible
only for his own part, which is designated.

In comparing it with the third edition of
1883, a vast number of changes in specific
names is notable, and many long familiar
ones have been relegated to synonymy.
Antiquity seems to have been extensively
ransacked, and many entombed names have
been stripped of their cerements and brought
to the light. How science is to be benefited
by all this is not evident, but if it has to be
done, the quicker the better. Had the code
of nomenclature adopted by the British asso-
ciation in 1842 and again in 1865, and by the
Association of American geologists and nat-
uralists in 1845, making the XII edition of
the Systema naturae (1766) of Linnaeus the
limit of time from beyond which no name
could be advanced, and according to which
the specific names in both the European and
American catalogues were first recorded,
much of this confusion could have been
avoided. But this being set aside, every one
is free to do as he pleases, and frequently the
brief and imperfect descriptions of the ante-
Linnaeans are made to apply inan imaginary
way to insects common and long known by
other names, which are at once dropped, and
the semi-imaginary ones substituted, to the
intense disgust of many who fail to perceive
how science is to be benefited. It is not
beyond hope that in time a limit in this
direction may be reached. A fire goes out
when the fuel is all consumed.

This catalogue is of some interest to Amer-
ican coleopterists, as it advances many new
names for species common to the two hemis-
pheres, as forexample: Our abundant Phr-
lonthus aeneus raust hereafter be called
politus Linn., and our folitus, fuscipennis
Mann.; Orfhilus glabratus, a world-wide
name, must be replaced by z/ger Rossi;
Nitidula bipustulata, by bipunctata Linn.;
Xestobium rufo-villosum DeG., is to super-
sede fessellatum; and the imported elm-leaf
beetle, Galeruca xanthomelaena becomes

PSYCHE.

[September r8q1-

Juteola Mull, etc. Justice has been done Mr.
Say in placing his Phylethus bifasctatus in the
catalogue, but injustice in advancing Bra-
chus trresectus Fahr. over his obsoletus.

It. evidently requires immense labor,
research, much entomological knowledge,
and calm, unbiased judgment to produce a
satisfactory work of this kind, and it can
scarcely be doubted the authors have fairly
succeeded. JoHN HAMILTON.

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS WITH
MOTHS.

The Transactions of the Entomological
society of London for 1891, Part i, give some
recent experiments made by Mr. F. Merrifield
on two double-brooded species of Selenia.
We extract the following general conclusions.

1. That both the marking and the color-
ing of the perfect insect may be materially
affected by the temperature to which the
pupa is exposed.

2. That the markcngs are chiefly affected
by long-continued exposure, probably prev-
ious to the time when the insect has begun
to go through the changes between the central
inactive stage and emergence.

3. That the colorznmg is chiefly affected
during the penultimate pupal stage, i. e.,
before the coloring of the imago begins to
show.

4. That a low temperature during this
penultimate state causes darkness, a high
temperature during the same period having
the opposite effect.

5. That, in the species operated on, a dif-
ference between 80° and 75° is sufficient to
produce the extreme variation in darkness
caused by temperature, a further lowering of
the temperature having no further effect on
rife a tobe

6. That in these species dryness or moist-
ure during the pupal period, whether during
alow temperature ora high one, has little
or no effect on the coloring of the imago....

Sept. 1891. ]

The results obtained appear also to indi-
cate that probably some local climatic vari-
eties, and even seasonal varieties, may be
found to be, in part at least, temperature
forms of the individual; and, looked at from
this point of view they appear to me to lend
some support to Lord Walsingham’s theory
as to the advantages derived by an insect ina
cold region from being ofa dark color, tor
they show that, if that is an advantage, it is
one that can be acquired, not only by a,race
for use in a cold locality, but by individuals
for use in acoldseason. I think it is quite
clear that ifa cool week supervened in south-
ern England between the beginning and the
middle of July, or a hot week in the middle
of April, at either of which times many of the
pupae of illustraria would be in what I have
called the penultimate pupal stage, most of
these insects which it found in that stage
would have their coloring affected. It would
appear that even two or three hot days, if
they came exactly at the right period, would
be enough for the purpose; and I need
hardly observe that it is very unlikely that
these are the only species that would be so
affected.

There is another general suggestion which
I venture to make in concluding. If Prof.
Weismann’s theory is accepted, that the exist-
ing forms of most European and some North
American Lepidoptera have come to us from
a glacial period or climate, and that icing the
pupa causes the insect to ‘‘throw back” to its
earlier form, then experiments of the kind
tried on the pupae might assist us in tracing
the evolution of the markings on the wings
of some of the most highly developed forms.

In a postscript he adds :—

Iam now able to add that the coloring of
the spring emergence of illustraria isas much,
or nearly as much, affected by temperature
during the penultimate pupal period as is that
of the summer emergence. This has been
established in case of three different broods,
portions of each having been subjected to
temperatures of 60° and 80° respectively; the

PS TOCHE.

149

latter often in coloring very closely approach
the light chestnut-orange summer type.* This
is. interesting in reference to Prof. Weis-
mann’s theory, that in cases of this kind, the
moth from the summer pupa can be caused’
to resemble that from the winter pupa, but
not vice versa, as it shows that ezther form is
equally ready, on the suitable temperature
stimulus being applied, to assume the char-
acteristic appearance of the other, so far as
coloring ts concerned. In other respects my
observations are in accord with that theory.
Thus, I have never been able to cause the
moth from the winter pupa to take the mark-
ings proper to the moth from the summer
pupa, whereas the moth from the summer
pupa can be made in markings to resemble
almost exactly that from the winter pupa;
nor have I been able to cause the moth from
the winter a period
approaching in brevity that of the summer
pupa; indeed, in the great majority of cases,
the early and continued exposure of the win-
ter pupa to a temperature of So®, or even 60°,

pupa to emerge in

caused its death.

Some ABNORMAL LARVAE.—One larva of
Thyreus abbotii had a single, thick, stiff
hairlike bristle, arising from the tip of the
caudal tubercle, all through the third moult,
the second and fourth moults being normal.
Another larva of TZ. abbotiz kept the
whitish green coloring of the early moults
until it pupated, the only change of marking
being a vague lateral line slightly darker
than the body, and the usual changes of anal

tubercle. Caroline G. Soule.

ANOTHER DEIDAMIA INSCRIPTA.—On July
13th on Amfpelopsis vettchii, I found a larva
so like Everyx myron that I put it away as
such, though it had no purplish spots on the
back. It differed from last year’s specimen
in having faint yellow obliques, and in hav-
ing the yellow lines from the head extending
nearly to the eleventh segment. The pupa,
formed on July 17th, was like that of last
year, except that it lacked the spur near the

150

tip of the anal hook, and was slightly larger,
espetially around the abdomen. The dates
of finding this larva and of its pupation were
the same with that of last year, and the place
was within a foot of the spot where last
year’s larva was found! Caroline G. Soule.

MIsceLLANEOuS Notes. — With the me-
thodical precision which marks the work
of the entomologists of the Austrian capital,
Redtenbacher, in the 2d part of the Ver-
handlungen of the zoological-botanical
society of Vienna for 1891, gives a mono-
graph of the locustarian subfamily Conoce-
phalinae which extends to nearly 250 pp. and
is accompanied by two excellent folding
plates. Redtenbacher divides the group into
four tribes: Conocephalini with 25 genera
and 166 species (3 genera and 12 species
from the United States); Agroeciini with 30
genera and 94 species; Xiphidiini with 3
genera and 68 species (1 genus and 17
species from the United States); and List-
roscelini with 6 genera and 35 species.
Conocephalus alone has 101 species and
Xiphidium (including Orchelimum, separ-
ated only as a subgenus) 66 species; the
only United States species not contained in
Conocephalus (7 sp.) and Xiphidium (17 sp.)
are Belocephalus subapterus Scudd. and
Pyrgocorypha uncinata ( Conocephalus
uncinatus Harr.).

At the July meeting of the Entomological
society of London, it was stated by Dr. T. A.
Chapman, an excellent observer, that the
larva of Micropteryx, one of the lower Lepi-
doptera, possesses on each of the eight
abdominal segments “‘a pair of minute jointed
legs of the same type as the thoracic. There
are also a pair of long jointed antennae.”

To an interesting and very thorough de-
scription of an hermaphroditic spider, Bert-
kau appends a catalogue of recent cases and
states that 361 hermaphroditic Arthropoda
are now known, of which g are Crustacea, 3
Arachnida, and 349 insects, divided as fol-
lows: 2 Orthoptera, 11 Diptera, 267 Lepi-
doptera, 59 Hymenoptera, and 10 Coleop-

PSEC HE,

{September 1891.

tera. In 165 cases where the separation is
lateral, 85 are males on the right side, 71 on
the left, leaving 9 uncertain.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

14 March, 1890.—The 152d meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. Henshaw was
chosen chairman.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited illustrations
showing the work done by beetles in the
staves of the Ottawa water works, described
in a letter from Mr. James Fletcher, read at
the last meeting.

Mr. Scudder stated that he had completed
his work on Fossil insects of the West,
planned for Hayden’s Survey some fifteen
years ago. It contains descriptions of some
612 species. He further showed a tintype of
carboniferous cockroaches from the coal de-
posits of Rhode Island. They were nearly
all of them collected near Silver Spring, a
suburb of Providence.

11 April, 1890.—The 153d meeting of the
Club was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. S. Hen-
shaw in the chair.

Mr. Henshaw read a letter from Mr. Elli-
son A. Smyth, Jr.,on some southern Lepidop-
tera. In this article mention was made of
the capture of two specimens of Veonympha
canthus near Charleston, S. C. (See Psyche,
1890, v. 5, p. 348-) A short discussion fol-
lowed on some of our spring butterflies.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited specimens of
some Gryllidae recently received from a cor-
respondent in Spain, of the genus Platy-
blemmus, in which the front of the head is
prolonged and dilated into a flat plate, re-
sembling somewhat the clypeus of some
Scarabaeidae.

Mr. Scudder recorded the occurrence of
Pteromalus as parasitic on Fasontades glau-
cus, Euphoeades troilus, Papilio polyxenes,
and ELuphydryas phaeton. He also read a
letter from Mr. James Fletcher, in which was
noted the occurrence of several specimens
of Erebia discoidalis at Sudbury, Ont.

roy Fld

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOG™

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6.. No: 186.

OcToBER, 1891.

CONTENT S-

CADDIS-WORMS OF STONY Brook (Illustrated).—Cora H. Clarke
HALISIDOTA CARYAE.— Caroline G. Soule

A LIST OF SOME OF THE CATALOGUES AND LOCAL LISTS OF NORTH AMERICAN Co-

LEOPTERA.—I, A.-G.—Fohn Hamilton, Samuel Henshaw - :

ON THE SPECIFIC DISTINCTNESS OF HALISIDOTA HARRISII, WITH NOTES ON THE PRE-
PARATORY STAGES OF THE SPECIES OF HALISIDOTA INHABITING NEW YORK.—
Harrison G. Dyar

FooD PLANTS; CHOICE OF FOOD. Neb paling G. Soule

LITERARY NoTEs (Announcements; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indien)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB :

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S.A.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS.

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[October 1891

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FOR SALE.

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Edwards, consisting of about 300,000 specimens of
all orders and well represented in large numbers of
individuals and long suites of specimens, from all
parts of the world. Is particularly rich in Pacific
coast of North America species. A large number
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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of ihe

North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-

tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. F 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New

England. Boston, 1858 5 1.50
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taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-

logist). Springfield Ill., 1878 5 tide)
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Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the

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Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the

generic names Pree ee for Butterflies. Sa-

lem, 1875. ¢ 1.00
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tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
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H. FRUHSTORFER,
Care German Consulate,
Soerabaia, Java.

PSY CE:

CADDIS-WORMS OF STONY BROOK.

BY CORA H. CLARKE, JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS.

That part of Stony Brook in which I
have made collections lies within the
limits of the City of Boston. It is about
eight feet wide, and its depth varies
from two to twenty-four inches. In
some places it flows slowly, in others
rapidly ; here the bottom is muddy, there
pebbly. Fresh-water algae of several
species, a great variety of other water
plants, and many different animals are
found in it; among the animals are
fresh-water sponges, Polyzoa, plan-
arians, mollusks, water insects of all
kinds, and occasionally a fish, newt, or
turtle. But the most interesting of all
its inhabitants are the larvae of the
Trichoptera or Caddis-worms. I have
found in all about twenty distinct species,
representing each of the seven families.

PHRYGANEIDAE. Of this family I
have found only only one representa-
tive, a species of Neuronia. Possibly it
is Meuronta stygtpes, but the only
-imago which I have succeeded in rear-
ing was imperfect. It emerged from the
aquarium on April 5th. The larva has
a yellow face striped with black, and is
very restless and nervous in its move-
ments, continually travelling about the
aquarium, making sad havoc among its
inhabitants, eating dragon-fly larvae as
large as itself, other caddis worms, and

indeed any insect which it can catch. It
also devours raw beef with relish. The
case of this larva (fig. 1*) is
made of quadrangular pieces
of leaves, fastened together
by their edges and arranged
in rings rather than in the
spirals which M’Lachlan
tells us is characteristic of ee
the genus. Three or four or Fig..
sometimes more of these rings, make
the length of the case, which, when full-
grown, may be 35 mm. long.t When
the Neuronia larva is not satisfied with
its case it bites off a ring at one end,
replaces it with a freshly constructed
ring, and then turns within the case, and
does the same at the other end. If
pushed out of its case, and deprived of
it, it will make a new one in a night.
Sometimes this species is tolerably abun-
dant, and again for several years, it is
quite scarce.

LIMNOPHILIDAE. I have found five
or six species of this family. The
commonest of these is Hallesus macult-
pennis, the larvae of which are very

* Allthe cuts are of the natural size excepting fig. 23
and the operculum in fig. 8.

tI have found that with most species of caddis-
worms the case of the pupa or adult just before pupat-
ing is$shorter than that of the growing larva.

154 PS OTT: [October 1891.
abundant, crawling over the water sand or gravel or a few shells. I have
plants in the brook. They never found a case of any species com-
can sometimes be seen under posed entirely of shells. When sticks are
the ice in a submerged used they are put on longitudinally, and
meadow. The cases (fig. 2) usually project beyond the ends of the
are made of little sticks and cylinder. During pupation each end is
other vegetable bits, put closed with a net or grating. I have
on transversely, and those of pee found a larva pupating at the end of
the growing larva have a bristling May and also in June. The adult

appearance, probably similar to those
Isaac Walton calls ‘* Ruff-coats,” but
the case of the pupa is a smooth cylinder.
At this time it is about 15 mm. long,
and is closed with a net at each end, as
is also the case of Meuronia stygipes.
These nets or disks which close the
apertures, are indicated on some of the
cuts. The larvae frequent rather quiet
water, and therefore are comparatively
easy to keep alive in an aquarium, but
all species need especial care during
pupation, which is the critical period
of a caddis-worm’s life. I bave found
them pupating in the brook at the end
of May.

A larva, which is probably
‘that of Limnophilus pudicus,
makes a slightly curved case
(fig. 3) of little, rounded, im-
bricating bits of leaves. It is
not very common, and I have
never reared it.

The larvae of Axabolia
sordida are nearly as abun-
dant as those of Aadllesus
maculipennts; their cases
| (fig. 4) are composed of bits
}of bark and little sticks,
| to which are sometimes added
fragments of moss, a_ little

Fig. 3.

case is about 24 mm. long.

I have found larvae similar to those
of Anabolia, in cases made entirely of
pieces of sedge leaves, arranged length-
wise with long projecting ends, but
though I once reared the imago, which
also resembles that of Anabolia, I have
not succeeded in obtaining its
name.

Another case of about the
same size (fig. 5), with an
imago resembling that of Ana-
bolia, appears to be rare. It
is made entirely of leaves, and oa
in cross section is three angled, Oe
with projecting corners. This
larva also is not unlike that of
Anabolia.

Fig. 5.

A similar larva makes a
(fig. 6) of bark and
sticks, about 20 mm. long but
slightly flattened, with a little
stick at each side, and imbri-

Fig.6. cating bits of leaves between.

I sometimes find in the brook
the larva of a species of Steno-
The. case (fig. 7) is
cylindrical, about 22 mm.long,
and is made entirely of gravel.
During pupation it is closed
with a net at each end.

case

phylax.

October 18q1.]

SERICOSTOMATIDAE. I have found
Six species of Sericostomatidae, of
which the most interesting belong to
Helicopsyche. Species of this genus
make small, snail-like cases of sand,
gravel or mud. ‘The one whose
case is figured (fig. 8) uses coarse 2
sand. I find it crawling on stones @
or weeds where the current is
rapid.

Fig. 8.
In pupation the mouth of this
snail case is closed with an operculum in
which is a small eccentric slit. At the
apex of the spiral, which represents the
back door of the larva, tnere isa lacunose
disk. These larvae were found pupat-
ing on June 2nd.
A species of Brachycentrus is some-
times and sometimes
It makes a quadrangular
case (fig. 9) of a few square bits
of bark, fastened together at their EB O
edges.
Once [I found a number of empty
cases (fig. 10) made of sand;
\ they were small, club-shaped,
and curved, and probably the
‘makers belong in this family.
One of the most abundant species in
Stony Brook (and in other brooks
where I have collected) belongs ‘‘near
Mormonia or Trichostoma.”
The case (fig. 11) is arched on
the back, and flat or slightly
concave below, and is made of
gravel, with small stones on each
side, and is about 12 mm. long. I have
found similar cases in Jamaica Pond.
During pupation the cases are closed at
each end with a small stone, but to in-
sure acurrent of water through the case,

common
scarce.

Fig. 10

PSE CEE. 155

each of these little stones is attached to:
the case by a row of short threads, look-
ing not unlike the teeth of a moss
capsule. Fig. 12 shows their (ED
appearance at the ventral side _

of the head end, where is the Yi ae
point of attachment.

Even more abundant than this species
is one which makes cylindrical, slightly
curved tubes of sand, (fig. 13),
which, when their inhabitants are
pupating, often are found attach-
ed to each other in large masses.

At this time each end of the case Fig. 13.
is closed with a grain of gravel, and I
cannot see what provision is made for
the respiratory current. The larva, how-
ever, has a small hole at the side of the
sand grain which serves to close the pos-
terior end of his case. The case of the
growing larva flares somewhat at the an-
terior end, but that of the adult is evenly
cylindrical. I have an imago of this
species which I reared from the egg, in
the tranquil waters of my aquarium, but
when the pupae are taken from the
brook, they should be kept in running
water to transform. On April 17th,
1890, I found multitudes of these cases
in Stony Brook near the Mount Hope
station. I supposed that the larvae had
pupated, since both ends were closed,
but keeping out of water for a few min-
utes one of the stones to which they
were attached, most of the little larvae
opened their front doors, and stretched
far out to see what had become of the
brook. By another month, however,
they really had changed to pupae.
Some of the imagos of this species,

156

which I reared in my aquarium, came
out with a large tubercle on each side
of the head. These tubercles are sup-
posed to be organs of scent.

Another species of the same family
makes a case (fig. 14) ingg
shape so like the preceding fi
that I at first confounded the B4
two, but the larva of this
latter species has a yellow Fig. 4.
head striped with black, while that of
the former has a plain gray head.
Moreover the yellow-faced one uses finer
materials, and before pupation shuts
itself in at each end with a disk, in-
stead of a grain of gravel. One of the
imagos emerged on June 15th.

LEPTOCERIDAE. (MysTaciDAE.) I

have found in Stony Brook four
species belonging to this family,
and another in Jamaica Pond. This

last species makes small cases, 9 mm.
long, of little sticks, arranged trans-
versely like those of Hallesus. The
imago is a pretty little gray spotted
creature, but I have not been able to
ascertain its name.

But the prettiest of my Stony Brook
Leptoceridae is colored a soft yellowish
brown, and has very long slender anten-
nae, which indeed are characteristic of
the family. It is said to belong ‘‘near
Setodes ignita.”’ The larva is
abundant on the plants of |
Callitriche verna or
starwort”
which _ it
case.

most

“water [I]
the leaves of ff
usually makes its ff
This (fig. 15) is a deli- #f
cate tapering cone, about 20 |
mm. long, and the bits of leaf

from

P SCTE:

[October 1891.

are arranged side by side in a spiral,
which individuals winds to
the right, in others to the left.
tube 21 long, there were I1
turns to the spiral. The little larva pro-
trudes its long slender legs from the
case, and swims merrily about in the
water. It pupates in June and July,
and is easy to rear in confinement.
The case of the pupa is about ro mm.
long, and is evenly cylindrical, each end
being closed with a disk which has a
small round hole in the centre.

The larva of JZystactdes nigra also
swims with freedom and is abundant
both in Stony Brook and Jamaica
Pond. Its little case" (fig: 16),
about ro mm. long, varies much,
both as to materials and their
arrangement, but is chiefly com-
posed of bits of bark, and little sticks,
sometimes filled in with fine sand. It
is easy to rear, and the little black
imago may be recognized by a pecu-
liar bend in each of the upper wings,
which makes them look as if broken.

A species of Molanna, a genus con-
sidered one of the most inter-
esting of those found in
Great Britain, is often quite
abundant on the sandy bottom
of the brook, but I have never
reared it, though it does well
in an aquarium, until it pupates; it
makes a flattened case (fig. 17), with
an arched dorsal side, which projects
far above the anterior end, so_ that
nothing whatever is seen of the larva
when it is crawling on the bottom. The
appearance is as if some of the sand

in some
Ina
mm.

Fig. 17.

October 1891.]

grains were walking off in a mass.
This
during pupation.

A larva, which in
quite abundant, spins for itself a case
of black silk, weighted with vegetable
matter. - It is about 15
terete, tapering to the rear end, where
there is a small hole. The cases of the
young are quadrangular at the anterior

end, which end during pupa-
tion is closed with a thick disk,
having in its centre a thinner cir- > j
cular area perforated with holes. ©
In the illustration (fig. 18) eat
the adult case is represented too small.
This species does not bear confinement
well, and I have never reared it.
HypropritipakE. I have been dis-
appointed at finding only one species of
Hydroptilidae in my brook, and this I
have not reared. The case (fig.19)
is flat, gray and seed-like, and is Q
attached by its edge to the stones Fig. 19.
in the brook, where the current is rapid.
HypDROPSYCHIDAE. The
teresting species of the order found
in Stony Brook, and also abundant in
various smaller brooks, weaves for itself
a little net, probably for the purpose of
catching itsfood. This species, with its
nets, has been found to be very com-
mon in other parts of the United States.
The net (fig. 20) is up-
right, supported by a
small vertical arch or
ring of vegetable bits,¢
and the opening of the

protecting portico disappears

some years is

mm. long,

most in-

Fig. 20.
larval house is always on the up-stream

side of the net. In some places the
nets and their accompanying houses
are found singly on the bottom, or on

PSYCHE.

157

the stones in the brook—in other places
they are thickly clustered together, or,
placed side by side, they may extend
nearly across the brook.

The larvae are gray, with an arcuate
body, and tufted gills hanging thickly
from the under side. They pupate in
May. The nets disappear during pupa-
tion, andthe houses, which, while the
larvae were active, were shiftless ar-
rangements of loose vegetable bits, or
grains of sand carelessly held together
with silk, are now (fig.
21) domes, §
strongly constructed of
little stones, and fastened ™
at) their wedges! to. the
rocks, pebbles or sticks in the brook.
The whole

oblong

P
;

‘e

Fig. 21.

silk, small
openings being left at each end for the
respiratory current.
almost immediately when transferred

is lined with
These larvae die

from the rapidly flowing streams which
they affect, to the tranquil waters of an
But like many other sensi-
tive species, the well-developed pupae
can be make to emerge ina set-basin,
which has a constant stream of water

aquarium.

from the faucet flowing through it.
Another species of this family, be-
longing to the
genus Plectroc-
nemia, makes a
tube of mud
(fig. 22) which
I at first thought
must be manu-
factured by

some large
worm. I saw m

1m. 22.
the ends. of 5

these tubes projecting from the muddy

158

bottom of the brook, and by working
my fingers about in the soft mud below
them brought them out uninjured. But
great was my astonishment on opening
one of them to find within a slender, deli-
cate, white larva, looking so small in pro-
portion to the size of the tube that I could
not believe it to be the maker, till re-
searches into the other tubes revealed
similar occupants in all of
them. Pig.) 23% represents Guia
the mouth parts of one of
these larvae, enlarged. The Fis: 23-
tube in the centre is the labium (spin-
naret) which spins the silken threads,
the substance used by all caddis-worms
to fasten together the materials of their
houses, and fabricate
the gratings or disks
which protect them
during pupation.
These Plectroc-
memia cases occur in
colonies, but this
‘spring, 1891, I could
not find any. :
pupate in May, and
the
found in a swelling
of a vertical tube

pupa may be

PSC FF;

[October 1891.

(fig. 24). I donot understand what use
the larvae make of the lateral chambers.
Some in my aquarium, however, only
constructed horizontal tubes, in which
they lived and transformed.
RHYACOPHILIDAE. In this
the pupa is enclosed in a thin brown
leathery cocoon. I have found
species, but I am not sure
I obtained them in Stony Brook, or in
its smaller tributaries. In one of them
the case is of no regular shape, being
composed of a very few stones, propor-
tionately large.
The other case (fig. 25) is
quite peculiar. &)
in the Bussey
have also found it in Brookline
and Dedham. It is about 9g
mm. long, roundish oblong in Fis: 2s.
shape, and strongly arched above, and
On
turning it over, one sees a shelf of fine
sand, like the thwart of a boat, across
the middle of the case. This dis-
appears during pupation. In Bussey
Brook I found one pupa on May oth,

1891, though most of the cases were
still occupied by the larvae.

family

two
whether

It is abundant
Brook, and I

made of coarse sand or gravel.

HALISIDOTA CARYAE.

BY CAROLINE G. SOULE, BROOKLINE, MASS.

A mat of eggs was found on the
under side of a leaf rather high up in
a thorn-tree, on June 28th, 1801,
Brookline, Mass. The eggs were close

together, about one hundred in number,
hemispherical, the flat side being on
the leaf. When found they were of a
leaden color, and soon each showed a

October 1891.]

red streak, then a black dot near the
centre of the top, the dot being the
head of the larva. On June 29th, they
hatched.

The young larvae were of a dull white
color, with a black dorsal patch on the Ist
segment, and a black dot below this on each
side. The other segments had, on each side,
two large black dots and a small one set ina
triangle, and a smaller dot on the stigmatal
line. Anal shield black. Head became
black. Feet black; props white; anal props
dotted with black, very slender. Sparse
black hairs all over the body. The black
was very shining.

The larvae fed and rested in a close
crowd. They were very active, mov-
ing very rapidly. They ate only the
green pulp of the leaf, and wanted
much water. July 3rd, they spun a
web on the leaf and all settled on it in
rows.

July 5th, #rst moult. Head very large
and black, conspicuous. Body as before,
except that the sparse hairs were partly
white, partly black; and the 2nd and 3rd
segments had each two large black warts on
each side of the dorsal line and one on the
stigmatal line; anal segment had two large
black warts instead of being all black. The
spiracles were black, and showed clearly.
The white color of the body was an opaque,
glossy white, like porcelain, and the 2nd and
3rd segments looked very white, having
fewer black marks than the others. The
hairs were longest near the head, and pro-
jected over it. On July roth they spun a
web for moulting.

July 12th, Second moult. As before, but
larger, and with the hairs longer and denser.

The larvae lived now in two crowds,
one on each side of the hickory leaf
which I substituted for the thorn, and

PSY CHE.

159

still ate only the pulp. On July 16
they spun a web on each side of the leaf.

July 18, Third moult. Head round,
slightly bilobed at top, shining black.
Body as before except the hairs. Ist, 2nd

and 3rd segments as before. 4th and 1oth
segments had a longer pencil of black hairs
arising from the black wart nearest the dorsal
line, on each side, the hairs meeting over the
line so as to give the effect of a single pencil.
On each side, lower down, was a longer,
single pencil, also black. The other seg-
ments had the dorsal double pencil, and all
had longer white hairs on the sides, these
being longest over the head and anal seg-
ment.

The larvae now began to eat through
the fibre of the leaves, and on July
21st, spun a web.

July 23rd, Fourth moult. As before, but
larger. July 28th, spun a web.

July 30th, 2ftk moult. Head, feet,
props and venter black. Body more speckled
with black, the ground color being greenish
white. Short, thick, white pencils on each
side of the dorsal black ones, lay close against
these, and formed with them a convex ridge
along the dorsum. The lateral hairs were
less dense and longer. Twothin long, white
pencils on 1st, 2nd, 11th and 12th segments,
the first two pairs extending over the head,
the last two over the anal end.

The ate enormously and
moved very fast. When touched vigor-
ously they curled up and rolled off the
leaf, but did not mind being jarred or
Aug. 5, spun a web.

larvae

moved.

Aug. 7th, Szx¢k moult. Length 1} inches,
though two or three measured 1} inches.

The hairs were denser on the dorsum,
and had a grayer tinge. Otherwise as
before.

Aug. 16. They measured 1} inches

160

in length, and began to spin cocoons.
They spun first a slight net, and cov-
ered it with their long hairs laid on
lengthwise and smooth and
flat. Through this net they pushed
their short hairs at right angles, or
nearly so, with the surface; so that
these hairs stood up as if growing on
the cocoons, and gave them a rough
surface—like that of a head whose hair
has been cut very short, but not shaved.
The cocoons varied in length from 7
They were of a
regular ovoid shape, and of a gray
color from the black and white hairs of
the larvae. Some were spun on the

lying

inch to 1} inches.

PS GCL.

[October 1801.

side of the tin, some on the cloth over
the top) jof ‘the’ tin, and more’ on the
under side of the leaves, though with
no attempt to draw the leaf over the
cocoon.

The hickory trees were so defoliated
by these larvae this year, that I de-
stroyed all but twenty of my brood, as
soon I was sure what they were. Of
the twenty none died.

Aug. 20. The pupa cast the larva-
skin.
Pupa. % inch long, smooth, stout, larger

around the abdomen than around the thorax;
with eyes and antennae well marked. Its
color was bright tan. There was noanal hook.

A LIST OF SOME OF THE CATALOGUES AND LOCAL LISTS OF
NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA.—I (A.-G.).

BY JOHN HAMILTON AND SAMUEL HENSHAW.

In studying the distribution of certain
of our species of Coleoptera it has been
necessary to go over a considerable part
of the American literature ; when so do-
ing a memorandum of all lists and cata-
logues was made and is now published
as an aid to others engaged in similar
studies.

Some of the lists contain so few
species as at first sight to appear un-
worthy of note, but frequently they
include some of the most interesting and
valuable records; in fact the value of a
local catalogue is often to be estimated
not so much by the number of species
contained as by the geographical position
of the locality itself, and the accuracy of
the determinations.

We make no comments on the cor-
rectness of the identifications in the
various lists. The student can form his
own estimate of them.

All lists here quoted have been per-
sonally examined unless noted to the
contrary.

Notice of any omission will be very
welcome.

1 Anon. List of Coleoptera [of Canada].
n.p., 1867, 12 p.

1131 species are listed.

2 Austin, E. P. Catalogue of the Coleop-
tera of Mt. Washington, N. H. (Proc. Bost.
soc. nat. hist., 1874, v. 16, p. 265-276.)

221 determined and 13 undetermined species are
listed ; new species are described by Leconte.

3 Austin, E. P. Supplement to the check
list of the Coleoptera of America, north of
Mexico. Boston, 1880, 4 + 67 p.

‘October 1891. ]

1520 species are added to the list raising the number
to 8970; many corrections in synonymy are made; in-
cludes all species described till July 1880.

4 Beadle, D. W. List of coleopterous in-

sects. Collected in the county of Lincoln,
C. W. (Can. nat. and geol., 1861, v. 6 p.
383-387.)

172 species are listed; some few are not fully identi-
fied; the collector was indebted to Dr. Leconte for the
names of the species.

5 Belfrage, G. W. Price-list of Texan
Coleoptera. (Psyche advertiser, 1876, v. 1,
6 p.)

467 species and varieties are listed.

6 Bell, James T. Collection notes for 1880.
(Can. ent., 1881, v. 13, p. 58-60.)

29 determined species of Coleoptera, 17 of which are
new to the list of the Ent. soc. Ontario, are enumerated ;
5 undetermined species are noted; all were taken at
Belleville, Ont., in moss from March 1 to May 24.

7 Bell, J. T. List of Staphylinidae taken
at Belleville, Ont. (Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p.
49-50.)

66 determined species are listed; about 25 others are
indicated.

8 Bell, Robert, Jr. Catalogue of animals
and plants collected and observed on the
south-east side of the St. Lawrence from
Quebec to Gaspé and in the counties of
Rimouski, Gaspé and Bonaventure. (Rep.
progr. Can. geol. surv., 1858, 1859, p. 243-
249.)

69 determined and 4 undetermined species of Cole-

optera are listed on p. 247-249. The species were iden-
tified by Dr. Leconte.

g Bianchard, Frederick. A list of the
Buprestidae of New England. (Entom.
amer., 1889, v. 5, p. 29-32.)

62 species are listed with notes of capture and food
habits.

10 Bland, James H. B. Catalogue of the
Jongicorn Coleoptera taken in the vicinity of
Philadelphia. (Proc. ent. soc. Phil., 1861,
Vv. I, p. 93-101.)

A list of 128 species with notes on occurrence and
abundance.

11 Brodie, W. List of Coleoptera col-
lected by Mr. Bruce Bailey in Kicking Horse
Pass, Rocky Mountains, C. P. R., 1884. (Proc.
Can. inst. Toronto, 1888, ser. 3, v.5, p- 213-
215.) Separate: 3 pe

So determined and 5 undetermined species are listed.

12 Brodie, W. and White, J. E. Check
list of insects of the Dominion of Canada.
Toronto, 1883, 67 p.

2490 species of Coleoptera are enumerated on p. 23-49.

PST CHE,

161

13 Carpenter, W. L. Report on the alpine
insect fauna of Colorado. (Rep. U. S. geol.
surv., [Hayden’s¥th rep.], 1874, p. 539-542.)

16 species of Coleoptera are listed.

14 Carpenter, W.L. Reporton the alpine
insect fauna of Colorado and New Mexico, sea-
son of 1875. (Annual rep. chief engineers for
1876, 1876, pt. 3, p. 521-525.) (Appendix JJ
annual rep. chief engineers for 1876, 1876, p.
301-305.)

29 species of Coleoptera are listed.

15 Cockerell, T. D. A. Notes on the in-
sect fauna of high altitudes in Custer county,
Colorado. (Can. ent., 1890, v. 22, p. 37-393
55-60; 76.)

29 species of Coleoptera are listed; a few are not
fully identified.

16 Couper, William. List of Coleoptera
and Diptera taken at Quebec and other parts
of Lower Canada. (Trans. lit. and hist. soc.
Quebec, 1864, n.s., pt. 2, p. 75-93.)

159 species of Coleoptera are listed, place and time of
occurrence given; some are not fully identified.

17 Couper, William. List of Coleoptera
taken at Quebec and other parts of Lower
Canada. (Trans. lit. and hist. soc. Quebec,
TSOS,-S.5 Pt. 3, p>» 27-30.)

114 species are listed; a few notes are added.

18 Couper, William. Anticosti Coleoptera
collected on the island in 1873. (Can. ent.,
1874, v. 6, p. 137-138.)

49 determined and 4 undetermined species are listed-

19 Couper, William. Coleoptera found in
the province of Quebec. (Can. sportsman
ANGENaAt LOSI View2> Wesy LOO a Versi)

Not seen; 1012 species are listed.

20 Cresson, E. T. Catalogue of the Ci-
cindelidae of North America. (Proc. ent.
soc. Phil., 1861, v. I, p- 7-20.)

118 species are listed; includes Mexico and the West
Indies.

21 Crotch, G. R. Check list of the Co-
leoptera of America, north of Mexico. Salem,
Mass., 1873, 136 p.

7450 species are numbered, not including varieties:
includes all species described till Sept. 30, 1873.

22 Doran, Edwin W. Catalogue of the in-

sects of Tennessee.
Not seen.

23 D’Urban, W.S.M. Catalogue of Co-

leoptera collected by Mr. Robert Bell, 1858.
(Can. nat. and geol., 1859, v. 4, p- 242-244.)

162

A list of 73 species collected chiefly on the south-
east side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence between Quebec
and Gaspé; the species were identified by Dr. J. L.
Leconte,

24 D’Urban, W. S. M. A systematic list
of Coleoptera found in the vicinity of Mon-
treal. (Can. nat. and geol., 1859, v. 4, p- 307-
320: 494-496. )

208 species are listed; some are not fully identified;
nearly all were named by Dr. J. L. Leconte; a list of 9

species taken at Sorel but not yet met with near Mon-
treal is appended.

25 D’Urban, W.S.M. Catalogue of ani-
mals and plants collected and observed in the
valley of the river Rouge and the neighbor-
ing townships in the counties of Argenteuil
and Ottawa. (Rep. progr. Can. geol. surv.,
1858, 1859. p. 226-243.) (Can. nat. and geol.,
1860, v. 5, p. 81-86.)

99 determined species of Coleoptera are listed on p.
233-237; several undetermined species are indicated and
34 Species from L’Orignal and Grenville are enu-
merated on p. 237.

26 D’Urban, W.S. M. Catalogue of Co-
leoptera collected by George Barnston, Esq.,
of the Hon. Hudson’s Bay Company, in the
Hudson’s Bay Territories. (Can. nat. and
geol., 1860, v. 5, p. 227-229.)

8S species are listed; a few are not fully identified ;
Dr. J. L. Leconte furnished the list.

LE SICILE.

[October 1891.

27 Dury, Charles. List of the Coleoptera
observed in the vicinity of Cincinnati. (Journ.
Cinc. soc. nat. hist., 1879, v. 2, p. 162-178.)
Separate: 17 p.

1443 Species and varieties are listed.

28 Dury, Charles. Coleoptera of the vicin-
ity of Cincinnati. (Journ. Cinc. soc. nat.
hist., 1882, v. 5, p. 218-220)

167 species are added to the list.

29 Dury, Charles. Notes on Coleoptera,
with additions to the list of the Coleoptera of
Cincinnati. (Journ. Cine. soc. nat. hist.,
1884, v. 7, p. 91-92.)

12 Species are added.

30 Fay, H. T. On winter collecting. (Proc.
ent. soc. Phil.. 1862, v. 1, p. 194-198. )

129 species of Coleoptera are listed taken in the vicin-
ity of Columbus, Ohio, during the winter months.

31 Fletcher, James. List of diurnal Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera. (Rep. progr. Can.
geol. surv., 1887-88, 1889, p. 75 J-)

21 species of Coleoptera taken on the south coast and
islands of James Bay are listed.

32 Gardiner, F. Jr. Coleoptera of the
White Mountains. (Psyche, 1879, v. 2, p.
211-213.) Separate: 3 p.

89 species are listed with localities and altitudes.

ON THE SPECIFIC DISTINCTNESS OF HALISIDOTA HARRISII,
WITH NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF THE SPECIES
OF HALISIDOTA INHABITING NEW YORK.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, YOSEMITE, CAL.

_ As is well known, two kinds of Hal-
isidota larvae inhabit the Atlantic states,
differing only in color and in their food
plants. Both were noticed by Harris,
and the form with black hair pencils
was figured by Smith and Abbot as #7.
tessellarzs. In 1863, Walsh separated
the forms as distinct species, indistin-
guishable in the imago, and gave the
name HZ. harrzsiz* to the form with

*At first he gave the name antipho/a to the form with
black hair pencils, Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., LX, 28S,
but subsequently corrected this. Proc. ent. soc. Phil.,

III, 413, 430.

orange hair pencils that is found on the
sycamore. In Grote’s list of 1882, har-
visti is given as a dimorphic larval
variety of HZ. tessellarzs, and so it has
been considered. However, it seems to
be a fact that harrzszz occurs only on the
sycamore and ¢essellarzs never on that
tree, so that if the former is a variety of
the latter, the variation must be due to
the influence of the food-plant; but I
have recently observed that the larvae
differ in their first stage, and it is hardly
to be supposed that the food-plant would

‘October 1891]

influence them before hatching. More-
over, they differ in another important
particular, which has not so far been
recorded, namely, in the number of lar-
val stages. Hfarrzszz has seven stages,
with a width of head at maturity of 3.3-
3.6mm., while ¢essed/arzs has nine stages
and a width of head of 4.1-4.3 mm.
These measurements were derived from
anumber of larvae raised in confinement,
as well as from some found in nature,
and correspond, varying only within the
limits indicated.

I have not been able to find any dif-
ference in the markings of the imagos
bred from these two forms of larvae,
but an examination of the male genitalia
reveals differences that appear to be
constant. In harrészz, the side pieces
are furnished on the lower side with two
tapering, overlapping points, the lower
one longer than, and projecting beyond
the upper ; in ¢essedZarzs these points are
also present, but the upper one is slightly
longer than the lower, the two closely
overlapping, almost appearing as a
single point. The parts seem slighter
and more transparent than the corres-
ponding ones in karriszz. From the
above facts, I conclude that Ha/zs¢dota
harristt Walsh, is a distinct species,
entitled to stand as such in our lists.

The fact that it is not to be distin-
guished from 7. ¢essed/arzs in markings
can not militate against this conclusion,
as there is no essential reason why two
species should differ in markings except
that they naturally would do so in most
cases, owing to their not intercrossing.
We can hardly suppose that the special

PSY Cie.

163

markings of a species afford a means of
recognition for the individuals of it,
except ina general way, as this would
imply too nice discrimination in these
insects. But that they can discriminate,
even in rubbed and faded examples
which would be the despair of an ento-
mologist, there can be little doubt,
though I can not believe that they do
this by the sense of sight alone.

In New York state there are two
other species of Halisidota, namely 7.
caryae and Hf. maculata, that stand to
each other in much the same relation as
f7. tessellarts and H. harrist, but the
differentiation seems to have progressed
further, so that they are readily separable
in the imago state. A. caryae has nine
stages, as I have already recorded in
Psyche, while H.maculata, has but seven
to judge from the last two, which are
all I have observed. In the last stage,
caryae has a width of head of about 4.3
mm., while maculata has one of 3.2-3.6
mm.

HALISIDOTA HARRISII Walsh.

Egg. Rounded, obtusely conoidal, the
base flat; very shiny pearly greenish white;
diameter o.7 mm. Laid in amass of about2o
on the under side of a leaf of the food-plant.

First larval stage. Head pale whitish,
eyes black, mouth brown; widtho.q mm.
Body whitish, the warts concolorous, each
bearing a single blackish hair.

Second stage. As before except that the head
is 0.6 mm. wide and the hair is more abun-
dant, several from each wart, longest near
the head. It is whitish, mixed with shorter
stiff black hairs.

Third stage. Head as before, width 0.9mm.
Body whitish, with a row of blackish subdor-
sal dashes on the middle segments. Warts

164

concolorous with the body. Hair whitish,
but black and shorter from the warts of row
3 on joints 4, 5 and 12. Longer white
hairs overhang the head.

Fourth stage. Head pale whitish, labrum
and antennae white, jaws brown, ocelli black ;
width 1.3mm. Bodyand warts whitish with
a narrow, broken, black subdorsal line. Hair
white with pencils of orange colored hair
from the warts of row 2 on joint 4 and of
white hair from row 3 on joint 12 besides
short black ones from row 3 on joints 4, 5
and Il.

Fifth stage. As before; width of head, 1.7
The pencils of hair are now arranged
as follows: mixed orange and white hair
from row 2 on joint 3, all orange from row
2 on joint 4, white from 3 on joint 12 and
from 4 on joints 3 and 4, only slight on

mm.

joint 3. Short black hairs from row 3 on
joints 4,5 andi. Spiracles black ringed.
Sixth stage. Width of head 2.5 mm.

Body whitish, a row of black spots surround-
ing the white spiracles and another subven-
Hair white, forming a ridge like a
Pencils as in the

tral row.
keel along the dorsal line.
mature larva.

Seventh stage. Head brownish testaceous,
shiny, mouth and antennae white, eyes black,
width 3.5 mm. Body sordid white, the warts
arranged asin the other genera of the Arc-
tiidae except that row 4 is situated stigmat-
ally, posterior to the spiracles and the four
ventral warts (row 7) are very small, situated,
as usual, on the venter of the apodal segments
(the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th and 9th abdominal
segments). Some irregular black subdorsal
marks on joints 2 to 4 partly surrounding the
warts of row 3 and some slight marks above
the bases of the legs. Spiracles white, ina
narrow black border. Hair pale straw color
or very pale grayish, keeled on the dorsal
line. From warts 2 on joints 3 and 4 a pencil
of orange colored hairs; from warts 4 on
joint 3 (slightly) and joint 4 and from warts
3 on joint 12 a pencil of white hairs; a few
long hairs from the large wart on joint 13.

PSHCHE.

[October 1891.

Cocoon. Composed of hairs and silk, of
dense texture, but comparatively smooth, the
hairs being laid on flat and not as with #.
caryae.

Pupa. Thorax and abdomen enlarged, the
latter narrowing each way from the middle;
abdominal segments appressed, motionless ;
cremaster represented only by 4 or 5 spiny
hairs with their ends enlarged or curled.
Body sparsely punctured, cases creased. Col-
or shining dark mahogany. Length 15 mm.,
width 6.2 mm., height 5.7 mm.

Food-plant. Sycamore (Acer pseudo-plan-

tanus). Larvae from Ulster county, N. Y.

HALISIDOTA TESSELLARIS Smith and Abbot.

Egg. Not observed.

First stage. Head black, width 0.4 mm.
Body whitish shaded with yellow dorsally on
joints 3,4 and12. Cervical shield warts and
anal plate black, each wart bearing a single
hair.

Second stage. Head 0.6mm. wide. Body
as before but the hair is more abundant, sev-
eral growing from each wart.

Third stage. Head black, labrum and
antennae white; width o.g mm. Body as
before, warts of rows 1, 2 and 3 black and
a subdorsal blackish line centrally. Hair
more abundant, especially at the extremities.

Fourth stage. Head 1.3 mm. wide, colored
as before. Body whitish, with large subdor-
sal orange spots posteriorly on joint 3 and
anteriorly on joint 4 and on joint 12. The
warts are arranged as in the mature larva,
rows I, 2 and 3 are black, the rest pale. All
the warts bear thin short, whitish hairs.

fifth stage. As before, but the head is 1.7
mm. wide, and from warts 2 on joint 4 grow
pencils of black hair, from row I on joint 12
the same but the two converge over the dor-
sum to form a single tuft. White pencils
from wart 3 on joint 12. Other hair whitish,
longer hairs overhanging the head and pos-
terior extremity. The dorsal region of the
body is blackish, the sides pale. Spiracles
white, distinct.

October 1891. |

Sixth stage. Head shiny black, labrum
and antennae white; width 2.1mm. Body
black above, whitish below, the hair gray and
the pencils now arranged as in the mature
larva.

Seventh stage. Wead black, labrum and
bases of antennae white; width 2.7 mm:
Body black, obscured by the thick hair; ab-
dominal feet whitish; spiracles white. From
warts 2 0n joints 3 and 4 and from warts 3 on
joint 12 grow pencils of long black hair and
from warts 4 on joints 3 and 4 and from the
large wart on joint 13, thinner pencils of
white hair. Other hair even and close,
keeled on the dorsum, light drab or dull
ochre. Warts gray, except warts 3 on joint
12, which are pale and have orange about
their bases. Only traces of the orange
marks on joints 3 and 4.

Eighth stage. As before. Head 3.5 mm.
wide; body velvety black, the hair on the
dorsal ridge appearing somewhat darker
than elsewhere.

Ninth stage. Wead black and shiny, la-
brum and antennae white; width 4.3 mm.
Body black, marked as in the seventh and
eighth stages. Spiracles white. Thoracic
feet testaceous; the abdominal, pale. Cervi-
cal shield black, bisected. Hair drab or dull
ocher yellow, the pencils as before, but now
11mm. long. ‘The warts are arranged as in
FHI. harrisii.

Cocoon. Composed of hairs and silk, of
dense texture, but comparatively smooth,
the hairs being laid on flat.

Pupa. Like that of H. harrisz.

Food plants. Nearly all deciduous trees
except the sycamore. The larvae here des-
cribed in the first stage occurred on beech
(Fagus).

Larvae from Dutchess county, New York.
HALISIDOTA MACULATA //arris.

Sixth stage. As in the following stage
except that the hair is less abundant, not
obscuring the body. Width of head 2.3 mm.

Seventh stage. Head rounded, smooth
shiny black, labrum and bases of antennae

PS TCR:

165

white; a few hairs; width 3.4 mm. Body
black, thoracic feet shiny black, the abdom-
inal ones white with black hairs and whitish
claspers, their minute hooks brown. Spira-
cles white. The warts are black, arranged
as in the other species of Halisidota, namely :
row I a wart on joints 5-12 inclusive, situ-
ated anteriorly; row 2 subdorsal and row
3 lateral on joints 2-13, small on joint 2
and coalesced on joint 13; row 4 posterior to
the spiracles; rows 5 and 6 in the subventral
space, and row 7 four very small warts on
the venter of the legless segments.. All the
warts bear spreading tufts of yellow feathery
hair, brighter in color than that of H. fessel-
farts. From warts I on joints 5-12 on the
upper side, grow black tufts forming a row
of square dorsal tufts as in fH. caryae,
those on joints 5 and 12 4 little longer than
the others; from row 5 on joints 5 and 11,
centrally on the wart, a rather long black
tuft; from the upper parts of the warts of
rows 3 and 4 grow a few long white hairs,
as also from rows 2 and 3 on joints § and 11;
from rows 2 and 3 on joints 12 and 13 ante-
riorly a few more white hairs, those on joint
12 have a number of hairs, the one from row
3 on joint 12 forming a decided pencil,
though rather thin. Length of white hairs
10 mm.; of larva 30 mm.

Cocoon. Fastened by part of one side,
elongate elliptical, much like that of /.
It is rather thin, made of silk and
stuck through,

caryae.
hair, the fine larval hairs
making the cocoon appear something like
velvet. Length 21 mm., thickness 10 mm.

Pupa. Thorax and abdomen enlarged
centrally with a depression between them;
ventral side straight, slightly flattened; ends
obtusely rounded ; abdominal segments with-
out motion. The cremaster consists of a
tuft of spiny hairs. Color, shining dark
brown. Length 15 mm.; width 6 mm.

Food plants. Various deciduous trees. The
larvae were mostly found on maple (Acer).

Larvae from the Catskill Mountains,
Ulster county, N. Y.

166

HALISIDOTA CARYAE Harris.

My notes in regard to the number of
stages of this species have already appeared
in Psyche, and, as the latter stages are all
essentially alike and the larva is well known
and has often been described, I will omit
further remarks upon it.

Foop-PLANTS.—On Sept. 11th I found sev-
eral larvae of Papilio turnus on Carya glabra,
on which I have not found them before.
They were large, bright in color, and nearly
full grown, and the leaves near them were
much eaten. All were on one tree, and the
only other tree very near was achestnut. I
have found them, in Brookline, on ash, wild
cherry, lilac, maple, tulip-tree, plum; in
Vermont on willow; in New York on mag-
nolia. :

I found, on the same day, one larva of
Apatela americana on rose acacia, and one
on butternut. I have not found one on
maple this year, though I have found many
on elm and basswood.

Brookline, Mass. Caroline G. Soule.

CHOICE oF FooD. — The larva of Platysamia
ceanothi differs from all Bombycid larvae I
have reared, in always preferring the young
tips of twigs, instead of wanting older leaves
to eat as they pass the second moult. A brood
raised on wild cherry would not eat the
older leaves at all, usually stopping with the
sixth leaf from the tip of the twig, — these
twigs were saplings, not pieces froma tree
—and this habit they kept till they spun.
C. promethea larvae refused the young tips
as soon as they had moulted for the second
time, and finished up the leaves refused by
the ceanoth?! Caroline G. Soule.

LITERARY NoTes.— Messrs. Reeve and
Co., of London, announce their intended
publication, if a sufficient number of sub-
scribers can be obtained, of a work on the
indigenous Heteroptera of Great Britain and
Ireland, by Edward Saunders. It will be

PS VCE.

[October 1891.

issued in eight parts at five shillings per
part, with colored plates, the number of
which is not stated.

The American entomological society an-
nounces the publication early in October of
a Check list of the Lepidoptera of America,
north of Mexico, by Prof. John B. Smith.
The low price of one dollar a copy will bring
it within the reach of all.

Seven parts of Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica
have now appeared and it is only in the last
that the Euploeinae are completed. ‘This
family is divided, as previously by the author,
into two groups: the Limnaeina of which
there are here described 10 genera and 29
species, of which 4 of as many species have
illustrations of the larva and pupa; and the
Euploeina with 16 genera and 50 species,
only 4 of which (of 3 genera) have their
early stages figured; but let us be thankful;
it is the largest collection of illustrations of
larval and pupal Euploeinae ever brought
together, and certainly justifies some at least
of the generic divisions made. In all there
are 53 plates given up to Euploeinae, and
they contain 225 figures of the imago (every
species being figured) and 31 figures of cater-
pillars and chrysalids. In the seventh part
the Satyrinae are begun, but only carried as
far as the key to the Indian genera.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

9g May, 1890-—The 154th meeting was held
at 156 Brattle St. Mr. J. H. Emerton was
chosen chairman.

Mrs. L. J. Livermore was elected to active
membership.

Mr. Holmes Hinkley showed a structure
found on a violet leafin his garden. Some
discussion followed as to whether it was made
by an insect or was a mere fungus growth.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed a copy of the
third volume of De Nicéville’s Butterflies of
India, and read an extract from it on a lycae-
nid butterfly, the larva of which feeds on the
pomegranate. (See Canad. entom., 1890, v.
22, pp. 243-248.)

PSYCH

Pore aN ALS OM’ BIN LOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vols '6.-. No. 67:

NOVEMBER, IS89gI.

CONTENDS:

SoME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY AND PICKERING.— IV
THE EARLY STAGES OF THREE COLEOPTERA.-——Samuel H. Scudder

A PARASITE OF THE FALL WEB-WoRM.—C. HZ. Tyler- Townsend

NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.—III (Concluded).—-Harrison G. Dyar

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NotTes.—I. BioLOGIA CENTRALI AMERICANA, DIPTERA.— peer

flenshaw
CLOUDS OF INSECTS.—F. Purvios Williams
Notes (Prize for essay on insect pests; insect apprecintion of insect soe
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

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168

PSTCHE.

[November 1891.

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FOR SALE.

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all orders and well represented in large numbers of
individuals and long suites of specimens, from all
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coast of North America species. A large number
of Lepidoptera from this region were described by
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stitutions or private persons wishing to purchase
will please address Mrs Henry Edwards, 185 E. 116
Street, New York, N. Y.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
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Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the
light of criticisms and of new studies of other
paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., I plate 50

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
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PSY CEE:

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY AND
PICKERING.—IV.

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

Mitton, Feb’y 21, 1825.
Dear Str,

Mr. Nuttall has just sent me your let-
ter of Jany. 8th, with the insects which
you committed to his charge. I feel
myself under additional obligations to
you for your attentions, and am highly
gratified with the specimens which I
have received from you.

I have met with but one individual of
the Dicelus elongatus; and, since my
last, have obtained the male of Bolefo-
phagus cornutus ; Yourspecimen is the
female, & is of a lighter colour, as is
represented in the plate attached to
Panzer’s Prod[rJomus. Both these in-
sects must be considered as rare in this
section of the country. The Memog-
natha vittata & species of Lytta are
exceedingly interesting to me. The
other insects I have never discovered
here; they are therefore valuable ad-
ditions to my small collection.

Mr. Fuller purchased for me the first
vol. of your American Entomology,
which is executed in a most beautiful
manner, & must add greatly to the liter-
ary fame you already enjoy. You are
entirely at liberty to quote my localities
for any insects which you may hereafter
describe, either in this work or the Jour-
nal Acad. Nat. Sc. In your Entomol-

ogy I find a species of Smerinthus
which I have never noticed: we have:
one however very much like it, which
I have taken to be the ocel/ata ; whether
it may be the myops or excaecata I can-
not determine, having never seen the
descriptions of those species.

Feeling myself the great want of
books on American entomology, &
knowing the impossibility of our insects
being determined without good descrip-
tions, I have had it in contemplation to
describe all the species which I have
collected, with the view to publishing a
small local Fauna of the insects in this
vicinity. With this intention I have
resolved to visit Philadelphia the ensuing
spring,to request your assistance in deter-
mining the genera & species. You have
described so many of our insects which
I had considered new, and your descrip-
tions of many of them having never
reached me, that I was quite surprised
to find that, among those which I have
sent you, there were so few nondescripts.
I shall immediately obtain the Trans.
Am. Philos. Soc. & if possible the
Journal of the Lyceum.

As you may publish your descriptions
of Coleoptera before I have an opportu-
nity of consulting with you, I will give
the names of such of ours as now occur
to me, with some remarks on those whose
names you gave me in your last letter.

170

Cicindela purpurea is very common
in dry pastures. C. Aérticollis is rare.*
C. sexguttata, & 2 varieties, one with
an additional spot on the disc, the other
without the terminal one, are found in
sandy paths. The habitat of puzctu-
Zata is the same. LZlaphrus ripartus
is rare. Carabus catenulatus is scarce.
Agra pensylvanica 1 have found be-
neath stones on sunny banks. Omo-
phron limbatum Latr. inhabits near
fresh water streams; Dyt¢scus margin-
alis in stagnant water. Several other
species of Dytéscus are found, but I
We
have a Buprestés which appears to be
the virgintensis, but my specimen has
not the metallic lustre of yours. later
oculatus is common; I have not ascer-
tained the habitat of its larva. We
have your &.dorsalis, & E. cortictnus.
Lycus dimidiatus & L. reticulatus are
generally taken on the wing in the day
time, about bushes, & hedges. JZala-
chius 4-maculatus? the male is distin-
guished by having the 2d joint of the
antenne (not the 3d joint, as in Fabri-
cius) dilated, quadrate, & with a deep
indentation. But what is most remark-
able is that, even by aid of a powerful
magnifier, I could detect only 4 joints
to the anterior tarsi. Like others of
the genus this species is furnished with
with 4 retractile, tridigitated textacula?
or processes, one on each of the thorax
& abdomen. Having fixed my speci-
men to a card I cannot compare the
colours beneath with those of your

have not made out the species.

*In Prof. Peck’s cabinet are the only specimens I have
seen.

BSC.

[ November 1So1.

vittatus ; but those of the superior sur-
face correspond exactly, except the an-
tenna, the first and 2d joints of wh’h
are rufous, the remainder blackish.
Length of the male just 4 inch. The
female has the usual number of joints to
the anterior tarsi. There some varieties
particularly of this sex: In these the
thorax is destitute of the black spots ; the
dilated humeral portion of the margin is
extended into a fascia which unites with
the suture. This species of A/alachtus
Ihave found in meadows, on the flowers
of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, in
June & July. We have several species
of Zps which are allied to the fasczata.
Attagenus pellio is very common in
houses, & a species, or perhaps variety,
without the white dot on the elytron.
I have met with a ZLucanus which
corresponds with your parallelus, only
that there is no small tooth ‘‘on the
middle of the inferior inner edge” of

the mandibles. Passalus <tnterrup-
tus is common. Déaperis maculata
Oliv. is found here upon _ fungi.

Three species of Ly¢¢a are also found
here, viz: Z. c¢éverea on the potato-vine
&c, L. marginata on the Clematis
virginiana, & L. atrata on the Solzd-
ago. Bruchus pisz prevails every year.
We have your Lamia aspfersa, also L.
nebulosa F. and Callidium bicolor, F.

I will now recur to the insects which
I sent you in box 1. If No, 2 be Caéo-
soma calidum of Fabricius (which I
presume you intended when you wrote
caltda) that author was mistaken in
describing it as apterous; all the speci-
mens which I have seen certainly have

November 1So1. |

wings. No. 4 I had taken to be the
cistelotdes of Schonherr, flavipes of
Paykull. To No. 9 I had fixed the
mame ot ODivieupreus, Ke; it is ‘your
Pecilia lucubanda; to No. 16, your
Amara impunctata, I gave the name of
Carabus dispar, Paylkull, or vulgaris,
F. I should not have suspected your
Flarpalus rusticus (No. 11) to have
belonged to Flarpalus,
judging from a cursory view, it seems

the genus

very unlike the other species of that
genus. Your A. viridis, Nos. 12 and
13. stand in my cabinet by the name of
“tineus? F. proteus? Paykull. The
latter name appears appropriate from
the variety of shades which different in-
dividuals exhibit. You will, I hope,
excuse my confessing my mistakes, for
such I presume they must be; for you
have the best means of knowing that
these individuals had not been before
described, or that I had not rightly made
them out. No. 38 is not the female of
Lampyris corrusca. 1 have obtained
the sexes in coitu, & the female is not
apterous. No. 41 which you mention
as a variety of L. laticornis, F. I have
found in great numbers on shrubs in
“July, & never in company with the
laticornis, No. 42: Hence I conclude
it must be distinct, & therefore marked
itas the ater? F, No. 47, your S.
caudata, stands in my cabinet as the
Stlpha lapponica, to Fabricius’ des-
cription of which I thought it corres-
ponded. I cannot discover teeth on the
posterior thighs of No. 48, S. surz¢za-
mensis F., as described by Fabricius.
Is No. 59 the same as Dermestes

PS TCHE.

171

marmoratus, Knoch, in Melsheimer’s
catalogue? No. 66 answers the des-
cription of Scarabaeus Hecate, Panzer,
(Faun. Amer. Boreal. Prod[r]omus).
No. 74, your Sc. re/¢ctas is very common
in certain localities. On May 21st 1822
Isaw the ground covered with them at
Hoboken, New Jersey; & last summer
great quantities were exhumed from be-
neath a dung hill in this vicinity, in all
their stages of larva, pupa, & imago.
No. 75 Melolontha guercina, Knoch,
is very injurious to fruit trees in June;
the larva is equally destructive to the
roots of grass. Can No, 82 be a variety
It has not the ovoid form
of the varzans, & seems nearer allied
to your zrécolor.

of WZ. varians.

Trichius scaber dit-
fuses so strong an odour that I have
frequently discovered it by that alone,
when at the distance of several yards.
The larva in habits the trunks of decaying
trees.* AMelolontha elongata is found
in profusion on oaks in June. To No.
g! Igave the name of 7Trox nigritus, &
to 92thatof 7. pulverulentus. 1 omit-
ted in course No. 22 which ismy Cara-
bus pustllus, & No. 33 Elater pumilus.
No. 93, to which you assign the name
of Tenebrio barbatulus, lives like the
molitor about stables, granaries &c.
The larva devours corn; is elongated,
depressed, corneous, & of a yellow
colour, with 6 very small legs at the an-
terior extremity, & a short tubercle be-
neath the posterior to assist it in moving.
In the pupa the segments of the ab-
domen are produced, flattened & finely

*Is Trichtus eremicola, Knoch,the Scarabeus ebenus
of DeGeer?

172

serrated, & the tail bifurcated. No. 95
is the only species of AZeloé I have ever
discovered ; it is not uncommon in pas-
tures. I cannot reconcile the descrip-
tions of Diapers viridipenni's with my
specimens of No. 94. They inhabit be-
neath the bark of decaying trees. To
99 I gave the name of Curculio hirtus
in my collection. No. 103 I have al-

ways taken to bethe Megacepha marm-

orata. No. 1to6is the Scolytus cerast
Ol my cabinet.) (Is it mot ef the

genus Hylurgus? No. 11t you have
marked as a variety of Call¢d. fennt-
Fabricius describes that insect
with violaceous elytra. I had marked
I11 as the flavum, F. In the Steno-
corus putator, Peck, the 2d and 3d
joints of the antenne are each termin-
ated with one rigid spine; & I agree

Cum.

with you in thinking that it is probably
distinct from the d¢dens & villosus of
Fabricius. 170 is my Doxacta atten-
uata. 124 Criocerts (Lema) trilineata
is found on the vines of the potato &
‘other Solanz in June. The eggs are
affixed to the leaves, & immediately on
‘their being hatched the larve enter the
earth. No. 133 inhabits the leaves of
the apple tree. The larva devours the
parenchymatous substance of the leaf,
the cuticle remaining untouched. Here
it changes to a nymph, & emerges from
its retreat only when it has assumed the
imago. The larve of 130 /matidium
argus, feed upon the leaves of the Con-
volvuli ; those of 132, Casstda aurichal-
cea, on the leaves of thesweet potato, &
the Solanum dulcamara. Eumolpus

PHS CHE,

[ November 1891.

auratus | have always found on the A fo-
cynum androsemifolium, and Chry-
somela trimaculata on the Asclepias
syrtaca on which plant the larva & pupa
of the latter are also found. Cocctnella
g-notata, & C. abbreviata inhabit the
leaves of the carrot, from which I have
obtained the larva & pupa. Your C.
bfoculata is constantly found in all its
stages on the Ligustrum vulgare. 163,
your Colaspis 10-notata, | have found
only upon the leaves of the oak. No.
175 is my Ffelops piceus.

The marine shells which I intended
for you, were unfortunately mislaid or
lost, & I have delayed this letter in the
hopes of recovering & sending them by
a private conveyance. They were not
of much value for rareness or beauty,
but were such as are common here, &
which I can therefore replace in the
course of the summer.

With sentiments of respect,
Yr. obed’t friend
T.. Wim: Harris.

[Endorsed with the following notes
by Thomas Say] :—

Malachius 4-maculatus Fabr.; it is
certainly the 3d j’t. Fab. is right; the
ant’r tarsi have 5 very distinct joints.
Mal. vittatus some of my spec’s have
the anten’a dusky at tip. Lucanus paral-
lelus. the fem. has the tooth somet’s
hardly obvious. Calosoma calida and
several others Fab. descr’d as apterous
have wings.

; November 1So1. |

BSDCHE. 173:

THE EARLY, SEAGES, OF THREE COLEOPTERA.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Finding among some old_ papers
notes of the early stages of certain Col-
eoptera imperfectly known, I venture to
All the species were
found upon sweet fern.

print them.

MEGILLA MACULATA.

The full grown larva has the head shining
black, faint yellowish in centre. Body black
above, brown beneath, except two yellow
spots on the edge of the fifth abdominal seg-
ment; first thoracic segment with transverse
yellow bands at front and hind edges; the
second and third with a yellow dorsal stripe;
second abdominal segment, except the mid-
dle third, yellow, fifth abdominal wholly
yellow, and the other segments with a row
of yellow spots on each side. Besides there
are twelve longitudinal series of black pa-
pillae, six on the upper and six on the under
surface, one to a segment in each series,
those on upper larger than those on under
surface, each giving rise to a short black
hair.

The pupa is in general black. Head with
a median yellow line. Thorax with a dorsal
yellow stripe, a median transverse band and
a stripe at the sides reddish yellow; from
these a dorsal and lateral stripe of the same
color pass backward and broaden in the mid-
dle of each segment, the first abdominal seg-
ment thus entirely reddish yellow except a
subdorsal black spot on either side; besides
in the interstices of the abdominal segments
are other minute yellow and black spots; the
thoracic appendages are black and the mark-
ings of the elytra of the future imago cannot
be seen; ventral surface of abdominal seg-
ments white.

The hind legs protrude oddly on

either side of the body beneath the
elytra like two side horns, and the legs
of the cast larval skin sprawl about the
tail of the chrysalis, the last segment
being immersed therein. When quiet,
the chrysalis lies on the surface of rest,
but if disturbed, it erects its whole body
at right angles thereto, and then the
interstitial markings of the abdomen are

concealed. One individua] changed to
chrysalis on August 24. (Notes of
1859.)

COCCINELLA SANGUINEA.

The full grown larva has a small black
head and a dusky body; in the middle of
either side of each thoracic segment is a
large black spot, covering nearly the whole
surface on the first segment which is bor-
dered anteriorly with dull orange; there isa
dull orange dorsal band of irregular width
along the whole body, its limits vague, and
besides, on the abdominal segments, subdor-
sal, lateral and stigmatal series of black spots,
one to each segment; on the sides of the
first five abdominal segments are found some
dull orange spots; the body beneath is dusky
witha rather dull orange broad ventral band ;.
the legs are black. Length 9 mm.

The pupa is in general of a dusky yellow;
the head is black; thorax with a yellowish
dorsal line and on either side of it at the
posterior edge of each segment a black spot;
the first thoracic segment has also another
lateral black spot on posterior edge and a
large black spot on the front edge; the wings
and all the thoracic appendages are black
where exposed; but otherwise apparently
dusky or pale yellow; the abdominal seg-

174

ments are dirty white or black with yellow-
ish spots, the first two segments having a
predominance of yellow, the others of black;
the ventral surface is dirty white or yel-
lowish.

Two specimens changed to imago on
September 1oth at Cape Cod after eight
days in pupa. (Notes of 1861.)

The pupa is figured by Comstock
(Rep..U.#S. entom. for 1861, pl. 13,
fig. 4) and the larva by Candéze (Mém.
soc. scs Liége, wa, pl. 6. fig.97.).

CHLAMYS PLICATA.

The larva of this beetle may be found
abundantly the last of July and early
in August hanging perpendicularly with
its case from the under side of leaves of
sweet fern.

It has an orange yellow body, deepening
in tint toward the tail with a delicate suffu-
sion above of light olivaceous green, but the
head and long legs are jet black, and the
dorsum of the thorax and. the parts above
the legs are of a dark testaceous. The whole
body is sparsely covered with microscopic
hairs, and one notes a depression in the
middle of the dorsum of the last segment.

When taken from its case the tail is
curled under its body and this is evi-
dently its normal attitude.

The larval cases are from five to six
millimetres long for the full grown
creature, and at the most about three
millimetres broad. They are smooth
within but externally rough, black,
oval, the oblique open end generally
minutely flaring with a more or less
distinct notch above and below, and
especially below, fur the better use of
the legs; it looks as if made of black

ESV CLLTE:

[ November 1So1.

papier maché and is evidently formed
by accretion, as may best be seen by
examining the under surface where there
is an indistinct median groove, where
the bands of accretions on either side
seem to have been brought together.
‘These accretions are laid on apparently
at about ten or twelve times during the
life of the larva, in an oblique course,
broadest on the back and narrowest on
the ventral side. According to Riley
and Murtfeldt it has as its basis ‘‘a cov-
ering of dark sticky excrementitious
matter ... somewhat bell shaped, the
upper end being largest, squarely
docked and slightly depressed so as to
form a circular rim around the margin”
which the female constructs to cover
the egg, and which is cut away from
its attachments by the larva when born
and made the basis of its movable
house. The manner of enlargement
has yet to be told.

The larva crawls with some rapidity,
and when it retreats within its case it is
wholly beyond the deepest cleft, the
claws of the feet only projecting there-
from. When one is forcibly removed,
it seems unable to get back again; at
least such as I have experimented upon
have failed to do so, though they tried
hard to do so by going in head fore-
most; they succeeded in getting only
the head and three of the legs inside,
the length of the legs appearing a
hindrance.

Before changing to pupa they turn
around in the sac so that the anal ex-
tremity is toward the former opening,
which is now closed, since in prepara-

November 1891. ]

tion for the change they glue this end
tightly to the surface of a leaf, and with
such a superfluity of substance as to
make this end of the interior rounded.

At first the pupa retains the bright yellow
color of the larva, the eyes and tips of the
mandibles being black, and the outer surface
of the legs and wings and especially the in-
cisures of the legs infuscated. Afterwards
when nearing the final change, the pupa as-
sumes the color of the beetle, a brilliant deep
bronze, though the abdominal rings, espec-
ially at the tip, still retain somewhat of their
original yellow.

The pupal state lasts nearly four weeks
in Massachusetts, in one instance from
Aug. 4 to Aug. 30. The pupa seems
to be free, moving at least its head and
hinder legs with ease; in the change
the old skin off as
transparent pellicle, which looks as if
only large enough to cover the end of
the abdomen, while the old larval skin
may be discovered packed tightly away
next the old opening. By using its
jaws upon the end of the case with
which they are in contact, the enclosed
beetle succeeds in making little trans-
verse cuts around the former bottom of
the sac until finally the old egg-covering
with a little more is lifted at the single
part of the bitten circle remaining as at
a hinge, and the beetle presents himself
with all his fresh beauty to the world.

I once found on July 15 a case glued
to a fern leaf, and noticing a series of
fine holes around the glued endI opened
it and discovered the larva in position

is thrown a thin

PST CEILS. 175

for change to pupa, but lying against its
middle the pupa of a hymenopterous
parasite of a uniform light amber color
with deep amber eyes and about rn 25
mm. long. Five days later I noted
change in color and discovered that the
body of the Chlamys larva was simply
crammed with similar hymenopterous
pupae, twenty-three in all; three days
later they emerged, but unfortunately
were never determined and are
lost.

now
When the pupae had gained their
color, however, the dorsal portions of
the abdominal segments were very dark
brown, almost black, with a few indis-
tinct transverse yellowish streaks and a
similar streak across the thorax just
behind the head; there are three ocelli
in a row on the top of the head between
the eyes; the hind legs just reach the
tip of the abdomen but the other legs,
like the hind legs appressed to the sides
of the body, are short.

Other larval cases similarly attacked
were found where the parasites had left
the case ragged at the end opposite to
the glued part where they had made
their escape.

There are apparently at least two
broods of this beetle which I have found
in the latter part of July and in the
latter part of August and early in Sep-
tember. Probably the beetles hiber-
nate. (Notes taken in 1859-1861.)

The larva and its case are figured by
Riley (Rep. ins. Missouri, vi, fig. 37
on p. 130).

PSTECHE:

{[ November 1891.

A PARASITE OF THE FALL WEB-WORM.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. M.

In this vicinity the cottonwoods
(Populus fremontet) begin to be in-
fested with the Fall Web-worm (/Zy-
phantria cunea) about the first of July.
On July 28 I placed an entire nest of
good-sized web-worms in a_ breeding
cage. Aug. 19 quite a number of
moths had emerged, and one specimen
of the Tachinid parasite described
below. The earth was full of the web-
worm cocoons and pupae, only a few
stray ones having been formed in the

leaves and twigs. The moth is the

pure, snow-white form, with the thighs
yellowish. Aug. 25 three more speci-
mens of the Tachinid were secured.
The following is a description of the
latter.

Metgenia hyphantriae n.sp. @. Silvery-
cinereous, and black. yes dark brown, ex-
tending not quite so low as the vibrissae,
thinly hairy on lower portions; front at
vertex about one-third the width of head, a
little wider at base of antennae, somewhat
prominent, silvery on sides with a cinereous
shade; frontal vitta narrow, not one-fifth the
width of front, dark brown, the prongs on
sides of ocelli rather faint, ochreous; frontal
bristles moderately strong, three posterior
ones inclined backward, others inward,
decussate except the divergent lower ones
which extend as far down as base of third
antennal joint; two orbital bristles on each
side; face and cheeks silvery, face strongly
receding, facial depression rather wide,
facial ridges bristly for some distance above
the vibrissae which are decussate and in-
serted considerably above the oral margin;

sides of face moderately wide, bare; cheeks
moderately narrow, bare, except bristles on
lower border; antennae a little shorter
than face, first two joints rufous, first joint
very short, second slightly elongate, third
narrow, black, rufous at base, about three
times as long as the second; arista black,
microscopically pubescent, rather long,
thickened for one-third its length, apparently
2-jointed, the second joint short; proboscis
rufous, but little extended, fleshy, apparently
very short, labella large, flavous or rufous;
palpi well developed, slender, nearly cylin-
drical, flavous or rufous, black hairy; occiput
gray or cinereous, with whitish hair, except
a wide black vitta from vertex to center,
orbital margins fringed with black bristles.
Thorax narrower than head and abdomen,
widest in front, silvery, shaded with cinere-
ous above, with two narrow well-defined
black vittae and a lateral interrupted one,
bristly and hairy; scutellum cinereous, with
an apical very short, weak, decussate pair of
bristles, a sub-apical decussate pair of macro-
chaetae extending to base of third abdominal
segment, two lateral and a discal pair of
macrochaetae; humeri and pieurae silvery,
bristly. Abdomen rather conical in outline,
short, stout, first segment a little shortened,
macrochaetae only marginal; first segment
black, without macrochaetae; second and
third broadly silvery at base, blackish on
posterior border; second with a median pair
of macrochaetae, and a single lateral one;
third with eight macrochaetae; anal more
yellowish at base, armed with macrochaetae
and bristles above and below. lLegs black,
coxae and femora silvery, tibiae slightly
so,femora and tibiae bristly, hind tibiae
with a fringe of bristles on outer edge; claws
and pulvilli a little elongate. Wzags rather
broad, longer than the abdomen, without

November 1So1. |

costal spine, grayish-hyaline, opaque gray at
base; apical cell very narrowly open at some
distance before the apex of the wing; fourth
vein bent at an angle without stump or
wrinkle, the bend not sharp, apical cross-
vein a little concave; hind cross-vein curved,
nearer to bend of fourth vein; third vein
spined at base; tegulae white, halteres yel-
lowish gray.

2. Differs as follows: Front nearly one-
half the width of head; frontal vitta broad,
occupying one-third of frontal width; three
orbital bristles (on one side, on the other
side only two); eyes more distinctly hairy,
especially on upper portions; claws and
pulvilli hardly shorter.

Length of g 6 mm.; wing 54 mm. @
7mm.; wing 6mm.

Described from three ¢ specimens,
and one @, bred from chrysalids of

PST CHE.

177

flyphantria cunea, Las Cruces, New
Mexico. This species is best located in
Meigenia. The face, however, is not
almost perpendicular, the abdomen is
short and stout, and the macrochaetae
are only marginal unless on the anal
segment. It cannot be
Mystacella, which has the eyes more
decidedly hairy.

referred to

Note on Phorocera promiscua Towns.
Psyche, v.6,84. This species was wrongly
referred to Phorocera, my reason for the ref-
erence being that the facial ridges are bristiy
for fully half theirextent. But the eyes are
very indistinctly hairy, the species agreeing
in this and its other characters with Mei-
genia. It will be best, I believe, to refer to
itas Mezgenta promiscua Towns.

NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.—III.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, NEW YORK,

SCHIZURA EXIMIA Grote.

1882. Oedemasia eximia Grt., Bull. U. S.
geol. & geog. surv. terr., Hayden, 6, 275.

1891. Thaxter, Can. ent., XXIII, 34.

I have for some time considered this spe-
cies improperly reterred to Oedemasza, but I
have never found the larva. Dr. Thaxter,
however, has bred it, and writes me as fol-
lows: ‘‘ Oedemasia eximia resembles Coelo-
dasys leptinoides* in coloring, but structur-
ally is perhaps more like dz%guttatus (ipo-
meae). When at rest‘it is greatly hunched
anteriorly, and the furcate prominence on
segm. 4is very long. I should say it was
surely a Coelodasys” (=Schizura).

I would place it next to S. deptinoides and
near Janassa.

ScHIZURA BADIA Packard.

1864. Oedemasia badia Pack., Proc. ent.

soc. Phil., III, 361.

* Described in Ent. amer., vol. 6, p. 230.

N. Y-.

Larva. I have found this larva on Vebur-
num lentago, and it is certainly not an Oede-
masta. It is without the red hump and black
tubercules of O. concinna, the body being
smooth, with dorsal processes on the Ist,
4th, and 8th abdominal segments; the sides
of the thoracic segments are green, but the
usual V-shaped mark is, I believe, absent. I
have not been able to obtain the larva re-
cently for more careful description.

OEDEMASIA SALIcIs Hy. Edw.

1876. Heterocampa salicis
Proc: @al-.acad: sci:, VLE, 121.

Third stage. Head black, witha
few short hairs; cervical shield bisected,
black, as is the anal plate. Body yellow,
with short pale hairs growing from black
tubercles; joint 5 has a slight dorsal hump
somewhat orange tinted, and with four
smooth black tubercles, these being part of a

Hy. Edw.,

Larva.

178

transverse row of eight which each segment
bears; joint 13 has a double row. The tu-
bercles are not exactly in line, the two dorsal
ones being placed anteriorly to the others.
Faintly indicated geminate subdorsal and
lateral brown lines; thoracic feet dark;
length 12 mm.

Fourth stage. Head mahogany red more
or less shaded with black; furnished with
short hairs; jaws black. Body yellow, a
single dorsal and geminate subdorsal, and
lateral interrupted pale brown lines. Black
tubercles as in the previous stage, but more
elongated, the dorsal ones on the hump and
the subdorsal ones on joints 3 and 4 especially
so. There is also a slight hump on joint 12
with two elongated tubercles. Besides the
four tubercles on each side are two more
above the bases of the legs. The lines are
obsolete behind joint 11, and the arrange-
ment of the tubercles is confused. Cervical
shield elevated, bisected; feet and anal plate
black. Venter pinkish.
feet are held elevated.

As the stage advances the geminate brown
lines become filled in with white, and a nar-

The anal pair of

row, interrupted brown line appears between
the dorsal and subdorsal lines and between
the subdorsal and lateral lines. The hump
on joint 5 has a decided rose tint.

Fifth stage. As in the preceding stage,
but the black tubercles are still more pro-
longed, especially the subdorsal ones and
the dorsal on joint 5. The hump on joint 5
is rose color, that on joint 12 yellow; the
lines are black, except those that last ap-
peared, which are brown, the geminate ones
filled in with white, and all interrupted at
the humps and obsolete on joint 13. Anal
feet yellow, black at their bases.

Food plant. Maple (Acer). Larvae from
the Yosemite Valley, California, in August.

I did not succeed in obtaining any moths
from these larvae, as the stage ride out of the
valley was more than they could endure; but,
from a comparison with Mr. Edwards’ de-

PSYCHE.

[ November 1891.

scription, there is no doubt that they are O.
salicts.

This species is the California representa-
tive of the Eastern O. conctnna Sm. Abb.,
but seems specifically distinct.

HETEROCAMPA GUTTIVITTA Walker.

1855. Cecrita guttivitta Walk., Cat. Brit.
mus., V, 992.
1890. Cecrita guttivitta Packard, Proc.

Bost. soc. nat. hist., XXIV, 543.

Larva. Closely allied to Heterocampa
binudata Walk., which I have elsewhere de-
scribed.* Dr. Packard has described the
present species, but the larvae that I have
seen do not agree with his description. I
give the last two stages.

Fourth stage. Wead higher than wide,
conoida] in outline, flat in front; pale green-
ish, a curved band from the vertex to anten-
nae dark crimson, centered with and bor-
dered posteriorly by whitish. Labrum and
antennae yellow; jaws red brown; width 2.1
mm. Body thickest at joint 8 when at rest;
feet normal, the anal pair elevated; on the
anterior edge of joint 2 is a yellow line con-
taining two brown points, which apparently
represent horns of a previous stage. (In ZH.
bcundata the horns are presentat this stage. )
A narrow white dorsal line, edged with black
on joints 2 and 3, obsolete on joint 13; a
yellow, subdorsal line fading out anteriorly
on joint 3, edged inwardly with dark brown
on joints 12 and 13, and with white outwardly
on the anal plate, narrowly and obliquely in-
terrupted on the anterior part of joint 11.
Between these two lines on each side is a
supplementary dorsal line, which starts from
the dorsal line on joint 5, and, running par-
allel to it, joins it again on joint 8, imme-
diately leaving it and running to the sub-
dorsal line which it joins on joint 11, just
posterior to theinterruption. Faint traces ot
a yellow stigmatal line. The green of the

* By error as H. subrotata Narv., Ent. amer., VI
209.

November 1891.]
F

body is speckled with small black spots on
the sides and on the back of the anterior seg-
ments. Feet yellowish, the anal pair white
with a narrow, longitudinal black line, and
tipped with yellow.

Fifth stage. Widthof head3.3 mm. Ver-
tical lines geminate, somewhat puiverulent
on a white ground; color green, labrum
whitish, mouth parts purple-red ; ocelli black ;
cervical shield narrowly yellow in front,
smooth, without tubercles.* The body is
marked as before, the dorsal lines white, the
subdorsal yellow, the stigmatal absent. In
one example the lines were partly obsolete
especially in the fourth stage. As the pres-

ent stage advances white shades appear in.

the space enclosed by the anterior supple-
mentary dorsal lines and below the subdor-
sal line on joint 13 while the subdorsal line
becomes partly white. The lateral region of
the body is dark green with purple dots, the
dorsal region yellowish green with a general
faint white shading. On one, a pink spot
appeared in the subdorsal band on joint 7.

Cocoon. The larvae enter the ground and
spin an extremely slight web of silk.

Pupa. Of normal shape, cylindrical, the
body punctured and cases creased; antennae
cases prominent. The cremaster consists of
two parallel spines, twisted a little near the
end and barbed, each bearing two little spurs
the anterior one pointing inward, the poster-
ior one outward. A curved row of six sub-
cubical granulations is situated at the pos-
terior edge of the thorax. Color shining
mahogany red, darker on the cases. Length
I9mm; width 5 mm.

The species is occasionally double-brooded
and the winter is passed in the pupa state.

Food plants. Oak (Quercus), Witch-hazel
(Hamamelis), Hickory (Carya), Chestnut
(Castanea) and Birch (Betula).

Larvae from Dutchess and Ulster counties,
INTs Nige

* Differing markedly from Dr. Packard’s description-

SIA bd EZ. is)

DRYOPTERIS ROSEA Walker.

1855. Walk., Cat. Brit. mus., V, 1164. Dre-
pana.

1887. Grote, Can. ent., XIX, 50.

1888. Dyar, Ent. amer., IV, 179.

1890. Packard. Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist.,
XXIV, 489.

This species is double brooded. The moths
of the first brood appear about the middle of
June and from eggs laid by them the sum-
mer larvae are produced which develop into
moths towards the end of August. The sec-
ond brood of larvae hibernate exposed on the
stems of the food plant in the fourth or fifth lar-
val stages and complete their transformations
in the following spring, emerging as perfect
insects in June. There appear to be six
stages.t There is not much change in col-
oration except that during hibernation the
color is of a uniform brown, resembling the
color of the twigs of the food plants, and at
maturity it is very variable, often decidedly
greenish, resembling the leaves upon which
the larvae rest. I have already noted how
the larvae are protected from observation in
their early stages.

The cocoon is formed of silk inside of the
rolled edge of a leaf.

The pupa is cylindrical, a little flattened
ventrally; eyes and wing cases prominent;
blunt at both ends, the head almost square;
the abdominal segments not tapering but the
last square and blunt. Cremaster a short
thick rounded prominence which is smooth.
The body is punctured dorsally, the wing
cases finely creased. Color brownish yellow,
the head, thorax and anal segment heavily
shaded with blackish brown while the cases
and back are also shaded, but less heavily.
Eyes black; spiracles dark brown. Length
Ii1mm.; width 4 min.

Food plants — Viburnum acertfolium, V.
lentago and V. dentatum.

Not uncommon on its food plants in Dutch-
ess and Ulster Counties, New York.

tSee Psyche, vol. 5, page 421.

180

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.—I.

BY SAMUEL HENSHAW.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. — DIp-
TERA. Vol. I. By Charles Robert von Osten
Sacken.

gQ
o
2
wn
uc}

Cecidomyidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. I.
Mycetophilidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 1-2.
Bibionidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 2-5.
Simulidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 5-
Blepharoceridae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 5.
Culicidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 5-6.
Tipulidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 6-20.
Rhyphidae, 1886, pt. 49, p. 20-22.
Stratiomyidae, 1886, pt 49-50, p.

Lal
HNN HF RW WH
to
wv

22-43. 2792
Tabanidae, 1886, pt. 50-51, p. 43-60. 8 74
Chiromyzidae, 1886, pt. 51, p. 60. mi
Leptidae, 1886, pt. 51, p. 60-62. Re
Xylophagidae, 1886, pt. 51, p. 62-63. I 2

Acanthomeridae, 1886, pt. 51, p.

63-68. 23)
Midaidae, 1886, pt. 51-52, p. 68-73. Py Gf
Nemestrinidae, 1886, pt. 52, p. 73-74. 2 3
Bombylidae, 1886-87, pt. 52-55,

Pp. 75-162. 24 107
Therevidae, 1887, pt. 55, p. 162-163. 2 7
Cyrtidae, 1887, pt. 55, p. 163-167. o7 Ss

Asilidae, 1887, pt. 55-57, p. 167-213.
Dolichopodidae, 1887, pt. 57, p.
213-214. 4 12

Empidae, 1887, pt. 57, p- 214-216. 2, 10

The above enumeration of 147 genera and
593 species includes, in addition to those
contained in the descriptive part of the work,
all previously recorded from Mexico and
Central America.

Species of the following genera are fig-
ured :—

Tipulidae. — Epiphragma, I.
premna, I.

*Tany-

Stratiomyidae.—Hermetia, 1.
Tabanidae.—Chrysops, 1. Tabanus, t.
Acanthomertdae.—Acanthomera, 3.
Bombylidae.—Anthrax, 2, 3. Aphoeban-
tus, 3. Argyramoeba, 2. Eclimus, 3. Exo-

PSYCHE.

[November 1$91.

prosopa, 1. Hyperalonia, 1, 2. *Isopenthes,
2. *Lepidanthrax, 2. Pantarbes,3. *Stonyx,
Pe
Cyrtidae.—Ocnaea, 3.
Astlidae.—*Cophura, 3.
Laphria, 3. Lastaurus, 3.
Proctacanthus, 3.

Diogmites, 3.
Mallophora, 3.

The three plates contain 66 figures of 50
species; new genera are marked (*); the
figure following the name of the genus de-
notes the number of the plate.

CLOUDS, OF INSECTS.

On the night of Aug. 27th, Hornellsville,
N. Y., was visited by a vast shoal of insects
which came from the south, and, as long as
observed, moved in a northerly direction.
They made theirappearance about sunset and
on the following morning they had entirely
disappeared. They were minute in size, pos-
sessed four membranous, glossy wings, and
the abdomen was separated from the thorax
by a narrow constriction. They probably
belonged to the same orderas the bees and
wasps. The afternoon preceding the even-
ing of their appearance was sultry and op-
pressive, and the sky was unclouded. Just
before dusk a vast mound-like cloud became
visible south of the city. It had an apparent
altitude of about two thousand feet and was
of the cumulus type. It shone with a rosy,
semi-metallic lustre due to reflections from
the western sky. A few minutes later the
insects began to come from the direction of
the cloud. It would be impossible to esti-
mate their numbers. Probably there were at
least hundreds of millions. There were
places where they flew as thick as hail, and
like hail in acommon direction. When they
had fully arrived the electric lights became
the chief centres of their activity. They
swarmed the stores and flew about the lights
until exhausted, when they fell to the floors
in such numbers that they were swept up by
the merchants.

Hornellsville is situated in a valley extend-
ing approximately north and south. Now

November 1So1.]

one remarkable fact about this occurrence
was that these insects occupied a limited belt
in the centre of the valley, and did not ex-
tend to the elevated portions of the town on
either side. There were no insects about the
electric lights on the hillsides, and farther
down in the valley the lights were fre-
~quented only by Lepidoptera. Where the
small insects were most abundant the Lepi-
doptera were wanting. Probably the small
insects drove them away. Looking from the
hillsides a cloudy phosphorescence was seen to
extend over the city in an irregular sheet,
with here and there patches and protuber-
ances rising high above the common mass.
Comparing the position of this cloud at
different times from seven until ten o’clock,
it was evident that the centres of maximum
density were moving northward, i. e., in the
same direction that the insects moved in the
early part of the evening. There was no
perceptible moisture in the air so that this
cloud could not be attributed to mist. It must
have been caused by the reflection of the
city lights upon the glossy wings of these
insects.

Prof. D. A. Saunders tells me that a very
similar cloud passed over Alfred Centre, a
village about twelve miles southwest of Horn-
ellsville, on the evening of August 16. The
insects in this case were flying ants with de-
ciduous wings, so that, after the cloud had
passed, their wings were found very abund-
antly scattered over the ground. This cloud
made its appearance about sunset and had
passed over by dark. It came from a steep
hill overlooking the town and swept across
the town in a narrow belt, leaving the upper
and lower parts unmolested. He has ob-
served other clouds during the year in Flor-
ida, and says the inhabitants there are quite
familar with them. A rather remarkable
cloud of this kind was particularly observed
by him in the month of May at Sisco, Fla.
The insects on this occasion were large, and
had very glossy wings. The cloud began
about eight o’clock in the morning and lasted

ES TC FLL,

181
for half an hour. They seemed to rise
from a flat meadow densely overgrown with
grass. They ascended to an altitude of about
twenty feet, and continued the rest of their
course in a horizontal direction. The cloud
seems to have been confined chiefly to a
twenty-acre lot and did not pass to adjacent
parts. It was a warm, bright day, and the
reflection of light upon their wings gave the
cloud a striking resemblance to a snowstorm.
Their wings were deciduous, and neighbor-
ing pools were pretty much covered with
them. J. Lawton WILLIAMS.

Notres.—The Royal Society of New South
Wales offers a prize of the Society’s medal
and £25 for the best essay containing the re-
sults of original research on the injuries
occasioned by insect pests upon introduced
trees, the essay to be sent in before May 1,
1893. The competition is in no way con-
fined to residents in Australia, but is open
without restriction to all.

In Nature Notes for August Mr. R. T.
Lewis, on the authority of a correspondent
in whose trustworthiness he has entire confi-
dence, gives a curious account of the appre-
ciation with which the song of the Cicada is
heard by insects other than those of its own
genus. The correspondent has frequently
observed in Natal that when the Cicada is
singing at its loudest, in the hottest portion
of the day, it is attended by a number of
other insects with lovely, gauze-like, irides-
cent wings, whose demeanour has left no
doubt on his mind that the music is the at-
traction. The Cicada, when singing, usually
stations itself upon the trunk of a tree with
its head uppermost, and the insects in ques-
tion, to the number sometimes of fifteen or
sixteen, form themselves into a rough semi-
circle at a short distance around its head.
During a performance one of the insects was
observed occasionally to approach the Cicada
and to touch it upon its front leg or antennae,
which proceeding was resented by a vigorous
stroke of the foot by the Cicada, without,

182

however, any cessation of its song. The in-
sects composing the audience are extremely
active; and so wary that they take flight at
the least alarm on the too near approach of
any intruder. Some of them, however, have
been captured; and on examination these
“proved to belong to the same family as that
most beautiful of British insects—the lace-
wing fly, which, indeed, they closely resem-
ble except as to size, their measurement
across the expanded wings being a little over
two inches; they have since been identified
by Mr. Kirby at the British Museum as
Nothochrysa gigantea.”’—WNature.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

10 October, 1890.—The 155th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S.
H. Scudder was chosen chairman.

The meeting was devoted almost entirely
to informal remarks. Among other topics
Mr. S_ _H. Scudder discussed further damage
by white ants in New England. Referring
to remarks made by him at a previous meet-
ing on the injuries to geranium cuttings in
the forcing houses attached to Mt. Auburn
cemetery, and to an article in the Canadian
entomologist, by Dr. H. A. Hagen, on their
abundance in Cambridge, he proceeded to
describe the injuries done by Termes flavipes
to tree ferns growing in tubs at the Botanic
Garden in Cambridge, as well as to the tubs
themselves. This had been pointed out to
him by Mr. F. A. Quinn and Mr. Cameron
of the Botanic Garden. He suggested the
practicability of using staves for the tubs
made of galvanized iron, or some such ma-
terial, in place of wooden ones. (See Psy-
che, 1891, v. 6, p. 15.)

Mr. Scudder also called attention to the
issue of a work on the genus Ornithoptera
by Robt. H. F. Rippon.

Mr. J. H. Emerton exhibited a few sketches
of A. polypkemus in process of expansion.

12 DECEMBER, 1890.—The 158th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr.
S. Henshaw was chosen chairman.

LAST Cif

[ November 1891

Mr. Henshaw read a letter from Mr. Mann
in relation to vol. 4 of Psyche, action on
which was necessarily postponed on account
of the absence of a quorum.

Mr. S. H. Scudder read the first of a series
of letters from Dr. T. W. Harris to Mr. Thos.
Say, and the latter’s reply. These letters
will be published later in Psyche (See v. 6,
Pp. 57-60).

g JANuARY, 1891.—The 159th regular meet-
ing and 15th annual meeting (since incorpo-
ration) was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S.
H. Scudder was elected chairman.

The annual reports of the secretary and of.

the retiring librarian were accepted and
ordered to be placed on file.

The annual report of the treasurer was pre-
sented and referred to the auditors.

Owing to the absence of a quorum the reg-
ular election of officers was postponed.

Mr. S. H. Scudder then read the annual
address of retiring President Woodworth.
The address was entitled ‘‘On the relations
between scientific and economic entomol-
ogy,” and will be published in full in Pysche
(See v. 6, pp. 19-21).

Mr. Scudder stated that by request of Mr.
F. Bolles he had recently examined the con-
tents of the stomach of three golden winged
woodpeckers (Colaptes auratus) which he
found to consist almost entirely of the re-
mains of ants of several species. Consider-
able discussion followed with regard to the
insect food of several other birds, notably the
English sparrow (Passer domesticus) and
also the kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) and
kildeer and golden plovers. It seemed to be
the general opinion that insects eaten by
birds would be better preserved, owing to the
chitine in their composition, than seeds,
berries, and other more soluble material, so
that when a bird had eaten any insects, un-
less it was shot immediately after its meal,
the insect remains would appear in excess.

The second letter from Dr. Harris to Mr.
Say, and the latter’s reply was read (See
Psyche, v. 6, pp. 121-123).

——_—

PSYCHE,

a IQUE NAD OPM EWrOmoLlOoc yy.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 188.

DECEMBER, 1SoI.

CONTENTS:

SoME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—V_. : 185
A TACHINID PARASITE OF THE OAK UNICORN PROMINENT.—C. Hf. Tyler Townsend. 187
A LIST OF SOME OF THE CATALOGUES AND LOCAL LISTS OF NORTH AMERICAN

CoLEoPpTERA. — II, H-P. — Fohkn Hamilton, Samuel Henshaw . F 5 é 188
HETEROPACHA RILEYANA.—- Caroline G. Soule : : : : - : ; ; 193
PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHEOSIA DIMIDIATA H. S.—Harrison G. Dyar . : 194
TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS.—Vf. Merrifield : : : : : é : : 196
CuHvIcE oF FooD.—Harrtsen G. Dyar. . ; : : : ; : : : 196
NADATA GiBBOSA. — Caroline G. Soule : : : : i : : ‘ < 197
A CORRECTION. — Harrison G. Dyar : . . : . . . < . 197
Notes (Catalogue of Elateridae; two interesting papers; Moore’s Lepidoptera

Indica; genera of Aeschnidae; new trap door spider; Macrolepidoptera of

Buffalo; new works upon British insects; Kolbe’s Introduction; October

meeting of the Entomological society of London). - : : - : ; 197
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ‘ : : : : 198

PUBLISHED BY THE
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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, I8go. 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 ere
taining first report of’ Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield Ill., 1878 1.00

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America: a re-examination of the
Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the
light of criticisms and of new studies of other
paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate 5

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the

gencric names proposed for Butterflies. Sa-

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Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan-

tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 7 100)
Stettiner entomologische Zeituug. Jahrg.

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FOR (SALE:

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
especially Lepidopiera and Coleoptera singly or in
lots. Also Orthoptera, dragon-flies, land and fresh
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H. FRUHSTORFER,
Care German Consulate,
Soerabaia, Java.

Bo Y CEE.

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS. SAY AND
PICKERING.—V.

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

Mitton, May 15, 1825.
Dear Sir,

By the enclosed letter you
will see that I had not neglected to
write in reply to yours of January last,
though I have delayed to send my
answer until this time.

YF ‘vearet “that obstacles
have occurred, which will prevent my
contemplated visit to Philadelphia this
spring, and that I must relinquish, for
the present, my project of consulting

unforeseen

you in person respecting a description of

the insects of this vicinity.

My collection contains nearly all the
native species that are to be found in the
cabinet of Prof. Peck, besides many
others which are not there.
in keeping a small case of insects, col-
lected near Boston by a friend.
these it was my
selected, for your examination, speci-
mens of all those which I had
already sent you; in order both to indi-

I have also

From

intention to have

not

cate to you what species were natives of

the environs of Boston, and to inform
myself by what names they had been
described. Although disappointed in
my wish of exhibiting these to you in
person, I cannot feel contented to

remain in my present state of ignorance,

el ytra.

and perhaps incur the risk of publishing,
as nondescripts, insects which you or
other late entomologists have
described. I will
still further on your

already
therefore encroach
goodness by send-
ing the case containing these insects for
inspection at your leisure, if any you can
afford from the various pursuits in
I shall wait
until I hear from you before I presume
to put your goodwill & patience to this
test; and, if your answer be favorable
to my wishes, I will forward them by

water, to be returned in the same way

which you are engaged.

when you have completed your exam-
ination of them. I would not request
this of you were not many of the species
unique specimens, or such as are en-
trusted to me by my friend. Those, of
which I have duplicates, I shall distin-
guish in a particular manner, & shall beg
of you to retain, if desirable.

I have received from Northampton,
(a town in Mass. on Connecticut River)
an insect which I presume to be the
Cremastochetlus castanee of Knoch
In the month of September last great
numbers appeared on a hill in that town
which is wooded with Chestnut trees.
The specimen is nine twentieths of an
inch long, & nearly 5 twentieths of an
inch across the humeral portion of the

It is entirely black, scabrous.

186

slightly pilose, & with two conspicuous
tufts of short hairs on the posterior part
of the thorax.

the
state of Maine a species of the genus

There has been discovered in
Condylura of Illiger, which presents
characters distinct from those of the two
species which have been described by
naturalists.
of the Condylura (Sorex) cristata,
but not the knotted tail of that species.
This species I have examined, & per-
pared an account of it, for the Boston
Journal of Philosophy & Arts, & have
called it Conrdylura prasinata. Colour
green: Length from end of the snout to
origin of the tail 44 inches: Length
of tail 3 inches: circumference of the
tail (3 inch from its insertion) 14
inch. Caruncles on the nose 22 in
number, the two intermediate superior
ones united at base, & situated a little
anterior of the rest. On each of the
phalanges of the fore-feet 3 acuminated,
triangular scales or cuticular processes,

This animal has the teeth

situated on the inside, near the meta-
agle
nearly three quarters as long as the
body, insertion,
becoming abruptly very large, & taper-
The caudal

vertebre not distinguishable through

carpo-phalangal articulation.

strangulated at its
ing toward the extremity.

the mass of fat with which they are
No
ridges on the tail, its surface being per-
fectly uniform, & the hairs, with which
it is thinly clothed, are not disposed in
whorls. Such a structure of the tail

enveloped : transverse folds or

shews the inaptitude of the generic .

name Condylura. Please inform me

PST CHE.

[December 1891.

whether this species has fallen under
your observation, & how you think it
would answer to propose for it the
generic name of Astromycter, from
astnp, 2 star, & puxrnp, the proboscis.

Is the cabinet of Mr. Melsheimer now
in existence? and have any descriptions
been published of the insects, to which
he has given names in his catalogue?
(Of course I except yours in the Jour-
nal Acad. Nat. Sc.) The catalogue
can be of no service without such de-
scriptions, or access to the original
specimens.

I wait with pleasant anticipations for
the appearance of your second volume
of American Entomology, and for your.
promised account of the Coleoptera, in
the Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sc.

Please let me hear from you soon; &
allow me to express, for your success in
ail your undertakings, the best wishes of

Your much obliged friend,
T. Wn. Harris.

[DRAFT OF REPLY BY THOMAS SAY. |

May 21, 1825.
DEAR Sir,

As you have asked my
opinion relative to the Condylura, I
think it my duty to return you an
answer without delay, in order to
apprize you that you have no time to
lose in publishing an account of your
species, as a person here is about to
publish what he calls a Fauna Ameri-
cana in which I suppose this animal
will be included. Are you sure it isa

December 1Sor. |

distinct species & not the female of the
cristata: I should have given an
account of it long ago if I had been sat-
isfied on this point, which, however, I
do not suppose would deter the author

of the expected Fauna Americana. If

you have found a male having the
swelled tail you are perfectly safe, & I
should be glad to see your account of it.

It is true that the generic name is an
improper one, but I do not think it
ought to be changed ; Desmarest com-
plains of the name but he observes that
he is afraid d’introduire une nouvelle
denomination, & de contribuer ainsi 4
compliquer la synonymie.

BST CHE:

187

My concerns here are so numerous
that I cannot at present devote as much
time to nat. hist. as I could wish, I
must therefore defer a further answer to
y’r letter for a future opport’y.

In the cristata the hair has been incor-
rectly stated to be in whorls, Desmarest
notices this error. It has 22 caruncles
on the This author’s fig. of
cristata is very good (Jour. de physique,
for Sept’r 181g) he relies on Illiger’s

nose.

acumen in placing the Talpa longicau-
data, Gmel. Long tailed mole of Pen-
nant in this genus, but that species can-
not be yours.

A TACHINID PARASITE OF THE OAK UNICORN PROMINENT.

BY C€.

The following Tachinid, which I de-
scribe from four male specimens, was
reared from Schizura unicornis Sm.
e& A. by Mr. F. A. Marlatt, at. Man-
hattan, Kans. It has been bred by him,
as he writes me, every year for several
years past. The specimens are labelled :
“From Oak Unicorn Prominent, Ks.

Oct.”

Masicera schizurae n. sp. @. Black, ciner-
eous. yes brown, bare; front about one-
third the width of head, a little narrower at
vertex than before, rather prominent, ciner-
eous, with a brassy tinge; frontal vitta dark
brown or blackish, about one-third the fron-
tal width; frontal bristles descending a little
or considerably below base of third antennal

H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N.M.

joint, some short hairs outside them and or
ocellar area; sides of face silvery, bare; face
receding, facial depression with a golden
tinge, cinereous on the sides of depression ;
facial ridges with a row of bristles extending
nearly or fully half way up the face; vibrissae
decussate, inserted nearly on the oral margin ;
cheeks almost wholly invaded by occipital
area, cinereous, black hajry, with row of bris-
tles on lower border; antennae a little shorter
than the face, black, second joint not elon-
gate, bristly before, third joint about four
times as long as the second; arista rather
long and slender, a little thickened on its.
proximal half, microscopically pubescent,
distinctly jointed at base (in one slightly
immature specimen distinctly 3-jointed un-
der a high-power lens), black; proboscis
short, fleshy, brownish, with large labella;

188 :

palpi well developed, club-shaped, yellow
with a reddish tinge, black bristly; oc-
ciput cinereous, thickly gray hairy, a bare
black band extending from vertex to cen-
ter, and the orbital margins with a fringe
of black bristles. Thorax cinerous, with
four black vittae, hairy and bristly, pleurae
silvery; scutellum blackish at base, the
apical portion broadly pale ocherous, some-
times almost wholly ocherous, with a short
apical decussate pair of bristles, a sub-apical
pair of macrochaetae more or less decussate
and reaching the base of third abdominal
segment, a discal pair, and two lateral pairs.
Abdomen rather broad, ovate, covered with
short bristles; first segment black, a little
abbreviated, the other segments broadly or
almost wholly silvery at base with hind bor-
ders and median vitta shining black, second
segment more or less broadly reddish on
sides (an immature specimen has the ab-
domen almost entirely pale reddish); first
two segments without macrochaetae, except
a lateral marginal one on second segment,
but sometimes a median marginal pair also
on second segment; third segment with
about ten marginal, four to six of which are

on upper side; anal segment armed with

TPS MCLLE.

{ December 1891,

marginal macrochaetae and bristles; venter
largely silvery, the segments black poste-
riorly. Legs black, femora and tibiae slightly
silvery, femora bristly, middle tibiae with
some strong bristles, the hind tibiae ciliate
on outer edge with a longer bristle beyond
middle and two before tip; claws and pulvilli
very long, pulvilli smoky whitish. Wengs
much longer than abdomen, rather broad,
without costal spine, grayish hyaline, hardly
brownish on costo-basal portion, third vein
slightly spined at base; apical cell open, end-
ing distinctly before tip of wing; fourth vein
bent in a short curve, without stump or
wrinkle, apical cross-vein bowed inward;
less curved, much
tegulae

hind cross-vein more or

nearer the bow of fourth vein;
watery-white, halteres fuscous.

Length 8.5 tog mm.; of wing 7.5 to 8 mm.

from four

Described

This species wou!ld belong in
>

specimens.
Kans.
Brauer and v. Bergenstamm’s genus
Argyrophylax, which is separated from
Masicera almost solely on the character
of the ciliate hind tibiae.

A LIST OF SOME -OF THECCATALOGUES -AND BOCAL LISTS TOR
NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA.—II (H.-P.).

BY JOHN HAMILTON AND SAMUEL HENSHAW.

33 Haldeman, S. S. Catalogue of the
carabideous Coleoptera of southeastern Penn-
sylvania. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1843,
V. 2, p. 295-298.)

210 Species are listed.

34 Harrington, W. H. List of Ottawa Co-
leoptera. (Trans. Ottawa field nat. club,
1884, Vv. 2, p. 67-68.)

1022 species and varieties are listed; the occurrence
of about 100 additional species is noted.

35 Harrington, W. H. Additions to Cana-
dian lists of Coleoptera. (Can. ent., 1884,
Vv. 16, Pp. 44-47 : 70-733 96-98: 117-119.)

122 species are listed; a few are not fully identified.

36 Harrington, W. H. On the lists of
Coleoptera published by the geological sur-
vey of Canada, 1842-1888. (Can. ent., 1890,
V. 22, p. 135-140: 153-160: 184-191.) Sepa-
GAC r) 2

The short lists published in the reports of the Ca-

nadian geological survey are here collated; 482 spe-
cies and varieties are enumerated. ’

37 Harris, Thaddeus William. Insects.
Hitchcock’s Report on the geology, etc., of
Massachusetts. Amherst, 1833. Second edi-
tion; Amherst, 1835. Separate; Amherst,

1835.

‘oa

December 1891. |

The Coleoptera are enumerated on p. 566-582 ed. of
1833, P- 553-575 ed. of 1835 and p. 33-55 of the separate
of Edward Hitchcock’s Catalogue of the animals and
plants in Massachusetts : 994 species are in the list in
the separate; many of these are however manuscript
names.

38 Hayward, Roland avd Savage, H. A
catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Green
Mountains. (Quart. journ. Bost. zool. soc.,
1883, v. 2, p. 12-153 24-29; 36-38.)

431 Species and varieties are listed from Camel’s
Hump and the northern range of the mountains.
‘*Platynus brunneomarginatus = P. tenurcollis, and

Hister punctifer and Hoplia equina are erroneous de-
terminations’? &. Hayward tm Litt.

39. Henshaw, Samuel. List of Coleoptera
collected in the vicinity of Cliftondale, Mass.,
June 12, 1873. (Psyche, 1874, v. 1, p. 17-18;
22-23.)

135 Species are listed.

40 Henshaw, Samuel. List of the Coleop-
tera of America, north of Mexico. Philadel-
phia, 1885, 24161 p.

9238 species are enumerated; includes all species de-
scribed till Sept. 1885.

4t Henshaw, Samuel. First supplement
to the list of Coleoptera of America, north
of Mexico. (Entom. amer., 1887, v. 2, p.
213-220.) Separate: Brooklyn, 1887, 8 p.

212 species are added ; many corrections in synonymy
are indicated; includes all species described till Jan.
1, 1887.

42. Henshaw, Samuel. Second supple-
ment to the list of Coleoptera of America,
north of Mexico. (Entom. amer., 1889, v. 5,
p- 127-138.) Separate: Brooklyn, 1886, 14 p.

303 Species are added; bibliographical references to

recent monographs, synopses, etc. are added.

43. Holland, W. J. Captures made while
travelling from Winnipeg to Victoria, B. C.
(Can. ent., 1888, v. 20, p. 89-92.)

60 species and varieties of Coleoptera are listed.

44 Horn, George H. Catalogue of Cole-
optera from southwestern Virginia. (Trans.
Amer. ent. soc., 1868, v. 2, p. 123-128.)

179 Species are listed, some are not fully determined.

45. Horn,G. H. A list of Coleoptera col-
lected by C. Thomas, in eastern Colorado
and northeastern New Mexico, during the
Survey Of 1669. "((Rep. /U.'S. seol. ‘surv.,
[Hayden’s 2d rep. ], 1872, p. 469-470. )

Enumerates 123 species; 2 are not fully identified.

46 Horn,G. H. Coleoptera. (Rep. U. S.
geol. surv., [Hayden’s 5th rep.] 1872, p. 382-
302.)

818 species are enumerated collected in Kansas,

Utah, Idaho, Montana, California, Oregon, New Mex-
ico, Nevada and Indian Territory.

PST CHE. 189

47 Horn, G. H. Coleoptera. (Rep. U. S.
geol. surv., [Hayden’s 6th rep.], 1873, p.
717-)

19 species are listed from Yellowstone Lake, 8 from
Téton Basin and 13 from Snake River.

48 Horn, G. H. Coleoptera. (Rep. sea
fisheries New England [Baird’s 1st rep.],
1873, p. 540-543.) (Rep. invert. Vineyard
Sound, 1874, p. 246-249.)

17 species are listed with notes on localities.

49 Horn, G. H. Notes on the coleopte-
rous fauna of Guadalupe Island. (Trans.
Amer, ent. soc., 1876, v. 5, p. 198-201.)

23 species are listed; 4 species are peculiar to the
fauna of the island; regions of previous occurrence are
given.

50 Horn, G. H. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in 1875 in Colorado and Utah, by A.
SS. backard air, Me D>) (Rep: Ue Ssaceol:
surv., [ Hayden’s gth rep.], 1877, p. 811-815.)

146 species are listed with localities of capture; sev-
eral are not fully identified.

51 Horn, G. H. Coleoptera [collected in
1885, by Dr. Robert Bell, in connection with
the Hudson’s Bay expedition.] (Rep. progr.
Can. geol. surv., 1885, 1886, p. 27 DD.)

5 species are listed from Stupart’s Bay, 3 from Cape
Chudleigh, 3 from Cape Digges and 3 from Blanc
Sablon.

52 Howard, L. O. A list of the inverte-
brate fauna of South Carolina. Separate:

qh 1

Chapter 11 of a Handbook of the state of South Caro-
lina published in 1883 by the state: a list of the genera
of the more important families of Coleoptera found in
the state is given on p. 11-16; estimates that some 4000
species will probably be found by diligent collecting.

53 Howard, L. O. Annotated catalogue
of the insects collected in 1887-88 [by the U.

S. fish commission steamer Albatross. ]
(Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 1889, v. 12, p. 185-
216. )

A few species of Coleoptera from Clemente Island
and from Lower California are listed on p. 186-187.

54 Hubbard, H. G. avd Schwarz, E. A.
The Coleoptera of Michigan. (Proc. Amer.
philos. soc., 1878, v. 17, p. 593-666.)

From the Lake Superior region 1231 species and va-
rieties are listed; the occurrence of more than 100 addi-
tional species is indicated ; from the lower peninsular of
Michigan 1786 species and varieties are listed and the
occurrence of about 150 additional species is noted;
many new Species are described by Leconte.

55 Jones, J. Matthew. Nova Scotian Cole-
optera. Part 1. (Trans. Nova Scotia inst.
nat. sci., 1869, v. 2, p. 141-000.) Separate :
Halifax, 1870, 15 p.

{00 species are listed; very many of them are not fully
identified.

190 / ee GETZ OB.

56 Kilman, Alva H. Additions to the list
of Canadian Coleoptera. (Can. ent., 1889,
V. 21, p. 108-110: 134-137.)

117 species are listed with notes of capture and abun-
dance.

57 Kirby, William. The insects.
ardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana.
wich, 1837, v. 4.

343 species of Coleoptera are enumerated and de-
scribed on p. 8-249; contains species collected from
Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains and northwest to
65°. For a partial reprint of Kirby’s descriptions etc.
see Can. ent., v. 2-7; also in separate, London, Ontario,
n. d., 146+14 p. The synonymy of the Coleoptera by
G. H. Horn (Can. ent. v. 8, p- 126-130; 150-159; 166-170;
190-193) is also in the separate.

58 Knaus, Warren. Additions to the
catalogue of Kansas Coleoptera for 1883 and
1884. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1885, v. 9, p.
57-61.)

148 Species and 12 varieties are listed; this raises the
total number of Kansas Coleoptera to 2059 species and
varieties.

59 Knaus, Warren. Additions for 1885
and 1886 to the list of Kansas Coleoptera.
(Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1887, v. 10, p. 86-88.)

60 species and 1 variety are listed; the total number
of Coleoptera from Kansas is now about 2115.

60 Leconte, John L. A descriptive cata-
logue of the geodephagous Coleoptera inhab-
iting the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains. (Annals lyc. nat. hist. N. Y.,
1848. v. 4, p. 172-474.) Separate: 144 p.

616 species are enumerated: the pages succeeding p.
‘233 are numbered 100 too high. :

61 Leconte, J. L. General remarks upon
the Coleoptera of Lake Superior. Agassiz’s
Lake Superior, Boston, 1850, p. 200-242.*

816 species are enumerated and many of them de-
scribed for the first time. This collection was made
from Sault de Ste. Marie, skirting the eastern and north-
ern shores of Lake Superior and westward to Fort
William on Thunder Bay.

62 Leconte, J. L. Descriptions of new
species of Coleoptera from California. (An-
nalsslyce nat. hist Ne 5 1951-52, Vv. 55 p:
125-216.)

Descriptions of 335 new species from California and
Oregon; a few species from other parts of the United
States are described in the foot notes.

63 Leconte, J. L. Report upon insects
collected on the survey. (Rep. expl. and
surv. from Miss. river to the Pacific ocean,
1857, Ve 12, pt. 35 p. I-72.) Separate: 72\ p.

1173 species of Coleoptera are listed from California,
Oregon, Washington and Alaska; a few undetermined
species are noted : contains remarks on distribution and
the following tables, ], genera common to the eastern
and wesvern continents ; 2, genera peculiar to America;
3, species common to the Atlantic and Pacific slopes
of the continent; 4, species found in Russian America

and in the eastern continent, not introduced and not
found in Atlantic America.

Rich-
Nor-

[December 1891.

64 Leconte, J. L. Catalogue of Coleop-
tera of the region adjacent to the boundary
line between the United States and Mexico.
(Journ. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1858, ser. 2, v. 4,
P- 9-42.)

993 determined species are listed from Texas, Kan-
sas, Colorado, Arizona, Frontera, Mexico, California,
and Lake Superior; the occurrence of 11 additional
species is noted; contains the following tables, ], dis-
tribution of genera across the continent; 2, species ex-
tending across the continent; 8, genera common to the

eastern and western continents; 4, genera peculiar to
America.

65 Leconte, J. L. Descriptions of new
species of Coleoptera, chiefly collected by the
United States and Mexican boundary com-
mission, under Major W. H. Emory, U. S. A.
(Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1858, p. 59-89.)

Describes 147 new species from Texas, Sonora and
California, .

66 Leconte, J. L. Catalogue of the Cole-
optera of Fort Tejon, California. (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1859, p. 69-90. )

147 Species are listed; 44 species from the Pacific
coast are added as a supplement.

67 Leconte, J. L. Additions to the cole-
opterous fauna of northern California and
Oregon. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1859,
p. 281-292.)

116 species are listed.

68 Leconte, Jj. L. The Coleoptera of
Kansas and eastern New Mexico. (Smithso-
nian contr. knowl., 1859, v. 11, 6+58 p.)
Separate: N. Y., 1860, 6+58 p.

Enumerates 939 species from Kansas and Nebraska
and 227 from eastern New Mexico; many of these are

not fuily identified; contains a map of the entomolog -

ical provinces of North America.

69 Leconte, J. L. Notes on Coleoptera
found at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie river,
with remarks on northern species. (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1860, p. 315-321.)

25 species are listed from Ft. Simpson, followed by
notes and descriptions of species from Russian Amer-
ica, Saskatchewan and Oregon.

7o Leconte, J. L. Notes on the coleop-
terous fauna of Lower California. (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1861, p. 335-338.)

Notes the occurrence of more than 500 species in
Lower California; relations between the fauna of Lower
California and that of California, Arizona, New Mex-
ico and Texas.

71 Leconte, J, L. New species of Coleop-
tera inhabiting the Pacific district of the
Wnited States. | (Proc, acady nat.) sei. Phils;
1861, p. 338-359-)

Describes 96 new species from California, Oregon,
Washington, Utah, New Mexico and Kansas. ;

December 1Sg1.]

72 Leconte, J. L. List of the Coleoptera
of North America. Part I. (Smithsonian
misc. coll., 1863-1866, v. 6, 78 p.) Separate:
Washington, 1863-1866, 78 p.

Enumerates 5422 species and 50 races; gives full
synonymy.

73 Leconte, J. L. List of the Coleoptera
collected in the mountains of Lycoming
county, Pa. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil.,
1866, p. 347-348.)

151 species are listed; several are not fully identified.

74 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera col-
lected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr.
Elliott Coues, U. S. A., in 1864-65. (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1866, p. 348-349.)

88 species are listed; several are not fully identified.

75 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in Vancouver’s Island by Henry and
Joseph Matthews, with descriptions of some
new species. (Annals and mag. nat. hist.,
1869, ser. 4, Vv. 4, p. 369-385.)

186 species are listed.

76 Leconte, J. L. New species of Cole-
optera collected by the expeditions for geo-
graphical surveys west of one hundredth
meridian in charge of Lieut. Geo. M.
Wheeler, United States engineers. (Annual
rep. chief engineers for 1876, pt. 3, p. 516-
520.) (Appendix JJ annual rep. chief en-
gineers for 1876, 1876, p. 296-300.)

Appended to the descriptions are lists of ], California
Coleoptera. 76 species with localities. 2, Coleoptera
of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. 224
species.

77 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera.
(Rep. progr. Can. geol. surv., 1875-76, 1877,
Pp. 107-109.)

List of 145 determined and 11 undetermined species
collected in British Columbia.

78 Leconte, J. L. The Coleoptera of the
alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains.
(Bull. U. S. geol. and geog. surv., 1878, v. 4,

P- 447-480.)

222 species and varieties collected in the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah, at an ele-
vation of 6000 feet and upwards are listed with locali-
ties of capture; 30 species are listed as peculiar to the
Rocky mountain region and 154 species collected at
Atlanta, Idaho (7Soo’) are enumerated; a few of the spe-
cies are not fully identified.

49 Leconte,J. L. The Coleoptera of the
alpine Rocky Mountain regions.—Part II.
(Bull. U.S. geol. and geog. surv., 1879, v. 5,
P- 499-520.)

659 species and varieties are listed some of which are
not fully identified; all were collected in Colorado,

Wyoming and Idaho at an elevation of 6000 feet and
upward.

ted

PSTCHE.

191

80 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera col-
lected by Dr. R. Bell in 1879 on the Nelson
and Churchill rivers. (Rep. progr. geol.
surv. Can. 1878-79, 1880, p. 65c-66c.)

36 determined and 2 undetermined species are listed.

81 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in 1880 in Manitoba and between Lake
Winnipeg and Hudson’s Bay. (Rep. progr.
geol. surv. Can. 1878-80, 1881, p. 70c-74c).

Contains the following lists: ], from York Factory
Hudson’s Bay, 23 determined and 4 undetermined spe-
cies; 2, from Norway House to Oxford House, 39 de-
termined and 2 undetermined species; 3, from Lower
Fort Garry, Manitoba, 38 determined species; and 4,
from Cross Lake, Nelson River, 35 determined and 1
undetermined species.

82 Leconte, J. L. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in 1881 by Dr. Bell and others in the
Lake Superior district and in the north-west
territories, east of the 112th meridian and
south of the 60th parallel. -(Rep. progr.
geol. surv. Can., 1880-81-82, 1883, p. 29c-

39¢.)

Contains the following lists: ], from Sault Ste. Marie,
between Lakes Huron and Superior, Lat. 46°31’, Long.
84° 20', 96 species ; 2, from mouth of Michipicoten River,
Lake Superior, Lat. 47° 56’, Long. 84° 51’, 9 species;
3, from head waters of the Michipicoten River, Lake Su-
perior. Lat. 48° 30’, Long. 84° oo’ to Lat. 48° 30’, Long.
84° 10’, 28 species; 4, from Missinaibi House, north-
east of Lake Superior, to Flying Post. Lat. 48° 29’,
Long. 83° 35 to Lat. 4S° 02’, Long. 82° 20’, 18 determined
and 2 undetermined species; 5, from Oba and Kabiua-
kagami lakes and rivers, northeast of Lake Superior,
Lat. 48° 30', Long. 84° 27’ to Lat. 49° 45’, Long. 83° 45,
43 species; 6, from Thunder Bay to Lake-of-the-
Woods, west of Lake Superior, Lat. 48° 25’, Long. 89°
10’, to Lat. 49° 25. Long. 95° 00’, 23 species; '"{, from
Oxford House, between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson’s
Bay, Lat. 54° 53’ Long. 95° 44’, 67 determined and 2 un-
determined species; §, from Neison River House, near
Churchill Rivér, Lat. 55° so’, Long. 99° 30', 51 Species;
Q, from Cross Lake, on the Nelson River, to Cumber-
land House on the Saskatchewan, Lat. 54° 40’, Long.
98° 00’, to Lat. 54° oo’, Long. 102° 22', 19 species; 10,
from Cumberiand House to Reindeer Lake, Lat. 54°
oo’, Long. 102° 22 to Lat. 58°30’, Long. 101° 00’, 19 spe-
cies; and ]], from the north end of Reindeer Lake to
the west end of Athabaska Lake, Lat. 58° 30’, Long.
101° 09' to Lat. 58° 30’, Long. 101° 00’, S species.

83 Lugger, Otto. List of Coleoptera
found in the vicinity of Baltimore. (Johns
Hopkins Univ. circ., 1884, v. 3, no. 30, p. 78-
79:)

Abstract; number of families (71) genera (837) and
species (2259) found in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md.

84 von Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, Graf.
Beitrag zur kaefer-fauna der Aleutischen
TInseln, der Insel Sitkha und Neu-Californi-
ens. (Bull. soc. imp. nat. Mosc., 1843, v. 16,
Pp- 175-314). Separate: 142 p.

Enumerates and describes 300 species from Califor-

nia and the Alaskan Islands; many of the species are
described as new.

192

85 von Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, Graf.
Nachtrag zur kaefer-fauna der Aleutischen
Inseln und der Insel Sitkha. (Bull. soc.
imp. nat. Mosc., 1846, v. I9, p. 501-516.)
Separate: 16 p.

Enumerates and describes 16 species.

86 von Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, Graf.
Zweiter nachtrag zur kaefer-fauna der Nord-
Amerikanischen laender des Russischen
Reiches. (Bull. soc. imp. nat. Mosc., 1852,
V. 25, p- 283-387.) Separate: to7 p.

Enumerates and describes 180 species; also lists the
Russian American species of this and previous contri-
butions; excluding the species from California the
Alaskan species number 332.

87 von Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, Graf.
Dritter nachtrag zur kaefer-fauna der Nord-
Amerikanischen laender des Russischen
Reiches. (Bull. soc. imp. nat. Mosc., 1853,
v. 26, p. 95-273.) Separate: 184 p.

Enumerates and describes 265 species; many of these
were enumerated in preceding contributions; elimin-
ating these the number of Alaskan species is 540 ac-
cording to Mannerheim.

8S Melsheimer, Friedrich Ernst. Cata-
logue of the described Coleoptera of the
United States. Washington, July 1853, xvi
+174 p-

Revised by Drs. S. S. Haldeman and J. L. Leconte;
published by the Smithsonian Institution ; 4750 species
are enumerated ; contains all the Coleoptera known till
Jan. 1, 1852 with the bibliography and considerable
“synonymy.

1363 species (all Coleoptera) are enumerated; many

of the names are catalogue names. This is the first
list of American Coleoptera and is extremely rare.

go Osborn, Herbert avd Wickham, H.
F. Fragment of a catalogue of the Coleop-
tera of Iowa. Abstract. (Proc. Iowa acad.
sci., for 1887-9. 1890, p. 44.)

239 species are mentioned as included in ‘‘the frag-
ment.”

gt Packard, A. S., Jr. List of Coleoptera
collected by A. S. Packard, jun., at Caribou
Island, Labrador, Straits of Belle Isle. (Can.
ent., 1870, v. 2, p- 119.)

20 determined and 5 undetermined species are listed.

ga Packard, A. S., Jr. List of Coleoptera
collected in Labrador. - (4th ann. rep. trus-
tees Peab. acad. sci., 1872, p. 92-94.) Sepa-
rate: 3 p-

46 determined and 11 undetermined species are listed

with localities; the collection was made along the
coast of Labrador from Caribou Island to Hopedale.

PST CHT.

[December 1891.

93 Packard, A. S. List of the spiders,
myriopods and insects of Labrador. (Can.
ent., 1888, v. 20, p. 141-149.)

54 determined and 9 undetermined species of Coleop-
tera are listed with localities of capture.

94 Pettit, J. List of Coleoptera taken at
Grimsby, Ontario. (Can. ent., 1869, v. 1, p.
106-107: v. 2, p. 7: 17-18: 1870, p. 53-54: 65-
66: 84-86: 102-103: 117-118: 131-133: 151:
18715 Vi035) DP. 1LO5-1072 18724 V.. 45 p. 12-14%)

1225 species are listed; a few of the weevils are not
fully identified.

95 Pettit, J. Coleoptera taken at Grimsby.
(Can, ent., 1872, v. 4, p. 98-99.)

65 species are added to the previous list.

g6 Popenoe, Edwin A. A list of Kansas
Coleoptera. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1877,
V.5, Pp. 21-40.)

1179 Species and 30 varieties are listed; about 75 un-
determined species are indicated as occurring in the
state.

97 Popenoe, E. A. Additions to the cat-
alogue of Kansas Coleoptera. (Trans. Kans.
acad. sci., 1878, v. 6, p. 77-86.)

435 species and varietiés are enumerated; some are
not fully identified.

98 Provancher, L. Liste des coléoptéres
pris a Portneuf, Québec. (Le nat. canad.,
1869, V. I, Pp. 232; 255-2563 279-2803 v. 2, p.
12; 1870, p. 60-61: 118: 178-179; 249; 271-
le 343 3 367-3693 Vv. 3, p- 25-263 1871, p. 57-
59:

699 species are listed.

99, Putnam, J. D. List of Coleoptera
found in the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa.
(Proc. Davenp. acad. nat. sci., 1876, v. I, p.
169-173-)

222 determined and 3 undetermined species are listed.

100, Putnam, J. D. Coleoptera collected
at Monticello, Iowa, June 12th, 1872. (Proc.
Davenp. acad. nat. sci., 1876, v. I, p. 173.)

A list of 34 determined and 3 undetermined species.

1o1 Putnam, J. D. Coleoptera collected
near Frederic, Monroe Co., Iowa, August,
1869. (Proc. Davenp. acad. nat. sci., 1876,

Wo Ip Do 172)

A list of 19 species.

102 Putnam, J. D. List of Coleoptera
collected in the Rocky Mountains of Colo-
rado, in 1872. (Proc. Davenp. acad. nat.
SCi., 1876, v. i, p. 177-182.)

236 determined and 24 undetermined species are listed.

December 1Sg1.]

103 Putnam, J. D. Report on the insects
collected by Captain Jones’s expedition to
northwestern Wyoming in 1873. (Proc.
Davenp. acad. nat. sci., 1876, v. 1, p. 187-
IgI.)

44 identified and 1 unidentified species of Coleoptera
are listed from Green River Basin: Fort Bridger; 38
identified and 2 unidentified from Wind River Basin:
Stinkingwater River; and 21 species from Yellowstone
National Park.

PSERCHE.

193

104 Putnam, J. D. Report on the insects
collected’ in the vicinity of Spring Lake
Villa, Utah Co., Utah, during the summer
of 1875. (Proc. Davenp: acad. nat.. sci.,
1876, v. I, p. 193-205.)

From the Mount Nebo alpine region 52 determined
and 3 undetermined species of Coleoptera are listed;
from Salt mud flat near Utah Lake 38 determined and 1
undetermined and from the Sage brush region 105 de-
termined and 7 undetermined.

HETEROPACHA RILEYANA.

BY CAROLINE G. SOULE, BROOKLINE, MASS.

Eggs laid July 1, 1891, at Columbus, Ohio.

Eggs globular, opaque white mottled with
dark green, a dot of green on top.

July 11, 1.30 p.m., they hatched.

Young larvae 1-8 inch long. Head very
large, round, horn-colored mottled with
brown. Body gray, striped longitudinally
with dark brown on each side of the dorsum.

‘11th segment black on top. Body covered

with short, hairs. Feet and props
gray. Anal props very slender and spread
far apart. The body tapered from head to
anal end. The larvae moved very fast, and
were flat instead of cylindrical.

Three days later they had changed some-
what in color, the head being dull white
barred with brown; the body dull white on
dorsum with a black dorsal line, and a black
dash on each side of this line. From each
dash arose a small, dark wart with short
spreading hairs. The sides were dark gray
with a dull white line from 5th segment to
anal props. The hairs were most abundant
over the head and feet, and were grayish.
Each segment had a few warts, with sparse
short hairs.

July 16. First moult. Head darker, hairy,
mottled with white, the dark and white lines
extending back over the first segment, the
body, as before, giving the effect of black and
white stripes. The tapering from head to

gray

anus was very noticeable, as was the flat,
leech-like shape. The hairs were long over
the feet, shorter along the stigmatal line, and
very short on the sides and dorsum.

July 19. Second moult. Length 1-2 inch.
Head dark barred with white hairs. Body
tan-colored on dorsum with two black dashes

Lateral and stigmatal
A black patch on top of

Feet and props dark
Hairs sparse and short except over

on each segment.
lines nearly black.
the 11th segment.
gray.
feet and props, where they seemed to ‘‘fringe”
the whole edge of the larva.

July 23. Third moult. Length one inch
or a trifle less. Head black with two short
yellow lines on top, anda yellow spot near
the mouth, hairy. Body brown on dorsum,
yellow between the segments, with black
dashes. Two yellow dashes on 12th segment.
No black patch on 11th segment. Lateral
and stigmatal lines of black and pale brown.
Feet and props dark, overhung by long gray
hairs in tufts. Very short hairs on the dor-
sum, and very sparse.

July 27th. Fourth moult. 1 1-2 inches
long. Head as .before. The body was
marked with brown, black, tan, and yellow
or white, in a sort of ‘‘oil-cloth pattern” very
difficult to describe, and varying with indi-
viduals. The dorsal hairs were unnoticeable
without a lens, but the stigmatal fringe

194

remained, and the general look of the larvae
was like Tolypfe laric’s except in color.

The larvae moved very rapidly, and when
at rest lay closely adhering to the twig of
honey-locust, so flat as to be inconspicuous.
The cast skins seemed to be thicker and
more leathery than those of most Bombycid
larvae. These larvae drank less than most
that I have reared.

PSTGHE.

[December 1891.
Cocoon. Aug.5. The first one spunathin
parchment-like cocoon, 3-4 of an inch long,
oval, slender, of a red-brown color mottled
with gray.
two days.
Pupa. Aug. 11. The pupa was formed. It
was 3-4 of an inch long, slender, dark brown,
and had a white chalky substance all over it,
which fell off when the pupa was touched.

It spun very slowly, taking over

PREPARATORY ‘STAGES OF PHEOSIA DIMIDIATA Hs:

BY HARRISON G. DYAR.

PHEOSIA DIMIDIATA flerrich-Schiffer.
1854—Herr-Sch., Saml. ausser. schmett.,

p. 66, fig. 515, Drymonia.
1882—Grote, New check list, p.

Osta.

19, Phe-

rimosa Packard.
1864—Pack., Proc. ent.
p= 358-
1877—Lintner, Ent. cont., iv. p. 76 = dic-
taeda.
1878—Tepper,
Worthy iSP maese.
1882—Goodhue, Can. ent. v. 14, p. 73.
18g90—Packard, 5th rept. U.S. ent. comm.,
P- 455, sp. dist.
1891—D yar, Psyche, v.6, p. 128.
californica’ Stretch.
1873—stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. A. v. 1,

soc.

Phil., v. 3,

Bull. Brook. ent. soc.,

p. 116, pl. 4, fig. 5, larva, pl. 10. Moto-
donta.

1877—Lintner, Ent. cont., iv. p. 76, pr.
Syn.

fgg. Wemispherical,’the base flat, smooth,
sublustrous, white. Under the microscope it
appears closely covered with dense, very
small, rounded granulations, which are of
about uniform size, but fused into a small

white spot at the micropyle. Diameter 1.1

mm. Laid singly, usually on the under side
of the leaves of its food-plants. The larva
hatches by eating a hole in the side of the
egg, but leaves the rest of the shell intact.

Head slightly bilobed, black
and shiny; labrum white; afew hairs; width
. mm. Joint 12 is slightly enlarged dor-
sally, otherwise the body is uniformly cylin-
drical. There is no trace of the caudal horn
so conspicuous in the last stage.

First stage.

Body pale
white; cervical shield, anal plate and tho-
racic feet black. From the minute elevated
dots arise blackish hairs which are appar-
ently not glandular but pointed at tip. A
subventral broken blackish band which later
changes to purple. Legs normal, the anal
pair not elevated, all black outwardly. Near
the end of the stage a purplish patch appears
under the skin on joint 12 dorsally in the
location of the piliferous dots of row 1, indi-
cating the origin of the caudal horn. The
piliferous dots of row 1 are close together on
joint 12, more normal on joint 11 and almost
in line with those of row 2 on the anterior
segments. Row 3 are large, lateral; rows 4
and 5 small; row 6 distinguishable only on
the legless segments and row 7 normal, on
the venter of the apodal joints. In the latter

December 1891.]

part of the stage the body is greenish white,
the dots distinct and black.

Second stage. Head large, slightly bilobed,
narrowing to the vertex, flattened in front;
shining straw yellow, brown on the vertices
of the lobes; mouth parts whitish; ocelli
black; width 1.1 mm. _ Body slightly en-
larged at joint 12 with a dorsal
conical process bearing two divergent setae;
otherwise slender. Pale whitish green, the
horn dark red brown, not shiny; a faint stig-
matal yellowish band, bordered below by an
interrupted dark red band. Thoracic feet
black, the bases of the four anterior pair of
abdominal feet black outwardly. The pilif-
erous dots are absent, but the setae remain
rather short, fine, blackish. The cervical
shield is absent and the anal plate obscure.

Third stage. Head rounded, pale green,
not shiny; mouth, antennae and ocelli brown-
ish; a few short blackish hairs; width 1.7
mm. Body cylindrical, with a slight sub-
ventral ridge; joint 12 enlarged dorsally and
continued into a process like a tapering horn,
pointing straight upward, nearly 1

rounded

min.
long. Cervical shield and anal plate not dis-
tinct, concolorous with the body. Body
whitish green, not shiny; an obscure yel-
lowish stigmatal shade, below which is a
dark red subventral band, somewhat inter-
rupted; feet all dark red.
joint 12 is rounded at the tip and bears two
minute divergent black setae.
arise from the obsolete piliferous dots. Spir-
acles brown, whitish centrally. The seg-
ments are faintly transversely creased.
Fourth stage. ead large, flattened in
front, very slightly bilobed and uniform yel-
lowish green in color; width 2.4mm. Body
cylindrical, slender, enlarged dorsally at
joint 12 and bearing a conical nutant process,
1 mm. long, which bears two small divergent
setae before the tip. The other setae on the
body are also very minute. Color yellowish
green; a substigmatal yellowish band and
below it a dark red one, staining the bases of
the legs. Thoracic feet dark red, the anal

The process on

Similar setae

PSPICHE.

195

Spiracles large, white, narrowly
ringed with black. The horn is red. As the
stage advances the body becomes tinged’
with purplish except on the sides of joint 2.
The spiracles are broadly surrounded by
white.

Fifth stage. Wead large, rounded, flat-
tened in front, smooth, shiny pea green
with a faint brownish tinge and obscurely
mottled with little yellowish spots; mouth
parts brownish; width 3.8mm. Body long,
slender at first, joint 12 produced upwards
into a long conical horn, very thick at base.
Anal plate large, nearly circular, but slightly
excavated anteriorly with a knob-like eleva-
tion in the center and coarsely granulated.
The body is at first green with a strong
brownish purple tinge, especially in the
middle of the segments; joint 2 clear green
anteriorly. On each joint centrally a black-
ish purple transverse shade band, absent on
joints 2, 5, and 11, complete on joint 3, ting-
ing the bases of the legs on joint 4, most dis-
tinct on the bases of the legs on joints 7-10
and on joint 12 running posteriorly to the
spiracle and broadly to the vertex of the horn
which is pinkish posteriorly. Anal plate
green, with a broad red-brown border.
Spiracles large, black, surrounded with
white and outside this by a purplish shade,
the pair on joint 2 pale with a black border.
A broad band.
Thoracic feet red-brown.

As the stage advances, the entire head and
body become very shiny light purple, except
the thoracic feet which are red and the anal
plate which is colored as before. The black-
ish bands and ventral band remain as does
also the coloration of the spiracles. There
are no setae distinguishabie except on the
anal feet, but very slight ones can be made
out with a lens in certain places. There are
two orange spots on the feet on joints 7-10,
separated by a black line; the anal feet are
orange centrally. Some examples almost
entirely lack the black bands except the one
on the horn which is always present.

feet green.

medio-ventral pale

green

196

Cecoon. The larvae turn bluish and enter
the ground to pupate, forming a cell lined
with silk.

Pupa. Cylindrical, rounded at both ends,
long in comparison with its width; uniform
shiny black. The wing cases are wrinkled.
The cremaster consists of two very short
spines, some distance apart, and projecting
almost laterally from the last segment, which
nevertheless hold to the silken web with
considerable firmness.

Length 26 mm.; width 8 mm.

Food plants. Poplar (Populus) and willow
(Salix).

Larvae from Yosemite Valley, Cal. Two
broods a year, the winter being passed in the

pupa state.

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS.
24 Vernon Terrace, Brighton,
10 Sept., 1891.

Epitor oF PsyCcHE. Dear Sir:—TI have to
thank you for the number of Psyche contain-
ing an abstract of one of my papers on the
temperature experiments I have been making
on some Lepidoptera. Will you permit me
to point out a typographical error which
maybe misleading. In ‘‘general conclusion”
no. 5,the figures ‘‘7” and ‘‘5”’ have been trans-
ferred, making my figures ‘‘57°” read as ‘*75°.”
I may perhaps add that in order to bring out
the full deep colouring in the sfrizg emer-
gence of illustraria, a somewhat lower tem-
perature than 57° seems necessary, though
that 57° is very effective. I find both emer-
gences of all three of the English Selenias
affected by temperature in the pupal stage, in
colour, — as to markings I am not yet quite
sure as regards lunaria and illunaria.

I am very glad you have seen fit to publish
the experiments in America. I have always
thought a country with suchan abundance of
Lepidoptera and such extremes of heat and
cold would be especially productive of ma-
terials for such experimentation. Your dis-
tinguished naturalist, Mr. W. H. Edwards,
has done much, and indeed I have only en-

PSHCHE.

{ December 1891-

deavoured to follow in his footsteps and work
out results that he has not been able to follow
out. We want such experiments also on
single brooded species, some of which (e. g.
Ennomos autumnaria) are certainly affected ;
and as to these it remains to be ascertained
whether Prof. Weismann’s theory applies (I
by no means say it does not). Then the
pupal period when the application is effective
wants ascertaining. I have reason to think
that (as in the Ajax experimented on by Mr.
Edwards) the earliest stage is the sensitive
one, and this makes it difficult to get in Eng-
land American pupae in the proper stage.
Hoping that some of your readers will take
up this very interesting question—which will
offer them the compensation for their labours
certainly of presenting them with some beau-
tifully coloured and probably not before seen
varieties, and thanking you, I beg to remain,
Yours very truly,
F. Merrifield.

CHOICE OF Froop.—In Psyche for October,
page 166, is a note with the above title con-
cerning Platysamia The habit
mentioned does not appear abnormal when
the species is observed in its native country,

ceanotht.

as many, if not most species in California
seem to prefer the tender leaves at the ends
of the twigs. This is true, not only of Bom-
bycids, but of many butterflies. It is, prob-
ably, due to the fact that the leaves of many
of the native trees become quite hard when
mature, as for example, the live oak upon
which the larvae of Thecla grunus feed.
These larvae are unable to eat the nearly
mature leaves, and starve if not furnished
with growing tender ones. The principal
food plants of P. ceanothi as observed by me
in Yosemite were Ceanothus tntegerrimus
and Rhamunus californica. The leaves of the
former are very thin and tender, even when
old, and the larvae readily ate them; of the
latter, they preferred the young Jeaves at the
ends of new shoots.

Harrison G. Dyar-

December 18g1.]

NADATA GIBBOSA. — Zggs laid July 3oth.
They were small, hemispherical, the flat side
attached to the leaf; opaque vellow with a
white bloom all over them.

Aug. 5th they hatched, the voung larva
being not quite ,%, inch long, clear vellow in
color, with short, sparse hairs, and very
slender anal The head was
large, and the body tapered from it to the

props. very
anal props.

Aug.g. First moult. 4 inch long, taper-
ing as before. Head large, round, green.
Body green with yellow lateral line. Sparse
hairs visible only with a lens. Feet and
props green.

Aug. 13. 22d moult.
Head very large, round, bilobed, very yellow
green. Body tapering to anal props, white-
green in color, with a pale yellow lateral
line, or band. Sparse hairs. Feet and props
The colors grew paler.

4 inch in length.

green.
Aug. Ig. in length.
Anal shield edged with yellow. Otherwise

3d moult. % inch

as before. .

Aug. 25. 4th moult. 14 inches long. Head
large, round, with a deep suture, white-green,
lighter on top. Body blue-green, dotted
with white, and so thickly dotted on the
dorsum Lateral
line yellow in some specimens, almost white
Anal shield edged with yellow.

as to look almost white.
in others.
Feet and props green. Spiracles white en-
circled with tan-color. ‘They grew to 14
inches in length, were stout, and had the
general shape of the Sept.
4th the first one stopped eating, grew a little
purplish on the back and sides, and spun a
thin web on the bottom of the tin.

Sept. 9th. Pupa appeared. It was § inch
long, stout, shining, very dark brown, a
little lighter between the segments. Abdom-
inal segments pitted. Eye-cases very smooth
Anal hook short, bifur-

‘*cut-worms.”’

and prominent.
cated.
Caroline G. Soule.

PIS PCH EE.

197

A CORRECTION. —I have referred to the
sycamore in my description of Hefterocampa
unicolor and again in that of Hal/sidota
harrestt (Psyche, -v. 6, p. 164) as\ Acer
pseudo-platanus. This is a mistake for Pla-
tanus occidentalis.

Hlarritson G. Dyar.

Notes :— Candeze has just issued at Liége
a systematic catalogue of Elateridae known
in 1890. The price is six francs.

The last number of the Canadian entomol-
ogist is especially valuable from its contain-
ing two interesting papers read to the Ento-
mological club of the American association
for the advancement of science, in August;
viz., Mr. H. G. Hubbard’s account of Insect-
life in the hot springs of the Yellowstone
National Park, and Mr. E. A. Schwarz’s Pre-
liminary remarks on the insect-fauna of the
Great Salt Lake, Utah.

The 8th part of Moore’s Lepidoptera In-
dica contains a table of the genera of Indian
Satyrinae, 56 in number, and descriptions of
the species of seven of the genera, together
with the usual eight plates. It is interesting
as figuring a considerable number of dry and
wet season broods of Indian Satyrinae distin-
The early stages of
The notes upon

guished bv de Nicéville.
two species only are given.
the distribution of the species are interesting
and extensive, as usual. We notice one typ-
ographical error in the incorrect type used
in the heading for Virafa radza.

The September number of the Entomologi-
sche nachrichten is entirely given uptoa new
systematic arrangement and synoptic table
of the genera of Aeschnidae, by Dr. F.
Karsch, in which he criticises the previous,
system of de Selys.

W. A. Wagner publishes in the Bulletin of
the Moscow society of naturalists (1890, 626)
a full description of the structure and habits
of a new trap-door spider, Tarentula opiphex,
which is specially interesting as being the

198

first known instance of a spider making an
operculate burrow, outside of the Territel-
ariae; the paper is accompanied by an ex-
cellent plate.

Mr. E. P. Van Duzee has published in the
Bulletin of the Buffalo society of natural
sciences an annotated list of the Macrolep-
idoptera of the vicinity of Buffalo, number-
ing 777 species. The relative abundance and
station of most of the species are given.

Two more new works upon British insects
are now under way. Mr. Charles G. Barrett,
one of the editors of the Entomologist’s
through
account

monthly magazine, is publishing
Reeve and Company a descriptive
of the families, genera, and species of Lepi,
doptera of the British Islands with an ac-
count of their preparatory stages, habits, and
localities. It is to be issued by parts in a
large and small paper form for 54 and 10
shillings respectively. The second work is
an account of British flies by F. B. Theobald,
which is published by Elliot Stock. Six
parts are to appear annually at a shilling
each, but the extent of the work is not indi-
cated in the advertisement of the same.

The seventh part of Kolbe’s Introduction
to the knowledge of insects completes in
about twenty pages the account of the ab-
dominal appendages by sections on the ex-
ternal male organs of generation, the fleshy
legs of many larve, and a few minor topics,
besides a bibliography of the subject which
itself extends over half a dozen pages; this
and the other special bibliographies, of which
this part has several of much value, would
be more convenient if more orderly; they
appear to be neither alphabetical nor chrono-
logical and to have been somewhat hastily
compiled. The internal organs occupy the
rest of the part; first the hard parts and then
the muscles, though in this the order of the
All the sub-
jects are treated in the same excellent man-
ner as in the earlier parts, but at the present

prospectus is slightly violated.

rate the work will not be finished for several
years.

PE STIGILE

[ December 18o1.

At the October meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of London Mr. Johnson ex-
hibited a specimen of Nabis killed while
holding its prey, a very hard species of Ich-
neumon; Mr. Saunders thought that from
the nature of the Ichnumon the only chance
the Nabis had of reaching its internal juices
would be through the anal opening. Mr.
Wailly exhibited larvae of Citheronta regalts
in various stages bred from eggs received
from Iowa and thought to be the first bred in
England; Prof. J. b. Smith of New Jersey
took part in a discussion which followed
upon the habits of the larva. Dr. Sharp
showed a weevil, Ectopsis ferrugalis of New
Zealand, the ends of the elytra of which bore
a close resemblance to the section of a twig
cut with a sharp knife.

PROCEEDANGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENIOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 Fe BRuARY, 18g1.—The 160th meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr.
S. H. Scudder was chosen chairman.

IMGe5 Se dale
specimens of Zopherus mentioned by him in

Scudder showed two of the
Psyche (v. 5. p. 406) which were still living.
He also exhibited some interesting figures of
fossil Rhynchophora from Florissant, Col.

13 Marcu, 1891.—The 161st meeting of
the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr.
S. Henshaw was chosen chairman.

Remarks were made concerning the recent
death of Mr. Holmes Hinkley, one of the
more active members and a member of the
Executive Committee.

An informal discussion followed on the
monstrosities of Coleoptera, in which all par-
Mr. S. H. Scudder showed one
specimen each of Galerita janus, Chlaenius
tomentosus, Lachnosterna fusca, and Trichius
piger, all of which exhibited some curious
(See Psyche, v. 6, p. 89-93,

ticipated.

malformations.

plo2e)

psa a eS oe

Pe de Ore ACT, Om ea N LOMOLOG Y.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 189.

JANUARY, 1892.

CONTENTS:

Tue Lire History oF SPALGIS S-SIGNATA Hoi. (Plate 4)—W. $. Holland
Lire History oF ORGyYIA CANA Hy. Epw.—Harrison G. Dyar

A LIST OF SOME OF THE CATALOGUES AND LOCAL LISTS OF NorRTH AMERICAN
CoLEeoPpTeRA. — III, R-Z. —Fohkn Hamilton, Samuel Henshaw .

MisceLLANeEous Notes (Reprint of vol. 1 of PsycHe; Labrador insects; Sharp eyes;
amber ‘insects; Gundlach’s Entomologia cubana; new list of American
Lepidoptera)

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Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of the
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Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. foe roe (oor
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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects,
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TACHINIDAE WANTED,

Named or unnamed ‘Tachinidae wanted in ex-
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Psyche, 1892, Vol. 6.

Plate4.

(891

Se Clr.

Pelee, HISTORY OF SPALGIS S-SIGNATA HOLL.

BY W. J.

In November of last year I published
in Psyche, vol. 5, p. 426, a description
of a new species of Spalgis Moore, from
Kangwe, upon the Ogové River, West
Africa, and gave to it the specific name
s-stgnata.

I have recently received the larva and
chrysalis of the insect, accompanied by
a note from the collector, Rev. A. C.
Good, Ph.D., which shows that we are
dealing with a species, which is in its
habits closely related to our own Feni-
seca tarquinius Fabr. The creature is
aphidivorous in its larval state, as Mr.
Good shows. We thus have knowl-
edge of four species of Lycaenidae, the
caterpillars of which are characterized
by carnivorous propensities.

Feniseca tarquinius Fabr.,

Spalgis epius Westwood,

Liphyra brassolis Westwood,

Spalgis s-signata Holland.

The life history of Feniseca tarquin-
ius has been thoroughly worked out by
Miss Emily Morton and Mr. W. H.
Edwards. The life history of Spalgis
epius, as given by Mr. E. E. Green, of
Pundul-oya, Ceylon, and incorporated

They are

HOLLAND, PH.D., PITTSBURGH, PENN.

in vol. 2 of the ‘‘Butterflies of India,
Burmah, and Ceylon,” by De Nicéville,
finds confirmation in the discovery of
Rev. Mr. Good. Mr. Green calls
attention in loc. cit. to the fact that
there must have been an error made in
assigning to S. epius the larva and chry-
salis which are attributed to that species
in Mr. Moore’s great work upon the
Lepidoptera of Ceylon. That the larva
of Liphyra brassolis is aphidivorous is
an inference of the writer, and is based
upon grounds, which he has fully de-
tailed in the Canadian entomologist,
vol. 19, p. 61. Undoubtedly, as we
come to a fuller knowledge of the habits
of the Lycaenidae of the tropics of the
old world, we shall find that there are
several genera besides those which have
been named that have similar habits. I
strongly suspect that the larvae of Lach-
nocnema and of Euliphyra mihi, are
like the larvae of Spalgis and Feniseca
in their food habit.

I give upon Plate 4 the figure of the
larva, the chrysalis, and the imago of
Spalgis s-signata, and have also given
a magnified representation of the dorsal

202

aspect of the chrysalis, which excited
very naturally the surprise of Mr. Good,
as his note which I append to this brief
account shows. It is worthy of remark
that the same strange likeness to a
human face which is found in S. s-sig-
nata, is observable in Feniseca tarquin-
ius. In the notes sent to Mr. Edwards
by Miss Morton, and published in the
Canadian entomologist, vol. 18, p.
147, she asks ‘‘Have you noticed the
ape’s face which the chrysalis shows?”

While Mr. Good regrets that he was
unable, in inflating the larval skin, to
preserve the white matter adhering to
it, there is, nevertheless, a good deal of
it clinging to it. Examined under a

powerful microscope

this adhering
matter is seen to present a peculiar
shining to thickly
cover the hairs with minute granula-
tions as if each hair had been dipped in
some substance like a solution of sugar
or salt, and then had been dried. I

herewith give Mr. Good’s notes:

appearance, and

January roth, 1891.

‘*Today I stumbled upon the queer-
est object which I think I ever saw.
On the underside of the leaves of a
fragipanni I saw a number of small
chrysalids which bore a most absurd
resemblance to a human face. I found
a few of the larvae still unchanged.
Their color was dark brownish, but I
have inflated one, and that will be better
than any description. The body was
all covered over with a whitish sub-
stance, not a part of the body, and
which I took to be the remains of plant
lice with which the underside of the

PSTCHE.

[January 1892.

leaves on which the larvae were found
abounded. I think that these caterpillars
must have fed upon these white plant
lice, for I could not detect that they had
eaten the Almost all of the
white foreign substance is rubbed oft
of the specimen which I inflated, and
I regret that I did not succeed better
in preserving the specimen just as it
appeared. The chrysalis is attached to
the leaf by the back of the head,* and
presents to view what mimics in a won-
derful way the face of a man or a chim-
panzee. Especially do the eyes and
the well-marked

leaves.

brows overhanging
them present a startling resemblance to
the human face. The notice
and are surprised at the resemblance as
much as I am.

natives

Here is mimicry, but
Or has
Dame Nature for once laid aside her
usually practical character and decided
to amuse herself? I hope I may be
able to preserve and send a chrysalis
intact.”’

to what possible purpose?

January 24th, 1891.

‘*Today two of No. 10 have emerged,
and I am pleased to find that we are
dealing with a rare butterfly. The
empty shells nothing of the
resemblance to a human or monkey
face of which I have spoken previously.
I have therefore dried a chrysalis, and
have succeeded well, except that one
eye looks a little bloodshot. I hope
that you can make out the exact appear-
ance of the chrysalis.”

show

* Mr. Good, when speaking of the ‘‘head” in this
connection, is not employing technically accurate lan-
guage, but is accommodating his phrase to the appear-
ance of the chrysalis. The mode cf attachment is pre-
cisely like that to be observed in Feniseca tarquinius.

January 1892. |

Later.

‘‘Fourteen butterflies emerged from
the chrysalids, but some of them did
not disclose the imago, but dried up in
the box, retaining their natural appear-

ance. I send these in a roll of paper.”

PSKCHE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.

Pies kr,
Chrysalis enlarged.

Spalgis s-signata Holland.

Fig. 2. Same. Chrysalis, nat. size.
Fig. 3. Same. Larva.

Fig. 4. Same. Imago.

Phe HISTORY OF JORGYIA CANA“HY. EDW.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR.

OrGyIA CANA Hy. Edw.

1881.—H. Edwards, Papilio, v. 1, p. 62.

Begg. Slightly conoidal though almost
spherical, smooth, shiny, opaque white, with
a faint brownish spot and ring at the flat-
tened end; diameter 1 mm. The eggs are
laid in a mass on the cocoon of the female
moth, fastened together by a slight amount
of froth and thickly covered with the faintly
brownish down from the body of the moth.
The winter is passed in this stage, the little
larvae hatching in the spring and emerging
as mature moths in July and August. ‘There
is but one brood a year.

First larval stage. Head shining black,
labrum a little paler; widtho4mm. Body
sordid purplish black, a dorsal yellowish
shade on joints 3, 4 and g and a whitish stig-
matal line. Warts black, the subdorsal ones
on joint 2, large; hair thin, but several hairs
grow from each wart, black. There are no
brush-like tufts, hair pencils nor retractile
tubercles, but the places of the latter are in-
dicated by a dorsal red spot on joints Io and
It respectively, not elevated.

Second stage. Head brownish black,
shiny; width 0.7 mm. Body and warts black,
hair thin, bristly and black. The subdorsal
warts on joint 2 are large, but there are no
brush tufts nor pencils. The retractile tub-
ercles are present on joints 10 and 11, small,
and colored dull blood red.
paler on joints 3. 4 and 9g.

The dorsum is

Third stage. Head black with a brownish
tinge, labrum white; width 1.1-1.3. mm.
Body black except-on the dorsum of joints 3
and 4 where it is yellowish white with a
black dorsal line, and also a yellowish sub-
dorsal spot on joints g and Io (anteriorly).
Warts all black; hair long, black with pen-
cils of short, plumed, black hairs from the
subdorsal warts of joint 2 (none on joint 12).
There are small, dorsal, black, brush-like
tufts on joints 5 and 6 and a few short tufted
white hairs on joints 7 and 8. The warts of
row 2 on joint g are a little tinged with
red. Retractile tubercles red. Length of
larva about 9 mm.

Fourth stage. Wead brownish black, la-
brum and antennae sordid white; width 1.7-
1.8 mm. Body greenish black below, gray
on the sides, a black subdorsal and yellow
subventral line. Dorsum largely sordid yel-
low; cervical shield, a dorsal line on joints
3 and 4, a shade surrounding the tufts on
joints 5-8, and a broad band from joint 9
posteriorly to joint 12, all black; joint 13
dark gray. The warts of rows 1-5 and the
retractile tubercles are all blood red, concol-
orous, except those on joint 2 which are
black. The plumed pencils on joint 2 are
2.5 mm. long, and there is now also one on
joint 12 dorsally. The brush-like tufts on
joints 5 and 6 are brown, those on 7 and 8
The other hair is long and black but
whitish subventrally.

white.

204

Fifth stage. Wead shining black with a
faint brownish tinge, labrum and antennae
pale yellow; width 2.1-2.6 mm. The body
is colored as in the previous stage but the
black shade surrounding the prush tufts fills
in nearly all the dorsal space; hair pencils
from joints 2 and 12,3 mm. long. Spiracles
black, a white dot posterior to each. The
arrangement of the warts is as follows: row
I anteriorly next to dorsal line on joints 5-
subdorsal; 3 suprastigmatal; [4 absent, ©
represented by the white dots posterior to
the spiracles;] 5 subventral; 6also subven-
tral, just above the bases of the legs and a
little posterior to the other warts; and row
7 consists of four small warts on the venter
of the legless segments. On joint 2 warts
2 and 3 are on the cervical shield, small; 4
is large, subdorsal; 5 also large, lateral. On
joints 3 and 4 all are present but 1 and moved
up somewhat. On joint 13 there are but
three warts, the upper two large besides very
minute ones on the anal plate. The brush
tufts arise from wart I and the upper part
of 2.

Sixth stage (all g and some @ mature
larvae). Head brown-black, shiny, clypeus
pale centrally, labrum and antennae white;
width, 3.1-36 mm. Body velvety black, a
broken buff subdorsal line on joints 3 and 4,
represented by buff or yellow spots on joints
5 and 8-11 a little farther down the sides; a
similar smaller subventral row running the
whole length. Cervical shield pale, shaded
with black, its warts crimson. ‘The warts of
rows I-5 are fine dark crimson, large, the
hair long and black. Plumed pencils black,
7.5 mm. long, showing a marked difference
from the previous stage. Retractile tuber-
cles crimson, a little brighter than the warts.
Brush tufts large, all unicoloroxs, brownish
silver gray, darker along the crest, showing
another marked difference. Feet reddish,“
black at their bases. As the stage advances
the brush tufts become black centrally, the
side hairs remaining white.

Seventh stage (some @ larvae only).

WARD

Head

PS TGLRE::

[January 1892.
round, brownish black, a pinkish
white line above the mouth; antennae red-
dish, ocherous at base; width 4mm. Body
dark gray, black dorsally, a broken subdor-
sal band nearly covering the dorsum on
joints 3 and 4 and a broken substigmatal
band. All the warts of rows 1, 2, 3 and 5,

shiny,

_retractile tubercles and cervical shield fine

crimson, the tubercles a little brighter. The
warts of row 4 are present but very small,
situated back of the spiracles and colored
ocher yellow.

Cocoon. Oval, regular,
composed of hair and silk.

& pupa. Robust; wing and antenna-cases
prominent; abdomen tapering, cremaster
long, terminating in minute hooks; sparsely
covered with rather short fine whitish hairs.
Color rather light brown; spiracles black.
Length 12 mm.; width 5 mm.

Q pupa. Very large and robust, thorax
and cases small, wing-cases of moderate Size;
abdomen nearly cylindrical, cremaster flat-
tened, ending in many hooks. Smooth very
shiny pale brown, with a few sparsely dis-
tributed pale hairs; spiracles black. Length
22 mm.; width of abdomen g mm., of thorax
4.5 mm.

Food plants. Species of oak (Quercus
kelloggit and Q. chrysolepis) also wild coffee
(?hamuus californica) and willow (Salix).

Larvae from Yosemite, Cal.

& moth. Primaries dark gray, whitish
scales thickly scattered on a nearly black
ground; an obscure black basal line and a
brownish patch outside this, covering the
lower half of the wing before the t. a. line,
edged above by a black line and narrowly
separated from the t. a. line. Transverse
anterior line broad, black, gently waved and
slightly produced outwardly above m. vein;
a reniform discal spot, outlined in black,
filled in with a yellowish white shade and
narrowly bordered with whitish. Transverse
posterior line starting from costa almost above
reniform, passing outward and around the spot
and continuing to internal margin parallel

nearly opaque,

January 1892. |
to t. a. line. On the costa beyond t. p. line
a black patch from which proceeds the whit-
ish subterminal line, almost parallel to the
t. p. line and most strongly marked just be-
fore its junction with internal margin, almost
forming a white crescent. A black terminal
line. Fringes blackish, interrupted with
paler.

Secondaries blackish with a chestnut tint,
especially centrally. Below nearly uniform
dark blackish gray with a slight chestnut
tint; discal dot andt. p. line indicated in
black.

PSP CIE.

205

Q moth. Abdomen extremely large, tho-
rax small, legs slender, wings larger than
usual, 6mm. long. Color white with a faint
brownish tinge; down dense, especially on
the under side of abdomen; dorsum broadly
dark cinereous, both on thorax and abdomen;
wings faintly brownish; eyes black. Anten-
nae shortly pectinated. Length 18 mm. ;
width of abdomen 12 mm.

Habitat probably the Sierra Nevada of
California. Recorded from Havilah, Kern
Co., (Hy. Edw.) and Yosemite, Mariposa
Co.

A LIST OF SOME OF THE CATALOGUES AND LOCAL LISTS OF
NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA.—III (R.-Z.).

BY JOHN HAMILTON AND SAMUEL HENSHAW.

105 Rauterberg, Fr. Coleoptera of Wis-
consin. (Proc. nat. hist. soc. Wis., 1885, p.
10-25.)

A list of 269 species and varieties of Cicindelidae and

Carabidae with notes on the locality and time of occur-
rence.

106 Reed, E. B. Coleoptera taken in the
neighborhood of London, Ont. (Can. ent.,
1869, v. I, p. 69-70.)

Number of families (31) genera (129) and species
(180) found in the vicinity of London, Ont.; over 130
undetermined species additional to the above have
been collected.

107 Reinecke, Ottomar.
of Coleoptera.
BGS25,Vs'4, p- 55-)

Baeeeceies are listed from the vicinity of Buffalo,

Additional list
(Bull. Buff. soc. nat. sci.,

Reinecke, Ottomar.
ED.

108 Ritchie, A. S. On the Coleoptera of
the Island of Montreal. (Can. nat. and geol.,
1869, ser. 2, v. 4, p. 27-36.) Separate: 11 p.

215 species are listed from the Island of Montreal and
31 Canadian species taken outside the Island of Mon-

treal.

109 Sahlberg, John. Coleoptera och

ie} . .

medlemmar a Berings Sunds Amerikanska
Hemiptera insamlade af Vega-expeditionens
kust. (Vega-exped. vetens. iaktt., 1885, bd.
4) P- 59-71.)

16 species of Coleoptera are listed from Port Clarence,
Grantley Harbor and Bay of Iman-Ruk.

See: Zescu, Frank

110 Saunders, W. Entomological notes
during a trip to Saguenay. (Can. ent.,
1868, v. I, p. II-13.)

18 species are listed with localities.

Savagé, HH. See: Hayvwarp, R.

111 Say, Thomas. Descriptions of cole-
opterous insects collected in the late expedi-
tion to the Rocky Mountains, performed by
order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War,
under the command of Major Long. (Journ.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1823, v. 3, p- 139-216;
1824, p. 238-282; 298-331; 403-462; 1824, v. 4,
p- 83-99.) Ed. Leconte, v. 2, p. 89-236.

Describes 354 species.

112 Schaupp, F.G. The Cicindelidae of
the neighborhood of New York. (Bull.
Brooklyn ent. soc., 1878, v. 1, p. 28.)

A list of 15 species with localities and times of ap-
pearance,

113 Schaupp, F. G.
tera. |
P- 34+)

Adds 13 species to those listed by Schwarz.

114 Schaupp, F. G. List of Carabidae
fopnd in the neighborhood of New York
city. (Bull. Brooklyn ent. soc., 1883, v. 6,
P- 29-323 71-72)

212 species are listed with localities and times of ap-
pearance.

[Florida Coleop-
(Bull. Brooklyn ent. soc., 1878, v. 1,

206

115 Schmelter, H. Coleoptera of the
neighborhood of New York. Chrysom-
elidae. (Bull. Brooklyn ent. soc., 1878, v.
rpass ee

96 species are listed.

116 Schwarz, E. A. List of Coleoptera
collected in Michigan in 1874. (Psyche,
1876, v. I, p. 145-148.)

102 species are enumerated with notes and localities.

117 Schwarz, E. A. The Coleoptera of
Florida. (Proc. Amer. philos. soc. 1878, v.
17, P- 353-471-)

1386 species and varieties are listed on p. 434-469; the
occurrence of more than 200 additional species 1s noted ;
many new species are described by the author and by
Leconte.

118 Schwarz, E. A. On a collection of
Coleoptera from St. Augustine, Florida.
(Proc. ent. soc. Washington, LOSQ eves Ly iDe
169-171.) Separate: 2 p.

General remarks on a collection of 600 species of

Coleopteia collected in. the vicinity of St. Augustine,
Fla.; 2400 species known to occur in Florida.

Schwarz, E.A. See: HuBBArpD, H.G.

119 Smith, John B. List of Coleoptera
collected by J. R. Spencer at Fort Churchill.
(Rep. progr. Can. geol. surv., 1882-83-84,
1885, p. 62 DD.)

12 determined and 2 undetermined species are listed.

120 Smith, J. B. Catalogue of insects
found in New Jersey. (Final rep. state geol-
ogist, 1890, v. 2, 486 p.)

2167 species and varieties of Coleoptera are listed on
p- 69-271; localities and collectors are given when
known.

121 Snow, F. H. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in Colorado in June, July and August,
1876, by the Kansas University scientific ex-
pedition. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1877, v.
5, Pp: 15-20.)

_ 304 species and 12 varieties are enumerated; chiefly
identified by Dr. J. L. Leconte. This list also appeared
in the Kansas collegiate 1877, v. 2.

122 Snow, F. H. The insects of Wallace
county, Kansas. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci.,
1878, v. 6, p. 61-70.)

Includes captures in Gove county; 316 species and
varieties of Coleoptera are listed on p. 62-7o with
county localities of capture.

123. now, F.H. List of Coleoptera col-
lected near Dome Rock, Platte Canon. Colo-
rado, by the Kansas University scientific ex-
pedition for 1878. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci.,
1878, v- 6, p- 75-77-)

99 species and varieties are listed; a few are not
fully identified.

124 Snow, F. H. List of Coleoptera col-
lected in Santa Fé Canon, N. M., by the
Kansas University scientific expedition for
1880. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1881, v. 7,
p- 70-77-)

237 species are listed.

PSE E.

{| January 1892.

125 Snow, F. H. Douglas county addi-
tions to the list of Kansas Coleoptera in 1879
and 1880. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci., 1881, v.
7, p- 78-79-)

144 species are listed.

126 Snow, F. H. Lists of Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera, collected in New Mexico by
the Kansas University scientific expedition
of 1881 and 1882. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci.,
1883, v. 8, p- 35-45:)

525 species and varieties of Coleoptera are listed on
P- 39-45; some are not fully determined.

127 Snow, F. H. Additions to the list of
Kansas Coleoptera in 1881 and 1882. (Trans.
Kans. acad. sci., 1883, v. 8, p. 58.)

49 species are listed; a few are not fully determined.

128 Snow, F. H. Lists of Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera collected in New Mexico by
the Kansas University scientific expeditions
of 1883 and 1884. (Trans. Kans. acad. sci.,
1885, v. 9, p. 65-69.)

149 Species and varieties of Coleoptera are listed on
p- 66-69; some are not fully identified.

129 Sprague, P. S. Insect fauna of
Camel’s Hump, Vt. (Arch. sci., 1871.)

55 species of Coleoptera are listed.

130 Strecker, Herman. Coleoptera. (An-
nual rep. chief engineers for 1878, 1878, p.
1864-1866 )

A list of 33 species collected in the San Juan region
of Colorado.

131 Summers, S. V. List of Coleoptera
of St. Louis county, Missouri. (Can. ent.,
1873, V- 5, p. 132-134: 145-147: 168-170: Igo-
NGAI Usy ly Wo Gy 1a SASS )

508 species and varieties are listed; the list was not
completed beyond the Colydiidae.

132 Summers, S. V. Catalogue of the
Coleoptera from the region of Lake Pont-
chartrain, La. (Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci.,
1874, v.- 2, p. 78-99.) Separate: 21 p.

906 species and varieties are listed; a few are not
fully identified.

33 Taylor, George W. The entomology
of Vancouver Island. Notes on seventy-six
species of Cicindelidae and Carabidae col-
lected near Victoria, Vancouver Island. (Can.
ent., 1886, v. 18, p. 34-37.)

Notes of capture and frequency are given.

134 Townsend, C.H.T. A list of Cole-
optera collected in Louisiana, on or south of
parallel 30°. (Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 66-
73°) species and varieties are listed, with localities
and notes of capture.

35 Townsend, Tyler. Contribution toa
list of the Coleoptera of the lower peninsula
of Michigan. (Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 231-235.)

166 species and varieties are listed; a few are not
fully identified.

January 1892.]

136 Uhler, P. R. Report upon the insects
collected by P. R. Uhler during the explora-
tions of 1875, including monographs of the
families Cydnidae and Saldae, and the He-
miptera collected by A. S. Packard, Jr., M.D.
(Bull. U. S. geol. and geog. surv., 1877, v. 3,
P- 355-4753 765-80t. )

95 species of Coleoptera from the plains and moun-
tains of eastern Colorado are listed on p. 770-779.

137 Uhler, P. R. List of animals observed
at Fort Wool, Va. (Studies biol. lab. Johns
Hopkins Uniy., 1879, v. I, no. 3, p- 17-34.)

7 species of Coleoptera are recorded on p. 29-30.

138 Ulke, Henry. List of species of Cole-
optera, collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter,
United States army, for the United States
geological survey of Colorado, 1873. (Rep.
U. S. geol. surv., [Hayden’s 7th rep.], 1874,
P- 567-571-)

164 Species are listed.

139 Ulke, Henry. Report upon the col-
lections of Coleoptera made in portions of
Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New
Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871.
1872, 1873 and 1874. (Rep. geogr. and geol.

LoS TCL. 207

expl. and sury. west 1rooth mer., 1875, v. 5,
Zoology, p. 809-827. )

382 species are listed with locality, date of capture,
eollectar and range of habitat.

140 Walker, Francis. List of Coleoptera.
Lord’s Naturalist in Vancouver Island and
British Columbia. London, 1866, v. 2, p-
309-311.

94 species are listed.

White, J. E. See: Bropir, W.

141 Wickham, H.F. A list of the Cole-
optera of Iowa City and vicinity. (Bull. lab.
nat. hist. state Univ. Iowa, 1888, v. 1, no. 1,
p. 81-92.

861 species and 10 varieties are listed;
are not fully identified.

Wickham, H. F.
bert.
142 Zesch, Frank H. axd Reinecke, Otto-

a few species

See: OSsBoRN, Her-

mar. List of the Coleoptera observed and
collected in the vicinity of Buffalo. (Bull.
Buffalo soc. nat. sci., 1881, v. 4, p. 2-15.)

Separate: 14 p.

1424 Species are listed.

INDEX OF LOCALITIES.

Alaska, 63, 69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 109.

Anticosti, 18.

Argenteuil, Ca., 25.

Arizona, 64, 70, 74, 139.

Athabaska Lake, 82.

Atlanta, Id., 78.

Baltimore, Md., 83.

Bay of Iman-Ruk, Alaska, 109.

Belleville, Ont., 6, 7.

Berings Straits, 109.

Blanc Sablon, H. B. T., 51.

Bonaventure, Quebec, 8.

British Columbia, 11, 43, 77, 40.

Buffalo, N. Y., 107, 142.

California, 46, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70,
Tee OSOAOOstaOs

California, Lower, 53, 70.

Camel’s Hump, Vt., 38, 129.

Wanada, 1,147.05: 7, 6312, 16) 17,) 19,23, 245125,
31, 34, 35, 36, 56, 57, 82, 94, 95, 98, 106,
108, 110.

Canada, Lower, 16, 17.

Canada West, 4.

Cape Chudleigh, Hi; Bis) 51.

Cape Disges, HB: Ge, 51-
Caribou Island, Labrador, 91, g2.
Churchill River, H. B: £.; 80, 82.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 27, 28, 29.
Clemente Island, Cal., 53
Cliftondale, Mass., 39.
Colorado, 13, 14, 15, 45, 50, 64, 76, 78, 79,
1O2,, 121s 1235) 130, 130,.035,.130-
Cqalumbus, Ohio, 30.
Cross Lake, Nelson River, H. B. T.,.81, 82.
Cumberland House, Sask., 82.
€uster Co., Col., 15.
Davenport, Iowa, gg.
Dome Rock, Col., 123.
Douglas County, Kansas, 125.
Florida, 113, 117, 118.
Flying Post, Ont., 82.
Fort Bridger, Wy., 103.
Churchill, H. B. T., 119.
Simpson, N. W. T., 69.
Tejon, Cal., 66
Whipple, Ariz., 74.
William, L. Sup., 61.
Wool, Va., 137.

208

Frederic, Iowa, Ior.
Frontera, 64.
Gaspé, Quebec, 8, 23.
Gove County, Kansas, 122.
Grantley Harbor, Alaska, 109.
Green Mountains, Vt., 38.
Green River Basin, Wy., 103.
Grenville, Ca., 25.
Grimsby, Ont., 94, 95.
Guadalupe Island, 49.
Hopedale, Labrador, g2.
Hudson’s Bay Region, 26, 51, 80, 81, 82, 119.
Idaho, 46, 47, 78, 79.
Indian Territory, 46.
Towa, 90, 99, 100, IOI, 141.
Iowa City, 141.
James Bay, 31.
Kabiuakagami, Lake Superior, 82.
Kansas, 46, 58, 59, 64, 68, 71, 96, 97, 122,
Als AYE
Kicking Horse, Pass, B. C., 11.
Labrador, 91, 92, 93.
Lake Huron, 82.
Pontchartrain, La., 132.
Superior, 54, 61, 64, 82.
Winnipeg, 81, 82.
of the Woods, 82.
Lincoln, C. W., 4.
London, Ont., 106.
L’Orignal, Ca., 25.
Louisiana, 132, 134.
Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba, 8r.
Lycoming Co., Pa., 73.
Mackenzie River, N. W. T., 69.
Manitoba, 81.
Maryland, 83.
Massachusetts, 37, 39.
Mexico, 20, 64.
Michigan, 54, 116, 135.
Michipicoten River, Lake Superior, 82.
Missinaibi House, Lake Superior, 82.
Missouri, 131.
Montana, 46.
Monticelle, Iowa, 100.
Montreal, Canada, 24, 108.
Mount Washington, N. H., 2.
Nebraska, 68.

PSVCHE:

[January 1892.

Nelson River, 80, 81, 82.
Nelson River House, 832.
Nevada, 46, 139.
New England, 9, 48.
New Hampshire, 2, 32.
New Jersey, 120.
New Mexico, 14, 45, 46, 68, 70, 71, 76, 124,
126, 128, 139.
New York, £07, 112, I14, 115, 142.
New York (City), 112, 114, 115.
North America, 3, 20, 21, 40, 41, 42, 60, 72,
88.
North West Territory, 69.
Nova Scotia, 55, 57-
Norway House, Lake Winnipeg, 81.
Oba, Lake Superior, 82.
Ohio, 27, 28, 29, 30.
Ontario, 6, 7, 82, 94, 95, 106.
Oregon, 46, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71.
Ottawa, Ca., 25, 34.
Oxford House, H. B. T., 81, 82.
Pennsylvania, 10, 33, 73, 89-
Philadelphia, Pa., ro.
Platte Canon, Col., 123.
Port Clarence, Alaska, 109.
Portneuf, Quebec, 98.
Quebec, 8, 16, 17; 19, 23.98, TIO.
Reindeer Lake, H. B. R., 82.
Rimouski, Quebec, 8.
Rocky Mountains, 11, 57, 78, 79, 102, III.
Rouge, Ca., 25.
Russian America, 63, 69, 84, 85, 86, 87.
Saguenay, Quebec, I10.
Saint Augustine, Fla., 118.
Lawrence, 8, 23.
Louis Co., Mo., 131.
San Juan, Col., 130.
Santa Fé Canon, N. Mex., 124.
Saskatchewan, 69, 82.
Sault de Ste. Marie, Lake Superior, 61, 82.
Sitkha, 84, 85.
Snake River, Wy., 47.
Sonora, 65.
Sorel. @a.,.24.
South Carolina, 52.
Spring Lake Villa, Ut., 104.
Stinkingwater River, Wy., 103.

January 1892. ]

Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador, gr.
Stupart's Bay, H. B. T., 51.
Tennessee, 22.

Téton Basin, Id., 47.

Texas, 5, 64, 65, 70.

Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, 61, 82.
Utah, 46, 50, 71, 78, 104, 139.
Vancouver Island, 43, 75, 133, 140.
Vermont, 38, 129.

Victoria, Vanc., 43, 133.

Virginia, 44, 137.

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES.— A portion of
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of the volumes can therefore be obtained at
five dollars per volume. The number of cop-
ies on hand, however, is extremely limited
and persons desiring to secure full sets or
complete their series are advised to make
early application to the treasurer, Samuel
Henshaw, Cambridge, Mass.

A list of Labrador insects will be found in
Dr. A. S. Packard’s recent book The Labra-
dor Coast (N. Y., Hodges) on pp. 385-396
and 446-447. He catalogues 233 species di-
vided as follows: Arachnida 11, Myriopoda
1, Orthoptera 1, Odonata 2, Hemiptera 4,
Platyptera 1, Plectoptera 3, Trichoptera 2,
Coleoptera 63. Diptera 11. Lepidoptera 108,
and Hymenoptera 26. Notes of distribution
and a few dates are added.

Entomologists should not overlook a holi-
day book of unusual interest for them, no-
ting the out-door and in-door observations of
a rambler who knows how to use both eyes
and pencil, not to say pen. It is a volume
by the artist William Hamilton Gibson,
called ‘‘Sharp eyes, a rambler’s calendar of
fifty-two weeks among insects, birds, and
flowers” (Harper’s, $5.00). Both text and
illustrations, the latter on nearly every page,
are by the same hand; better, more living

PSYCHE.

209
Wallace Co., Kansas, 122.
Washington, 63. 71.
West Indies, 20.
White Mountains, N. H., 32.
Wind River Basin, Wy., 103.
Winnipeg, 43.
Wisconsin, 105.
Wyoming, 47, 78, 79, 103.
Yellowstone Lake, Wy., 47.
Yellowstone National Park, Wy., 103.
Morkshactony,. Be Dy Sr.
pictures of our insects have never been

given, especially where they are represented
in flight, when they rival the pictures by
Giacomelli; and yet all are ‘‘process cuts.”
The volume is excellent reading as well, and
tells the stories of the lives of our common
insects in a charming way. It isan admir-
able book to stimulate the young observer.

In a superb monograph of the trees which
furnished the Baltic amber, with eighteen
finely colored quarto plates, Conwentz of
Danzig publishes some notices of amber in-
sects, especially of such as were injurious to
the species of Pinus which yielded amber;
among other things he figures the borings of
a beetle referred by Kolbe to Anthaxia and
the larval burrows in the dead wood which
Brischke looks upon as the work of a Sciara.

Dr. Juan Gundlach has just finished the
printing of the second volume of his Ento-
mologia Cubana which contains the Hymen-
optera, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera.

Prof. John B. Smith’s promised List of
Lepidoptera of Boreal America has been
issued by the American entomological soci-
ety; it extends to 124 pages and includes
6020 nominal species, of which 640 are but-
terflies, 229 Sphingidae and Sesiidae, 590 the
families allied to Lithosiidae and Bombyci-
dae, 1861 Noctuina, 651 Geometrina, 634
Pyralidina, 429 Tortricina, and 986 Tineina.
It follows the style of Grote’s Check list of
American moths.

210

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

10 April 1891. — The 162d meeting of the
club was held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr. J-
H. Emerton was elected chairman.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited a series of
over thirty specimens of the acridian Bryo-
dema tuberculata collected many years ago
by Parschine in the Trans-Baikal and Amur
regions of eastern Siberia, namely at Irkutsk,
Verschine-Udinsk, the desert of Khorinskaya
in southern Siberia, Khabarowka, and Sara-
pol. They showed an extraordinary amount
of variation in the intensity and extent of the
band crossing the hind wings as well as in
the depth of the basal tint, some being
almost or quite vitreous, while others at the
other extreme were a deep rose; tne apex of
the wing in some was entirely infumated so
as to connect completely with the transverse
band, while others showed a broad vitreous
space outside the transverse band, darkened
by the veins only; similarly a great variation
was seen in the depth and extent of the mot-
tling of the tegmina and no little difference
in the surface sculpture of the dorsum of the
pronotum and the vertex of the head. Inall,
the anterior sulcus of the prozona was far
less deeply impressed than in European spec-
imens of the same species. Mr. Scudder
also showed specimens of the allied B. dara-
bensis collected by Parschine at Verkhni-
Udinsk, Verschine-Udinsk, Strelinsk,
the desert of Khorinskaya.

Mr. J. H. Emerton remarked on the New
England species of Attidae. He stated that
thirty-three species of this family are repre-
sented in his collection, of which eight are
undescribed. Of these, eight belong to
Phidippus and Dendryphantes, seven to the
short bodied genera allied to Aftus fulex and
A. palustris of Hentz, and three to the ant-
like genera. The classification of the re-
maining species is still undecided. Four
species are represented by only one, and
three others by only two or ‘three specimens
each. Mr. Emerton showed a number of

and

ow HED eo Uae

[January 1892.

drawings illustrating the variations in this
family.

Mr. R. Hayward recorded the capture in
Arizona by Mr. H. K. Burrison of Aphodius
pumilus, a species described by Dr. Horn in
his recent Revision of Aphodius from New
Mexico, but which has also been taken by
Mr. Bowditch and Mr. Hayward in northern
New Mexico.

8 May, 1891.—The 163d meeting of the
Club was held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr. J.
1. Emerton was chosen chairman. After
the additions to the library had been an-
nounced the Club proceeded to the election
of officers for 1891 which had been post-
poned. The following were elected: Presi-
dent; Prof F. He Snow, of lawrenice) Kise s
Secretary, Roland Hayward;
Samuel Henshaw;

Treasurer,
Librarian, Samuel H.
Scudder; members at large of Executive Com-
mittee, J. H. Emerton and T. W. Higginson.

Rev. W. J. Holland and Mr. A, P. Morse
were elected to active membership, Mr. S.
H. Scudder communicated some notes on
Oeneis (see Psyche, v. 6, p. 99-100). Mr. J.
H. Emerton remarked briefly on certain crab-
spiders (Thomisidae) comparing them with
the Attidae, an allied family.

12 JUNE, 1891.—-The 164th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr. J. H. Emer-
the chair. Mr. S. Henshaw was
chosen Secretary fro fem. Mr. F, C. Bow-
ditch was elected a member.

Mr. J. H. Emerton showed some plates of
New England Attidae, and remarked upon
the character and distribution of a number
of the species; 16 or 17 genera and about 33
species are known from New England.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed drawings by
Mrs. Peart of the terminal segments of the
young larvae of Oenezs brucet, Oe. Jutta, ana
Oe. macount?, and said that his proposed di-
vision of the genus, as given at the last
meeting, into two groups for which the sub-
generic names of Oeneis and Chionobas
were suggested, appeared to be well founded.
Mr. Scudder also showed the early stages of
several European butterflies.

ton in

eyCHt

ST roowrLe NAL, OF BN TOMOLOGY::

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 190.

FEBRUARY, 1892.

CONTENTS:
NOTES UPON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOME AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. (Plate 5)

—W. $F. Holland : : 213
CONCERNING THE BLOOD-TISSUE OF THE INsECTA.—I.—W. M. Wheeler : 4 216
DESCRIPTION OF A SARCOPHAGA BRED FROM HELIx.—C. H. Tyler Townsend : 220
EpWARDs’s NorTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES : c : ‘ 3 - : : 221
DRYOCAMPA RIVERSII BEHR.—Harrison G. Dyar : : - . . 2 : 222
RECENT LITERATURE (Buckton’s British Cicadae; succession of wing colors in chrys-

alids of butterflies; a cyclopean honey-bee) . “ : : 5 F 3 222

PUBLISHED BY THE

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212

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February 1892

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

A very few complete sets of the first five volume
of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $25.
SAMUEL. HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais bare
pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. we,
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. . 50

Hitchcock, Edward. pease of en

England. Boston, 1858 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. oe 1376 (Cane

taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-

logist). Springfield, Ill., 1878 1.00

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America. Cambridge, 1885,8p., 1 plate .5o

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
generic names peo for Butterflies. Sa-
lem, 1875.

Scudder, S. H. The pine- nth of Nan
tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25

Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of
Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 5 . 1.00

Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. iaMee

I.00

42-46. Stettin, 1881-1885. 5.00
Us: Re ie Commission, Bulletins,

Nos. I, 2, 4, 5,6 : I.00
—Third Report veces 1883 2.50
—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 2.00

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
‘ Cambridge, Mass.

FOR SALE,
Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects;

‘especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera singly or in

lots. Also Orthoptera, dragon-flies, land and fresh
water shells at low prices.
H. FRUHSTORFER,
Care German Consulate, Soerabaia, Java.

TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies. __

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Plate 5

Psyche, 1892, Viole Gr.

PSYCHE.

NOTES UPON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOME AFRICAN
LEPIDOPTERA.

EBYSa Io =

From among the mass of material il-
lustrating the life-history of various
species of West-African lepidoptera in
my possession, and for which I am
largely indebted to my indefatigable co-
adjutor, Mr. Good, I have culled a few
notes, which are likely to prove inter-
esting to the student of entomology. I
have in all cases sought to elucidate by
presenting sketches of the objects them-
selves, which I have drawn at moments
of leisure, and which may be relied
upon to do even more than the verbal
accounts which I[ herewith give to make
the subject plain.

SATURNIA ARNOBIA Westw.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological
society of London for the year 1881, p.
142, Prof. Westwood described a large
bombycid moth to which he gave the
name Saturnia arnobia. The specimen
upon which he based his description
came from Old Calabar, and is in the
collection of T. Chapman, Esqr., Glas-
gow.

From Mr. Good I have received sev-
eral males which correspond in the

HOLLAND, PH.D., PITTSBURGH, PENN.

main with the figure and description of
Prof. Westwood, who does not, by the
by, indicate the sex of his type. The
females differ quite materially from the
males, and there is evidently a dry sea-
son brood, which differs in both sexes
quite considerably from the wet season
form. But the most remarkable fact in
the life history of this great moth,
which equals in expanse of wing the
largest Bombycidae of North America,
is the fact that the chrysalis is sus-
pended, and while the caterpillar
weaves a few stout silken threads about
the spot where it undergoes its transfor-
mations, the chrysalis hangs pendulous
from its support like the chrysalis of the
Nymphalidae. This is best understood
from the figure given upon Plate 5.

Before giving a description of the va-
rious forms of the species, I give the
notes sent me by the collector :—

‘‘No. 43. This number designates a
very large moth which emerged from a
very large chrysalis. The first of these
large chrysalids was handed to me at
Elovi, a town fifteen miles down the
river from Kangwe. This chrysalis has
not yet disclosed the imago, (May 14th,

214

1888). Two weeks or more afterwards
(April 30), I obtained six more chrysa-
lids at the same place, and one of the
flies which had come out in the hands
One
of the lot secured upon April 30th came
out during the night of May 12th and
damaged itself slightly before I discov-
ered it. I send it’ in the envelope
marked 43, and the empty pupa-case in
a box marked with the same number.
Is not this an anomaly? I have never
before obtained a moth from a chrysalis
hanging suspended as this one was.
When I got the chrysalis first I thought
now I have the chrysalis of Papilio an-
timachus or zalmoxis, and I’ll get the
female sure. I had been led to suppose
from my reading that chrysalids so sus-
pended and comparatively unprotected
always produce diurnal butterflies. The
chrysalis is dark green in color, begin-
ning to change before disclosing the
moth to a pale green, and later to the
yellow of the empty shell.”

Mr. Good sent me of this brood six
perfect specimens, and female,
and several chrysalids which had failed
to disclose the imago, and from one of
which the figure on Plate 5 is drawn.
Later he sent me three of the second
brood, and a chrysalid, which in form
is identical with the chrysalids of the
first brood, but smaller. This last
sending was accompanied by the fol-
lowing note :—

‘“No. 43.—I designate these speci-
mens by the same mark, No. 43, as
those which I sent you in the summer.
The chrysalid appears to be identical in

of the natives and is not perfect.

male

PISCE.

[February 1892.

form and color, but the moths are very
different in color. If this is the same
species then the larvae bred in the dry
season do not produce as fine moths as
those that feed in the latter part of the
rainy season. These specimens emerged
Oct. 15th, 1888, the’ rainy: season,
which is late this year, having just
commenced.”

Rainy season brood. 8. Not dif-
fering materially from the figure and
description of Prof. Westwood. The
ground color is a bright yellow, with
the darker markings ochraceous rufous.
Expanse 6 1-2 inches.

Q@. Wings very broad, and not nearly
as pointed at apex as in the male. Gen-
eral color tawny ochraceous, with
darker markings deep burnt sienna.
Expanse of wings 7—7 1-4 inches.

Dry season brood. The general
color of the two sexes is the same, and
may be described as Mars brown, with
the darker markings of a livid purplish
cast..;, Expanse of swings: 5-4 374
inches; 5—5 1-2.inches.

IDIOMORPHUS VALA Ploetz.

Under this name Dr. Ploetz described
froma single female a species of Idio-
morphus (genus of Satyridae,) which
had been collected by Dr. Buchholz
upon the West African coast. T'he
species is very common upon the Ogové
River, at all events I have received
from Mr. Good many scores of exam-
ples, male and female. The larval
stages of this genus, which is peculiar to
the hottest parts of tropical Africa, have

S440 ) = ae

February 1892.4

never been described, as far as I am
aware. Unfortunately the inflated
caterpillar of the species did not turn
up in the sending in which it was in-
cluded. Whether it was destroyed by
the carelessness of custom-house ofh-
cials, or in some other way was lost, I
do not know. The chrysalids sent me
by Mr. Good came safely to hand and
are outlined upon Plate 5. In speaking
of the habits of the larva the collector
says :—

**The larvae are very peculiar look-
ing creatures, gregarious, feeding spar-
ingly upon a low and very coarse grass,
which grows in open ground and forms
great bunches. The leaf of this grass
is from a foot to a foot and a half in
length, and from an inch to an inch and
a half in width. When not feeding
these caterpillars are always to be seen
on the under side of the leaf, lying to-
gether as closely as possible, and pre-
senting a very queer appearance. They
increase in size very slowly. The chry-
salids I send you were suspended from
the lid of the box, but in nature they
hang from the underside of a leaf or
blade of grass. The first of the butter-
flies emerged Dec. 24th, and the last
Dec. 29th. The time during which
they remain in the pupal state is about
a week.”

There are five species of Idiomorphus
which are found at Kangwe, of which
the species before us seems to be the
most common. They are the follow-
ing :—

I. vala Ploetz.

I. hewitsonii Doumet.

PS HCH.

215

I. italus Hewitson.

I. zinebi Butler.

I. sebetus Hewitson.

Of the latter species I have thus far
received but.a. single specimen. It ap-
pears to be the rarest of the five.

HarMA CAENIS Drury.

Of this species Mr. Good sends me
an inflated larva, and several chrysalids,
from which the figures on Plate 5 are
taken.

The female of this species is polymor-
phic. There is a female which very
closely resembles the male, and in fact
cannot be separated, from it, except by
an examination of the sexual organs.
This form is not common. I have but
one specimen. Then there is a dark fe-
male, which is the common form and is
figured accurately in Staudinger’s work
upon the Exotic Butterflies, and was
also figured by Cramer as Harma am-
phiceda. Then there is still another
in which the basal area of both
wings upon the upper side is more or
less suffused with red. Both of these
latter forms are before me bred in nu-
merous examples from the same batch
of larvae.

In a letter received from Mr. Good
several years ago he stated that this spe-
cies is in the habit of migrating in great
swarms. Apropos of his account of
the migration of Harma caenis the fol-
lowing note giving some details as to
the migration of another species may
not be inappropriately reproduced here.

‘‘Oct. 14th, 1890. To-day at Batanga

I saw Crenis amulia flying in great

form

216

swarms just as some years ago I saw
Harma caenis in the Ogové region.
They seemed to come from nowhere in
particular, they flew in no order, no
two even keeping company. Some-
times only a dozen were visible, at
other times hundreds seemed to fill the
air. | They flew:a little ES of N. E.
This has no particular significance,
however, as this is the general direction
of the coast here. Even upon the beach
the migratory movement was easily ob-
served, and as far as I went back, (about
half a mile) the air seemed full of the
flies. None were returning, and all
flew as if they had a definite purpose in
view. <A native remarked it, and ven-
tured, in calling my attention to the
movement to add ‘Sometimes they fly
so, and sometimes they fly in the oppo-
site direction.’ ”

‘‘T am utterly at a loss to account for
the phenomenon. The explanation
which I suggested for the migration of
Harma caenis, which this exactly re-
sembles, will not apply here. That
took place near the end of the dry sea-
son and was toward the approaching
rains. But here the rains are frequent

PSYCHE.

[February 1892.

now, and if these flies are seeking any-
thing to northward it must be dry

weather.”

CHRYSOPSYCHE MIRIFICA Butler.

I have received from Mr. Good sev-
eral specimens of this exceedingly beau-
tiful bombycid, and also a specimen of
the cocoon, which is very tough and
dark chocolate brown in color and
studded all over as are many of the
cocoons of the African Bombycidae
with minute spines, which are derived
from the epidermis of the caterpillar.
The figure upon Plate 5 will serve
better than a description to give an idea
of the form of the cocoon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5.

Fig. 1. Chrysalis of Saturnia arnobia
Westw.

Fig. 2. Chrysalis of Idiomorphus vala
Ploetz. (lateral view).

Fig. 3. Chrysalis of Idiomorphus vala
Ploetz. (dorsal aspect).

Fig. 4. Larva of Harma caenis Drury.

Fig. 5. Chrysalis of a

Fig. 6. Cocoon of Chrysopsyche miri-
fica Butler.

CONCERNING THE ‘“‘BLOOD-TISSUE” OF THE INSECTA.—I.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, WORCESTER, MASS.

Hitherto little attention has been de-
voted to the study of the blood, fat-body,
and allied structures in insects. We
have extensive monographs on the eyes
and other sense-organs, on the muscu-

lature and nervous system, and even on
the alimentary tract and its various sub-
divisions, but few serious attempts have
been made to fill the gaps in our knowl-
edge of the physiologically highly im-

{February 1892. e
portant tissue, so intimately concerned
with the nutrition of the organs. Of
these attempts two, however, are wor-
thy of special attention — one by Wie-
lowiejski,’ who approaches the subject
from the anatomical side, and another
by Graber,” who contributes some valu-
able observations of an embryological
nature.

Wielowiejski includes under the term
blutgewebe (blood-tissue) the follow-
ing structures:

1. The blood corpuscles ;

2. the fat-body proper ;

3. the pericardial fat-body ;

4. the oenocytes, of which he
distinguishes three varieties in
some insects.

To this list I would add:

5. The garland-shaped cord of
Muscid larvae ; and

6. a peculiar organ, which I may
call the suboesophageal body,
and which I have found in the
embryos and young larvae of
Blatta and Xiphidium.

Wielovifejski is careful not to main-
tain a common origin for all the com-
ponents of his ‘‘blutgewebe” but
comprises them under a common head-
ing on purely physiological grounds, as
he expressly states. They are blood-
tissue to the extent ‘‘dass sie alle von
dem sie umgebenden medium gewisse
stoffe aufnehmen, zeitweise aufspeich-

1 Ueber das blutgewebe der insecten. Zeitschr. f.
wiss. zool., 43. bd. p. 512-536. 1886.

2 Ueber die embryonale anlage des blut- und fett-
gewebes der insekten. Biol. centralbl., «11 bd. nos.
7 u. 8. p. 212-224. 1891.

PS CH fF.

GT
ern resp. verarbeiten und _ irgend
welche umsatzprodukte an dasselbe

zurtickgeben und dadurch auf die in
den hauptgeweben des
vor sich gehenden assimilations und
desassimilationsprocesse einen einfluss
austiben.”’

Graber is less cautious and does not
hesitate to conclude that the different
tissues constituting Wielowiejski’s blut-
gewebe are genetically related. Stated
very briefly these are the conclusions at
which he arrives.

I.; Phe. oenecytes, are
from the ectoderm ;

2. They are metamorphosed into
the fat-body ;

3. The blood-corpuscles arise
from the fat-body (and also
from the oenocytes?).

Ergo the fat-body and the blood are
ectodermal structures! Certainly a re-
markable conclusion and one which an
even more intrepid investigator might
hesitate to advance in these days when
Wwe are so accustomed to derive the
blood-corpuscles and connective tissue
from the middle germ-layer. While
my own conclusions differ radically
from Graber’s, so far as the origin of

organismus

derived

_the fat-body is concerned, I cheerfully

confess that his interesting paper was
the means of calling my attention to this
much neglected subject.

Even the earlier entomotomists were
familiar with certain huge cells associ-
ated with the fat-body. By some they
were supposed to assist in respiration
since they were often found attached to
the fine tracheal ramifications. Graber

218

called them? ‘‘eingesprengte zellen” and
regarded them as unicellular glands. It
was Wielowiejski who first fully de-
scribed them and named them oenocy-
tes from their wine-yellow color. He
pointed out that these oenocytes are not
infrequently the largest cells in the
body, excepting the ova, that they are
arranged in metameric clusters in the
trachigerous abdominal segments and
that they are more or less intimately
associated with the blood and fat-body.
In some cases they occur in the poste-
rior thoracic region. Most frequently
pleural in position they may occasion-
ally extend over the sternal region.
The separate cells of the clusters are
usually distinctly isolated and _ inde-
pendent of one another, but in rare
instances they may fuse in pairs or to
The tough and
resistent cytoplasmic wall is round or
oval and often drawn out into a few
pseudopodia-like outgrowths by means
of which the cells are suspended to the
tracheal ramifications or to one another.
The cytoplasm, which is very abun-
dant, is full of yellowish granules and is
sometimes radially striated towards its
periphery. The large spherical or oval
nucleus contains a densely wound and
delicate chromatic filament. An idea
of the appearance of these cells may be
obtained from Fig. 1, which represents
a cluster of oenocytes from a nearly
mature Phryganeid larva.
men does not show the pseudopodia-
like outgrowths.

form smaller clusters.

This speci-

1 Ueber den propulsatorischen apparat der insecten.
Archiv f. mikr. anat., 9. bd. p. 129-196. 1873.

PSYCHE.

[February 1892.
+

To Graber is due the credit of first
pointing out the identity of the oeno-
cyte-clusters with certain metameric
cell-masses mentioned by embryolo-
gists. Tichomiroft ? and Korotneft ® de-
scribed segmental masses of cells origi-
nating from the ectoderm near the stig-
mata and just pleurad to the nerve-cord.

. Tichomiroff at first regarded these cells

as a kind of fat-body but finally con-
cluded that they represented an organ
sut generts which he called the ‘*gland-
like body.’’ Korotneff regarded the
migrant ectoderm-cells in Gryllotalpa
as mesenchymatous, and if I understand
him correctly, as giving rise to the fat-
body.

I fully agree with Graber that the
embryonic cells described by the two
Russian embryologists are identical
with the oenocytes of Wielowiejski.
Graber is also correct in referring to the
same category certain huge cells de-
scribed by me in Doryphora.* They
originate from the ectoderm as I have
since been able to ascertain.

Graber describes the oengcyte clus-
ters in Stenobothrus as délaminated
from the ectoderm. In Hydrophilus he
claims that they originate in connection
with a distinct pair of metastigmatic
invaginations. It appears to have es-
caped his notice that these invaginations

2 The embryonic development of the silk-worm
(Bombyxmori). Publ. labor. zool. mus. Moscow.,, vol.
1. 1882. (Russian.)

3 Die embryologie der Gryllotalpa. Zeitschr. f.

wiss. zool., 41. bd. 1885.

4 The embryology of Blatta germanica and Dory-
phora decemlineata. Journ. morph., vol. 3, no. 2. p.
291-374. 1889.

February 1892. ]

were first seen by Patten in Acilius.?
They are also present, as I have been
able to make out, in Blatta, Xiphidium
and Dytiscus. With the proper methods
Graber would also probably have found
them in Stenobothrus. This second
pair of segmental invaginations, which
Patten took to represent a second pair
of tracheal ingrowths, are supposed by
Graber to be the formative centers of
the oenocyte clusters. He admits, how-
ever, that a delamination of the area
surrounding each pit contributes largely
to their formation. My own observa-
tions lead me to believe that the invagi-
nations are very weak and transient and
that they contribute very few, if any
elements to the clusters; most of the
oenocytes originating by delamination
and immigration from a considerable
area just caudad to the stigmata. In
Lepidoptera this area is more extensive
than it is in the Orthoptera.

In nearly mature Xiphidium embryos
the oenocyte clusters may be seen shin-
ing through the hypodermis much as I
have represented them in Fig. 2. They
form eight bands running along the
pleural wall just back of and alternating
with the stigmata.

Now Graber maintains that the fat-
body, at least in part, arises from these
oenocyte clusters. Buta section through
a young Blatta embryo (Fig. 3) shows
most conclusively that this is not the
case. Ato may be seen the oenocytes,
still forming a part of the ectoderm v
from which they have differentiated,

1 On the origin of Vertebrates from Arachnids.
Quart. journ. micr. sci., vol.31, pt. iii, new ser. p. 317-

378. 1890.

PSTCHE.

219

while the fat-body e is simply a thick-
ened portion of the inner coelomic wall.
The thickening is largely due to an ac-
cumulation of fat-vacuoles in the cyto-
plasm of the mesoderm-cells. Were
Graber correct in his assumption we
ought either to find no adipose tissue in
the embryo outside of the eight trachiger-
ous abdominal segments or be able
to show that the oenocytes migrate into
the head, thorax and terminal abdom-
inal segments and there form the fat-
body — since fat-tissue is developed in
all these regions of the body. But al-
though some of the cenocytes do later
on migrate into the metathorax and
perhaps even into the mesothorax, they
never in the head. Moreover,
long before any migration takes place,
thickenings of the coelomic wall, sim-
ilar to that in the figure, are found giv-
ing rise to the fat-body in the thorax,
gnathitic segments and also in the ter-
minal segments of the abdomen. Fur-
thermore, the oenocytes, so far as I have
been able to observe, are always per-
fectly distinct from the fat-body, never
contain fat-vacuoles, and never divide
after they are once differentiated from
the ectoderm during embryonic life.
Their number is therefore subject to no
increase during the growth of the ani-
mal. They are, as Tichomiroff claimed,
a series of organs saz generis. Although
they certainly resemble the blood-cor-
puscles in some insects, they are always
much larger and seem not to be amoe-
boid. They are never seen constricting,
or exhibiting any appearance of giving
rise to the blood-cells. It follows then

occur

220

that the fat-body is not derived from the
oenocytes, that it is not of ectodermal
but of mesodermal origin as claimed by
the majority of authors, and that there
is no evidence for the origin of the blood
from the oenocytes.

It is interesting to note that only the
winged orders of Hexapoda, the Ptery-
gota, seem to possess oenocytes. I could
find no traces of these peculiar cells in
Lepisma saccharina, Campodea fra-
gilts (young and adult) and Anurida
maritima, insects which may be taken

PSTCHE:

_j[ February 1892.

to represent the three families of the
Apterygota. If oenocytes exist at all
in this subdivision of the Hexapoda,
they are probably confined to the
embryo or to the forms most closely
allied to the Orthoptera — like Machilis.

I believe that oenocytes do not occur
in the Myriopoda. In the just-born
young of Scolopendra complanata from
the Galapagos I find no traces of them
and so far as I am aware they have not
been described by any of the investi-
gators of Myriopod anatomy.

DESCRIPTION OF A SARCOPHAGA BRED FROM HELIX.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

I have recently received from Mr. H.
A. Surface, of the Ohio experiment
station, a small Sarcophagid which he
bred from ffeléx thyrotdes Say, while
engaged on his catalogue of shells of
Franklin County, published in Bulletin
2, volume 1, technical series, of that
station.

Mr. Surface accompanies the speci-
‘The
snail was placed in a tight bottle Au-
gust 25, in Warren County, Ohio, and
during the first part of September the
From September 27
to 30 five or six mature flies came
forth.”

The fly proves to be a small species
After considerable
time spent in looking over descriptions
of North American species, I feel justi-
fied in considering it new.

men with the following note:

pupae were seen.

of Sarcophaga.

Sarcophaga helicisn. sp. &.

Eyes brown, bare; front, sides of face and
cheeks silvery or cinereous, sometimes with
a brassy reflection; frontal vitta dark brown
or blackish, about one-third width of front,
the front being about one-third width of
head; frontal bristles descending a little be-
low base of antennae; the two vertical bris-
tles strongest, directed backward, next three
bristles also directed backward, rest more or
less forward; two orbital bristles directed
forward; a strong anterior pair of ocellar
bristles directed forward and outward; sides
of face with a few bristles in a row on lower
portion next orbital margin; cheeks about
one-fourth eye-height, sparsely pany with a
row of bristles on lower border; facial de-
pression more or less silvery, epistoma
rather prominent; facial ridges bare except
two or three bristly hairs next vibrissae, the
latter decussate and inserted on the oral
margin; antennae a little shorter than face,
black, second joint slightly elongate with a
long bristle on front border, third joint

February 1892. ]

abont twice as long as second, moderately
wide, rounded at apex; arista blackish, thick-
ened on basal fourth, plumose on basal half,
3-jointed, second joint short; proboscis not
so long as height of head, fleshy, dark brown
or blackish, with well developed labella;
palpi nearly black, moderately long, stout at
tip, clothed with a few small bristles long-
est on the underside; occiput cinereous,
clothed with black hairs and fringed with
black bristles. Thorax cinereous, with three
well defined black vittae reaching scutellum,
and with moderately strong macrochaetae ;
scutellum cinereous, with an apical decus-
sate pair of macrochaetae overreaching base
of third abdominal segment, a shorter lateral
pair, and a weak sub-discal pair. Abdomen
black, more or less heavily shaded with sil-
very or cinereous, in some places with a
golden shade, first segment not shortened;
first segment without macrochaetae, second
segment with a lateral one; third segment
with a median marginal pair and a lateral
pair, anal segment with a marginal row of
six or eight macrochaetae; anus slightly
rufous. Legs blackish, femora more or less
cinereous especially front ones; tibiae more
or less spiny, especially middle pair; claws
and pulvilli short. Wings longer than ab-
domen, grayish hyaline, with very small
costal spine, first vein spined half its length,
second spined to small cross-vein; apical cell
opening before tip of wing, fourth vein bent
at right angle, with wrinkle at bend, apical
cross-vein bowed in; hind cross-vein oblique,
nearer to bend of fourth vein; tegulae nearly
white, halteres blackish.

Length of body 5 mm; of wing 4 mm.

Described from one specimen. Ohio.
Sept.

Epwarps’s N. A. BUTTERFLIES.

We seem among old friends in the twelfth
part of Edwards’s Butterflies of North Ameri-
ica, which appeared early in January; for the
early stages figured are of species, Papilio

joi sa OI5 Bae

221

zolicaon and Chionobas uhleri, very similar
to those whose histories have been before il-
lustrated, while the additional figures of but-
terflies are of other forms of the same genera,
P. americus and C. varuna. In both the
species of which the life-history is told, there
are interesting features. In P. zolicaon the
spring butterflies are found to be from win-
tering chrysalids of all three of the broods of
the previous season; it would be instruc-
tive to learn in what proportions the first
and second broods are represented, and
whether any of the chrysalids of the first
brood disclose their inmates at the season of
the third, In C. wklerd breeding and field
observations together show the species to be
in part double, in part single brooded, and
the exact statistics given are very valuable,
since the behavior of the species of this
genus is very irregular and incongruous, and
every new fact helps toward a solution of
difficulties elsewhere. It is needless but ‘
pleasant to add that the same abundance,
one might almost say luxury, of illustration
is employed as heretofore, and it is of mar-
vellous delicacy and truthfulness.

Mr. Edwards would render his plates sim-
pler if instead of employing the letters of the
alphabet for the different illustrations of the
early stages, without uniformity, he would
always use some specific and invariable des-
ignation, as I, II, or 7!, 72, for the different
larval stages. Any one can tell at a glance
an egg from a caterpillar or a chrysalis, but
when the earlier larval stages are magnified,
it requires much comparison of letters with
legend to ascertain which stage of the cater-
pillar is presented in particular cases;
whereas if figures (1, 2, etc.) either by them-
selves or in connection with the letter 7 were
used, no such reference would be needed.
and comparisons could be more readily
made. It would also be simpler if in his
text he would employ the terms ‘‘i1st stage,”
‘*od stage,” etc., or some equivalent term in-
stead of ‘‘young larva,” ‘‘after rst moult,’
etc., neither of which is really definite

222

though in the latter one would of course sup-
ply in the mind the missing ‘‘and before
2d” needed to make it definite.

DRYOCAMPA RIVERSII Behr, —The name
of this species has been omitted from Prof.
Smith’s new list of lepidoptera of boreal
America, but no harm has been done thereby
as it must be referred to the synonymy. I
have seen three specimens by the kindness
of Prof. Rivers and of Dr. Behr. The fol-
lowing is the synonymy and bibliography :

OEDEMASIA SALICIS Hy. Edw.

1876, Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal.
v. 7, 121, Heterocampa.

1882. Grote, Check list Bomb. No. 238 1-2,
Oedemasia.

1891. Dyar, Psyche, v. 6, 177.

1891. Smith, List lep. No. 1303, r¢versiz
Behr.

1889. Behr, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 2nd ser.,
v. 2,94, Dryocampa.

Dr. Behr adds walnut (Juglans) to the
already known food plants of this species.

Harrison G. Dyar.

acad. ‘SCi.,

Recent LITERATURE.—The eighth part of
Buckton’s British Cicadae has now appeared
completing the work, which extends to two
octavo volumes with over four hundred pages
and eighty-two plates. 239 species are de-
scribed, referred to 49 genera. The final part
contains some matters of general interest,
over fifty concluding pages being given up to
some special sections: one on the sterilization
of Tettigidae is based principally on Giard’s
papers on ‘‘castration parasitaire’; another
on the pygofer, with a plate, treats of the
male abdominal appendages with special ref-
erence to Sharp’s observations; a third on
fossil Tettigidae, with two plates, is based
on the studies of Heer, Westwood, Scudder,
and Germar and Berendt; and these are fol.
lowed by a general summary, with sections
on mounting and preserving and on Tettix
found on classic coins, illustrated by a plate.
An index is given to each volume, but if

PSYCHE.

| February 1892

there had been added a special table of con-
tents combined with a systematic list of
genera, it would have made it more useful
and the heads of the separate essays now
scattered through the book would have been
brought together.

In a recent paper in the Zoologischer
anzeiger on the chronological succession of
wing colors in chrysalids of butterflies,
Urech claims that the Vanessas must have
been originally white! White, yellow, red,
brown, black, he finds to be the order in
which the colors appear, starting from an
originally completely white area. His
studies, however, have been too limited to
draw such sweeping conclusions, though
their interest and perhaps their importance
cannot be denied.

Dittrich reports in the Zeitschrift fiir en-
tomologie of Breslau for 1891, p. 21, a cyclo-
pean honey-bee sent him by a school-master
in St. Petersburg, one of whose pupils
brought it to him saying: ‘‘the rascal al-
ways flew head downwards!” The only part
misshapen was the head whose length ex-
ceeded its breadth by one-third. Viewed
from the front, a single crescentic compound
eye was situated at the upper margin of the
head, reaching on either side nearly to the
mandibles, without trace of any emargina-
tion at the middle line of the head, as one
would expect, to indicate the fusion of two
eyes. The ocelli were absent.

On further inquiry of the school-master,
Herr Hans, the latter stated that he once
found a number of such examples in young
bees which fell to the ground and repeatedly
tried to rise without being able to mount
more than half a metre; he had found as
many as a hundred in a day; all were born
of one mother. The same thing began to be
repeated the following year in the brood of
the same parent, so that he killed the ex-
traordinary mother. He adds ‘‘the daugh-
ter of this mother has so far given birth to
very few such monsters.” Here, surely, is a
chance for some Weismannian experiments.

ane al

eS Jt Ure IN A, OP aN TOMO LOGY .

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 191.

Marcu, 1892.

CONTENTS:

EXPERIMENTS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CHINCH BUGS BY INFECTION.—Ffrancts
HT. Snow

CONCERNING THE BLOOD-TISSUE OF THE INSECTA.—II.—W. M. Wheeler

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES CF TABANIDAE (Illustrated) —¥. MW. Aldrich

MiscELLANEOuS Notes (Pieris rapae engaged in a new kind of sport; the gypsy
moth; the amber museum of Stantien and Becker)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

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March 1892.

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FOR SALE.

Ceylon, Java, Borneo and New Guinea Insects»
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H. FRUHSTORFER,
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TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
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including Mexico and the West Indies.

Cc. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

8th inst.*

Pex CEE,

HXPERIMENTS FOR THE DESTRUCTION: OF CHINCH BUGS
BY INFECTION.

BY FRANCIS H. SNOW, LAWRENCE,

KANSAS.

[Annual address of the retiring president of the Cambridge Entomological Club, 12 February, 1892. ]

I regret my inability to be present at
the annual meeting of the Club on the
I, however, forward the fol-
lowing account of my experiments for
the destruction of chinch bugs in the
field by the artificial introduction of
contagious diseases. This
as my annual address as president of
the Club. One of your former presi-
dents, Prof. S. A. Forbes of Illinois,

may serve

adopted a similar subject for his annual

address.

At the outset, I desire to call your
attention to the difference between my
own experiments and those of Prof.
Forbes. The latter has been working
for several years in the line of commun-
icating contagious diseases to chinch
bugs by means of artificial cultures of

_ the microscopic plants which produce

a -

disease. He has not, however, thus
far, been successful in communicating
disease to chinch bugs in the fields by
means of artificial cultures. In my
own experiments, continued now for
three years, I have proceeded upon a
different basis. Recognizing the failure
of previous attempts to destroy chinch

*The address reached the Club too late for the meet-
ing of 8 January.

bugs by the application of artificial cul-
tures of disease germs, I conceived a
very simple idea of making the chinch
bug himself the vehicle for the commu-
nication of disease in the field.

Dr. Otto Lugger of the Minnesota
Agricultural Experiment Station in the
autumn of 1888 distributed in certain
fields infested with chinch bugs the
dead bodies of bugs that had died in
other fields from disease which was
naturally present. Dr. Lugger, how-
ever, was in doubt as to whether disease
was actually communicated in the field
by these dead bugs, thinking that per-
haps the disease after all might have
reached the fields in which he distrib-
uted his material by the natural progress
of the disease from field to field. So
far as I know, Dr. Lugger did not fur-
ther continue these experiments, and
made no investigations in the labora-
tory with reference to preserving the
infection through the winter and exper-
imenting in the following season with
infection thus preserved.

In June, 1889, I obtained the first
material for my experiments from a
farm in Morris County, Kansas. This
material consisted of Empusa, deter-

226

mined as EHmpusa aphidis by Dr.
Thaxter, and doubtless identical with
the Entomophthora of Prof. Forbes’s
presidential address.

With this material I was able to test
my theory that chinch bugs from the field
having been made sick by contact with
the dead bodies of bugs killed by dis-
ease in the laboratory, if turned loose in
the field would communicate the disease
to the field bugs. I found that in the lab-
oratory exposure of healthy bugs to bugs
dead from disease, was invariably fol-
lowed by the death of the exposed bugs
in from eight to twelve days. A simi-
lar operation in the field led to the same
result.

I have thus experimented with all
three diseases now known as fatal to
chinch bugs: —the Sforotrichum
Llobuliferum of Spegazzini which I
have called the ‘‘white fungus” dis-
ease: the Empusa aphidis of Hoffman
which I have called the ‘‘gray fungus”
disease; and the JWrerococcus tnsecto-
rum of Burrill, which is a bacterial dis-
ease. The Sforotrichum globuliferum
(thus determined by Dr. Thaxter) is
identical with Botrytis referred to by
Prof. Forbes in his address.

I have been able to keep two of these
diseases alive through two successive
winters in my laboratory, and have been
able to supply farmers with infection
upon demand in the following season.
My experiments have shown that the
two fungus diseases, Sporotrichum and
Empusa, are more destructive in damp
weather than in dry, while the bacterial
disease (Micrococcus) is most destruc-

PST CHE.

| March 1892.

tive in hot, dry weather; thus in 1890,
which was a very dry year in Kansas,
the crops being seriously injured by
drouth in all parts of the State, the
fungus diseases had very little effect in
the destruction of the chinch bug, while
the bacterial disease was exceedingly
destructive. During
which was a wet year in Kansas up to
the end of July, the fungus diseases
sent out from my laboratory again re-
sumed their destructive effect
fields; the bacterial disease becoming
most destructive after the close of the
wet weather in July.

Considerable

the year 1891,

in the

prominence having
been given to the subject of my experi-
ments during the year 18go, the legisla-
ture of Kansas in February, 1891, made
a special appropriation of $3,500 to
enable me to continue my investigations
upon a larger scale than had previously
been possible. By means of this ap-
propriation I have been able to equip a
bacteriological laboratory and obtain
the apparatus necessary. for thorough
study of the subject. I have also been
able to propagate infection upon a large
scale, in order to meet the large de-
mand from the farmers of Kansas and
other States for infected chinch bugs.
During the year 18g1 infection has
been furnished to about 2,000 farmers,
chiefly in Kansas, but also including all
the western States exposed to the rav-
ages of the chinch bug. I have re-
ceived 1,390 reports from farmers stat-
ing the results of their experiments. Of
these field experiments 1,050 have been
successful, 187 unsuccessful, and 153

March 1892.

doubtful. Stated in another form 75.6
per cent of the experiments have been
successful ; 13.4 per cent unsuccessful ;
and I1 per doubtful. These
field experiments have dis-
tributed among the various States as
follows: Kansas, 1,222, (successful,
953, unsuccessful, 140, doubtful, 129) ;
Illinois, 40, (successful, 17, unsuccess-
ful, 15, doubtful, 8) ; Texas, 26, (suc-
cessful, 13, unsuccessful, 6, doubtful,
7) ; Wisconsin, 29, (successful, 13, un-
successful, 13, doubtful, 3) ; Oklahoma
Territory, 26, (successful, 20, unsuc-
cessful, 4, doubtful, 2); Missouri, 13,
(successful, 11, unsuccessful, 2) ; Lowa,
I5, (successful, 9, unsuccessful, 5,
doubtful, 1) ; Minnesota, 8, (successful,
3, unsuccessful, 2, doubtful, 3) ; Indian
Territory, 2, (successful, 2) ; Nebraska,
6, (successful, 6) ; Indiana, 1, (success-
ful) ; Arkansas, 1, (successful) ; Miss-
issippi, I, (successful).

In order to assure myself of the actual
condition of the experiments in the field,
I have personally visited a large num-
ber of fields during the past season
while the experiments were being per-
formed, and have kept a field agent con-
stantly in the field during a large part
of the time. He has made a thorough
examination of eighteen Kansas coun-
ties and has assisted
in determining the true character of the
field experiments, corroborating in a
great majority of instances the reports
of the farmers as to the working of the
infection in their fields.

In this address I cannot enter exten-
sively into the subject of these experi-

cent
been

me materially

PSTCHE.

227

ments, but will give a brief statement
of the principal points connected with
the laboratory work with each of the
two fungus diseases.

On May 23d we began our experi-
ments with Sporotrichum. We dis-
tributed some fungus-covered bugs from
the field of Mr. Mattocks in six infec-
tion jars. Into the jars had been put
soil taken from the yard, and green
Fresh chinch bugs sent by the
farmers were put into the jars — enough
to thickly cover the bottom. The jars
were covered with cheese cloth and set
into a glass case containing moist sand.
The soil in the infection jars was not
watered, so that the bugs were in a
humid atmosphere but not in contact
with water. We were in this way able
to secure the best conditions for the de-
velopment of the fungus. When the
bugs died in the jars new bugs from the
field were put in — the date of restock-
ing being also a record of the time
when the bugs in the jars had nearly all
died. The following is the memoran-
dum for the six jars started May 23d:

May 23, June 4, June 20.

May 23, May 27, June 4, June 15.

May 23, June 4, June 15.

May 23, May 27, June 4, June 15,

June 20.
May 23, May 27, June 4, June 15,
June 20.

Seven jars were started May 25th.
Their record is as follows:

May 25, June 4, June 19.

May 25, June 4, June 15.

wheat.

228

May 25, June 2, June 11, June 20.

May 25, June 4, June 15.

May 25, June 2, June 11, June 1g.

Four jars started May 27 have the
following record:

May 27, June 6, June 15.

May 27, June 11, June 15, June'20.

May 27, June 6, June 15.

May 27, June 6, June 15, June 21.

Thirteen jars started June znd, each
jar being infected with four fungus-
covered bugs from the preceding jars,
are recorded as follows:

June 2, June 11, June 20.

June 2, June 11, June 19.

June 2, June 7, June 15.

June 2, June ifs Junerns, june 20.

June 2, June 11, June 19.

June 2, June 11, June 20.

June 2, June 15.

June 2, June 11, June 1g.

June 2, June rr, June rg.

June 2, June ri June 15; June 20.

June 2; June‘rr1, June 15, June 20.

One jar started June 4 ran:

June 4, June rr, June 20.

One jar started June 5 ran:

June 5, Juners5, June zo.

Four jars started June 6 are recorded :

June's, June 15, June ze;

June 6, June 15, June ro.

June 6, June 15.

June 6, Jane’ ro:

The bugs put into the jars on the sev-
eral dates were from all parts of the
chinch bug district of the State of Kan-
sas. ‘They were for the most part just
received from the mail and were in vig-

PST CHF.

[March 1892.

orous condition. They were kept sup-
plied with green wheat. While the bugs
in the infected jars were dying at inter-
vals of five to ten days, bugs from the
same lots in isolated check jars remained
alive and vigorous.

By June 20th the demand for infected
bugs was so large that the jar method of
infection required more attention than
we were able to give it. The results of
our separate lots were so uniform and
the Sporotrichum so vigorous and ever-
present that the further watching of sep-
arate lots seemed useless. Accordingly
June 20th a large glass case was ar-
ranged with damp sand three inches
deep over the bottom. About ten dead
bugs covered with Sporotrichum were
scattered over the sand and large quan-
tities of live bugs from the field were
put in, with plenty of green wheat. In
nine days the bottom of the case was
thickly sprinkled with white fungus-
covered bugs and in thirteen days only
a few live bugs remained and the case
was restocked. The infection continued
to work so rapidly in this case that we
in filling from it
twenty-five to one hundred orders daily.
Vast numbers of young red chinch bugs
were put into the case together with the

found no trouble

adults and they too were an easy prey
to the disease. Minute points of white
made their bodies conspicuous among
the larger flecks of white where the
adult bugs lay covered with Sporotri-
chum.

On June 28th Ampusa aphidis was
first noticed in the infecting case. Up

to this date it had not made its ap-

“March 1892.

pearance in our laboratory in 1891.
From this time till the middle of August
it multiplied its victims in the infecting
cases. For a short time it became
more conspicuous than Sporotrichum
and then subsided.

On July 4th we began experimenting
with common shallow dry goods boxes
for infecting cases. The inside of the
boxes was sprinkled and the bottoms
thickly covered with green wheat. A
few fungus-covered bugs were sprinkled
over the wheat and new bugs from the
field were put in in large numbers.
Within a week the white fungus-cov-
ered bugs were thickly spread over the
bottoms and in places the white bugs
were literally in heaps. Continued ex-
periments showed that damp wooden
boxes offered the best conditions for the
development of the fungus and the glass
cases were no longer used. . Sporo-
trichum, like most fungi, thrives best
in a moist atmosphere, but an excess
of water, such as occurs in a wet soil
or along the sides of a glass case where
the vapor often becomes condensed, is
detrimental to its development. In the
wooden boxes the atmosphere was abun-
dantly humid; but water that was
sprinkled in from time to time or that
became condensed on the sides of the
boxes was at once absorbed by the
wood.

During July and August Sporotrichum
continued to spread through successive
lots of fresh bugs from the fields. Em-
pusa was always present but was not
sO conspicuous in its ravages as Sporo-
trichum. In the first weeks of Sep-

PSYCHE.

229

tember the diseases began to subside
and by the middle of October neither
Sporotrichum nor Empusa appeared to
be spreading further. Nor is it at all
probable that the diseases are lost. The
observations on the life history of these
fungi which follow show that provision
is made for a period of rest.

June 28th the spores of Sporotrichum
were transferred by means of a sterilized
needle from the dead body of a chinch
bug to fifteen culture plates. The cul-
ture mixture of beef
broth and Irish moss; enough of the
mucilaginous decoction of the moss
being added to the beef broth to give
a solid medium at 80° F. Within forty-
eight hours the spores had germinated
and branching mycelia could be seen
spreading through the medium. With-
in three days spores were produced in
abundance, but only one spot on one of
the fifteen plates was found to be a pure
culture, Aspergillus mucor and bacteria
being mixed with all the other growths
of Sporotrichum. From the one pure
spot spores were transferred to three
new plates, and the resulting growths
were all pure.

The germinating spore puts forth a

medium was a

mycelium which branches as it grows.
At intervals mycelial branches shoot
upwards and grow over the surface of
the culture
arise from the conidiophore
sends off branches and the spores or
conidia are abscissed from these branches
in clusters.

medium. Conidiophores

these;

The average diameter of
twenty spores thus produced was 2.3
micromillimeters. It is by means of

230

these minute spores that the fungus is
so rapidly disseminated throughout a
These

spores, however, soon lose their vitality

field infested with chinch bugs.

(spores one month old would no longer
germinate in our laboratory) and the
fungus must make provision for its self-
preservation during protracted periods
of weather unfavorable to the develop-
ment of conidial spores.

Culture plates in our laboratory, cov-
ered with pure cultures of Sporotrichum
planted July 9, show the mycelial
branches within the culture medium to
be swollen at intervals to a diameter of
3.9 to 8.8 micromillimeters; the aver-
age diameter of the unswollen mycelial
branches being about 2.5 micromilli-
meters. It seems more than probable
that the function of these hyphal bodies
is to carry the fungus through the cold
of winter or the drought of summer.
Experiments have been started in our
laboratory to test the germinating power
of these bodies, but too late to give the
results in this paper.

Resting spores are also found on the
culture plates having a diameter of 20
micromillimeters, and a thickness of cell
wall of 1.8 micromillimeters. Similar
spores are found in the crushed bodies of
chinch bugs covered with Sporotrichum.
While it was found that pure cultures
of Sporotrichum could easily be ob-
tained, repeated attempts to inoculate
chinch bugs from these pure cultures
were unsuccessful.

As heretofore stated Empusa aphidts
was first noticed

June 28.

in our infection case
Eight or ten bugs were found

PSHCHE.

[March 1892-

covered with a vigorous growth of this
fungus. This disease had probably
been sent in from some field where it
naturally existed. Empusa continued
to multiply in the infection cases and by
July 12th it rivalled Sporotrichum in
the number of its victims. Active bugs:
without external signs of disease in the
afternoon would be found hanging to
the wheat blades the following morning
covered with a vigorous growth of Em-
pusa. If the fungus were left undis-
turbed it would keep on growing at
the expense of the tissues of the bug
until nothing were left save bits of the
chitinous integument.

Attempts were made to obtain pure
fruiting cultures of Empusa, but without
success. At first bugs covered with
Empusa were placed on the surface of
the culture medium in the hope that the
spores would be thrown, as is the habit
with this fungus, and the growth of these
are
spores were thrown in a ring about the
bug to a distance of a quarter of an
inch, but a rapid growth of bacteria
from the bug broke down the culture
medium and the Empusa spores did
not develop.

To keep the bacteria from reaching
the medium a cover glass was heated
over a Bunsen burner until it became
very

spores would give a pure culture.

This was then
placed on the culture medium, convex
side up, and upon this were placed
three bugs covered with Empusa. A
mycelial growth was obtained in this
way uncontaminated with bacteria; but
no spores were produced. We have

much convexed.

March 1892. ]

been unable, then, to attempt the in-
oculation of chinch bugs with pure cul-
tures of Empusa. That the fungus has
power to rapidly spread from’ one dug
to another the experiments in our infec-
tion cases have clearly shown.

A chinch bug covered with Empusa
seems to be studded with minute gray
beads. <A thin section cut through the
body of a bug in this condition shows
the body cavity to be crowded with the
mycelial growth and protruding through
the integument are vast numbers of
broad conidiophores each bearing a
single conidium.

It is by the sudden rupture of the
conidiophore due to turgescence that
the conidia are thrown to some distance.

Where the fungus continues its growth
to the complete destruction of the chinch
bug the whole mycelial mass breaks up
into bodies varying from 16 X 29 mi-
cromillimeters to 23.5 XX 27.4 micro-
millimeters.

In one instance resting spores, appar-
ently, were found. These were round
bodies with granular contents and thick
walls and varying in diameter from 21
to 25 micromillimeters.

A chinch bug that died of Empusa
about the middle of July was confined
in a moist atmosphere on a sterilized
plate October 10 and on Oct. 13 the
entire body was thickly covered with a
new growth of Empusa. It seems then
that the entire mass of this fungus may
break up into a resting condition and
be capable, whenever the atmospheric
conditions will permit, of springing in
to new growth.

PSTCILE.

231

Careful experiments will be made in
our laboratory this winter to test the
capabilities of germination and duration
of vitality of the spores and hyphal
bodies of Sporotrichum and Empusa.

I append the following as samples of
the reports received from the
ers.

farm-

ALFRED DOIDGE, SOLOMON CITY, DICKINSON

CO., KANSAS.

Infection sent May 8. Experiment suc-
cessful as reported July 27.

“T experimented with the infected chinch
bugs you sent me last May. They were the
first bugs you sent out, and it was very wet
weather. After I infected them I turned
them out in a twenty acre field of wheat.
The bugs were very numerous at that time,
ard hatching. The old ones soon began to
die and the ground was white with them.
Very shortly after there were no old bugs
left in the field, but the wheat was red with
young ones. It did not seem to take hold
upon them. After cutting the wheat they
went into five acres of oats. I concluded
that it would not pay to harvest the oats.
They were black and red from top to bottom.
I never saw the like before. About one
week from then I went into the oats and to-
my surprise the ground was white with dead’
bugs and the others were sluggish. In eight
inches square I believe I could have picked
up 1000 dead bugs. They were all in
bunches. My five acres of oats were saved
by using the infection. I do not think I lost
two bushels in the whole crop. I find that
the infection is a success in all that you
claim for it.”

Under November date reported as follows:

“The infected bugs saved me fifty bushels
of wheat, four hundred bushels of corn, and.
two hundred bushels of oats.”

232

c. B. MCALLISTER, BELLE PLAINE, SUMNER
CO., KANSAS.

Applied for aid June2o. ‘‘The bugs are
passing from the wheat into the corn by the
million.”

Infection sent June 22. Experiment suc-
cessful as reported October 17.

“Tt was a success in mycase. I followed
your advice, putting diseased bugs in the
corn. On the fifth day I could find no dead
bugs. On the sixth day we found some dead
ones, and the live ones were very lonely.
The tenth day I could shake a handful of
dead bugs off one hill of corn. In fifteen
days they were all dead in the corn where
I placed the infected bugs. I am very
thankful we received the diseased bugs, as
I believe it saved us 1600 bushels of corn. If
I had sent sooner I would have saved 200
bushels of wheat.”

W. W. CORMICK, ANTHONY, HARPER CO.,
KANSAS.
Applied for aid June 21st. ‘‘My corn is
run over with bugs.”
Infection sent June 24th. Experiment

successful as reported October roth.

‘*T followed directions closely, and on the
seventh day I found dead bugs just the color
eof the first lot you sent me which were of
a white furry appearance. The ground in a
few days became pretty well covered with
-dead bugs. I then received a second lot,
‘the dead bodies of which were black. Where
I put black infected bugs the ground was
‘covered with black bugs, and where white
infected bugs were put I found the dead bugs
to be white. I divided with my neighbors
and they reported to me that it was a suc-
cess. One man said that he could scoop up
the dead bugs in great quantities after eight
or ten days; he is convinced that the infec-
tion did the work. I am convinced that the
two varieties carry death with them and
each marks its victim peculiar to itself, and

BPS VCE.

* March 1892.

in conclusion I will say: should I ever be
troubled again, I would lose no time in writ-
ing for bugs.”
Reported in November:
‘“‘The infected bugs saved goo bushels of
corn in my field.”
H. H. COLLINS, BELLEVILLE,
KANSAS.

REPUBLIC CoO,

Applied for aid July 9th. ‘‘ Bugs are leav-
ing the wheat and are going into my cane,
millet and corn. Please send infected bugs
by return mail.”

Infection sent July rith. Experiment suc-
cessful as reported December 25th.

‘“The observations that I made were as
follows: 1st, —Tbere were no dead bugs in
field when I placed infected bugs in; 2d, —
I found the first dead bugs on the fourth
day — just a few —and on the seventh day
I found that the bugs were all piling up in
piles on the ground, and another thing I
noticed was a white fungus on the ground
where the bugs were dying; 3d, — The bugs
did not seem to do any harm to the growing
grain after they began to pile up on the
ground; 4th,—I found that the disease
spread one-fourth of a mile in about ten
days. It was late in the season when I
received infected bugs. The people up this
way think that the infected bug is the great-
est discovery of the age.”

M. MONSON, KACKLEY, REPUBLIC CO., KAN.

Infection sent June 23. Experiment suc-
cessful as reported October 23d.

‘¢ The diseased bugs were scattered in an
eight acre field of wheat three days before
the wheat was harvested. After ten days I
found dead bugs in piles so that I could heap
my hand full from a spot not larger than my
hand. At the same time I found dead bugs
in a field where no diseased bugs had been
placed one-half mile from mine. Bugs were
now travelling from wheat to an adjoining

March 1892. |

corn field. Six days after the bugs com-
menced travelling to the corn, the bugs
covered three feet of every stalk about ten
rods into the field. On the seventh day I
noticed there were not so many bugs on the
stalks. I then noticed that the bugs got less
in numbers every day until the tenth day
when I could scarcely find a bug on the
stalks. As the bugs were not more than
half grown, it seemed to me a strange act
that they left the corn entirely without kill-
ing it.

I wondered what became of the bugs and
I turned over some lumps of dirt and out
flowed piles of dead bugs and live ones also.
By taking close notice I found that the bugs
had not left the field but had crawled down
in the dirt to die. Half of the bugs were at
that time dead. Ina few days there came a
heavy rain which baked the ground. I have
not seen a bug there since.”

PS TCHE:

233

In making their reports as to the
benefit received from the use of the in-
fection, 495 of the 1050 successful ex-
perimenters gave their own estimates of
the number of bushels of grain saved by
the experiment. The sum of these es-
timates amounts in cash value to $89,
176.65 or an average of $180.00 for each
farmer. It is fair to presume that this
average may be safely applied to the re-
mainder of the 1050 successful experi-
ments. This gives an aggregate saving
of $189,000. This amount saved by the
farmers means additional profit for the
railroads and the millers, so that $200,
000 is a very conservative estimate of
the actual value of the experiments in

iSgr.

CONCERNING THE “BLOOD-TISSUE OF THE INSECTA.—II.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, WORCESTER, MASS.

Among the Pterygota oenocytes are
of very general, perhaps universal oc-
currence. Wielowiejski found them in
Rhynchota, Aphaniptera, Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera.
They had previously been noticed by
Graber in Orthoptera, Coleoptera and
Trichoptera. I have found them in a
number of orders in which they have
not hitherto been observed and here
subjoin a brief account of my observa-
tions together with a few notes on oeno-
cytes in some of the orders in which
they have been studied by others.

OrTHOPTERA. The oenocytes of
Blatta and Xiphidium are very similar
and may be regarded as typical for this.
order. Arising, as above described, by
immigration from the ectoderm just
caudad to the abdominal stigmata, they
remain at their place of origin through-.
out embryonic life, but later some of the
anterior cells wander into the thoracic
cavity. Inthe adult the metameric ar-
rangement seems to be lost and the
oenocytes lie irregularly scattered along
the pleural and sternal walls. The
separate elements never show any ten-

234

dency to fuse with one another.

The size of the oenocytes in a given
species appears to vary directly as the
age of the insect. This is shown by the
following measurements :

cytoplasm. nucleus.

Xiph. ensiferum
embryo-revolution IIp 7-9»
4 completed.
Xiph. enstferum

hatching \ 2e5 |e ae
Xiph. fasctatum )\
larva 10 mm. long f 33:5 B alla
Xiph. enstferum

2 PAUL \ 37h 12-13

Not only do these measurements
show a gradual increase in both cyto-
plasm and nucleus, but they also show
that the cytoplasm grows relatively

somewhat more rapidly than the
nucleus.
EPHEMERIDEA. Fig. 4 represents

the pleural portion of a section through
one of the abdominal segments of a
nearly mature Blasturus nymph. Nearly
the whole of that portion of the pleural
hypodermis which is included between
the insertions of the tergosternal, or res-
“piratory muscles, is seen to consist of
oenocytes. The hypodermal cells proper
are reduced to small chromophilous
elements filling the interstices between
the large clear adenoid cells and cover-
-ing them with a thin layer externally.
‘That the oenocytes are really still com-
‘pletely imbedded in the hypodermis and
do not protrude freely into the body-
cavity is apparent from an examination
of their inner surfaces, where traces of
the inner ends of the hypodermal cells
still persist as plates of protoplasm.

PSWCTIT:,

[March 1892.

When the abdomen is slit sagittally and
spread out, the pale oenocytes are seen
to line the pleural angles of the segments
as an even pavement-like layer. The
area covered by these cells is so large that
the metameric masses are interrupted
only by the constrictions separating the
segments. In the first abdominal seg-
ment the oenocytes are heaped up into
a mass instead of forming a single layer.
It may be further noted that the stig-
matic trunks of the abdominal tracheae
pass into the gills at the posterior edges
of their respective segments, so that the
oenocyte clusters lie in front of the stig-
mata. This is the reverse of their posi-
tion in the embryos of Orthoptera, Col-
eoptera and Lepidoptera and were it
not that the insect under consideration
was nearly mature, we might doubt
whether the position of the oenocyte
clusters with respect to the tracheae was
of much morphological significance.
On the other hand the oenocytes of
Blasturus certainly show a very embry-
onic condition in that they are still im-
bedded when the insect is practically
mature in the hypodermis from which
they differentiated.

The separate oenocytes measure 15
—23" in diameter; their nuclei 7b.
They are perfectly distinct on the one
hand from the blood corpuscles which
measure only 3.5 and on the other
from the fat-body.

In the nearly adult nymph of a very
different species (an Ecdyurus-like
form, probably the same as the one fig-
ured in Eaton’s monograph Pl. 59) the

March 1802. |

oenocytes are very similar to those of
the Blasturus nymph. They measure
13-14.5@ —their nuclei1zp. In_ this
species also the difference in size be-
tween the oenocytes and the blood-cor-
puscles is very great. There is nothing
whatever to indicate that the latter
originate from the former.

Very different is the condition of the
oenocytes in the mature nymph of
Hexagenia. Here they may be detected
only with considerable difficulty in the
pleural fold between the insertions of
the respiratory muscles as a few scat-
tered cells, differing only in size and
clearness from the hypodermal cells in
which they are imbedded.

Opvonata. In the nymph of an Agri-
onine species of this group oenocytes
were detected after considerable search.
They are present in clusters consisting
of a very few small elements (cytoplasm
12-14; nucleus 4.5) imbedded, as
usual, in that portion of the pleural
hypodermis which is included between
the insertions of the tergo-sternal mus-
cles. They seem not to be completely
covered over by the hypodermis but to
project into the body cavity. Their
greater size and pale color distinguish
them from the hypodermal cells.

PLecopTERA. In a beautiful black
and yellow Perlid larva (perhaps an
Acroneura) the oenocytes are quite as
inconspicuous as they are in the Odo-
nata. The specimens studied in section
were young, measuring only 6mm,
whereas the mature larva of this same
species measures fully 25 mm. Each of
the metameric clusters consists of from

PSYCHE. 235

5-6 cells and these are imbedded in the
hypodermis surrounding the occluded
stigmata. They measure 18.54; their
oval nuclei 11p. In their affinity for
stains they differ but slightly from the
hypodermal cells.

The imago of a small unidentified
Perlid presented very different condi-
tions, oenocyte sbeing present in great
numbers and distributed through the
abdomen and thorax. ‘They lie in
niche-like excavations in the hypo-
dermal wall, either singly or in groups.
Sometimes they appear to form syncy-

tia. They vary considerably in size
(cytoplasm 14-55; nucleus 5-30n).
The nucleus contains a_ nucleolus—

the only casein which I have found
nucleoli in the oenocytes. Compared
with their homologues in other forms
these cells stain very deeply in borax
carmine.

CorRODENTIA. The bright yellow
oenocytes of Psocus venosus (imago)
are massed in metameric clusters about
the stigmata. The cytoplasm measures
about 18.5 in diameter; the nucleus
64. They are not imbedded in the
hypodermis, though they lie in contact
with it.

The fat-body which stains very in-
tensely in Delafield’s haematoxylin and
is loaded down with minute urate con-
cretions, extends with hardly any in-
terruption through the whole body —
from the cavity in front of the brain to
the terminal abdominal segments. The
pericardial fat-body is well developed
and very distinct from the fat-body

proper.

236

In the workers of Zermes flavipes
the oenocytes are much more difficult to
detect. They are flattened cells im-
bedded in the pleural hypodermis near
the stigmata. It is their size which
mainly distinguishes them from the hy-
podermal cells; the latter measuring
only 8 » while the former measure 37 #.

THYSANOPTERA. Oenocytes occur in
compact metameric clusters in a species
of Phloeothrips very common on the
blossoms of Chrysanthemum leucan-
themum during July and August.

PAST CLE. :

[March 1892.

These clusters occur in at least six of the
abdominal segments, possibly in eight,
but as they diminish in size very rapidly
from before backwards, I am not sure
that I have found them in the 7th and
Sth metameres. The clusters lie in the
pleural region well out in the body cav-
ity and each consists of some 8 or 10
cells which from mutual pressure are
often very irregular. The cells measure
18.5-26" in diameter — their nuclei
3-6h. They are perfectly distinct
from the fat-body and blood corpuscles.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF TABANIDAE.

BY J. M. ALDRICH, BROOKINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA.

The general appearance of the fly is
that of a particularly fine large silvery
Hippoboscid, with brown wings. Nev-
ertheless, an examination shows it to be
truly Tabanid in every respect; in fact,
I was at some loss for a while to fix
upon a set of generic characters which
would clearly separate it from all the
‘present genera of Tabanidae. The vena-
tion is normal; the antennae resemble
Pangonia in shape and number of an-
‘nulations; the face is that of Chrysops.
‘The upper corner of the eye, making
‘an angle of about 70 degrees, and not
in the least rounded off at the tip, but
rather produced a little in a very fine
point, beyond which is an impressed
line, running to the occiput, is one of
the best ,characters.
portions of the body, also, are different
from those of any other members of the
family known to me.

The general pro-

Its habits are unknown, but from its
appearance the conclusion looks prob-
able that it lives like a Hippoboscid
upon some mammal. Still,
there are no modifications of structure
that yive strong support to this theory.
Its claws are distinctly larger than those
of Tabani of its size, and the large pits
at the bases of the hairs on the first and
second antennal joints seem to indicate
an unusual development of the sense of
touch in this region; both of which
peculiarities are not without weight.

bird or

GoNIOPS n. gen.

Spurs present on hind tibiae, absent from
front ones. Eyes narrow, terminating above
in an acute angle. Ocelli present. Front
broad in female, the callosity longitudinal.
Proboscis in repose directed forward. Tho-
rax strongly arched, subglobular. Abdomen
(from tip of scutellum) not longer than,
and head but about half as wide as,- the
thorax.

March 1892.]

G. hippoboscoides, n. sp. 2. Head almost
light yellow, between the ocelli
tinged with brown. Eyes black, bare, not
approximated to each other. Front broad,
wider anteriorly, with yellow pollen on the
sides, a longitudinal callosity more whitish,
extending from the ocelli to the beginning
of the antennal prominence; in dried speci-
mens a variable impressed line on each side
of this callosity. Antennae situated on a
distinct transverse prominence, yellow, the
third joint more reddish; second joint al-
most annular, third tapering quite symmet-
rically, composed of eight annuli. Face
yellow, strongly protuberant, shining. Pro-
boscis reddish, directed forward, reaching
but little beyond the antennae. Palpi slen-
der, long, yellow, with yellow pollen and
abundant blackish hairs. Posterior orbits
wide, conspicuous, with yellow pollen.

Thorax whitish yellow below, more brown-
ish above, with minute, appressed, silvery
yellow pile; on the anterior border just a
trace of a slender, median, reddish line; on
each side a broad, indistinct reddish stripe,
interrupted along the transverse suture.
Scutellum short, as wide as the head,
yellow.

Abdomen short, broad, covered with ap-
pressed shining silvery-yellow pile; seven
visible segments, the last narrow, but little
protruded, showing a distinct emargination.

Legs uniformly light yellow, the claws
black except at base. Spurs of moderate size
on middle and hind tibiae.

Wings hyaline, with a deep brown cloud
extending across them, including the follow-
ing parts: the stigma, all of the marginal
cell except the proximal end, all of first sub-
marginal, all of the second except tip, all of
the first posterior except posterior half of
the distal end, the proximal half of the discal,
all of second basal, and middle of anal.
There is a characteristic small clear spot in
the second basal, at the anterior distal angle.
The cloud is clearly defined behind, but fades
more gradually in front. The branch of the

uniform

PS LCITL

237

third longitudinal vein shows a tendency to
emit a stump of a vein. In oneof my speci-
mens the vein separating the thi#dand fourth
posterior cells is obsolete for the greater part
of its course.

Length 12 to 13 mm.
panded wings, 28 mm.

Width across ex-

Described from two female speci-
mens, received from Mr. Henry G.
Klages, Jeannette, Northumberland
Co., Penn.

Fig. 1 shows the insect from above,
the wings being diagrammatic. Fig. 2
is a side view of the head. Fig. 3 an
antenna.

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES.—Klemensiewicz,
at the last December meeting of the zoo-
logical and botanical society of Vienna,
stated that in the preceding summer he had
observed hundreds of Pieris rapae flying:

238

over an alpine lake in the Tetragebirge, en-
gaged in a new kind of sport, for they occa-
sionally settled down upon the surface and
after remaining there a few moments, per-
haps half a minute, again took flight, repeat-
ing the performance many times; on settling
they apparently attempted to rest on the
wings of one side only, but the other soon
became involved, and after repeated experi-
ments at this play, the moisture-laden wings
refused their duty and the butterfly came to
grief, as the numerous corpses floating about
testified.

The report of the gypsy moth committee to
the legislature of Massachusetts, just issued,
shows that the insect is now found in about
thirty cities and towns, including about two
hundred square miles of territory; its limits
at last appear to be pretty well defined, but
it was found in excessive abundance at places
fifteen miles apart; over three quarters of a
million of egg-clusters were removed and
destroyed during the year; excellent illustra-
tions accompany the report.

Dr. Klebs, of Kénigsberg, has published a
list of the specimens in the amber-museum
of Stantien and Becker of that city, covering
more than 13000 numbers of which a very
large number are insects. He here records
for the first time the presence in amber of
‘the coleopterous families ‘richopterygidae

--and Bruchidae; but in a summary list of
families, indicating the general arrangement
.of the museum and where all families known
ito be represented in amber are marked with
a special sign, one half of the twenty-eight
families of Coleoptera not so marked have
certainly been credited by one author or
another as occurring in amber.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 NOVEMBER, 1891.— The 165th meeting
of the Club was held at 156 Brattle Street.
Mr. Samuel Henshaw was chosen chairman.

A letter was read from the secretary of the

PST CHE.

[ March 1892.

Royal Society of South Australia, of Ade-
laide, offering to exchange publications. It
was voted to accept the offer.

The librarian announced that there was a
duplicate copy of ‘‘Illustrations of Insects
(Heteroptera)”, by Townend Glover, and
moved that the same be offered for sale by
the treasurer, and the proceeds added to the
publication fund of Psyche. This
was carried.

Dr. George H. Horn stated that he had re-
cently been studying the subgenus Celia of
Amara, and remarked at some length on the
characters heretofore made use of in the sep-
aration of the species. One character which
had been proposed for the separation into
groups was found in the prosternum, this
being punctured in the males of some spe-
cies and in others not. Dr. Horn, however,
regarded this division as likely to confuse
the student, as in some species the proster-
num may be either punctured or not in the
male.

Some discussion followed with regard to
the construction of synoptic tables.

Mr. S. H. Scudder read a letter from Mr.
Edward Doubleday Harris, reporting the
finding of a bright green chrysalis of Laer-
tias philenor in New York, one of several
raised. Of this color it has never before been
reported from the Atlantic slope.

Mr. R. Hayward stated that he had recently
been studying the Cicindelidae, and had
found in his collection an Amblychila which
he presumed should be referred to the form
A. piccolominit of Reiche. The specimen
was smaller than the typical A. cylindréfor-
mis, smoother, and the carina of the elytra
nearest the suture was absent and represented
by a row of large punctures. The specimen
was from Arizona.

Dr. Horn thought it might belong to a
species recently described by Rivers from
that locality.

Mr. Hayward showed specimens of the
larvae and pupae of Boletotherus bifurcus
from Underhill, Vt.

motion

—

me JOURNAL OF. ENTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 192.

APRIL, 1892.

CONTENTS:

AMERICAN PHyTOPTOCECIDII (Plate 6).—H. Garman : ; : -
Nores (The gypsy moth; biology of the Chalcididae; Goniops,—a correction)
A NEW GENUS OF TACHINIDAE.—C. H. Tyler Townsend

THE LARVA OF NOLA MINUSCULA.—AHarrison G. Dyar

A DipTEROUS PARASITE OF THE TOAD

HENRY WALTER BATES

EXPERIMENTS WITH CHINCH-BUGS.—S. A. Forbes

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CamMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.

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240

“PSTCHE.

April 1892.

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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

A very few complete sets of the first five volume
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The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of te
North American Noctuidae. Part I. aes
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. _ . 50
Hitchcock, Edward. pee a of New
England. Boston, 1858 . 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (cone
taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield. Ill., 1878 1.00

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America. Cambridge, 1885,8p.,1 plate .50

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
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PHALANGIDAE.

I am preparing a monograph of the Phalan-
gidae of North America and will be glad to get
specimens from any locality. Will identify and re-
turn any sent. Specimens from the Northwest,
Southwest, and the Pacific coast especially desired.
CLARENCE M. WEED,

Hanover, N. H.

ITACHINIDAE WANTED,

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

PSY OEE.

AMERICAN PHY TOPTOCECIDII.

BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.

1. On the leaves of Vyssa multiflora.
A nodular growth of the leaf substance,
forming small, rounded prominences on
both upper and under surfaces. Above,
the cecidii are often lobed and with
linearimpressions. A three-lobed form
with triradiate impression is common.
On the under side, the surface of the
galls is not impressed, and the shape is
more conical, the round or slightly
elongated opening being at the apex.
They are scattered irregularly over the
leaf, and may be very thickly placed.
On fully grown leaves cecidii measure
from 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, and
are about rt mm. in height on both sides
of the leaf, the projection above and
below being about equal. On younger
leaves cecidii often measure as little as
0.5 mm. in diameter. The walls are
thickened, and send into the cavity large
processes and ridges which occupy
much of the space. There are no hairs
inside or out.

This deformation was first collected
in Virginia in the spring of 1882. Sub-
sequently it was found in various locali-
ties in southern I[I]linois, and has recently
been observed in Kentucky. It some-
times occurs on the same leaves as the
next, but thus far has proved most
abundant when not so associated.

2. Onthe leaves of Nyssa multifiora.
This is a narrow upward and inward fold

of the margin of the leaf, and measures

from 0.5 mm. to tr mm.indiameter. In
dried specimens the color is dark brown.
The leaf where folded is thickened, but
The
length of folds varies greatly, sometimes

is not otherwise greatly changed.

being only a few millimeters long, and
again including the whole of the leaf
margin. The fold ultimately causes the
leaf to become scalloped, the scallops
measuring from about 2.5 mm. to 3
mm. in length.

This cecidium has been collected in
Phy-
topti from both of the preceding growths
have been examined. As far as I know
neither form of cecidium
hitherto described.

3. On the leaves and petioles of
Potentilla canadensts. ‘This consists
of whitish tufts of unicellular hairs, the
tufts measuring when isolated and well
grown about 0.5
The hairs themselves
0.5 mm. in length, and large ones have
a diameter at the base of about 0.02 mm.
They taper regularly to a point, and
under the microscope have the appear-
ance of a tuft of grass blades. The
tufts are often so numerous and so closely

Virginia, Illinois, and Kentucky.

has been

mm. in diameter.

measure about

242

placed as to cover much of the leaf sur-
face. They develop on both surfaces
but in the specimens examined are
rather more common on the upper side.

This was collected at Blue Ridge,
Virginia, July 22, 1891, by Professor
A. B. Seymour.

4. On the leaves of Acer spicatum.
Small felt-like patches of a whitish or
pale yellow color scattered over the
under side of the leaf. Growths on
leaves before me measure from 1.5 mm.
to 3 mm. in diameter. The growths
consist of rather long, tangled and dis-
torted hairs, being quite different from
anything else described in this paper.
The examples examined are probably
all young. Some of the older ones are
slightly brown rather than yellow, and
probably when aged would have been
decidedly brown in color.

Temple, N. H-., June 18,
(from Prof. A. B. Seymour).

5. On the leaves of Acer glabrum.
An Erineum forming large patches
chiefly at the tips of the lobes and on
the upper side of the leaf. Growing
upon the veins as well as elsewhere.
On some young leaves before me, thickly
sprinkled also over the under surface.

1888,

This is the handsomest Erineum exam-
ined by me. The younger parts of
growths are bright purple in color;
older parts of growths become of a very
dark purple. The deformed hairs are
rather large, and are provided with long
stalks. The color, manner of growth,
and character of the deformed hairs will
serve to distinguish this Erineum from
the livid growth (No. 8) which appears

PST CHE.

[April 1892.

on the upper surface of leaves of A.
saccharinum.

Glenwood Springs, Col., (collected
by R. E. Blount; communicated by
Proi7A> Bb. seymour).

6. On the leaves of Acer sacchari-
mum. A slender fusiform gall which
projects from the upper surface of the
leaf. Walls thin, and smooth inside
and out. Length about 4.5 mm.;
greatest diameter 1 mm. Opening as
usual on the under side of the leaf.

Central Illinois, common; Temple,
N. H., (from Prof. A. B. Seymour).

7. On the leaves of Acer sacchari-
num. An Erineum forming patches
along veins on the under side of the
leaf. The patches are made up of great
numbers of minute mushroom-shaped
hairs with very short pedicels; some-
times nearly sessile. The hairs and the
patches which they form resemble those
occurring on the under side of the leaves
of A. dasycarpum, but the hairs on the
latter, as far as examined, were pro-
vided with longer stalks, and were not
so much inflated at the extremity. The
patches in A. saccharinum, too, show
a tendency to develop along the main
ribs, whereas in A. dasycarpum they
are scattered, often occurring
singly at the tips of lobes. They may
notwithstanding these differences prove
to be caused by the attacks of one and
the same mite. All of the examples
which I have seen were rather old and

were of a deep brown color, in one case
almost black. Individual patches meas-
ure as in diame-

much as) TO man,

tet

April 1892.]

Urbana, Ill., common; Lexington,
Ky., (received from Prof. W. B. Stark
and also collected by myself).

8. Onthe leaves of Acer sacchart-
num. A fine Erineum forming patches
of a livid color between the veins on
the upper surface. The growths show
a tendency to avoid the veins. They
may be isolated in patches 2.5 mm. to
4 mm. in diameter and of verv irregular
shape, or they may where common
combine and then occasionally occupy
much of the surface. On badly infested
trees scant growths sometimes appear
on the under side of the leaves. The
color of most of the dried specimens
seen is livid. In very young growths
but little of this color is apparent, these
being mainly pale brown when dried,
probably whitish when fresh ; but some
trace of the livid color can be made out
A few of the
growths seen were more nearly flesh
color than livid.

A variety of this Erineum occurs in
which the livid color is almost absent,
the dried specimens being of a pale
brown color in the largest and oldest
Even in this variety, how-

in most young growths.

growths.
ever, close examination with a magnifier
shows faint traces of the blue color.
In manner of growth the two are alike.

The hairs are capitate, with short
stalks, and excepting for their manner
of growth and color, are not very differ-
ent from those forming the brown
patches on the under side of leaves.

Fort Mackinac, Mich., (from Prof.
Wm. Trelease) ; Temple, N. H., (from
Prof. A. B. Seymour).

TS CHE.

243

g. On the leaves of Acer dasycar-
pum. This cecidium is a pouch-shaped
gall which develops on the upper side
of the leaves. The mite which inhabits
it was many years ago described under
the name Vasates guadripfes, but is a
true Phytoptus. The deformations were
described by the present writer in the
12th Report of the Illinois State Ento-
mologist (p. 135) as follows: ‘* The
form varies to some extent, some of the
galls being discoid, or more or less
spherical, while occasionally two galls
have a common neck and opening. At
first the color of the galls is like that of
the unfolding leaf, dull purple or green ;
later they assume the light green color
of the veins and veinlets; and still later
change in many cases to purplish.
Toward the end of summer they dry up
and become black. The outer surface
is smooth, but the walls are broadly and
irregularly impressed making a very
uneven outline. On the under side of
the leaf tne position of the gall is usually
indicated by an impression with a tuft
of white hairs in the center, which tuft
covers the opening into the gall. Occa-
sionally the opening and tuft are borne
upon a slight elevation. The height of
one of the largest galls seen, measured
from the upper surface of the leaf, was
0.1 inch; its diameter was 0.13 inch.”

This is one of the most abundant of
the mite galls in the Middle states. I
have received from both Professors Sey-
mour and Trelease specimens collected
at Madison, Wisconsin. It is abundant
throughout Illinois and Kentucky.

10. On the leaves of Acer dasycar-

244

pum.

patches of closely matted capitate hairs
growing on the under side of the leaf.
Patches generally elongated, from a ten-

An Erineum consisting of large

dency of the growths not to cross vein-
lets. Well defined, and varying from
about 5 mm. to 10 mm. in diameter.
When abundant several patches may
unite, thus forming more extended ones.
Leaves often bear a single patch. Some-
times occurring on leaves bearing also
Color pale
yellowish at first, gradually changing to

the pouch-shaped galls.

brown with age, at the last deep brown
in color. This is probably the same as
No. 26 of Dr. H. Hagen’s list (Cana-
dian entomologist, v. 17, p. 24), col-
lected-at “Shelburne, IN; H., by Prof
W. G. Farlow.

Urbana, Ill., not common; Cam-
bridge, Mass. and Ithaca, Wis., (from
Prof. Wm. Trelease) ; Madison, Wis.,
(from Prof. A. B. Seymour).

11. On the leaves of Acer rubrum.
An Erineum forming elongated whitish
or brown patches on the veins of the up-
per side of the leaf. This peculiarity of
growing on the veins distinguishes this
from any growth of the kind I have
seen. Several others appear to avoid the
veins even when covering most of the
surface. The largest growths on leaves
before me measure 11 mm. in length by
about 4mm. in diameter. The color va-
ries from whitish in the younger growths
through shades of pale yellow to brown.
The hairs are mushroom-shaped, as in
other similar growths. The only ex-
amples seen are from Temple, N. H.,
and were sent me by Prof. Seymour.

PS CH Ey.

[April 1892-

12. Onthe leaves of Acer rubrum.
An Erineum growing in large patches
scattered on the under side of the leaf.
In color, manner of growth and char-
acter of the hairs it appears to be the
same as No. g described as occurring
on Acer dasycarpum. I have exam-
ined a single leaf bearing this deforma-
tion received from Prof. Wm. Trelease
and collected at Wood’s Holl, Mass.

13. On the leaves of Acer rubrum.
This is a gall which does not differ in
any important degree from the galls
described as growing on the upper sur-
face of the leaves of A. dasycarpum.
I assume that it is made by the same
Phytoptus, but have had no opportunity
to make comparisons. It is moderately
common in western Kentucky, and ap-
pears to be also common in the New
England and other Eastern states. I
take it that Dr. Hagen’s Numbers 21,
22 and 22° (loc: cit) arevithe; same

14. Onthe leaves of Betula papy-
rifera. A profusely growing Erineum
forming extensive patches between the
large veins diverging from the midrib
on the under The
growths sometimes occupy the whole
of the space between two veins. The
color varies from whitish in the younger
growths to pale brown in the older ones.
The stalks of the capitate hairs are
rather long.

Temple, IN. Ef... (rom) Prot. ASB:
Seymour).

15. On the leaves of Betula papy-
rifera. A small nodular gall which
projects from both upper and under sur-

side of the leaf.

April 1892. ]

faces of the leaf. Clothed with a fine
whitish, silken pubescence. Scattered
somewhat irregularly, but with a ten-
dency to be most abundant near the
margin. The diameter of large exam-
ples is about 1 mm.; the depth is some-
what less in the dried and _ pressed
examples. It is sometimes associated
with the Erineum just described. The
color of the upper part of the gall is in
the dried specimens dull purple. Be-
neath, the color appears to have been
like that of the under side of the leaf.

Menapley IN: a. (irom: Profs A. B.
Seymour).

16. On the leaves of Betula popult-
folta. This consists of bright, rust-
colored growths of deformed hairs in
hollows on the under side of the leaf.
The corresponding convexity showing
on the upper side is devoid of hairs, but
is often of a yellowish color. The
growths when isolated frequently have
a circular outline and are from 2 mm.
to 3 mm. in diameter.
become elongated and may measure as
much as 10 mm. in length, then occu-
pying much of the space between two
of the veins which diverge from the
midrib. The number of growths ona
single leaf varies in seventeen leaves
before me from one to fourteen. In
three of the seventeen there are imper-
fect growths on the upper side of the
leaf. The hairs of the growth are capi-
tate.

femple, IN: H., (irom Prof. A. B-
Seymour).

17. On the leaves of Betula (lenta?).
A profusely growing Erineum at first

Large growths

Jato Ad OFS ay

245

forming straggling patches and lines on
and along the veins on the upper sur-
face of the leaf. Where abundant
eventually forming continuous bands
upon the veins which diverge from the
midrib. The growths very rarely origi-
nate away from the veins on the upper
surface, but imperfect growths appear
sometimes on the under side, here be-
tween the veins, suggesting that it is
the structure of the surface, which in-
fluences the disposition of the growths.
The color of very young growths is
whitish ; on older leaves it is brown,
while on several of the largest leaves
examined there is an indication of purple
on some parts of the bands. Hairs capi-
tate, stalks rather long.

Described from specimens sent me
from,’ heniple; N.. 24... by Prof: 1A. B.
Seymour. From the character of the
leaves and the bark accompanying them
I judge the species to be &. /enta.

To.- On the leaves of Fuglans cin-
A button-shaped gall on the
upper side of the leaf.

ered.
The galls are
green in color, sometimes a trifle lighter
in shade than the leaf.
2mm. to 3 mm. in diameter, and are

They vary from
about 2 mm. in height; the base is
Beneath,
the galls are open for almost the entire

sometimes a trifle constricted.

width, but the opening is occupied by
a dense growth of whitish or brownish
contorted hairs. On fifty-one leaves
before me the number of galls on a
single leaf varies from one to eighteen.
Occasional galls occur with the opening
on the upper side.

abundant in examples collected Aug. 15.

The Phytopti are

246

Jessamine Co., Ky., frequent.

19. Onthe leavesof Fagus ferru-
ginea. An Erineum which grows on
the upper side of the leaf where it fol-
lows the veins, forming bands or elon-
When
young, apparently of a whitish color.
When abundant, causing the leaf to turn
brown so that the position of growths
can be recognized by examining the
under side. Sometimes forming a close
velvety covering on the upper surface.
Never, as far as examined, very dark in
color. Sometimes associated with the
next, of which it may bea variety.

-gated patches of a brown color,

Hairs capitate.

Temple, N. H., (from Prof. A. B.
Seymour) ; Ft. Mackinac, Mich., (from
Prof. Wm. Trelease).

20. On the leaves of Fagus ferru-

_ginea. An Erineum forming very dark
brown patches on the under side of the
leaf, between the veins. Patches vary-
ing in shape and extent, frequently elon-
-gated, sometimes forming a continuous
‘band between veins. Color of all the
specimens seen dark brown, but prob-
ably lighter when young. When occur-
ying on the same leaf as the preceding,

PSLCHE:

[ April 1892.

and so presumably of the same age,
Hairs cap-
itate, with rather long stalks, not notice-
ably different from hairs on the upper
surface of a leaf received from Prof.

always the darker in color.

Trelease, but with longer stalks than
those from the upper side of leaves from
Peniple; Ns:

The growth is extremely common in
western Kentucky, where most of the
leaves of a tree may often be seen bear-
ing it.

Western Kentucky; Ft. Mackinac,
Mich., and Wood’s Holl, Mass.. (from
Prof. Wm. Trelease).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6.

Fig. 1. Leafof Myssa multiflora,
showing cecidii described as No. 1;
a, section of cecidium.

Fig. 2. Leaf of Wyssa multiflora,
showing cecidii described as No. 2;
a, section of folded leaf margin.

Fig. 3. Tuft of hairs from leaf of
Potentilla canadensis.

Fig. 4. Capitate hairs from Erineum
on under side of leaves of Betula popu-
lifolia.

Fig. 5. Capitate hairs from No. 19.

Notes. — The Massachusetts legislature
has granted another $75,000 to stamp out
the gypsy moth.

The attention of entomologists should be
drawn to an interesting paper by Mr. L. O.
Howard on the biology of the Chalcididae
which appears in the current Proceedings of
the U. S. national museum. A mass of details
concerning insect-parasitism is there brought
together in a highly instructive manner
which merits at least the perusal of every

person engaged in any field work; problems
requiring solution are suggested by the
wholesale, and clews are given to others
which are well worth following. The bio-
logical side of entomology is in no danger of
suffocation at the national capital with such
men as Riley, Howard, and Schwarz at the
front.

In the last number of Psyche, fig. 3 on p.
237, showing the antenna of Goniops en-
larged, is accidentally printed upside down.

_ Pysche, 1892, Vol 6. Plate 6:

Be ad ee

April 1892. |

PS CHE.

A NEW GENUS OF TACHINIDAE.

BY Ca, H-

I am indebted to Professor Brauer, of
Vienna, for a note to the effect that the
species which I described under the name
of Meigenia hyphantriae (Psyche, vi.
176) is not a Mezgenza, but a new
genus. I have always recognized the
fact that this, and one or two other spe-
cies which I have referred to Mezgenza,
did not belong there strictly. They
seemed to come closest to that genus,
and therefore I referred them there pro-
visionally, until some better place could
be found for them. I must, however,
confess to a misconception of the genus,
as originally understood by me.

The present seems a good opportu-
nity to present a characterization of the

new genus.

HYPHANTROPHAGA, Nn. gen.

Ashy gray species of rather less than me-
dium size; belongs in Tachininae s. str. Head
rather semicircular in profile; front hardly
prominent, one-third to three-sevenths width
of head in 2, and about one-fourth to three-
elevenths in @; frontal bristles descending
about to base of third antennal joint, two
orbital bristles in Q (three on right side in
one 9), none in @. Face receding, epis-
toma not prominent; facial depression three-
fifths width of face in @, relatively narrower
in 2, moderately deep; facial ridges with a
few fine bristles which extend less than half
way up, slightly constricted just above oral
margin where the decussate vibrissae are in-
serted; sides of face and cheeks bare, the
cheeks about one-fifth eye-height in @, less
in g@. Eyes faintly and rather sparsely short

TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N.

MEXICO.

hairy in Y, more distinctly so in @. An-
tennae somewhat shorter than face, second
joint hardly elongate, third about two and
a half times as long as second in 9 and three
times in §, narrow, not widened; arista thin,
minutely pubescent, apparently 2-jointed,
slightly thickened at base. Proboscis short,
fleshy, labella large; palpi rather slender,
slightly thickened apically. Thorax nearly
as wide as head; scutellum with a weak de-
cussate apical pair of bristles, a weak discal
pair, and two strong lateral pairs. Abdomen
of 2 fully as wide as thorax, short oval,
rather narrower than thorax in @, ovo-coni-
cal, first segment shortened; macrochaetae
marginal, except on last segment which bears
both discal and marginal in both sexes; hy-
popygium of @ hardly exserted. Legs rather
short, not strong, bristly; claws and pulvilli
elongate in @, much less soin 2. Wings
longer than abdomen, without costal spine,
third vein bristly at base; apical cell open,
sometimes very narrowly, a little before tip
of wing; fourth vein bent at an obtuse angle,
without stump or wrinkle, apical cross-vein
slightly concave; hind cross-vein rather sin-
uate in g, usually less so in Q, ending
nearer to bend of fourth vein. Type, Ay-
phantrophaga hyphantriae 'Twns., Psyche,
vi. 176-177, there referred to Metgenia.

The above-referred to description in
Psyche, of the species, was drawn from
specimens only, and not from both
sexes as there indicated; the whole de-
scription should be applied only to fe-
males. Froma ¢ which issued August
31, and another a little later, are drawn
the characteristic differences given in
the above generic description, distinct-
ive of that sex.

248

PSYCHE.

{April 1892.

THE LARVA OF NOLA MINUSCULA.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR,

NOLA MINUSCULA Zeller.

1872. Zeller, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot.
gesellsch., v. 22, 455.

Var. FUSCULA Grote.

1881. Grote, Papilio, v. 1, 76.

1887. Butler, Ent. amer., v. 3, 120. pr.
var.

1867. Grote, “Ent. amer:, v. 3, 147. pr-
var.

The larva of this species probably has six
stages, five of which I have observed.

Egg. The eggs as taken from the body of
a 2 moth are spheroidal, much flattened at
base, apparently covered with large contigu-
ous depressions; color uniform pale green;
diameter about 0.33 mm.

First larval stage. Not observed.

Second stage. Head, cervical shield and
anal plate black; width of the first 0.25 mm.
Body thick and plump, not different in
structure from that of the mature larva, the
warts small, dark brown, bearing three or
four rather short blackish hairs. Color pale
whitish, with a broad diffuse brown sub-
dorsal shade.

Third stage. The head is now pale brown
with black ocelli; width 0.3 mm. The body
is as before but the brown subdorsal band is
more distinct.

Fourth stage. Head brown, the ocelli and
mouth darker brown; widtho.5 mm. Other-
wise much as in the next stage but the mark-
ings less distinct.

Fifth stage. Head round, pale
brown; width 0.7 mm. _ Body thick, some-
what flattened, tapering a little each way
from the middle, with three rows of large,
smooth, shining dark brown warts, the third
row pale, bearing spreading, long, thin,
white and blackish hairs. Row 1 is sub-
dorsal, two on each segment on joints 2-4,
2 lateral and 3 subventral with some very

small,

YOSEMITE, CAL.

minute warts, 4 below. Cervical shield
large, deep brown with a whitish dorsal
line bisecting it. Color of body sordid
white, a pair of broad deep brown subdorsal
bands, somewhat irregular, narrow on joints
3 and 4 and connected by a transverse bar
over the dorsum on joint 7 and sometimes
also onjoint 5. Length of larva 5 mm.

Sixth stage. Head as before; width 1 mm:
Body wider than high, rounded, hardly
tapering at all, feet asin Nola with only four
pair of abdominal Warts I very
large, oblong as if of two coalesced, 2 and
3 also large, 4 very small, subventral. The
color varies much in different examples but
the ground color is nearly white or tinged
with reddish, the body shaded with blackish
brown more or less, having a double dorsal,
two waved lateral and a straight substigmatal
line of the ground color, or the black may be
reduced to a few reddish streaks, but always
on joints 3 and 4 is a patch of the ground
color bordered by a waved subdorsal black
line. Warts pale, except rows 1 and 2 on
joints 5-12 which are cinnamon brown or
partly blackish. Cervical shield deep shiny
brown, bisected. In one the warts of row
3 are yellowish. Spiracles black. Hair of
irregular length, but longest at the extrem-
ities, blackish.

Cocoon. Elliptical, opaque, sordid white,
composed of white silk, quite tough and in-
termingled sparsely with the larval hairs.
Dimensions 8X4 mm.

Pupa. Cylindrical, tapering each way
from the middle but most posteriorly; abdo-
men rounded, no cremaster. Body, except
the cases, covered with long, rather dense
pile; color pale brown, paler on the cases.
Length 6 mm.; width 1.7 mm.
this stage 18 days.

Food plant. Willow (Salix).

ones.

Duration of

The larvae

April 1892.]

live singly, eat only the parenchyma of the
leat from the under side and hide by day in
dry curled leaves that adhere to the twigs or
in some other place of concealment on the
branch. In this habit they differ from other
Nola larvae that I have met with, which do
not hide and eat the leaf from the top side
only.

Habitat. Texas (Zeller), Colorado
(Grote), Santa Barbara and Ventura Coun-
ties, California. It will probably also be
found in the intermediate territory in the
cafions and arroyos where willows grow.

A DipTERouS PARASITE OF THE TOAD.

In the Zoologischer anzeiger, jahrg. 14,
no. 379, Dec. 14, ’91, p. 453-455, Duncker
describes an interesting case of parasitism.
A number of common toads were found in
the neighborhood of Kiel with their nares
eaten out and their heads swollen in the
buccal region. The animals moved about
languidly holding their heads down and
when kept in confinement rubbed their
nares against the walls and floor of the
terrarium ‘‘as if to relieve themselves of
an itching sensation.” One of the animals
thus confined died and was soon afterwards
found completely skeletonized. The moss
in which it was buried contained many
white fly larvae (8 mm. long, 2 mm. broad).
These soon pupated and in about 4 weeks
gave rise to more than 50 flies which proved
to be Luctlia sylvarum. Duncker
that the eggs or very young larvae are de-
posited in the nares of the toad. The larvae
first eat their way backwards to the buccal re-
gion and finally devour all the soft parts of
the animal, even the ligaments of the bones.
He expressly states that it is not the weak
and sickly toads which are selected by the
flies, since he has found infected specimens
that had just sloughed their skins and were
to all appearances in good health. Further-
more none of the infected toads appeared
to have been wounded.

claims

PS REE.

249

HENRY WALTER BATES.

It is not in London alone that the death of
Henry Walter Bates will be deplored. He
was one of the four entomologists — Wallace,
Weismann, and Fritz Miiller being the others
—who have most distinguished themselves
in support of the derivative theory of organic
life, and who have gained for it independent
evidence from new fields of research with
which their names will be indissolubly asso-
ciated. With the exception of Weismann all
are Europeans who gained their inspiration
in Brazil, and it was there that Bates was
first brought face to face with the most
patent facts of mimicry.

The world has admired the unassuming
attitude of Darwin and of Wallace, as well as
their genius, and the same attitude may be
claimed for Bates, whose striking contribu-
tion to the philosophy of mimicry was mod-
estly hidden in a systematic essay on the
butterflies of the Amazons, the title of which
made no reference to the fact. Had it not
been accompanied by colored plates specially
illustrative of the theory there broached, and
had it not appeared in the heat of the Dar-
winian uprise, it would have lain dormant
Yet he was the first in ex-
planation of the facts to offer a theory worth
a moment’s consideration; it has since re- -
ceived no correction

for many a year.

and no noteworthy
modification, and stands today as clear and
satisfactory a statement of the whole matter
as has ever since been made.

Bates was born Feb. 8, 1825; at twenty-
three he left for Brazil where he spenteleven
years in collecting. On his return he pub-
lished his Naturalist on the Amazons, which
gained him the post of assistant secretary to
the Geographical society, which he held until
his death, Feb. 16, 1892.
was mainly in diurnal Lepidoptera and Cole-
optera, especially the Carabidae, and, ac-
cording to McLachlan, he left behind him an

His systematic work

incomplete work on the classification of this
family besides copious biological notes and

250

sketches taken in Brazil. He was a man of
rugged appearance who had plainly struggled
with physical ills, but whose face was lighted
by sincerity and geniality, as every American
who had the good fortune to meet him will
recall.

EXPERIMENTS WITH CHINCH BUGS. —I no-
tice in the second paragraph of the very in-
teresting and important address of Professor
Snow published in your last, a slight inaccu-
racy, to which I should not think it worth
while to call attention if it did not seem that
his statement as it stands might have the
effect to discourage investigation of a subject
scarcely touched as yet, by any one. I have
never made any attempt to communicate
disease to chinch bugs in the field by artificial
cultures or in any other way, and hence can-
not be said to have failed in this experiment.
My experimental work with diseases of this
insect has been hitherto limited to the lab-
oratory, where the results have been various,
ibut on the whole very interesting and sugges-
tive. Professor Snow is certainly entitled to
great credit for his systematic and persistent
experiments with the transfer of the chinch-
bug diseases by the method of contagion.
The other field is as yet practically un-

worked. S.A. Forbes-

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

11 DECEMBER 1891.—The
of the club was held at 156 Brattle St.
S. Henshaw was chosen chairman.

Mr. A. P. Morse recorded the capture of
Melanoplus minor at Sherburne and Welles-
ley in this State and at North Conway,
N.H. According to Mr. Scudder this spe-
cies has not been previously recorded from
New England.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed some plates he
had recently received from Mr. W. H. Ed-
wards of the larvae of Papilio zolicaon and of
the various stages of Odcenezs uhleri. This
led to some discusssion of the distribution of

166th meeting
Mr.

PSKCHE.

the species of Oeneis and of some other
boreal and alpine insects.

Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked that in con-
sequence of the statement in his Butterflies
of New England (p. 724-725) of the possi-
bility of the occurrence of fleshy filaments in
the earliest stages of the larva of Anosza
Plextppus on the second abdominal segment
comparable to those occurring on this seg-
ment in Zasztia berentce or on the eighth ab-
dominal segment in both species, he had made
a very careful examination of living specimens
in the first and second larval stages and found
that neither on the second abdominal nor on
the third thoracic segment (where filaments
occur in other genera of the subfamily) could
any trace of them be found.

Mr. Scudder also called attention to a new
illustration of the effect of climate on the
development of butterflies in some experi-
ments made with Oenezs semtdea. Out ofa
lot of eggs laid July 20-25, and widely dis-
tributed, the first young caterpillars moulted
in West Virginia on August 15; by Atgust
27 two more had changed, together with one
in Philadelphia, and on September 5, one
had moulted in West Virginia for the second
time. In Cambridge, however, the single sur-
viving larva was still in the first stage on
Sept. 11, and the same was true at Ottawa as
late as Sept. 4, at about which time one passed
the first moult, and another early in October.

He then exhibited some interesting new
species of Orthoptera lately received from
Mr. Blatchley, from Vigo County, Indiana.

Some discussion followed with regard to
the gypsy moth (Ocnerta dispar). Mr. S.
Henshaw stated that the larvae of this spe-
cies are gregarious in Europe, while in this
country they scatter soon after hatching.

Mr. Scudder showed a monograph of the
trees which furnished the amber of the Bal-
tic, by Conwentz, which contained notes on
the diseases of these trees as caused by in-
sects. The work is illustrated by excellent
plates, and the borings of a beetle referred
to Anthaxia and of a fly supposed to belong
to Sciara are figured.

Pay fe

A eo froin Al On ENTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 198.

May, 1892.

CONTENTS:

CONCERNING THE BLOOD-TISSUE OF THE INSECTA. —III (Concluded) (Plate 7).—
W. M. Wheeler

TACHINID PARASITE OF EUCATERVA VARIARIA GROTE, AND OTHER Notes.—C. H.
Tyler Townsend

THE LARVA OF SARROTHRIPA REVEYANA.—AHarrison G. Dyar

Nore (A study of California butterflies)

SYNONYMY OF BUTTERFLY PARASITES.— Wm. Hampton Patton.

ENTOMOLOGIcAL Notes (Henry Edwards’s Entomological collection; coleopterous
fauna of the Ecuadorian Andes; formation of new colonies and nests by New
Zealand ants.)

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252

PSYCHE.

May 1892.

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SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
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PHALA ANGIDAE.

1 am preparing a monograph of the Phalan-
gidae of North America and will be glad to get
specimens from any locality. Will identify and re-
turn any sent. Specimens from the Northwest,
Southwest, and the Pacific coast especially desired,

CLARENCE M. WEED,
Hanover, N. H.

TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies.

Cc. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

+ Bee

Pilate ze

Pysche, 1892, Vol 6.

pean

a
2)

pA RTOS Na ae

SS
SSF

PSY CHIE.

CONCERNING THE

‘‘BLOOD-TISSUE”

OF THE INSECTA.—III.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, WORCESTER, MASS.

Ruyncuota. As representative of
the Phytophthires the just-born young
of a wax-secreting Aphid, which in-
fests the alder, were studied. In sec-
_ tions the whole body-cavity was found
to be filled with a reticulate fat-body,
the nuclei of which measure only 3.5 #.
The oenocytes are scattered here and
there throughout the reticulum appar-
ently without any definite arrangement.
They are large, brownish, opaque cells
with sharp contour. The cytoplasm
measures 12-184; the nucleus’ 5-
55. They seem to have no morpho-
logical connection with the fat-body but
to be merely slung in its meshes. The
nuclei stain deeply and present the typi-
cal finely wound chromatin skein. Some
of the scattered cells were found in the
three thoracic segments, whither they
had probably migrated during embry-
onic life from the pleural walls of the
abdomen. In the prothorax only two
oenocytes were found and these were
placed symmetrically one on either
side in the pleurae.

In the mature embryo of Aanatra
fusca oenocyte-clusters occur in five of
the abdominal segments. They are
huge yellow cells with nuclei rich in
chromatin and are lodged in niche-like
depressions of the pleural hypodermis.

My observations on the oenocytes of
Zattha fluminea are limited to a stage
of the embryo immediately preceding
revolution. I find in the abdomen, just
outside the appendages and stigmata, a
series of thickenings which foreshadow
the compressed pleural rim of the larva
and imago. The pair of these thicken-
ings in the first abdominal segment
develop excessively, bulging out con-
spicuously beyond the niveau of the
other thickenings, so that, had I not
observed that the pleuropodia are
invaginate in this form and did not their
tufted secretion show clearly in the very
same segment, I should have supposed
that I had found a pair of evaginate
knob-like appendages. Sections show
that the greater development of the
first pair of abdominal thickenings is
due to excessive proliferation of the
hypodermal cells to form a solid succu-
lent mass—the oenocytes. So many of
the hypodermal elements are here con-
verted into oenocytes, that only a few
flattened and attenuated cells remain to
From the
surface the oenocytes may be seen shin-
ing through this thin covering and this
heightens the resemblance of the two
swellings to the pleuropodia of such
forms as Blatta and Xiphidium. The

cover the mass externally.

254

pleural thickenings of the second ab-
dominal segment are also more pro-
nounced than those of the succeeding
segments but much smaller than the
first pair. I could not make out that
they gave rise to oenocytes. As I had
no material of the later stages I was
prevented from following the develop-
ment of these organs further. It is pos-
sible that there are in the adult several
pairs of oenocyte clusters as in other
insects and that they develop from be-
fore backwards so that the stage which
I studied may have shown only the
formation of the first pair of anlagen.
It seems to me more probable, how-
ever, that Zaitha develops only one
pair of clusters and that the others have
atrophied to such an extent as no longer
to appear during ontogeny.
NeEuropreraA. In the just-hatched
larvae of Svalzs txfumata a few oeno-
cytes were found as large clear cells
sticking in the pleural hypodermis be-
tween the insertions of the tergo-sternal
muscles.
TRICHOPTERA. Specimens of the
larvae of an unidentified Phryganeid
were torn open in normal salt-solution
and examined fresh or after treatment
with methyl-green osmo-acetic
ture. In fresh preparations the gigantic
oenocytes (Fig. 1.) are yellow, more or
less rounded, and often provided with
delicate processes which are attached to
the tracheal hypodermis. The cyto-
plasm is usually finely granular; the
chromatic skein of the nucleus is dis-
tinctly discernible in the unstained cell.
Methyl green stains both cytoplasm and

mix-

PSY GL.

[April 1892.

nucleus deeply and of about the same
hue. This reagent, of course, accentu-
ates the chromatic skein.
nucleoli.

There are no

In some of the larvae all the oeno-
cytes contain vacuoles. These are ar-
ranged ina broad band surrounding the
nucleus midway between the nuclear
and cytoplasmic walls. These vacuoles
are but slightly refractive and are not
fat-globules. This condition of the
oenocytes was found in a number of
larvae and, I believe, represents a nor-
mal physiological state. Wielowiejski
has made a similar observation. One is
reminded of certain gland-cells which
store up vacuoles of a specific substance
in their cytoplasm, preparatory to se-
cretion.

One of the facts brought out by
measurements of Xiphidium, viz: the
gradual growth of the oenocytes with
the growth of the insect, was again
clearly shown in
Phryganeid. Different stages gave the
following measurements.

the larvae of this

Cytoplasm. Nucleus.
1. Larva just hatched, 12.0 4.6p
2. Larvai3mm.long, 40.8p 15-6p
3. Larvai17 mm.long, 62.8p 20.3
4. Larva 25 mm. long, 103.7» 29 5p
: Silos J 55-2-

5. Larva 30 mm. long, { 166-8 mle as \

Here the cytoplasm increases from
12.—166.8 #, while the nucleus grows
from 4.6-74¥8, so that the latter
undergoes a slightly greater relative
increase in size. In Xiphidium we
found the converse to hold good.

CoLEoPTERA. The oenocytes~ of

Photuris pennsylvanica (imago) are

pa.

April 1892.]

of huge dimensions like those of the
Trichopteran described above ; their cy-
toplasm measuring 118.5 —185. across,
while their nuclei range from 33.5 -
60.4. The cells are disposed in loose
clusters in the pleural region of the ab-

domen and resemble their homologues

in European Lampyrids.

In some Malacodermata Wielowiejski
distinguished three different varieties of
oenocytes according to size. In the
Lampyrids he found only those of me-
dium size —corresponding to the sec-
ond variety of other Malacodermata, and
suggests that in the fire-flies the ‘‘kleine
oenocyten” (third variety) may be
converted into the photogenetic organ.
It is clear that if the ‘‘kleine oenocy-
ten” are true oenocytes and if, more-
over, Wielowiejski’s suggestion is well
founded, the photogenetic organs of the
Lampyridae must be ectodermal struct-
ures. If on the other hand these inter-
esting structures originate from the fat-
body, as is usually maintained, they
must be mesodermal.

In Photuris pennsylvanica the two
layers of the light-organ consist of cells
which closely resemble the elements of
the fat-body proper. The cells consti-
tuting the inner layer have the same size
and much the same appearance; their
nuclei do not differ from those of the
fat-body ; in the outer layer, which is
more especially concerned with the
photogenetic function, the cytoplasm is,
of course, considerably altered, but the
nuclei are indistinguishable in every
particular from those of the fat-cells.
The resemblance between the fat-body

EST CIE:

255

and the light-organ is so great that I do
not doubt their genetic relationship
though I have not studied the devel-
opment.

LEPIDOPTERA. Few insects appear
to be better adapted for tracing out the
origin of the oenocytes than the Lepi-
doptera. This is especially true of the
larger Bombycid moths. That the seg-
mental cell-clusters arise by delamina-
tion from the ectoderm was conclu-
sively made out in the embryos of
Platysamia cecropia and Telea poly-
phemus. Each cluster is several cell-
layers in thickness and lies just behind
and a little ventrad to an abdominal
stigma. The succulent cells constituting
the cluster are at first polygonal from
mutual pressure, but as the time for
hatching approaches, they become
rounder and more loosely united. I
have not traced them through the larval
stages and merely record these frag-
mentary observations because they com-
pletely confirm Tichomiroff’s and
Graber’s observations on the origin of
the oenocytes from the ectoderm.

DipTERA. Oenocytes probably occur
throughout this order. To the families
in which they were found by Wielo-
wiejski (Chironomidae, Tipulidae, Culi-
cidae, Tabanidae, Syrphidae, Muscidae,
Pupipara) I would add two others
(Cecidomyidae and Simulidae).

In the larvae of Cectdomyta anten-
mariae beautiful large oenocytes occur
in metameric clusters, each of which
consists of about five cells. These
seem not to be so regularly arranged as
the oenocytes of Chironomus (Wielo-

256

wiejski). One cell of each cluster is situ-
ated at some distance from the others
but dorsad and not cephalad as in Chir-
onomus. The cells measure 45.—75. p63
their nuclei 15.y. They are round or
slightly oval, and flattened in the same
direction as the hypodermis, in niche-
like excavations of which they lie.

In the young pupa they lose their
connection with the hypodermis, be-
come spheroidal and vacuolated and
their nuclei decrease in size. 1 have
failed to find any traces of oenocytes in
the mature pupa and imago.

In the larva of Simulia the oenocytes
resemble those of Cecidomyia.

The above insects belonging to many
of the natural orders were also studied
with a view to establishing the origin of
the blood-corpuscles but my results were
purely negative. I saw nothing to sup-
port Schaeffer’s view* that the corpus-
cles arise from the fat-body. Such an
origin isimprobable & przoré inasmuch
as the cells composing the corpus ad-
iposum are specialized for storing up
fat and urates. That fat-globules and
urates in the blood-corpuscles do not
prove a genetic but only a physiological
relationship between the fat-body and
the blood is obvious if we stop to ask the
question: How do the fat and urate in-
clusions reach the fat-body? It is most
natural to suppose that they are trans-
ported thither by the blood-corpuscles.
That the reverse may frequently be the
case, viz: that the blood-phagocytes may

*Beitrige zur histologie der insekten. II. Ueber blut-
bildungsheerde bei insectenlarven. Sprengel’s Zool.
Jahrb., 3 bd. heft 4. 1889.

BP SWCTLE:

| April 1892.

receive their fat-globules from the fat-
body and carry them to other parts of
the organism to be utilized in the meta-
bolic processes which are continually
taking place, is,
probable.

I admit, quite as
But neither of these pro-
cesses throws any light on the origin of
the blood-corpuscles themselves.

In the embryo the blood-corpuscles
probably arise from undifferentiated
mesodermic tissue. They are often
found in different stages of caryokinesis
and I can see nothing improbable in the
supposition that they may continue to
multiply throughout postembryonic life.
It is also probable that mesodermic cell-
masses of an undifferentiated nature,
associated for obvious physiological
reasons with the fat-body, may function
as haematogenic centres during the
For all his figures and
descriptions prove to the contrary,
Schaeffer’s ‘**blutbildungsheerde”’
be such

larval stages.

may
mesoderm-
masses and not portions of the true fat-
body at all.

undifferentiated

In this connection I may mention a
very interesting organ which I have re-
cently found in embryos of Blatta and
Xiphidium and which appears to have
some physiological connection with the
other members of the ‘* blutgewebe.”
This is a large v-shaped mass of cells
situated just beneath and attached to
the inner end of the oesophagus (stom-
two entodermic
This cell mass lies

the trito-cerebral
(second antennary ?) segment and, I be-
lieve, represents a modification of the

odaeum) where the
strands diverge.

almost wholly in

April 1892.]

greater portion of the mesoderm of
the segment, though this is difficult to
decide. It is apparently the earliest
organ to differentiate from the walls of
Its cells, at first

wedge-shaped, gradually increase in

the coelomic sacs.

size, become rounded and highly vac-
uolated and resemble the fat-body ele-
ments, from which they may, neverthe-
less, always be distinguished by their
I have traced
the organ, which is a definite circum-
scribed structure, and which I call, for
the present, the suboesophageal body,
through the embryo into the larva,

peculiar yellow tint.

where it disintegrates and finally
disappears. I regard it therefore, aS
a truly embryonic and early _ larval

structure, quite distinct, at least physio-
logically, from the fat-body. Its func-
tion is very doubtful. If the trito-cere-
bral segment is homologous with the
second antennary segment of the Crus-
tacea and if, moreover, the suboesopha-
geal body really develops from the
mesoderm, it may be the homologue of
the ‘* green-gland” and consequently
nephridial in its nature.

Reserving a general consideration of
the ‘* blood-tissue” for future publi-
cation, I here conclude with a _ brief
summary of the points brought out in
the foregoing paragraphs : —

(1) The fat-body of the Insecta is
derived from the mesoderm—being a dif-
ferentiation of portions of the coelomic
walls therefore
origin.

(2) The oenocytes are derived by
delamination or immigration from the

and metameric in

PST CHE.

257

ectoderm, just caudad to the tracheal
involutions. They are also metameric
organs.

(3) Phey ‘are’ limited ‘tothe ‘ersht
trachigerous abdominal] segments.

(4) They appear to be restricted to
the Pterygota, in all the members of
which group they probably occur.

(5) They give rise neither to the
fat-body nor to the blood but represent
organs sui generis.

(6) After their differentiation from
the primitive ectoderm they never di-
vide but gradually increase in size.

(7) The blood-corpuscles of these
insecta appear to arise early in em-
bryonic life and perhaps also in post-
embryonic life from undifferentiated
mesoderm cells. The evidence of the
derivation of the blood-corpuscles from
the fat-body as such is unsatisfactory.

(8) The suboesophageal body
arises in the trito-cerebral segment ap-
parently from the mesoderm. Though
it resembles the fat-body it must be re-
garded as a distinct organ. It disap-
pears during larval life.

Clark University, Dec. 22, 1891.*

*Since the above article was written and sent to
“Psyche,” I have received two publications bearing
on the origin of the fat-body in the insect embryo. The
first is an account published in the second part of Kor-
schelt and Heider’s Lehrbuch der vergleichenden ent-
wicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen thiere, of Hey-
mons’ studies on Phyllodromia germanica. Soon after-
wards Dr. Heymons kindly sent me a copy of his in-
teresting paper (Die entwicklung der weiblichen ges-
chlechtsorgane von Phyllodromia (Blatta) germanica
L. Zeitschr. f. wiss. zodl. LIII. 3. 1891, p. 434-536) the
lucid illustrations of which show essentially the same
method of origin for the fat-body as fig. 3 in my plate.
He finds, also, that other portions of the coelomic wall
may contribute to the formation of the corpus adiposum.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.

Fig. 1. Cluster of oenocytes from a
nearly mature Phryganeid larva. 0,
oenocytes ; ¢, large tracheal branch; 72,
smaller tracheal ramifications; %, tra-
cheal hypodermis.

Fig. 2. A nearly mature embryo of
Aiphidium ensiferum,
clusters seen from the surface through
the integument; @, pleuropodium of the
right side (appendage of the first ab-
dominal segment); s, styli (belonging
to the ninth abdominal segment; the
specimen being a male) ; ¢, cerci.

Fig. 3. Part of a transverse section
through the first abdominal segment of

00, oenocyte

PSYCHE.

[April 1892.

a young embryo of Blatta ( Phyllodro-
mia) germanica. v, pleural ectoderm ;
0, oenocytes ; a, pleuropodium ; 2z, coel-
omic cavity; w, entoderm; w, nerve-
cord; e, fat-body; 6, blood-corpuscle ;
d, diverticuluin of the coelomic wall,
which in appendage-bearing segments
becomes converted into the limb-muscu-
lature but in this segment atrophies.
Fig. 4. Part of a transverse section
through one of the abdominal segments
of a Blasturus nymph; o, oenocytes;
hh, hypodermal cells; 7, chitinous cu-
ticle; ee, fat-body; 64, blood-corpus-
muscles; 7,

cles; mm, tergo-sternal

muscles in cross-section.

TACHINID PARASITE OF EUCATERVA VARIARIA GROTE, AND
OTHER NOTES.

BY (G2 Et.

Along the arroyos on the mesa-lands,
and near the bases of mountain ranges,
in southern New Mexico, may be found
growing large tree-like shrubs, with
willow-like leaves, and bearing in spring
numbers of rather large pink flowers,
which are followed by catalpa-like seed-
pods. This is known to botanists as
Chilopsts saligna.* In August these
shrubs are well stocked with the co-
coons of a moth, Hucaterva variaria
Grote, the larvae of which feed upon
the leaves. The identification was made
by Dr. Henry Skinner, to whom I sent
a specimen of the moth. The cocoons
are very lightly spun of silk, binding

*T am indebted to Professor HNO wWootononthe
New Mexico Agricultural College, for the name.

TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

the leaves together to form a_ part of
them, and are formed on the terminal
shoots.
there issued, about the 4th or 5th of
September, a ¢ specimen of a Tachi-
nid, which I can in no way distinguish
from the g of Hyphantrophaga hy-
phantriae Twns. The parasite issued
without going into earth, as there was
none of the latter in the jar in which
the cocoons were placed, but came
directly from the cocoon of the moth,
in which, if I remember rightly, the
puparium of the Tachinid was found.
This is quite a different habit from that
possessed by those members of the same
species which parasitize the Fall web-
worm; perhaps the latter individuals

From one of these cocoons,

April 1892. |

emerge from the earth solely because the
Hyphantria cocoons are placed therein,
though I have found the puparium
separate from the cocoon in the earth.

Mr. Harrison G. Dyar, to whom |
seut one of the Eucaterva cocoons from
which the moth had emerged, wrote me
as follows concerning two Tachinid
eggs which he found within it, and
which are doubtless those of the above
species :

“There were two eggs of Tachina upon the
cast skin contained in the cocoon, and both
had hatched but apparently had failed to
enter the larva. Probably they are eggs of
the species of Tachina you have bred from

the cocoons. They are elliptic ovate in out-
line, flat below and rounded above, smooth
shining white. Under the microscope, they
appear very faintly divided into minute hex-
agonal or circular areas. Length 0.6 mm.,
width 0.3 mm.

“The larvae had hatched by breaking a
piece off of the pointed end. The eggs had
been placed upon the body of the caterpillar,

not on the head.”

Meigenia webstert ‘Twns., Can.
entom., xxili, 206. This species was
recorded as bred from a_chrysalis.
Professor Webster sent me a portion of
the chrysalis, and it has since been
determined, by Dr. Henry Skinner, as
belonging to Pyramets cardut. Re-

PST CHE.

259

garding the generic position of this
Tachinid, it does not belong in Mei-
genia. The best place to which I can,
with my present knowlege, relegate it,
is in the genus Prospherysa v. d. W.
Dr. Brauer, in a letter to me, has re-
ferred it with a query to Achaetoneura.
(Meigenia) promiscua
Twns. should perhaps be referred to
It is
indicated by Brauer zz @z¢tt. as belong-
ing either to Achaetoneura or Proso-
paea. If these genera can be used, it
will be well to recognize them.

Phorocera

the same genus as the preceding.

Tachina clistocampae Twns. is re-
ferred by Brauer zz @zt¢. to Eutachina.
This I do not approve of, as there is no
necessity for the creation of the new
genus Eutachina to contain the forms
referred to Tachina sensu stricto.

I would like also here to make a note
of the fact that Dr. Brauer informs me
by letter, as also in a note of his in the
Sitzungsber. k. k. zool.-bot. gesellsch.
Wien,of May, 1891, that he first called
attention to the relationship of the Oes-
tridae with the Muscidae in 1858, in the
Verh. I wish,
therefore, to correct my statement in
the Proc. ent. soc. Washn. ii, 90, that
this view was first advanced by Loew.

zool.-bot. gesellsch.

THE, LARVA OF SARROTHRIPA REVEYANA.

BY HARRISON G.

The larva of this species occurred
abundantly on poplar at Yosemite, Cal.,
in July. The moths emerged the same

pee

DYAR, YOSEMITE, CAL.

season in August and I obtained them
at this time in 1889 and 1891. When
I first noticed the larvae living grega-

260

riously under their silken web on the
fresh terminal leaves of new shoots, I
supposed them to be Tortricid larvae,
and came near neglecting to rear them.
A large proportion of the new shoots
of the poplar (Populus balsamifera)
in the valley were infested with these
larvae.

I have not seen any record of the
occurrence of this species in the United
States, except that the name is given in
Hy. Edwards’s Catalogue of transforma-
tions of North American Lepidoptera
three to European
authors. I have been enabled to deter-

mine these moths to belong to the Eu-

with references

ropean species from some figures which
my sister, Mrs. S. Knopf, kindly made
for me at Paris, France.

I believe that there are five larval
stages, but I have not observed them in
sequence and I have not seen the egg.

SARROTHRIPA REVEYANA 9S. V.

Egg. Not observed.

First larval stage. Wead rounded, partly
retracted under joint 2, furnished with a few
hairs; width 0.4 mm. Body apparently like

that of the mature larva; a few hairs.
(Described from a dead discolored speci-
men.) j

Second stage. Vike the mature larva ex-
cept in size; pale yellowish green, smooth;
hairs whitish, curling backward. Width of
head 0.6 mm.

Third stage. Only the cast head-case was
observed; width 0.9 mm.

Fourth stage. Width of cast head-case,
1.2 mm.

Fifth stage. Wead round, pale greenish,

P STiCLE.

[Aprll 1892,

not shiny; ocelli black, mouth white, jaws
brown; a few hairs; width 1.8 mm. Body
cylindrical, folded between the segments,
tapering slightly from the middle to the ex-
tremities; feet normal. Hairs few, fine and
long, white, growing from the skin, there
being no warts nor tubercles perceptible even
with a glass, but the single hairs are ar-
ranged in the. same manner as the warts of
the Arctiidae; row 4 is just below the stig-
matal line and the hairs each a little back of
a spiracle; 5 anteriorly and 6 posteriorly on
the segments in the subventral space, and
7 consists of four small hairs on the venter
of the legless segments. Body velvety yel-
lowish green, subtransiucent, the dorsal ves-
sel darker; a very faint yellowish stigmatal
line; feet tipped with brown; spiracles mi-
nute, ocherous. The larvae live gregari-
ously or, more rarely, singly under a silken
web spun on the upper side of a tender leaf
some distance above the surface. They will
not eat the old hard leaves.

Cocoon. Composed entirely of white
opaque silk and spun between two leaves or in
some other place that will furnish the nec-
essary support for the first vertical threads a-
gainst which the cocoonis built. It recalls in
shape the cocoon of Wola trinotata, but con-
tains no bark and is larger and thicker. The
base is flat, the sides nearly straight, and one
end is pointed above, from which the top
slightly tapers to the other end. The end be-
low the point opens like a pair of vertical
doors for the emergence of the moth.

Pupa. Cylindrical, thorax rounded, ab-
domen only very slightly tapering, the last
segments rounded; cremaster none. Smooth,
pale whitish with a brown tinge and a broad
dark brown dorsal shade running the whole
length. Length, 10 mm.; width, 3 mm.

Food plants. Poplar (Populus) and wil-
low (Salix).

Larvae from Mariposa Co., California.

NotTe.—A study of California butterflies
and especially their comparison with those
of Eastern America and Europe leads S. H.

Scudder in the Overland monthly for April
to claim that the highest type of human civ-
ilization is to arise on the Pacific coast.

April 1892. ]

SYNONYMY OF BUTTERFLY PARASITES.—
A critical study of the American Apanteles
parasitic upon butterflies convinces me that
there are but four species instead of the six-
teen described by Prof. Riley in Mr. Scud-
der’s Butterflies of the eastern U. S. These
are A. megathymi (ovipositor long, stigma
white), A. carpatus (ovipositor long, stigma
dark), A. casstanus (ovipositor concealed,
two deep diverging grooves forming a tri-
angle on disk of second segment), and A.
glomeratus (ovipositor concealed. no triangle
on disk of second segment).

A. Edwardsti, emarginatus (enstger Say)
are synonyms of A. carfatus Say; the others
are synonyms of A. glomeratus; A. theclae
is a well marked variety of A. glomeratus
Linn. Wm. Hampton Patton.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. —It is stated in
Science that the friends of the late Henry
Edwards have subscribed $10,000 and the
American Museum of Natural History
$5,000 for the purchase of his entomo-
logical collection, consisting of more
than 350,000 specimens, and this scientific
treasure goes to the American Museum.
This enterprise has been carried through by
Mr. A. M. Palmer,and other theatrical
friends of Mr. Edwards.

More than half of the ‘‘Supplementary ap-
_ pendix” Mr. Whymper has recently published
to his travels amongst the Great Andes is
given up to Coleoptera, and almost the
whole ofit to insects with numerous excellent
woodcuts engraved by Whymper himself.
The introduction by the late H. W. Bates
gives a coup d’oetl of the whole collection
mostly made over gooo and even over 11000
feet above the sea, and shows that there is
no trace of ‘‘any distinct element of a north
temperate or south temperate coleopterous
fauna on the Ecuadorian Andes... A few
genera belonging to temperate latitudes,
though not found in the tropical lowlands,
do indeed occur, but they are forms of almost
world-wide distribution in similar climates,
and there is no representative of the numer-

PS RCE :

261

ous characteristic and common genera of the
north or south. Eventhe northern genera
more or less abundantly tound on the Mexi-
can highlands are absent.” So, too, among
the butterflies, ‘‘the genera Erebia, Chieno-
bas, Parnassius, Argynnis, Epinephele, and
many others, so highly characteristic of the
faunas of the north temperate zone or Chili,
or both, and of high vertical ranges, are
quite absent.” It seems to Bates a fair de-
duction that ‘‘no distinct traces of a migra-
tion during the lifetime of existing species
from north to south, or vice versa, along the
Andes, have as yet been discovered or are
now likely to be discovered.”

The March number of the Entomologists’
monthly magazine contains an interesting
account by W. W. Smith of the formation of
new colonies and nests by two species of New
Zealand ants of the genus Tetramorium.
According to him they originate by the
union of several individuais of both sexes on
sites beneath stones among the roots of
plants already instinctively selected and in-
habited by Aphides and Coccids, which serve
as an economic basis while founding their
nests.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

8 Jan., 1892. The 167th regular meeting
and 16th annual meeting (since incorpora-
tion) was held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr.
J. H. Emerton was elected chairman.

The annual report of the retiring Secre-
tary, Mr. R. Hayward, was read and ac-
cepted. Mr. S. Henshaw, the retiring Treas-
urer, presented his annual report which was
accepted subject to the approval of the audi-
tors. | the retiring: Iibraman, Mir Se. He
Scudder, presented a verbal report of the
condition of the Club library which was ac-
cepted.

The election of officers for 1892 being next
in order the Club proceeded to ballot, and
the following officers were declared elected:

262

President, Rev. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Secretary, Roland Hayward; Treasurer,
Samuel Henshaw; Librarian, Samuel H.
Scudder; Members at large of Executive
Committee, J. H. Emertonand S. H. Scudder.

The Secretary announced that the address
of the retiring President had not been re-
ceived.

Voted to authorize the Treasurer to sell the
non-entomological works in the Club’s library
and devote the proceeds to the payment of
debts incurred in the publication of vol. 5 of
Psyche.

Mr. S. H. Scudder gave a brief account of
his studies of the tertiary Rhynchophora of
North America of which he had just com-
pleted a monograph for the U. S. geological
survey.

Mr. J. H. Emerton showed drawings of
various Thomisidae and remarked briefly on
work which he had recently been doing in
this family.

Mr. A. P. Morse recorded the capture of
Melanoplus juntus Dodge at Jackson, N. H.,
Jay, Vt., Montgomery, Vt., and North Con-
way, N. H., from July 3-30. He also stated
that he had taken a specimen of Hesfero-
tettix viridis at Wellesley, Mass.

12 February 1892.—The 168th meeting of
theclub was held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. S.
Henshaw in the chair. Mr. A. P. Morse was
chosen secretary pro tempore.

A letter from Dr. W.J. Holland was read
accepting the office of president of the club
for the ensuing year. It was voted to make
Mr. B. Pickman Mann a life-member in con-
sideration of his striking off fifty dollars of
the indebtedness due him on account of vol.
iv of Psyche.

The address of the retiring president, Prof.
F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, on
“Experiments for the destruction of chinch
bugs by infection”, was read by Mr. Scudder.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited some beetles
from Sonora, Mexico, of the genus Caryoba-
rus, family Bruchidae, with the palm-seeds
from which they emerged. Also, with criti-
cal remarks, some inflated larvae he had

PSTCHE.

[April 1892.

recently received of several European and
Asiatic butterflies.

11 March, 1892— The 169th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. S. H. Scudder in
the chair.

In showing the recent additions to the
library, the librarian called attention to a
paper by Dr. Urech on the colors of the
scales of butterflies addressed to the Club by
the author, the address being written ‘‘ with
the decocted wing colors in butterflies of
Vanessa urticae.”

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited a series of
about 500 specimens of the Orthopteran
genus Hippiscus which had served as the
base of a study of the group he had recently
completed. Saussure in 1884 and 1888 had
separated two groups which he regarded as
genera, Hippiscus and Xanthippus, and had
placed in the former seven species, in the
latter ten, with one he had not seen in an un-
certain position, in all eighteen species. In
this revision they are divided into three
groups regarded as subgenera, Hippiscus
with eleven species, five of them new;Sticht-
hippus (not seen by Saussure) with two
species, both of them new; and Xanthippus
with twenty-five species, fifteen of them
new; in all thirty-eight species. Two of
Saussure’s species, AWzpprscus ocelote from
Mexico and NXanthifpus lateritius from _
Nevada, not seen, are included in these,
some few changes in specific nomenclature
have been required, and one species provis-
ionally placed by Saussure in Xanthippus has
been removed elsewhere; a different arrange-
ment of the species is proposed, particularly
in Hippiscus, and two described species
not seen by Saussure are definitely placed.

He also exhibited some blood-red larvae
about 5 mm. long brought him as having
been sent from Berkshire Co. by a man who
thought they had fallen in myriads with the
last fallof snow. They appeared to be ofa
species of Sciara or allied genus of flies, and —
their occurrence in midwinter, full grown and
living on the surface of snow, appeared to
be new.

ee ¢ OR e om

x JOURNAL OF ANTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 194.

JUNE, 1892.

CONTENTS:

THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus. —I1— Samuel H. Scudder.
Aw AporiA BRED FROM LIMACODES sP.— C. H. Tyler Townsend.
THE EARLY STAGES OF NERICE BIDENTATA. — Caroline G. Soule.

MISCELLANEOUS Notes (Psyche; protective resemblance; new classification of the
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in the field; cecidomyian galls; insects of New York.)

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PSY CEE.

THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS HIPPISCUS.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Hippiscus was established by Saussure
in 1861 as a subgenus of Oedipoda on
a large Mexican grasshopper to which
he gave the name of ocelote. Only a
brief diagnosis of the group was given,
and no attention was paid to it until
1873. when Stal, who regarded it as a
genus, gave much greater precision to
its definition through the tables in his
Recensio Orthopterorum and _ placed
Serville’s well known Ocedzpoda dis-
cotdea in the group. Subsequently,
in 1874, I referred here Oe. rugosa

Scudd. and, in 1876, Oe. neglecta
Thom., Oe. haldemanit Scudd. and
Oe. coraliipes Wald. Finally, in

1884, Saussure in his Prodromus Oedi-
podiorum described a number of new
forms and separated them into two
series, which he termed Hippiscus
and Xanthippus, regarding each as a
genus, and further divided the former
into two subgenera, — Hippiscus proper
and Pardalophora.

Although I have been unable to ex-
amine two of the species described by
Saussure, so large a number of new forms
have been found in our country, espec-
ially in the region west of the Mississippi,
and so greata confusion exists regarding
them in our collections and in the writ-
ings of our entomologists, that I have

ventured to subject them all to a critical
study, the result of which is offered in
the following pages. As will be seen,
I am inclined to regard Saussure’s two
genera as but subdivisions of one generic
group, and to discard his subgenus
Pardalophora altogether; at the same
time I have applied a third subgeneric
name, Sticthippus, to forms which are
closely related to Hippiscus and Leprus.
My Leprus ingens which Saussure,
without seeing, put in Xanthippus with
a query, I am now inclined to regard as

-the type of an undescribed genus allied

to Leprus but distinct and remarkable
for the bulky form of the female.
Though it seems most reasonable to
consider these subdivisions as of less
than generic rank, there would seem to
be ground for regarding them as of some
importance, for it will be noted by the
observant that the subgenus Hippiscus
is an eastern type, rarely occurring be-
yond the Sierra Nevadas*, and that
Sticthippus is confined to the Pacific
slope, while Xanthippus occurs with
Sticthippus on the Pacific Coast, and

*Exception may possibly be made to this, for Walker
records H. tuberculatus from the West Coast; but apart
from the fact that this species forms a group by itself
within Hippiscus and has an anomalous distribution
even to within the Arctic Circle, I believe this is either
an error of determination or of location.

266

with Hippiscus throughout the centre
of the continent, but is altogether want-
ing on the Atlantic coast, no species
occurring nearer than Iowa, Nebraska,
and Kansas; none even reach the Mis-
sissippi River.

In the preparation of the present paper
I have studied more than five hundred
and fifty specimens, the larger part of
which were in my own collection, but

PSTGHE:

[June 1892.

I have had the advantage of seeing al
those in the collection of Mr. Samuel
Henshaw of Cambridge, anda full series
of those belonging to Mr. Lawrence
Bruner of Lincoln, Neb. to both of
whom I am indebted for many cour-
tesies. Dr. C. V. Riley has also kindly
sent for my examination types of two or
three of Thomas’s species of which I
was in doubt.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF HIPPISCUS.

Antennae of male not attenuate or arcuate at the extremity ; carina of prono-

tum intersected only by the typical sulcus, which is obsolete
or rapidly fades out on the lateral lobes; posterior femora gen-
erally more dilated and the inferior border more arcuate.

No distinct sunken biareolate area at the summit of the frontal costa; if

vaguely present, separated from the costa below by no carina
or angle. Lateral walls of normal discal scutellum of prozona
not cut deeply by an inner fork of its posterior sulcus, which
indeed often does not exist. Medina carina sharply distinct
Markings of the tegmina usually pantherine.
Mesosternal lobes separated by a piece rather quadrate than
truncato-cuneate, though the posterior corners of the lobes are
rounded, but narrowly and abruptly. .(H1ppiscus.)

throughout.

Anterior extremity of scutellum of vertex not prolonged, narrowing rapidly,

in front (excl. H. pantherinus) as broad as or broader than half
the middle width ; hind margin of pronotum usually rectangulate ;
markings of tegmina distinctly pantherine.

d'. Frontal costa distinctly, often considerably, narrowed at its upper ex-

tremity, except in some @ hardly or even less than a fourth the
width of the space between the eyes, the scutellum of the ver-
tex rarely furnished with transverse carinae, then generally
faint, and the longitudinal carina terminating in the centre with
rare exceptions ; tips of the wings in the ¢ rarely or but slightly
clouded; extreme base of the area of the ulnar fork of tegmina
usually not involved in the darker markings; calcaria of op-
posite sides of hind tibiae subequal.

June 1892. ]

@’.

Se Crie . 267

e'. The lower third of tegmina free from dark markings, except in the

anal area; markings of tegmina hardly pantherine ; tegmina ta-
pering and basal lobe of costal margin prominent, the width of
the tegmina at this point being fully a third greater than at the
tip of the lower ulnar vein; lateral carinae of pronotum not very
sharp. : : , . (f.) phoenicopterus.

e?. Not more than the Bae aH of tegmina, if any, free from dark
markings ; markings of tegmina distinctly pantherine ; tegmina
subequal and basal lobe of costal margin less pronounced, the
width of the tegmina at this point being scarcely more than a
sixth greater than at the tip of the lower ulnar vein; lateral ca-
rinae of pronotum sharp.

f?. Vertical scutellum hexagonal or heptagonal, broader than long,
the sides very rapidly narrowing in front and distinctly angulate
next the front edge of the eye; light transverse markings of api-
cal half of tegmina scarcely more than half as broad as the
darker markings. F A . (77.) pantherinus

f*. Vertical scutellum longer fan broad pyr orn the sides distinctly
rounded and less rapidly narrowing; light markings of apical
half of tegmina almost or quite as broad as or even broader than
the darker markings.

g}. Granules on dorsum of metazona by their confluence distinctly fol-
lowing lines forming oblique rugae parallel to the hind margin ;
lateral canthi of pronotum as distinct and sharp on the hinder
part of the prozona as onthe front part of the metazona.

(A.) haldemanit.

Granules on dorsum of metazona rarely confluent and when con-

fluent showing no marked tendency to follow lines parallel to

hind margin; lateral canthi of pronotum much less distinct and

duller on hinder part of prozona than on front part of metazona.

(#7.) texanus.

Frontal costa not at all or scarcely in the least narrowed at its upper

extremity, always more than a third, sometimes nearly a half,

the width of the space between the eyes, the scutellum of the

vertex divided by longitudinal and transverse carinae into four

subequal quadrants ; tips of the wings inthe ¢ usually clouded,

the large central dark spot of the tegmina usually involving the

extreme base of the area of the ulnar fork of the tegmina ; cal-
caria of hind tibiae markedly unequal on opposite sides.

Lateral canthi of pronotum not very sharp, interrupted and devious

between the sulci; metazona of 9 distinctly longer than prozona.

968 VEO GOI SIDE [June 1892.

J!. Relatively slenderer forms, the tegmina relatively slenderer; last,
forked branch of the discoidal vein of the hind wings usually
arising about three fifths the distance from the base to apex of
the wing, andin @ usually well within the limits of the transverse
fuscous belt; closed tegmina of @ surpassing the abdomen by
at least one fourth their length. : : . (M.)rugosus.

f°. Relatively stouter bodied forms, the tegmina relatively broader ;
last, forked branch of the discoidal vein of the hind wings usually
arising at about two thirds the distance from the base to apex of
the wing, and in ¢ at the outer edge of the transverse fuscous
belt; closed tegmina of g surpassing the abdomen usually by
less than one fourth their length.

g'. Dark markings of outer fourth of tegmina clustered into regular
connected transverse series. 5 : : (/7.) compactus.

?, Dark markings of outer fourth of tegmina forming irregularly

distributed minor maculations.

h'. Markings of tegmina distinctly pantherine, marginal field
with numerous small blotches ; wings of ¢ fully twice as long as
broad ; hind margin of prothorax rectangulate. ( #7.) varéegatus.

h®? Markings of tegmina hardly pantherine, resembling many spe-
cies of Trimerotropis, marginal field mostly occupied by two
large spots; wings of @ scarcely twice as long as broad; hind
margin of prothorax obtuse angulate. ; . (A.) suturalis.

Lateral canthi of pronotum acute, continuous throughout, arcuate ;
metazona of @ scarcely longer than the prozona. (f7.) ocelote.
c’. Anterior extremity of scutellum of vertex prolonged, narrowing gradually,
in front less than half as wide as in the middle; hind margin of
pronotum acutely angled (rarely, by variation, rectangulate) ;

markings of tegmina hardly or not at all pantherine.
d'. Metazona with two pairs of distinct lateral rugae parallel to hind margin ;
basal discoidal field of tegmina, including the ulnar area, broadly

maculate ; apical halfof tegmina multimaculate ; ulnar taenia of
hind wings stopping far short of the base of the wing, the inter-
mediate space filled with closely crowded cross veins; veins.
at end of humeral field more or less laterally stained with black-
ish fuscous at the cross veins, rarely absent. (H1.) saussuret.
d*. Metazona without lateral oblique rugae ; basal discoidal field of tegmina,
and especially the ulnar area, almost or quite immaculate ; apical
half of tegmina paucimaculate; ulnar taenia of hind wings
almost reaching the base of the wing, the cross veins next the

June 1892.] PSTCHE. 269

base not closely crowded ; veins atend of humeral field immacu-
late. : : : : : : - (AL) tuberculatus.
B°, At the point where the scutellum of the vertex and the frontal costa meet,
between the apices of the lateral foveolae, a distinct sunken
transversely biareolate field or frontal fastigium easily distin-
guished both from the vertical scutellum and the frontal costa.
Posterior sulcus of the prozona terminating on the typical sulcus
in two forks, one at the lateral borders of the normal discal
scutellum, the other, by deeply cutting the lateral walls of that
scutellum, close to the median line. Median carina of metazona
posteriorly more or less subobsolete in the 9. Markings of the
tegmina not distinctly pantherine. Mesosternal lobes separated
by atruncate but distinctly wedge-shaped median piece, the pos-
terior corners of the lobes being very broadly rounded.
(STICTHIPPUS.)
c'. Axillary vein of tegmina of 9 in no way entangled with the anal vein;
maculations of apical third of tegmina obscure ; humeral field of
wings uniformly infuscate apically. ‘ (S.) caltfornicus.
Axillary vein of tegmina of 9 more or less entangled apically with the
anal; maculations of tegmina as distinct on apical third as else-
where ; humeral field of wings apically maculate.

(Es

(.S.) marmoratus.
A*, Antennae of male attenuate or arcuate, in dried specimens often partly coiled
at the extremity; carina of pronotum intersected by two sulci,
and generally obliterated between them, but sometimes indicat-
ing the anterior sulcus only, by sinuation ; posterior femora gen-

erally less dilated, the inferior border less arcuate.
(XANTHIPPUS.)
6’. Antennae of ¢ usually as long as the hind femora, gradually attenuated
apically for at least one fifth their length, curled, cochleate, or
hooked at the tip in drying. Tegmina distinctly pantherine in
markings, occasionally obscured (in variation) by obsolescence ;
intercalary vein arcuate, approaching at least twice as close to
the median at its apex as near its base. Fuscous transverse band
of wings so far removed from apex as to leave a vitreous area,
especially in the Q, covering four marginal lobes or even more.
Pronotal carina with rare exceptions more or less obliterated
between the principal sulci. Summit of cranium commonly

carinulate between the eyes.

c’. Male of medium or large size. Tegmina surpassing the abdomen in both
sexes; area of the ulnar fork rarely filled with only a single,

270

PS V.CHER | June 1892.

usually with a complete double, row of cells. Metazona usu-
ally tumid centrally to a greater or less extent, and considerably
depressed or indentate anteriorly on either side the median
carina.

Intercalary vein of tegmina near its extremity running so close to the

median as commonly to be hardly separated from it by more
than its own thickness; markings of tegmina sharp and well de-
fined ; transverse band of wings distinctly narrowed, sometimes
obsolescent, at the anal vein; process of metazona normally less
than a right angle.

Bounding walls of the vertical scutellum and other carinae of the

vertex generally dull and low; metazona about two thirds as
long again as the prozona, its dorsum variable, its rugosities not
very prominent, rarely confluent; transverse fuscous band of
wings usually very broad, in the second lobe below the anal vein
often more than twice as broad as the width of the lobe.

J’. Species of great size; maculations on apical third of tegmina often

obscure by lack of depth of color, lessening the contrasts be-
tween the darker and the lighter spots, but sometimes sharp and
well defined ; fuscous band of wings generally very dark; inside
of hind femora usually blue except the red apical third.

CX.) corallipes.

f* Species of rather small or medium size; maculations on apical

third of tegmina generally pure and with distinct contrasts ;
fuscous band of wings generally fuliginous; inside of hind
femora usually wholly red. 3 : : (X.) zapotecus.

Bounding walls of the vertical scutellum and other carinae of the

vertex usually sharp and relatively high; metazona twice as
long as prozona, its dorsum centrally tumid, its rugosities prom
inent and usually more or less confluent; transverse fuscous
band of wings usually narrow or moderate, in the second lobe
below the anal vein rarely so much as twice the width of the lobe.

f’. Transverse pale band of anterior margin of tegmina opposite the

middle of intercalary vein but little broader than the others;
fuscous band of wings narrow, hardly touching the margin
anywhere and often widely interrupted between the arcuate
fascia and the humeral vitta.

g'. Darker markings occupying one half or more of the tegmina,

normally and completely continuous in the middle half of the
tegmina and usually broader than the pale interspaces.
(X.) conspicuus.

June 1892. ]

PSYCHE. 271

g°. Darker markings occupying much less than one half of the teg-
mina, broken or partially broken by the nervules into macula-

tions in the middle of the tegmina and usually narrower than

the pale interspaces. ; : - : . (X.) eremitus.

f?. Transverse band of anterior margin opposite middle of intercalary
vein much, generally twice or more, broader than the others;
fuscous band of hind wings moderately broad, reaching the
margin over half its course and hardly or but slightly inter-
rupted at the anal vein. : : j (X.) pardalinus.

d@*. Intercalary vein of tegmina separated near extremity from the median

by a moderately wide space; markings of tegmina often some-
what blurred or ill defined, but sometimes perfectly sharp;
transverse band of wings generally narrowed somewhat at the
anal vein, but less noticeably than in the alternative category
and never obsolescent; process of metazona normally rec-
tangulate.

e’. Fuscous markings of the apical half of tegmina hardly occupying so
much as half the space, arranged in generally transverse, well
defined blotches rarely so Jong as half the breadth of the
tegmina.

f'. Rugosities of dorsum of pronotum irregularly distributed ; median
carina of metazona but slightly elevated, scarcely arched;
transverse fuscous bars of tegmina with tolerably regular,
rounded, and sharply limited outlines; hind femora distinctly
and very obliquely barred exteriorly. : (X.) maculatus.

J*. Rugosities of dorsum of metazona more or less distinctly ranged
into series parallel to the two sides of the process; median ca-
rina of same considerably elevated, distinctly arched; trans-
verse fuscous bars of tegmina scarcely rounded, with ill defined
irregular margins on apical half; hind femora obscurely or not
at all barred exteriorly. : : : : (X). tégrinus.

e*, Fuscous markings of apical half of tegmina occupying fully three
fourths its area, arranged in well defined transverse bars nearly
or quite crossing the tegmina.

J’. Dorsum of prothorax with very prominent, often sharp, rugosi-
ties; fuscous band of wings very broad, not at all narrowed at
the anal vein. ‘ : ; A - (X.) leprosus.

jf’. Dorsum of prothorax a less prominent, though coarse but dull
rugosities ; fuscous band of wings narrow or if of medium width
then distinctly and considerably narrowed at the anal vein.

(X.) paradoxus.

PH PSG. [June 1892.

e®. Fuscous markings of apical half of tegmina irregularly maculate with
a tendency to a transverse arrangement but with ill defined very
irregular margins and occupying perhaps half the whole area.
J?. Dorsum of prothorax more heavily and coarsely rugulose ; tegmina
relatively long, distinctly surpassing the abdomen in the 2 ; the
darker tints of the tegmina generally prevail over the lighter,
particularly in the middle of the tegmina ; fuscous band of wings
relatively broad. : : ; ; (X.) affrictus.
f?. Dorsum of prothorax less heavily A coarsely Ae tegmina
relatively short, not exceeding the abdomen in the @; darker
tints of tegmina subordinate to the lighter, particularly in the
middle of the SS fuscous band of wings relatively
narrow. 4 ‘ : (X.) toltecus.
c?. Male of small size. Teomins ae fe) sree Hos the abdomen; area of the
ulnar fork rarely filled with more than a single row of cells and
then only for a portion of its length. Metazona plane above,
with obscure or no indentation anteriorly.
ad‘. Shoulder (or extreme base of front margin) of tegmina as dark as the
rest of the base; markings of tegmina more or less obscure and
plugred: : . : 5 (X.) altivolus.
d*. Shoulder of tegmina with Bale erica contrasting with the rest of
the dark base; all markings of tegmina sharp and distinct.
e1. Antennae of 9 almost as long as the pronotum; pronotum of @
nearly half as long again as its extreme dorsal width.
(X.) cupidus.
e*. Antennae of 2 considerably shorter than the pronotum; pronotum
of & but little longer than its extreme dorsal width.
(X.) pumelus.
67, Antennae of ¢ distinctly shorter than the hind femora, apically attenuate
for rarely more than one eighth their length, at most arcuate or
broadly uncinate in drying. Tegmina rarely though sometimes
distinctly pantherine, usually irregularly mottled with moder-
ately large alternate blotches of dark fuscous and gray, and api-
cally dotted with pale fuscous; intercalary vein usually straight,
rarely approaching the median much nearer at its apex thar
next its base, never more than twice as close. Fuscous trans-
verse band of wings so near the apex that even in the @ rarely
more than two marginal lobes are covered by the sometimes
apically infuscated vitreous area. Pronotal carina sometimes
scarcely subdued between the principal sulci. Summit of cra-
nium commonly not carinulate between the eyes.

June 1892. | : PSY CHE. 273

c’. Median carina of pronotum usually almost entirely obliterated between
the anterior and principal sulci; markings of the tegmina dis-
tinctly pantherine; inferior carina of hind femora high and:
strongly arcuate.

d’. Markings of tegmina mostly confined to the anterior half or three-
fifths ; apex of axillary field pallid; fuscous band of wings some-
what obscure, very narrow, narrowed at the anal vein; hind
tibiae yellow. : F : 5 P P (X.) albulus.

d*, Markings of tegmina crossing them; apex of axillary field dark; fus-
cous band of wings distinct, very broad, not narrowed at the
anal vein; hind tibiae red. . : : (X.) latefasciatus.

c’. Mediaa carina of pronotum usually distinct between the anterior and prin-
cipal sulci; markings of the tegmina not pantherine but more or
less marmorate, much after the pattern of Trimerotropis; in-
ferior carina of hind femora usually normal, rarely high or
strongly arcuate.

d*. Lateral lobes of pronotum slightly wider below than in the middle by
the retroarcuate curve of the hind margin; inferior carina of
hind femora not prominent.

e’. Band of hind wings broad, leaving not more than two lobes apically

freer : : ‘ (X.) obscurus.
e*. Band of hind wings metially jake heoust leaving more than two lobes
apically free. . : 4 ‘ : (X.) xeglectus.

d*. Lateral lobes of pronotum Beil, the hind margin vertical and not
retroarcuate ; inferior carina of hind femora more or less promi-
nent,

e’. Lower intercalary area of tegmina broad, densely filled with anasto-
mosing nervules. generally more densely than in the area beneath
it; lateral canthi of thorax almost entirely confined to metazona.

f'. Vertical fastigium shallow with low lateral walls, the frontal fas-
tigium (or the front part of the vertical fastigium at its junction
with the frontal costa) not deeply impressed, widely connected
with the vertical fastigium. Antennae in both sexes as long as
the head and pronotum. Hind margins of metazona entire ;
anal line of tegmina pallid; axillary vein of tegmina free.

(X.) montanus.

J’. Vertical fastigium deep with high walls, the frontal fastigium
deeply impressed, with a constricted connection with the verti-
cal fastigium. Antennae of 2 shorter than the head and prono-
tum. Hind margins of metazona crenulate ; anal line of tegmina
concolorous ; axillary vein of tegmina apically united to the anal.

274 PST CRE, [June 1892.

g'. Frontal costa much more constricted above than below the

ocellus; wings bright red or vellow at base.

h}. Anterior portion of metazona transversely plicato-rugose ; ax-
illary vein united distally with the anal. . (X.) laterttius.

fh”, Anterior portion of metazona rugose without sign of transverse

plications ; axillary vein free or intermediately united distally

with the anal... : : : ‘ : (X.) calthulus.
g”*. Frontal costa scarcely more constricted above than below the
ocellus; wings pale lemon yellow at base. . (X.) griseus.

e”.

Lower intercalary area of tegmina not always broad, no more densely
filled with anastomosing nervules than the area beneath ; latera]
canthi subcontinuous across thorax and straight. Process of
metazona rectangulate.

f’. Median carina of pronotum distinct throughout the prozona and
scarcely less so between the principal sulci than in front; outer
border of band at apex of wing distinct. . (X.) vitellinus.

f?. Median carina of pronotum nearly obliterated between the princi-
pal sulci; outer border of band at apex of wings often obscure.

¢1. Markings of tegmina relatively distinct and abundant, the apical

half distinctly mottled; the postmedian spot large and no more
conspicuous than the others; arcuate band of wings nearly or
quite reaching the anal angle. ; ‘ (X.) aurilegulus.

Markings of tegmina scant and obscure, the apical half dark

fuliginous with few or no mottlings; the postmedian spot small

and more conspicuous than the others; band of wings hardly
reaching more than half way to anal angle. (X.) stigmosus.

Subgenus HIPPISCUS.

Hippiscus (H.) PHOENICOPTERUS. In the collection at Halle Isawa ¢
of this species labelled Oe. phoentcop-
tera in Burmeister’s handwriting and

Hapdb. eft anG43. purporting to come from South Caro-
Hippiscus phoenitcopterus Sauss., Prodr. ij i ae ‘ ae |
Oedip., 87; McNeill, Psyche, 6, 63. ina collected by apahacleadente O04) WEAVERS
Oeditpoda discoidea Serv!, Hist. nat. not marked as a type specimen, there
Orth., 724; Scudd!, Bost. journ. nat. hist.,7, can be little doubt that it is one of the
469; Glov., Ill. N. A. ent., Orth., pl. 3, figs. types, and I am thus able to correct (as
S37) nema Syne ec ee " others have already done) the mistake
GL aa a dain air ey Avo ere ecg my earliest reference to this species.

1,121; Thom., Bull. Ill. mus., 1,66; Rep. ent. 3
I have also seen the Georgia type of

Ill., 9, 95, 116-117; Scudd!, Proc. Bost. soc. eet : ;
tan. hist., 19, 90. Serville’s Oe. disco¢dea in the Jardin

Oedipoda phoenicoptera Germ!, Burm.,

June 1892. ]

BS TORE.

bo
~l
Qu

AN APORIA BRED FROM LIMACODES SP.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

The Tachinid described below occurs
in a lot of Tachinidae sent me by Pro-
fessor Comstock, from Ithaca, N. Y.
Aside from the knowledge of its para-
sitism, it is of peculiar interest as be-
longing to the genus Aporia, hitherto
recorded only from South America.
This genus differs from Exorista, to
which it is nearly allied, by the frontal
bristles not descending below base of
antennae, and the antennae being in-
serted below a line drawn through the
middle of the eyes. The third antennal
joint is also considerably narrowed, and
the whole body is very bristly.

Aporta limacodis n. sp. g. Eyes cin-
namon brown, thickly pubescent; front
very narrow, about as wide as one of

the antennal joints on posterior half, grad-
ually widening before; frontal vitta nearly
obsolete behind, wide and triangular in front,
velvet brown; frontal bristles moderately
strong and all directed forward, absent just
before ocelli, ocellar and vertical bristles
hardly to be distinguished, all directed for-
ward, no orbital bristles; sides of front, face
and cheeks silvery white, the cheeks hardly
one-third eye-hight and with a few bristles
on lower portion, sides of face narrow and
bare; vibrissae decussate and inserted on
oral margin, facial ridges bare except several
bristles next vibrissae; antennae and arista
black, first two antennal joints and base of
third rufous; proboscis short, fleshy, brown-
ish, labella large and tawny; palpi not large,
rufous, bristly, a little enlarged apically;
occiput silvery, clothed with gray hairs.
Thorax wider than head or abdomen, shin-

ing black, rather thinly silvery white polli-
nose, with four black vittae, the outer ones
interrupted at suture, humeri and pleurae
more distinctly silvery white pollinose; scu-
tellum black, silvery, with an apical decus-
sate pair of macrochaetae and two lateral
ones, the posterior lateral ones strongest.
Abdomen narrower than thorax, long coni-
cal, very bristly and hairy, shining black,
basal half or more of segments two to four
silvery white pollinose, first segment silvery
beneath and faintly so on sides above: first
segment with a strong lateral macrochaeta
and a median marginal pair; second with a
median discal pair and a marginal row of six
or eight; third with a median discal pair and
a marginal row of ten; anal beset with ma-
crochaetae except at base, second and third
segments with median anterior and sub-
marginal pairs of macrochaeta-like bristles.
Legs rather long, blackish, front femora sil-
very white pollinose on outside, tibiae pale
brownish rufous, bristly, claws and pulvilli
elongate, pulvilli smoky yellowish. Wings
longer than abdomen, rather hyaline, some-
what grayish, no stump or wrinkle at bend
of fourth vein, tegulae nearly white, halteres
tawny.

Length of body, 9.5 mm.; of wing, 8 mm.

Described from one specimen; Ith-
aca, N.Y. Bred by Professor J. H.
Comstock from Limacodes sp. Issued
May 30.

A female which may belong to this
species was also sent me by Professor
Comstock ; it was collected June 28 by
Mr. S. H. Crossman, and differs as
follows:

More generally silvery white pollinose;

276

front one-fourth width of head, of equal
width, frontal bristles stronger, two orbital
bristles directed strongly forward; third an-
tennal joint not so narrowed, palpi and labella
more yellow. Macrochaetae of abdomen
more differentiated from the macrochaeta-

PSICHE.

[June 1892.

like bristles, which latter are very much
weaker; claws and pulvilli only a little elon-
gate. Abdomen less conical and nearly as
wide as thorax.

Length of body, nearly 7 mm.; of wing,
6 mm.

THE EARLY STAGES OF NERICE BIDENTATA.

BY CAROLINE G. SOULE, BROOKLINE,

The egg, found on the under side of an
elm leaf, Aug. 9, 1891, was hemispherical,
the flat side being attached to the leaf. It
was greenish yellow with a whitish bloom
over it, and was very like the egg of Nadata
gtbbosa. It hatched on Aug. 13th.

The young larva was ,*, inch long, of a
deep green color, and with sparse hairs.
Head brown, lighter on the median suture.
The fifth segment had a dorsal and sub-
stigmatal spot of shining brown, and the
11th segment had a dorsal spot of the same
The feet and props were shining
in color. Anal props were very
slender and were raised when the larva
walked. The body, at rest, arched
between the feet and abdominal props, and
between the abdominal and anal props.

Aug. 16. sst moult. Length 4 inch.
Head large, almost round, bilobed, pale
olive green with dark green face-lines.
Body pale glassy green, darker on the dor-
sum. The glassy effect was striking. 5th
segment had a large brown double tubercle
on the dorsum, and a substigmatal, smaller
one on each side. The tenth segment had
a substigmatal brown patch on each side,
and the 11th a brown single tubercle or
hump, on the dorsal line. Feet brown.
Anal props striped with brown; abdomi-
nal props brown. Very short, sparse hairs
all over the body. Head very smooth.
Body arched when at rest, as before.

Aug. 20. 2nd moult. % inch long. Head
much larger than Ist segment, clear green,
glassy, with brown face-lines. Body glassy
green, translucent, with very few hairs; a

color.
brown

was

MASS.

faint white lateral line, and a brown, broken
substigmatal line appeared; the brown sub-
stigmatal patches on 5th and roth segments
were as before. 5th segment had a large
double hump, tipped with brown, 11th had
the large single hump as before; 4th and
6th had each a double wart on dorsum.
Feet brown and shining. Props pale brown
banded with dark brown. Anal _ props
slender. Rested arched as before. Ate the
leaf from the edge to the mid-rib at the tip,
and rested on the bared mid-rib. Aug. 21.
The marks had grown clearer and each
segment from 6th to toth showed a small
brown-tipped wart on the dorsal line, and
from each wart a white oblique line ex-
tended downward and backward, on each
side. On the first 3 segments a white sub-
dorsal line appeared. The effect of the dor-
sal line was that of the edge ofa serrate leaf.

Aug. 23. 3d moult. % in. long. Head
large, round, bilobed, smooth, green with
dark face lines. Body green, with a broken,
brown substigmatal line edged above with
yellow, and a double yellow stigmatal line.
First three segments had a double white sub-
dorsal line. 4th segment had a double dor-
sal hump, tipped with brown; sth, a much
larger double hump, yellow green, tipped
with brown, the brown extending down the
front and back like a dorsal line lifted by
the hump! 6th to roth segments had simi-
lar humps, but smaller, like that on 4th.
11th segment had a large single hump with
brown tip. From all these humps extended
oblique white patches. Feet green with a
dark, vertical line. Props pale brown

June 1892.]

banded with darker brown. Anal props
slender, green with a vertical brown stripe.
Anal shield shining green like the head.
Spiracles, heretofore unnoticeable, green
with a brown line on each side, and from
them spread white lines like veins, distinct
on the green sides of the larva.

Aug. 27. 4th moult. Head
large, round, smocth, shining green, with
a white line on each side of the median
suture, and a black line about halfway be-
tween this and the edge of head. This
black line was edged with whiter on the
outer side. Body green. First three seg-
ments had, on each side of dorsum, a wide
white longitudinal line, below that a nar-
rower one, below that a broken one. The
humps were as before except that on 11th
segment, which became double. All the
humps were unevenly double, the first point
being longer than that behind it, as if the
second point grew out of the base of the
first. The white patches extended up the
sides of the humps, and between these
patches the green of the body, on the sides,
made oblique lines. Sides and _ venter
green. There was a broken substigmatal
line of brown edged above with yellow, ex-
tending from head to tips of anal props.
Feet green with a vertical dark line. Props.
green with a brown bar, this bar being
crossed by two darker brown lines.

Aug. 30. The brown of the tips of the
humps had almost disappeared, as had the
substigmatal line. The principal color was
semi-opaque white, through which the deep
blue-green of the body appeared in lines
here and there,—notably the oblique lines
on the sides,—and on the venter.

Sept. 3d. The larva was 1% inches in
length and ,%& inch from the venter to the
tip of the hump on 5th segment. In the
afternoon it grew dull in color, the humps
seemed to be retracted, and, the next day,
were almost level with the dorsal line, and
the larva looked small and moist. It spuna
few threads to fasten a leaf to the tin.

1 inch long.

PSTCHE,

24
Sept. 8th. The pupa appeared. Pufa
4+ inch long, neither stout nor slender,.

dark brown with much darker head, thorax,
Wing-cases, anal point, and bands betweem
the segments. Eye-cases prominent and
very smooth. Segments distinctly ridged
on the edges, and pitted between these
ridges. Anal point long, slender, sharp.
The pupa was very active, rolling a foot or
more at a time.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. — By accident the
pages of the last number of Psyche were
marked April instead of May.

An interesting sketch of protective resem-
blance as displayed in the animal world was
given in February before the Belgian acad-
emy by Dr. Felix Plateau, and will be found
in its Bulletins, pp. 89-135. Interesting ex-
amples among insects are given.

A new classification of the Acaroidea with
full details and an enumeration of the genera
is given by Dr. Trouessart in the Revue des
sciences naturelles de l’?Ouest of Paris for
January, 1892. Five suborders and ten fami-
lies are recognized and six of the latter are
separated into twenty-four subfamilies.

The eighth part of the leisurely Introduc-
tion to entomology by Kolbe has appeared
and contains some interesting summaries.
The consideration of the muscles is con-
cluded, and the mechanism and physiology
of flight and other movements considered
with interesting topical bibliographies. The
nervous system is then taken up andits main
features and especially the brain discussed,
followed again by bibliographies.

The extensive but in no way expensive
work upon the families and genera of butter-
flies begun in 1885 by Schatz and continued
after his death in 1887 by Réber has just been
completed by the publication of the sixth
part. The neuration of nearly five hundred
different butterflies, representing almost as
many genera and accompanied by some rude
details of the structure of the legs, palpi, and

278

antennae, are depicted on the fifty folio
plates, while the text (284 pp.) describes the
families, lower groups and genera with a
statement of the number of species in each.
On the plan laid down the work is well and
symmetrically done and will prove exceed-
ingly useful; but the classification is bad,
the nomenclature of the parts unfortunate,
and in the meagre use made of the early
stages the hand of the closet naturalist is
seen. Furthermore, the work comes to a stop
without considering the Hesperidae, except
in a single column in the introductory por-

tion on geographical distribution. Schatz
evidently intended to include them but
Réber quailed before the task. The work

can be obtained through Dr. Staudinger of
Dresden. A Genera of Butterflies fairly up
to the times is still a desideratum.

An interesting summary of his observa-
tions on the visits of insects to flowers is
given by Robertson in a couple of papers in
the recently issued Transactions of the St.
Louis academy of science (vol. 5, nos. 3
and 4). The first treats of the insects ob-

PSLCHE.

[June 1892.

served on Umbelliferae, the second on the
other orders from Asclepiadaceae to Scroph-
ulariaceae inclusive. The insects were de-
termined by specialists.

The full details of his experiments on
destroying chinch-bugs in the field by the in-
troduction of bugs affected by contagious
diseases are published by Chancellor Snow
in the first report of the experiment station
of the University of Kansas.

Under the title Beobachtungen itiber miic-
kengallen Dr. Fr. Thomas publishes in the
Programme of the Ohrdruf Gymnasium ob-
servations on cecidomyian galls on thirty
different European plants; twelve cases of
wholly new cecidia are given, while of eight
others the plant host is new.

Dr. Lintner’s seventh report on the insects
of New York has just been issued; it forms
an abundantly illustrated volume of over two
hundred pages, about one half of which is
given up to accounts of eleven injurious spe-
cies of different orders. Two papers read
before horticultural societies are included in
the appendix.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 wet.

HOUGHTON, MIPRLIN Co;

PHALANGIDAE,.

CLARENCE M. WEED,
Hanover, N. H.

4 Park St., Boston, Mass-

GUATEMALAN BUTTERFLIES.

A collection of about 400 Guatemalan Butterflies,
in papers as collected (mostly Nymphalinae and
Pierinae, and no Hesperidae,) will be sold for ten
dollars for the benefit of Psyche to the first applicant
sending cash to

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas,
Mercer Circle, Cambridge, Mass.

Poy.

x JOURNAL OF BN TOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 195.

Jury, 1892.

CONTENTS:
THE BoMByYcINE GENUS LAGOA, TYPE OF A NEW FamMiILy.—A. S. Packard. . ‘ 281
THE LEPTIDAE AND BOMBYLIDAE OF THE WHITE MounTAINS.— Lewis £&. Hood. . 283
THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus. —II. — Samuel H. Scudder. : : : 285
THREE NEW PAMBOLIDS FROM THE UNITED STATES. — Wm. H. Ashmead. : : 289
NoTES ON CERURA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. — Harrison G. Dyar. : 290
PERSONAL NOTES. . : : : ° : : : : : . : ; - 292
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Notes. —II.— Samuel Henshaw. . : : 3 ‘ : ‘ 293
CERURA MODESTA. — Harrison G. Dyar. : 5 < : . - : : é 293

GENERAL Nores (Hudson’s New Zealand entomology; Lowne’s Blow-fly; Moore’s
Lepidoptera Indica; a prize in economic entomology; Heraclides cresphontes
in Massachusetts). ‘ . : : : : d : ‘ : ‘ - 294
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. : : : : : 294

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[July 1892.

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PHALANGIDAE.

CLARENCE M. WEED,
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Sy CE Fi.

foe BOMBYCINE GENUS LAGOA, TYPE OF A NEW FAMILY.

BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

In its general appearance the larva
of Lagoa is in some respects intermedi-
ate between the Cochliopodidae and
the Liparidae. It resembles the former
group in the short thick body; in the
head being concealed by the prothoracic
hood; and inthe venomous spines.

On the other hand it resembles the
Liparidae in the hairy body, the hairs
being finely plumose, a peculiarity of
more common occurrence in the Lipa-
ridae than in the Cochliopodidae.

As regards the cocoon this is inter-
mediate in form and texture between
that of Orgyia, etc., and the Cochlio-
podidae, but it more closely approaches
that of the latter; it varies somewhat in
density in different species, being usu-
ally quite firm and dense, like parch-
ment, nearly as much so as in those of
the Cochliopodidae, and also approach-
ing them in shape, being oblong-cylin-
drical, oval, contracted at the anterior
end, and with a separately-spun lid,
closing the front end. As Dr. Lintner
has shown with many intexesting details,
‘*The lid is woven by the caterpillar
separately from the rest of the cocoon,
and is not a section cut from it after its
completion.” Ent. contr., ii. p. 142.

The pupa is much like that of Lima-
codes, etc., the integument or cast cuticle

being remarkably thin, and after the
exit of the moth the antennae and legs,
as well as the wings, are free from the
body; while the latter is split both
down the back and along the under side
to the end of the thorax. Moreover
when the moth escapes, the pupa-skin
is left with the head and thorax project-
ing out of the end of the cocoon.

As regards its imaginal or adult char-
acters it is also intermediate between
the two families In the
short stout body and short broad wings
it has the habit of a Limacodes rather

mentioned.

than of such Liparid genera as Por-
thesia, etc. In the shape of the an-
tennae and palpi it is about as near the
Liparidae as the Cochliopodidae.

In respect to the denuded head, Lagoa
is much more like Euclea than the
Liparidae. The clypeus is rather long
and narrow, similar in shape to that of
Euclea, though rather narrower, and is
thus more like that of the Cochliopodids
than that of the Liparidae, represented
by Orgyia and the European Porthes¢a
chrysorrhaea, whose denuded heads _ I
have examined. The epicranium and
occiput taken together (on the median
line of the body) are about one third as
long as the entire clypeus.

As regards the venation, Lagoa is

282

decidedly nearer Euclea and other Coch-
liopodids than the Liparidae (I have ex-
amined the venation of Orgyia and
Parorgyia). Lagoa has the same wide
costal region of the fore wings as in
Euclea, that of the Liparidae being very
narrow; the five branches of the sub-
costal vein are thrown off in nearly the
same manner as those of Euclea and
Limacodes.
gin of the independent (6th subcostal)
are

The discal veins and ori-

almost precisely as in Euclea, and

the four branches of the median vein
are also similar in their mode of origin,
and unlike those of Orgyia and Paror-
eyia.

In the hind wings, as in the Cochlio-
podidae, there are ten veins, in the Lip-
aridae only nine; there are but two
branches of the subcostal vein, the
third branch being detached, so that
there are two independent veins, one
arising from the anterior, and the other
from the posterior discal vein. In the
Liparidae mentioned there is no inde-
The four median vein-
lets have the same peculiarities in their
mode of origin as in Cochliopodids and
the same differences from the Liparidae.

To sum up: in the superficial char-
acters of the imago, and in having ab-
dominal legs in the larva, Lagoa resem-
bles the flat, scale-like Liparidae, but in
ali its essential characters, those of the
egg, of the larva, pupa, and imago, it
belongs with the Cochliopodidae, except
in the matter of the presence of abdomi-
nallegs inthe larva. On this account it

seems fairly entitled to be regarded as

pendent vein.

PSTGHE,

[ July, 1892.

the type of an independent group. We
may regard it as a generalized, ancient
group of Cochliopodidae, and refer it to
a subfamily Lagoinae, or we may boldly
remove it altogether from either of the
two families mentioned and consider
the genus as the representative of a dis-
tinct family and designate the group by
the name of Lagoidae. This on the
whole seems to us to be perhaps the
most judicious course to pursue. At
all events the insect is plainly enough
an ancient, ancestral, or generalized
It isa Cochliopodid with larval
abdominal legs. It lays eggs like those
of Limacodes, etc. ; its head in the larval
state is concealed from above by the
prothoracic hood; its larval armature is
more of the Cochliopodid type than Li-
parid; so are the pupal characters and
the nature of the cocoon; and the shape
of the important parts of the head, and
the essential features of the venation, are
overwhelmingly Cochliopodid. Under
these circumstances we feel justified in

form.

regarding Lagoa as a most interesting
ancestral form, and as affording argu-
ments for considering the Bombyces as
a whole as a generalized and ancestral
group, and as epitomizing the other
higher lepidopterous families.

The genus is peculiar to North and
South America, and may rank with
such forms as the colossal sloths, and
certain American vertebrate survivors
of middle Tertiary times. In some re-
spects it is intermediate between the
Saturniidae, especially the higher At-
tacinae and the Cochliopodidae.

July 1892. |

PSYCH EE, 2

(96)
oo

THE LEPTIDAE AND BOMBYLIDAE OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS.

BY LEWIS E. HOOD,

But few local lists of the Diptera
have been published and until this or-
der has been placed upon a higher
basis by monographic study anything
seems useful that will contribute to our
knowledge of the geographical distri-
bution of this neglected group of in-
sects.

I have considerable material from the
mountains of central New Hampshire
and a list of the Leptidae and Bomby-
lidae are given below; good series of
several other families are in my posses-
sion especially in the Tabanidae, Asili-
dae, Empidae, and Trypetidae which I
shall work up as time allows.

What knowledge I have of the dip-
terous fauna of the White Mt. region
has been gained by the study of the

insects collected during two trips be- |

tween the years 1883 and 1887, and
from several small lots of flies obtained
from friends by exchange ; supplemen-
tary to these personal collections I have
had free access, through the kindness
of Dr. H. A. Hagen, to the rich collec-
tions of Dr. H. Loew and Baron C. R.
Osten Sacken in the Museum of com-
parative zodlogy in Cambridge, Mass.,
thereby not only being able to deter-
mine my species by direct comparison
but becoming familiar with their series
of New England Diptera.

There is a marked similarity be-
tween the dipterous fauna of the south-
ern portion of the White Mountains,

SOMERVILLE,

MASS.

and that of eastern Massachusetts, but
the species obtained north of Mount
Washington seem to be more local,
with many that are common in Canada ;
the material from the mountain region
is far too incomplete to warrant any
definite conclusions as to distribution
but I add to the list a few notes that
have some bearing on this subject.

At no place did I find the Leptidae
numerous, certain species of
Bombylidae were well represented by
specimens; many are limited in their
distribution with only one or two that
could be considered cosmopolitan.

Most of my specimens were collected
at North Conway, Bemis, Upper Bart-
lett, Glen Station, Mt. Washington, and
the region around Jefferson.

while

FamiLy LEpTipDAE.

Triptotricha rufithorax Say. Up-
per Bartlett; before only recorded from
N. Y. westward.

Chrysopila fasctata Say. North
Conway, also at Hollis, N. H.
Chrysopila guadrata Say. North

Conway, Bemis, N. H., eastern Massa-
chusetts and throughout New England.

Chrysopila thoractca Fab. One
specimen from near Mt. Lincoln; I am
not certain of exact locality, and have

specimens from Massachusetts and
Maine.

Leptis hirta Loew. A specimen
from the western part of the state

284

agrees in every respect with Dr. Loew’s
description but with slight, if it can be

called any, facial swelling. Osten
Sacken in his Catalogue gives Illinois
as .the habitat of this species. The

present may be a new species but it is
best to wait until other specimens are
received before any special description
is given.

Leptis mystacea Macq. Bemis and
Jefferson, N. H., eastern Massachusetts,
Norwich, Conn.

Leptts punctipennts Say. North
Conway, Nashua. Osten Sacken states
that this is common in the northern
states, but it has not proved so in my
collecting grounds.

Atherix variegata Walk. A single
specimen from Jefferson collected in
1883.

Famity BoMBYLIDAE.

This family is better represented than
the former, especially in the number of
specimens. Catalogue Baron
Osten Sacken gives the White Moun-
tains and Maine as the habitat of Axo-
prosopa dorcadion O. S. in New Eng-
land ; I place the species in this list but
as yet I have not received it from New
Hampshire.

E-xoprosopa dorcadion O. S.

Exoprosopa fasctpennis Say. North

Conway ; and I have it from Connecti-

In his

cut.

Exoprosopa fasciata Macq. Jeffer-
son, Bemis, Nashua; rather rare near
Boston, Mass.

Anthrax lateral7s Say. Single speci-
men near Bemis.

IBS IMAGER:

[July 1892-

anthrax nigricauda Loew. Jef-
ferson; only a single specimen; have
never found it before in New England.

Argyramoeba analis Say. Jefferson,
N. H., Massachusetts, New Jersey, and
in the collection of Mr. J. A. Wright a
specimen labelled ‘* North Carolina ”
received from Mr. Morrison.

Argyramoeba pluto Wied. ‘+ W.
Mt”? I have a specimen marked ‘‘W.
Mt.” lately received with other species
in exchange; it is possible this means
‘*Western Montana” but I am led to be-
lieve that it is from the White Mountains.

Argyramoeba simson Fab. Single
specimen from the western foothills of
the White Mountains.

Bombylius fratellus Wied.
Conway.

Bombylius pygmaeus Fab. Jefferson.

Bombylius varius Fab. A _ single
specimen much damaged, obtained near
North Conway, I take to be this species,
but the identification is not positive.
Another species of this genus collected
near Jefferson is still unidentified; it is
closely allied to LB. atriceps Loew,
but much smaller.

Systropus macer Loew. Upper Bart-
lett:

Eipibates fumestus O. 8. In his
Catalogue of American Diptera Osten
Sacken gives the White Mountains as
the habitat of this species. I have as
yet never seen a specimen, and it is
probably very rare.

Some species of this family were very
common but it was quite another thing
to catch them, they being approached
with dithiculty, seemingly more active
than their brothers in the Bay state.

North

uly, 1892.]

(Continued from page 274.)

des plantes at Paris, a 9, and the
Philadelphia type of the same at
the Oxford museum, and from my
notes and sketches taken at the time
(1865-66) I can have no doubt that the
two species are identical, an opinion
first advanced by Burmeister (Germ.
Zeitschr. ent., 2,54) and now generally
held. Burmeister’s description ap-
peared at least a month before Serville’s.
That the Brazilian specimen mentioned
by Serville belonged to a different spe-
cies is probable both from its geographi-
cal separation and because Serville
mentions that the inside of the hind
femora is of a deep blue, which might
have been taken from the Brazilian
specimen but is not true of the North
American species.

This is a characteristic species of the
southern United States, where it ex-
tends everywhere from Florida to
Texas, and ranges as far north as Mary-
land, Pennsylvania (Serville), and New
Jersey in the east, Illinois as far north
as Union County (Thomas) or Rock
Island County (McNeill) where it is

rare, and in the west to Nebraska.
I have specimens before me _ from
various parts of Florida, Dallas,

Tex., Georgia, North Carolina, Vir-
ginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and
Nebraska.

Hippiscus (H.) PANTHERINUS sp. nov.

Pale ochraceous, the head strongly tinged
with pale yellow, full and well rounded,
only moderately broad above; vertex trans-
versely scabrous behind the scutellum which

PSHCHE.

is broader than long, with distinct and some-
what elevated, though smoothly rounded
bounding walls which rapidly converge on
the sides anteriorly, its front terminated bya
transverse and deep foveolate sulcus sepa-
rating its body from the frontal costa; pos-
teriorly the bounding wall is slight and a
feeble longitudinal carina passes through its
posterior half, the floor nearly smooth; lat-
eral foveolae small, subrhomboid, distinct;
frontal costa rather deeply sulcate except at
extremities. Antennae fuscous, paler at
base. Pronotum not very stout, the posterior
lobe less expanded than usual, the median
carina impressed rather than cut by the an-
terior sulcus, and the effect heightened by its
partial suppression immediately behind said
sulcus and the formation of a slight discal
scutellum; surface rugose but not promi-
nently nor densely, the lateral canthi moder-
ately sharp and. traversing the principal
sulcus; color ochraceous with a pale yellow
oblique stripe on either side of the metazona,
broad anteriorly and narrow posteriorly,
giving the metazona the appearance of a
greater expansion than it has. Tegmina
dark fuscous with strongly pantherine, trans-
verse, pallid or yellowish stripes which be-
come narrower and fainter in the semipel-
lucid apex; in all cases they are continuous,
subequal, and traverse the whole or nearly
the whole of the tegmina outside the axillary
area which is fuscous except for one or two
partial bands adjoining those of the area
above but separated from them by the clear
pale yellow sutural stripe; an oblique pallid
discal stripe follows the descending portion
of the ulnar vein connecting the transverse
stripes at either end; darker
marginal field blackish fuscous
uous especially in middle of tegmina.
Wings pale lemon-yellow at base with a
rather broad dark fuscous stripe hardly nar-
rowing in the upper part of the anal field,
but narrowing with great regularity to the
anal angle which it reaches, leaving four
lobes of the margin intact; separated by a

spots of the
and conspic-

286

very narrow yellow line from the humeral
stripe which runs two-thirds of the way to
the base traversed interiorly by conspicuous
yellow cross veins; costal margin more or
less tinged with orange, the apical portion of
axillary area with a few cellular fuliginous
spots clustered along the veins. Hind fe-
mora uniform coral red within from base to
apex, testaceous externally with clouded fus-
cous oblique stripes, above mostly fuscous;
hind tibiae coral red externally, pallid toward
base, the spines black tipped.

Length of body, 39 mm. ; of tegmina, 37 mm.

Pecos River, Texas, June 13. Capt.
Pope; toned:

This species not only shows a depart-
ure toward the Xanthippus type of
structure of the pronotal carina, but it
resembles -A7. \(X-.)| “coz-
spicuus Scudd. It differs from the lat-
ter, however, in the structure of the
head and pronotum, as well as in the
width of the arcuate dark band of the
wing; and from the Xanthippus type
generally in the great depth of the infer-
ior carina of the hind femora. So far
as can be seen the antennae are of the
Hippiscus type, but the tip is lost in
the only specimen known.

strikingly

Hippiscus (H.) HALDEMANII.

Ocedipoda haldemaniz Scudd!, Rep. U.S.
geol.sury. Nebr., 251; Glov., Ill: N. A. ent.,
Orth., pl. 13, fig. 3?

Hip piscus haldemanni Scudd!, Bull. U.S.
geol. surv. terr., 2, 264.

Oedipoda paradoxa Gloy. (not Thomas),
Til. N. A. ent., Orth., pl. 18, fig. 14.

Hippiscus nanus Sauss.. Prodr. Oedip., 86-
87.

Hippiscus tuberculatus McNeill!, Psyche,
6, 63.

Ocedipoda neglecta Thom!, Key IIl., Orth.,
3; Bull. Ill. mus., 1,64; (not Oe. neglecta

PS KOCLE.

[ July, 1892.

thom., Proe:
81-82, etc.

I have re-examined some of the types
of this species and base thereupon my
conclusions about the synonymy of this
and the allied species. That it is
the A. zanxus of Saussure there can, I
think, be no question. It is not the Oe.
paradoxa of Thomas, which an exami-
nation of the type shows to be a Xan-
thippus, though Glover figures quite
a different insect.

acad. nat. sc. Phila., 1870,

Illinois specimens
labelled by Thomas show, strange as it
may seem, that it was this insect which
he mistook for his Oe. xeglecta.

This species appears to be confined
to the centre of the continent. Passing
from east westward, the localities known
to me are the following: Moline, Ill.
(McNeill), southern Illinois (Thomas),
the Red River of the North (Kennicott),
middle Kansas (Bruner in litt.), all
eastern and middle Nebraska and the
Sand Hills of the same state (Bruner in
litt.), eastern Nebraska (Dodge), Ne-
braska City and the banks of the Platte
River (Hayden), Garden of the Gods, *
Colorado (Packard), Colorado (Saus-
sure).

Hippiscus (H.) TEXANUS sp. nov.

Brownish fuscous, darker above than on
the sides, inconspicuously dotted with black,
the head, excepting above, ochraceous more
or less mottled with brown, the vertex behind
scutellum lightly corrugate, often in the
@ transversely disposed; scutellum large
with slight and not sharp bounding walls, of
nearly equal length and breadth (2) or much
longer than broad (@), its front margin
deeply V-shaped and connected more or less
faintly at the point of the V with the longi-

. July, 1892. ]

tudinal carinae of the vertex; lateral foveolae
rather small, subtriangular and shallow;
frontal costa somewhat constricted above,
gently expanded at the ocellus at and below
which it is moderately sulcate. Antennae
ochraceous, becoming blackish fuscous in
apical half or third, hardly tapering except
on apical joints. Pronotum compressed,
gently expanding on the metazona, the dor-
sum very faintly tectiform, and the prozona
posteriorly tumid centrally, the surface with
distant prominent glistening granulations or
very brief vermiculations; median carina
simple, moderately pronounced with a dis-
tinct but very slight uniform arcuation;
lateral canthi not very pronounced, confined
to the metazona but for slight indications ;
posterior margin rectangular; lateral lobes
with sparse, feeble, and very brief vermicula-
tions, the centre marked with a fuscous
blotch enclosing a yellowish quadrate mark
below. Tegmina cinereous and fuscous, the
former prevailing in the 9, the latter in the
& where it also becomes blackish and the
cinereous of a brighter tone: the marginal
field has a large quadrate fuscous spot just
beyond the angle of the humeral lobe, and in
the 9 this is almost the only dark marking
therein, while in the ¢ it is preceded by one
and followed by two similar but a little
smaller, equally dark spots, and the apical
portion of the field is much infuscated; in
both sexes the axillary area is dark cinereous
with dark veins and faint fuscous spots;
sutural stripe of the lighter color and tolera-
bly conspicuous; the inner discoidal field has
rather small and roundish fuscous spots, the
largest and roundest just at or within the
broadest part, the outermost below the
sharply triangular fuscous spot at the ex-
treme base of the outer discoidal field and
separated from it by only a narrow cinereous
line at the upper edge of the ulnar inter-
space; beyond this the outer discoidal field
has three or four very similar broad trans-
verse fuscous bands, relatively much broader
and much darker in the @ than in the 9,

PSTLTCIHE.

287

becoming blurred and indistinct apically.
Wings coral red at base, the fusco-fuliginous
arcuate band below the fourth
lobe, of moderate breadth, narrowing but
little as it passes to the anal angle, but some-
what as it passes upward to the faint and

marginal

slender yellowish red line separating it from
the humeral stripe which reaches toward but
not to the base, and is separated from the
margin except apically by the red of the
base; apex hyaline, slightly infuscated at
the edge in the @, the veins and cross veins
blackish fuscous. Hind femora yellow apic-
ally and blue basally within, thrice traversed
by broad black bars; outside fusco-cinereous,
indistinctly barred with fuscous in the @;
hind tibiae yellow with an orange tinge, the
spines black tipped.

Length of body, §,32 mm., 92, 47 mm.;
of elytra, , 34 mm., 2, 45 mm.

Dallas, Texas, Boll, May 1, June 6.
Desenibed yitom. 3-65.16 9... I shave
since received a specimen from San
Antonio, Texas, collected by Newell

(Bruner).

Hippiscus (H.) RuGosus.

Oedipoda rugosa Scudd!, Bost. journ. nat.
hist., 7, 469; Walk., Cat. Derm. salt. Brit.
mus., 731; Thom., Rep. U. S. geol. surv.
terr., 6, 720-721; Syn. Acrid. N. A., 132-133;
ey; Ul Orth, 35 iGlova. lly (Ne AL ents,
Orth:, pli 12) fig.’8:

Hippiscus rugosus Scudd!, Rep. geol. N.
H., 1, 377; Sauss., Prodr. Oedip., 85.

Hippiscus corallipes var. rugosus Thom.,
Rep. ent. Ill., 9, 95, 115-116.

This species, originally described
from specimens found in Massachusetts
and Maine where it is very rare, has
since proved to be wide spread. I
have myself seen specimens from Nor-
way, Me. (Smith), eastern Massa-
chusetts (Scudder), Delaware (Ent.

288

soc. Philad.), Maryland (Uhler),
Georgia (Morrison in Henshaw’s col-
lection), Illinois (Strumberg in Hen-
shaw’s coll.), southern Illinois (Ken-
nicott), Republican Fork, Kansas (Lt.
Bryant), Lakin, Kans. (Scudder),
West Point, Nebraska, and Glendive,
Montana! (Bruner), and from Dallas
(Boll), San Antonio (Lincecum), and
Bosque Co., Texas (Belfrage). Saus-
sure in addition reports it from Mis-
sourl, Thomas from the District of
Columbia, Nebraska, and Dakota; and
Walker (in whose correct determina-
tion of the species I have no confidence)
from Nova Scotia. New Jersey, and
Vancouver Island.
southern species, rarely occurring in
the north. Belfrage says that in Texas
it is a rare species found on prairies in

October.

It seems to be a

Hippiscus (H.) comMpactus sp. nov.

A compact and stout though not very
large form. Very dark brownish fuscous,
flecked with blackish, the head stout and
full, very broad above, olivaceo-fuscous ex-
cepting above, where it is brownish fuscous
with broad median and lateral longitudinal
dull olivaceous stripes ;summit of head sparse-
ly punctate, nearly smooth with very slight
signs of transverse rugae; vertical scutellum
indistinct, with slight and low bounding
walls, broader than long in both sexes, faintly
quadripartite; lateral foveolae slight, elon-
gate, triangular; frontal costa broad, flat,
punctate, slightly depressed at the ocellus,
subequal, at upper extremity faintly bifoveo-
late. Antennae pale cinereous at base, dark
fuscous apically. Pronotum stout, but not
expanding greatly on the metazona, the dor-
sal area nearly flat and tolerably uniform

Dctoy) 1 Oy = ate

[ July, 1892,

except for the more or less longitudinal glis-
tening rugae which are rather sparse and not
very elevated; median carina very uniform
and prominent or arcuate; lateral
canthi tolerably well pronounced on the
metazona, distinctly and considerably sur-
passing the median sulcus; angle of poste-
rior margin slightly exceeding a right angle;
lateral lobes densely punctate on the meta-
zona. ‘Tegmina cinereous, becoming semi-
pellucid apically, heavily banded with black-
ish fuscous in tolerably regular transverse
subequidistant stripes, with very little ob-
liquity, broader in the proximal than in the
distal half of the tegmina; they are subcon-
tinuous in the marginal and discoidal areas,
and the axillary area is fuscous with three or
four small blackish spots seated on the anal
vein; sutural stripe distinct and yellowish
cinereous; the spot at extreme base of the
outer discoidal area is completely amalga-
mated with that below and slightly within in
the inner discoidal area; the outer stripes
are slender, more or less maculate, and do
not reach the lower margin of the tegmina.
Wings pale lemon-yellow at base with a
pretty broad, blackish fuscous, arcuate band
scarcely reaching the anal angle and touch-
ing the margin only at the 5th (¢) or 6th
(2) lobe; it is not narrowed above, is sepa-
rated from the humeral stripe by a testaceous
line, the stripe reaching nearly to the base;
apex hyaline, or in the @ slightly infuscated
next the margin above, all the veins blackish.
Hind femora clay yellow within banded with
black, dull cinereo-fuscous Without, oblique-
ly banded with blackish fuscous; hind tibiae
brownish yellow, more or less infuscated ex-
cept ina broad band just beyond the base,
spines black tipped.

Length of body, ¢, 26 mm., 2, 33 mm.,
of tegmina, f, 22 mm., 2, 29 mm.

Carolina, from the Schaum collection ;
Maryland, from the south shore of the
North Potomac. Described from 14,

12.

not

July, 1892. |

THREE NEW PAMBOLIDS FROM THE UNITED

BY WM. H.

ARRAPHIS Ruthe.

No species of this interesting genus
is yet described from North America
and nothing is known of the habits of
the several described European species.

Two distinct species, captured by
myself in Florida while sweeping, and
known to me only in the male sex, may
be thus distinguished :—

Metanotum coarsely rugose.

Black ; head yellowish.
A. americana sp. n.

Metanotum distinctly areolated.

Black; collar yellow; basal two-
thirds of abdomen reddish.
A. minuta sp. n.

A. americana sp. n. &. Length, 3 mm.
Black, shining, with a short, sparse pube-
scence; head and collar, reddish-yellow;
basal three joints of antennae, tegulae, and
legs, honey-yellow. Head transverse, rounded
off behind the eyes, smooth, impunctured;
eyes rounded, prominent. Mesonotum tri-
lobed, the middle lobe somewhat rugulose,
carinated at sides posteriorly, the lateral
lobes shagreened. Scutellum convex,
smooth, shining, with a profound crenate
furrow at base. Pleurae rugose. Metathorax
coarsely rugose, the angles produced into a
long spine; tips of the spines yellowish;
there is also a delicate carina extending from
the base of each spine forward to the spira-
cles. Wings hyaline, the stigma and ner-
vures brownish-yellow, the costal edge black,
the recurrent nervure interstitial with the
transverse cubital. Abdomen oblong-oval,
black, much depressed, highly polished, and

La CRE.

289

STATES.

ASHMEAD, WASHINGTON, D.C.

composed of but three segments, the first
with a deep channel along the sides, bounded
by a carina above.

Hab.— Jacksonville, Florida.
Type in Coll. Ashmead.

Described from a single specimen.

A. minuta sp. x. &. Length 1.4 mm.
Black, shining; collar yellow; basal two-
thirds of abdomen reddish, the basal half
finely longitudinally striated; rest of the
abdomen highly polished. Antennae long,
slender, black, the pedicel and first flagellar
joint alone yellowish. Thorax faintly sha-
greened or punctate, the mesonotum trilobed,
the middle lobe with a slight impression.
posteriorly just in front of the scutellum but
without a carina at the sides. Scutellum
smooth with a faintly crenated fovea at base.
Pleurae finely rugose. Metathorax regularly
areolated, the angles produced into long
yellow spines, the surface of the areas, ex-
cept the long middle, smooth and shining,
the middle area transversely wrinkled. Legs
honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, the stigma
and nervures pale yellow.

Hab. — Jacksonville, Florida.
Type in Coll. Ashmead.

PAMBOLUS HALIDAY.

P. bifasciatus sp. n. 6 Y. Length 2 3
mm., ovip.o.3mm.; ¢ 2.6mm. Black, sub-
opaque, minutely shagreened; metathorax
finely rugose and indistinctly areolated.
Mesonotum without furrows. Scutellum
flat with a crenate furrow across the base.
Wings hyaline with two transverse, fuscous
bands. Antenne in @ 21-, in 2 22- jointed,
pale yellowish-brown. Legs dark fuscous,

290

almost black, the tarsi pale. Abdomen a
little longer than the head and thorax to-
gether, longitudinally striate, the apical
margins of segments 2, 3, and 4, apical half
of 5, and the following segments smooth,
polished; the second segment has also two
transverse lines or impressions, the first dis-
tinct situated a little beyond its basal third,
the second indistinct.

Hab. — District of Columbia, Cali-

BSL GH.

[ July, 1892"

fornia, and Morgantown, W. Va.
Types in Coll. Ashmead and National
Museum.

My specimens were taken at large,
while those in the National Museum
were reared June 24, 1891, at Morgan-
town, W. Va., by Prof. A. D. Hop-
kins, from Azxthaxia
living in willow twigs.

virtdtcornis,

NOTES ON CERURAY WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW (SPECIES

BY HARRISON G.

The species of Cerura have been so badly
mixed up in Prof. Smith's new list, that I
will give a catalogue of them, as follows :

CERURA MULTISCRIPTA Riley.

1875 — Riley, Trans. St. Louis acad. sci.,
Lit 240

1890 — Dyar, Psyche, v, 393.

Habitat — Missouri and Illinois to New
York.

CERURA SCITISCRIPTA Walker.

1865—Walk., Cat. lep. Brit. mus.,xxxii, 408.

var. CANDIDA Lintner.

1877 — Lintn., 30th rept. N. Y. State mus.,
199.

1891 — Dyar, Can. ent., xxiii, 87. Dr. var.

Habitat — Georgia to Kansas.

C&ERURA CINEREA Walker.

1865 — Walk. Cat. lep. Brit. mus., xxxii,
407.

1883 — Edwards and Elliot, Papilio, iii,
130.

1891 -— Dyar, Psyche, vi, 8o.

var. CINEREOIDES Dyar.

1890 — Dyar, Can. ent., xxii, 253.

1891 — Dyar, Psyche, vi, 82.

Habitat — New York to Montana and Cal-
ifornia.

CERURA OCCIDENTALIS Lintner.

1877 — Lintn., 30th rept. N. Y. State Mus.,
194. .
1881 --- French, Can. ent., xiii, 144.

DYAR,

BOSTON, MASS.

Hlabitat — Pennsylvania to Canada and
Wisconsin.

CERURA MODESTA Hudson.

1891 — Hudson, Can. ent., xxiii, 197.

FHlabitat — Northern New York.

CERURA BOREALIS Boisduval.

1832—Boisd., Cuv. an. kingd., (Griffith).

1841 — Harris, Rept. ins. Mass., 306.

1864 — Packard, Proc. ent. soc. Phil., iii>
375:

1872 — Lintner, 26th rept. N. Y. st.
nat. hist.) L5il.

1877 — Lintner, 30th rept. N. Y. st. mus.,
196.

1881 — French, Can. ent., xiii, 145.

1891 —- Dyar, Can. ent., xxili, 85.

Habitat — Georgia and Missouri to IIli-
nois and New England states.

CERURA SCOLOPENDRINA Boisduval.

1869 — Boisd., Lép. de la Cal., 86.

1891 — Dyar, Can.ent., xxiii, 186.

agutlonarts Lintner.

1877 —Lintn., 30th rept. N. Y. state mus.,
197.

1891 — Thaxter, Can., ent., xxiii, 34.

1891 — Dyar, Can. ent., xxiii, 186, Ar. syn.

Habitat — New York, Canada, Montana,
Oregon and California.*

cab.

*This is, doubtless, the species to which Butler re-
ferred as C. bicuspis Bkh.in Ann. mag.n.h,, viii, 317.

———

July, 1892].

CERURA ALBICOMA Strecker.

1884 — Strk., Proc. acad. nat.
284.

Habitat — Colorado.

CERURA PARADOXA Behr.

1885 — Behr, Bull. Cal. acad. sci., i, 64.
Head, thorax and legs clothed with dense
white hairs, slightly tinged with cinereous
on the collar, and banded on the thorax cen-
trally with black and orange scales; abdomen
cinereous, banded with white on the poste-
rior edges of the segments. Fore
silvery white, the transverse bands usually
absent, but not diffused as in Cerura mert-
dtonalis. When present they are faint,
smoky gray, the inner one excavate on the
inner side, nearly straight on the outer and
slightly incised on the median and internal
veins. (The outer is absent on all the speci-
mens before me.) A black dot at base on
median vein; just beyond it, another on the
subcostal; further out, five more in a curved
line, the first extending from costa to costal
vein, second on the subcostal vein, third on
the median, fourth on internal and fifth on
the internal margin. The transverse band is
represented by scattered, small gray scales;
its margin defined in black on the costa and
median and strongly marked with
orange scales on the costa, median and inter-
nal veins and internal margin. Beyond the
band, are five black dots, on the costa, sub-
costal, median and internal veins respectively,
and on the internal margin, the third just at
the origin of vein 2. Median space white
with a smoky gray transverse line, inwardly
produced on the submedian fold. In some
specimens this is very faint, but not more so
than the other markings. Just beyond it,
are two rews of venular dots, representing
the outer band and separated by a space of
from 4 to1 mm. The inner rowis black, the
outer orange, and in one specimen they are
the only distinct markings. Terminal space
clear white, except a very few inconspicuous
small gray scales near costal margin. Ter-

sci. Phil,

wings

vein,

minal intervenular dots distinct, black, but

variable in size from small to large.

PSUCTLE:.

291

Hind wings non-lustrous white, with the
blackish terminal dots.

Below white, an extra-mesial gray shade
line on fore wings and discal spots on both
pair. Terminal dots as above.

Expanse, 37-42 mm.

A decidedly variable species, especially in
the distinctness of maculation.

Var. PLACIDA, 2. var.

This is the form in which the smoky gray
transverse bands are evident at first glance,
and the characteristic aspect of the species is
much modified thereby. The form is rare,
occurring only in two or three females out ot
the large number of specimens in Dr. Behr’s
collection. It is a partial reversion to the
usual type of marking in the genus Cerura.

Habitat — Nevada Co., California.

CERURA MERIDIONALIS, 2. sf.

Head, collar, and patagia white, thorax
centrally mixed with blackish and a few
orange scales ; abdomen apparently pale gray,
banded with whitish, but in poor condition
in my specimens. Fore wings silvery white,
the usual bands and marks nearly lost, being
diffused and scattered into numerous black
scales, which cover nearly the whole surface.
Basal space white, except for a few dots,
composed of three or four clustered scales,
one at base and, further out, three more, on
costal, median and internal veins respective-
ly, the one on the median vein much further
out than the others. The transverse band con-
sists of black scattered irrorations on the
white ground, with afew orange scales about
the median and internal veins. Its shape
can be made out, being deeply excavate both
without and within, but not broken. It is
about 5 mm. wide on internal margin, a
little narrower on costa and only a little over
I mm. wide in its narrowest part below med-
ian vein. Median space white, with sparse-
ly, and irregularly distributed black irrora-
tions. Theouter band is represented by
scattered black irrorations, which extend to
the outer margin, but become more dense
near the inner border of the band, which is.
quite sharply defined in one specimen, being

292
lined, nearly continuously, with orange
scales. It starts on the costa, about 4mm.

from apex, runs slightly obliquely inwards to
vein 5, then curves sharply outward and
turns, running parallel to external margin
to its junction with the internal margin,
where it becomes obscure. It is outwardly
produced on veins 3 and 4. In the other
specimen, this line lacks most of the orange
scales, and is very obscure, its course being
hardly discernible. Terminal intervenular
spots very slight, consisting of four or five

ES LCHME:

[ July, 1892.

very small black scales, not contiguous.

Hind wings white, without silvery luster,
the intervenular spots larger than on fore
wings, smoky black. Below, the wings are
white; terminal dots repeated, enlarged.

Expanse 46 mm. Two 29, EI Paso,
Texas.

Kindly, presented! to ime by) Prof ajenn)-
Rivers of the University of California.

I have drawn up the following table to
separate the species of Cerura : —

§ 1. Primaries crossed by about eight angularly undulate black lines.

Secondaries black — multiscripta Riley.
Secondaries white.
Lines continuous — seztéscrifta Walker.
Lines broken — var. candtda Lintner.

§ 2. Primaries crossed at basal third by abroad gray band, which may be broken or diffuse

or even entirely obsolete.
Primaries dark cinereous—-czzerea Walker.
Primaries pale cinereous.

A row of dots in median space — var. cénmereotdes Dyar.

Three dentate lines in median space.

Band with defined edges and a few orange scales — occidentalis Lintner.
Band of uniform tint, and without orange scales — modesta Hudson.

Primaries white.

Transverse band indistinct, though perhaps broken.
Six black spots in an ellipse on disk—éorealcs Boisduval.

Indistinct dentate lines on disk.

Band broad — scolopendrina Boisduval.
Band narrow or broken — albicoma Strecker.
Transverse band faint or obsolete, rarely distinct.
Black markings much reduced, often largely absent, but not diffuse.
Transverse band faint or absent —faradoxa Behr.
Transverse band distinct—- var. plactda Dyar.
Black markings very diffuse, irrorate, size large — meridionalis Dyar.

PERSONAL NOTES: — American entomolo-
gists will be pleased to hear that the mathe-

matical physical faculty of Heidelberg
University has conferred the degree of
Doctor philosophiae naturalis (honoris

causa) upon Baron Charles Robert von

Osten Sacken.

Prof. C. H. Tyler Townsend of the New
Mexico College of Agriculture at Las Cruces,
has started on a field trip by wagon from
there to the Grand Cafion of the Colorado,
via Flagstaff. Prof. Wooton, of the same
College, and two students accompany him,
and they expect to be away two months.

~ ae

Agra, 12.

_ Barysomus, 3.

July, 1892. |

They have arranged to meet Prof. Toumey
of the University of Arizona, and his party,
consisting of men from the Agricultural De-
partment in Washington, who start by wagon
from Tucson, at Flagstaff about the first of
July. They will then go on to the Grand
Cafion together, remaining in company three
or four weeks, and returning by way of the
eastern boundary of Arizona. The object of
both parties is the collection of insects and
plants.

Dr. W. J. Holland of Pittsburg sailed for
Europe June 29 and during the summer will
prosecute some entomological studies in the
museums of London and Paris.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. — II.

BY SAMUEL HENSHAW.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. — COL-
EOPTERA. Vol.I. By Henry Walter Bates.
gen. sp

Cicindelidae, 1881, pt. 13-14, p. 1-18;
1883, pt. 27, p. 256; 1884, pt. 31,

Pp. 257-261. 8 85
Carabidae, 1881, pt. 14, p. 19-40; 1882,

pt. 15-19, p. 41-152; 1883, pt. 21-

22,25, 27, p. 153-2553; 1884, pt. 31-

32, 34) P- 261-299. 144 999

Species of the following genera are fig-
ured : —

Cicindelidae. — Cicindela, 1, 13. Ctenos-
toma, 1. Odontocheila, 1, 13. Oxycheila,
1. Oxygonia, 1. Pseudoxycheila, 1. Tet-
macha, I.

Carabidae. — Abaris, 4. Adrimus, 4.
Allotriopus, 4, Amara, 4. Ana-

Anchomenus, 4. <Ancistro-
glossus, 7. Anillus, 6. Anisodactylus, 3.
Anisotarsus, 3. Apenes, 7, 8,13. Apristus,
8. Ardistomis, 2. Arthrostictus, 3. Aspasi-
ola, 8. Aspidoglossa, 2. Axinopalpus, 8.
Bembidium, 6. Brachinus,
7. Calathus, 4. Calleida, 9, 13. Calo-
phaena, 6. Calosoma, 2. Carabus, 13. Cas-
‘nonia, 6,13. Catapiesis, 4. Catascopus, 7.
Celia; 4. - Chlaenius, 3, 13. Clivinas 2:
Clopodes, 5, 13. Coptodera, 7. Cratocera,

Prichis, 2.

PS1 CHE.

293
tolaus, 5. Diaphorus, 6, 13 Diploharpus:>
6. Discoderus, 3. Dromius, 8. Ega, 6.

*Elliptoleus, 4. Euchroa, 4. Euproctus, §
Eurycoleus, 7. Evarthrus, 14. Galerita, 6,
7. Gallerucidia, 9g. Glyptolenus, 5, 13-
Helluomorpha, 7. Hyboptera, 8. Hypher,

pes, 4. *Ithytolus, 13. Lachnophorus, 6.
Lebia, 10, 1%, 12. Lelis, 7. Leptotrachelus
6. ia, 12.) Woricera}2.. loxandrus, 4,13

Menidius, 8.
Mizotrechus, 6.

Micragra, 6

Morio, 4
Moriosomus, 4. Nemotarsus, 7. Notiobia
3, 13. Notiophilus, 2. *Ochropisus, 7
Omophron, 2. Onota, 8,13. Onyptergyia
5. ‘Otoglossa, 8. Pachyteles, 2,13. Pana-
3. Pasimachus, 2. .Pelecium, 3.
Pentagonica, 9. *Per.
Pericompsus, 6, 13. Perigona, 6.
Philopheuga, 9. Phloe-
Pinacodera, 7, 8.
Polpochila 3.°

Loxopeza, Io.
*Mioptachys, 6.

gaeus,
*Pelmatellus, 3.
colaus, 4.
Pheropsophus, 7.
oxena, 7- Physea, 2.
Platynus, 4. Platysoma, 4.
Pseudomorpha, 12. Scaphinotus,13. Schi.
Selenophorus, 3, 13. Steno-
crepis, 3. Stenoglossa, 7. Stenognathus, 7.
Stenomorphus, 3. Stenous, 3. Stolonis, 4,
Tachys, 6. Tachyta,6. Tetragonoderus, 7,
Trechus, 6. Xystosomus, 6.

New genera are marked (*); the figure
following the name of the genus denotes the
number of the plate. Of the 85 species of
Cicindelidae found in Central America 18
species occur in America north of Mexico»
and of the g99 species of Carabidae from
Central America, 84 are found in America
north of Mexico.

zogenius, 2.

CERURA MODESTA.—In my list of the
Bombyces taken at electric light in Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., given not long since in
Psyche, occurs the name Cerura agutlonaris.
This I now believe is an error, and the name
should be Cerura modesta Hudson. This
species was not then described, and the deter-
mination was made from a single example in
very poor condition taken from the lamps
previous to 1890. C. aguzlonaris Lintn.
(=scolopendrina Boisd.) probably does not
occur in New York.—Harrison G. Dyar.

294

GENERAL NOTES :— Hudson’s Elementary
manual of New Zealand entomology, an oc.
tavo work of 136 pp. and 21 colored plates, is
not at all what its title would lead one to
expect. It is rather an account of a selected
series of insects of all orders, about 113 spe_
cies, the life-history or habits of which were
more or less known to the author. Perhaps
the most interesting and the fullest are those
of species of Hepialus and Oeceticus. Its
value consists in this and the figures of the
larvae, etc., which are unfortunately rather
too vague and generalized for special use.
It is, however, an interesting sketch of in-
sect-life at the antipodes.

The third part of Lowne’s Anatomy of the
blowfly, concluding the first of two volumes,
contains 136 pp. and 1o pl. It discusses the
topographical anatomy of the muscles and
viscera of the imago, the embryology, the
general anatomy and histology of the insect,
and the development of the nymph in the
pupa. The next volume will deal with the
internal organs. Many of the author’s views
are diametrically opposed to those usually
received, but in such cases both sides are
presented.

The tenth part of Moore’s Lepidoptera
Indica deals entirely with the Satyrinae, but

EP SiDCTL TER,

[July 1892.

contains nothing of general interest.

The Royal Society of New South Wales
offers its medal and twenty-five pounds for
the best communication on each of several
subjects, among which is one ‘“‘on the in-
juries occasioned by insect-pests upon intro-
duced trees” in that country. The offer is
closed in May, 1893.

Theodore Shaw of Wellesley, Mass., a boy
of nine, informs us that on June 1 last he
caught a specimen of Heraclides cresphontes
in that town. It is not known to have been
seen in Massachusetts since 1883.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

8 April, 1892.— The 170th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle street, Mr. S. Henshaw in
the chair.

Mr. A. P. Morse showed some larvae of
Corethra which he had recently collected.
He also remarked that while collecting
lately he had found a salamander which had
been feeding on white ants.

Mr. S. H. Scudder read letters from Mr.
W. H. Edwards and Mr. J. Fletcher, both
noting the poor success they had had in win-
tering the larvae of several butterflies.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScuUDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 ved.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,

ADVERTISEMENT.

Undersigned wishes to obtain either by exchange
or for cash, Cicindelidae and rare Carabidae from
all parts ofthe U.S. Lists please address to

A. LUETGENS,
207 E. t5 Street, N. Y. City.

4 Park St., Boston, Mass.

TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies. _

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

So ee

PSYCHE.

Mw oIOUr NAL, OF) ENTOMOLOGY :

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 196.

AvucGusT, 1892.

CONTENTS:

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—VI.

DESCRIPTION OF OESTRID LARVAE TAKEN FROM THE JACK-RABBIT AND COTTON-
TAIL.—C. H. Tyler Townsend. . . ° : - °

DoHRNJZAND BURMEISTER.@® .

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus.—III.—Samuel H. Scudder.

THE NORTH AMERICAN JASSIDAE ALLIED TO THAMNOTETTIX.—E£. P. Van Duzee.

PUBLISHED BY THE

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S.A.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMBERS.

[Entered as second class mail matter. ]

20¢c.

296

PS TCHTE.

[August 1892.

Psyche, A Journal of Entomology.

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CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

A very few complete sets of the first five volume
of PSYCHE remain to be sold for gas.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip-

pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, I8go. : 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 F c : 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (con-
taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield Ill., 1878 1.00

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America. Cambridge, 1885,8p.,1 plate .50

Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
generic names proposed for Butterflies. Sa-

lem, 1875. 1.00
Scudder, S.H. The pine-moth of Nan-

tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 : 1.00
Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Jee

42-46. Stettin, 1881-1885. : 5.00
U. S. Entomological Commission. Bulletins,

INOS.25) 25:45 15 10517, 1.00
—Fourth Report, Washington, 1885 2.00

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

PHALANGIDAE.

I am _ preparing a monograph of the Phalan-
gidae of North America and will be glad to get
specimens from any locality. Will identify and re-
turn any sent. Specimens from the Northwest,
Southwest, and the Pacific coast especially desired.

CLARENCE M. WEED,
Hanover, N. H.

PSY CELE.

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY, AND
PICKERING.—VI.

[PICKERING TO SAY. |

SALEM, Sept. gth, 1825.

Dear Sir,

I take the present opportunity to for-
ward you a few specimens of insects.
The brown butterfly inhabits the bald
summits of the White mountains of
New Hampshire and appeared to be
confined to those regions. Mr. Nuttall
described to me a year ago an insect
from the same locality probably identi-
cal with this, but unfortunately his
The white Pi-
occurred not unfrequently about
the base of the mountains, together,
with a fine species of Apatura? with a
broad white band across the middle of
each wing, of which I was unable to
procure more than a single specimen.
The small Lyczena was taken in a bog
meadow in this vicinity. Your Cicin-
dela formosa I have frequently met with
in this vicinity, and particularly, it oc-
curred in great numbers, for two suc-
cessive years, at a sandy spot near
Cambridge in this state: the other Ci-
cindela, of which I have sent you the
two extremes in the variation of the
markings, is distinguishable at first
sight from C. sexguttata by the con-
vexity of the elytra and also by the

specimens were lost.
eris

the colors
when alive, occurred abundantly at the
same locality and I have met with it
no where else. The Pollyxenus I met
with two or three times this last spring
under the bark of the Walnut; on the
side of the White mountains under the
bark of a dead pine I took a single
specimen of the genus Craspedosoma
which I have by me now though it is
very much injured. The black Lep-
tura is also from the sides of the White
mountains. The Tipula is found in
ditches in bog meadows in this vicinity
and makes a curious appearance when
flying, the six legs are then extended
and become very conspicuous, slowly
moving along, while the means by
which the motion is produced are not
seen. I have filled up the box with
duplicates from my collection (which
unfortunately are rather scarce particu-
larly of the more uncommon species) of
the genera Leucopsis, Plea Leach,
Xylota?, Syrphus, Nemotelus, Sto-
moxys, Hydrometra, Curculio, Lu-
perus, Clytus, Cychrus, &c; if among
these you find anything interesting I
shall be able to give you further infor-
mation.

comparative dullness of

Yours, with respect,

CHARLES PICKERING.

298
[DRAFT OF REPLY BY THOMAS SAY. }

October 12th, 1825.

I thank you much for the specimens
of ins. you were so good as to send me,
as well as for the agreeable letter which
accompanied them; in the care of Mr.
Robinson they all arrived in excellent
order.

The Pollyxenus you met w. is [ ‘‘per-
haps” erased] the P. fasciculatus Nob.
if so the species has a wide range.

Pieris, I have not met w. this sp.
before & do not know it, have you both
sexes?

Limenitis arthemis, Drury, the But-
terfly w. a broad white band across ea.
wing.

Lycaena phleeas, var.

Cicindela formosa.
to learn that this is f’d in y’r region;

I am surprised
I’ve never met w. it here. I think you
will find the green Cicindela to be a
variety of C. 6-guttata, I have some

PS GOEL,

| August 1892.

specimens on which the punctures are
very large so as to give the surface a
very rough appearance.

The Craspedosoma must be interest-
ing, I have not yet found a sp’n in this
country.

The black Leptura is my Z. pudbera.

‘The Tipula found in ditches &c”
is Ptychoptera clavipes of authors.
The brown butterfly is my Hip-

I received a mutil-
lated specimen from Mr. Nuttall, but
yours is in good order. I propose to
figure it in my 3rd or 4th vol. (the
marbling of the under sides of hind
wing is much as in H. semele, but the
dark lines are broader.)

parchia semidea.

The Leucospis is a small sp’n of my
L. affinis.

The Prince of Musignano will deliver
you this letter if he goes so far as Sa-
lem, if not he will put it in the Boston
post office.

Melandrya labiata Nob.

DESCRIPTIONS OF OESTRID LARVAE TAKEN FROM THE JACK
RABBIT AND COTTON-TAIL.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,

Our jack-rabbits and cotton-tails are
frequently badly infested with bots, but
the former are usually the worse in-
fested. The jack-rabbit of this region
is the Lepus callotis of Wagler; while,
if lam not mistaken, our cotton-tail is
the sage hare, Lepus artemisia of Bach-
man (or possibly Z. dachmanit Waterh. )

Jack-rabbits are sometimes seen with
immense, upshapely lumps on their

Whether

or not these are due to bots, I can not

shoulders, sides or backs.

LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

say positively, as I never succeeded in
securing a rabbit in this condition. I
have been told that when these lumps
are cut open, they reveal simply a col-
lection of sacs filled with a watery sub-
stance, but without bots.

It may seem strange to record that
the jack-rabbit bot is a Dermatobia,
while the bot of the cotton-tail is, as a
rule a Cuterebra. Such, however, is
While I have not observed
any instance as yet of the Cuterebra in-

the case.

= yh. o
weet:

August 1892. |

festing the jack-rabbit, | have on sev-
eral occasions taken small Dermatobia
larvae from cotton-tails.

On October 10, 1891, nine cotton-
tails were shot at Joblin’s ranch, in the
San Andres Mts. Seven bots were
taken from beneath the skins of these.
Two, and even three, were found in
Each cyst
communicated with the outside by an
orifice through the skin. The _ bots
were found on the back, belly and

the same cyst or ‘¢warble.”’

shoulders. They are more shortened

in form than those taken from the jack-
rabbit, and become of a brown instead
of a gray tinge after immersion for

some time in alcohol. The following

is a description of them:

Larva of Cuterebra sp. from Lepus arte-
mista (?)—Elongate oval, thick, broader be-
hind than in front, dorsal surface convex in
profile, ventral rather concave; first and
eleventh segments appearing nearly equal in
width when the latter is extruded, but the
eleventh appears smaller when sunken; seg-
ments gradually increasing in width from
first to seventh, the seventh segment widest,
remaining segments decreasing in width pos-
teriorly; tenth segment telescopic, some-
times protruded when the eleventh becomes
more clearly outlined. All the segments, ex-

cept the first and eleventh, densely and
equally covered, both above and below, with
short horny spurs, not spiny, the first seg-
ment less bare than the eleventh. One pair
fof small, straight, approximated black jaws;
antennae rather removed basally, approxi-
mated distally meeting the jaws, each anten-
na with two small ocellus-like dots on upper
oo in one specimen the antennae are
horny and black so that the dots do not show;
jaws and antennae sunk in a crescent-like or
semicircular transverse cavity in the first or

SL CLE:

299

cephalic segment, the first segment with a
median notch in its upper anterior margin.
Anterior (or superior) stigmatal plate of last
segment sub-circular, more or less complete-
ly bifid longitudinally, situated in an a cres-
centic transverse furrow or cavity, the furrow
appearing long crescentic when the tenth
segment is extruded, but short and hardly
crescentic when not extruded ; posterior (orin-
ferior) plate situated in an elongate transverse
pit, the margin of the segment below pit
bearing a median notch and a slight lateral
one oneach side. Length, 18 to 20 mm.;
De-
scribed from two specimens collected Oct. 10.
San Andres Mts., New Mexico.

On October 10, a jack-rabbit was
shot near Joblin’s ranch, San Andres
Mts., from beneath the skin of which
six bots were taken, mostly on the back
and about the root of the tail. They
are elongate, and whitish.
Each one lay in its cyst or ‘*warble’’
The following is a description of them:

width of 7th segment, g to 9.75 mm.

rather

Larva of Dermatobia sp. from Lepus
callotis.—Elongate conical anteriorly, taper-
ing posteriorly, not stout and thick, broader
in front than behind, dorsal surface convex
in profile, ventral concave; first segment
small, much smaller than eleventh ; segments
gradually increasing in width from first to
sixth, the sixth segment widest, remaining
segments decreasing in width posteriorly;
eleventh strongly extruded, joining the tenth
by a constricted neck, more or less spherical
rather truncate posteriorly. Segments after
the first sparsely covered with short black
curved spines, showing most plainly recur-
vate on last segment, which is nearly or
quite bare on posterior surface. One pair of
very small, rather removed, straight black
jaws, situated in a crescentic transverse slit;
antennae approximated, ocellus-like dots
not visible, a pit in the first segment above
and behind the antennae. Stigmatal plates

300

on last segment consisting of four horny,
reddish-brown, more or less curved, trans-
versely corrugated ridges on each side, a
small pit just above and between them; a
swelling or prominence below them which is
bounded inferiorly by a crescentic transverse
furrow, the margin of the segment below
furrow being more or less strongly notched.
Length, 19 to 22 mm.; width of 6th segment,
5 to 6.5 mm. Described from five specimens
perhaps not fully grown, collected Oct. 10,
San Andres Mts., New Mexico.

ens OHEIOED

[ August 1892.

This bot must occasionally continue
all winter in the animals, as small ones,
apparently this species, were taken from
cotton-tails shot Oct 24 and 29.

On Oct. 14, a jack-rabbit was shot
which had a small sac beneath the skin,
apparently bots.
Closer examination revealed only re-
mains of small bots, which had died
from some cause.

containing young

DoHRN AND BURMEISTER.

Two Nestors of entomology have recently
passed away within two days of each other,
born in the first and dying in the last decade
of the century. Dr. C. A. Dohrn was born
in 1806 and Dr. Hermann Burmeister in 1807 ;
the former died May 4, the latter May 2 last.
Dohrn was especially known as a coleopterist
and as the head and front of the Entomological
society of Stettin, Germany. Burmeister oc-
cupied many fields, not only in entomology,
but in general zoology, in geology and espec-
ially in paleontology during the past 30
years, since his appointment to the direc-
torship of the National museum of Buenos
Aires. buried at the cost of the
state and the President of the republic was
present at his funeral. Dr. Carlos Berg
another entomologist of distinction, long his
assistant, succeeds him as director of the

He was

museum.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 May, 1892.—The 171st meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. H. Scudder
was chosen chairman and Mr. A. P. Morse
secretary pro tempore.

Mr. A. B. Mayer was elected to active

membership.
Mr. S. H. Scudder called attention to a

short discussion by Emery in the February
Bulletin of the Société Vaudoise (v. 27, p.
258) on the origin of the ant fauna of Europe,

a result of his studies of the ants found in
Sicilian amber as compared with those of
the amber of Samland and the existing fauna
of Europe. The existing fauna he divides
into three groups, a boreal, an Indian (those
having Indo-Australian and South African
affinities), and a cosmopolitan, and remarks
regarding the first two that in passing from
the north southward or from the present time
to the amber epoch, the boreal group dimin-
ishes and the Indian group increases in im-
portance; the former is absent from the
Sicilian amber and the latter in the existing
Scandinavian fauna. He is of the opinion
that an Indian fauna inhabited Europe in
eocene time and that a new fauna, derived
from the polar regions, advanced upon it, but
was checked in its southward march by the
sea which then crossed middle Europe, so
that it never reached so far as Sicily although
it left its impress on the fauna of the Baltic
amber.

Mr. Morse exhibited a specimen of that
rarity, the male of Pelecztnus folycerator,
taken by him at Provincetown, Mass., in
September. He also showed two males of
Coltas intertor collected at the summit of
Kearsarge Mountain, near North Conway,
N. H., July 2, 1891, and several specimens of
Colias philodice showing variations in the
discal spot on the upper surface of the fore
wings; these, in one male, were almost en-
tirely absent, and, in a white female, very
large and triangular with the apex and
longest sides directed outward.

August 1892. }

(Continued from page 288.)

Hippiscus (H.) VARIEGATUS sp. nov.

Similar in form and color to A. compactus
but with the disk of the prothorax generally
rather lighter and more often marked by a
pallid decussate stripe, which is here found
even in the Q; sculpture of the head not
differing from that species, excepting that
the ridges about the foveolae are if anything
duller and that the frontal costa is slightly
sulcate below the ocellus. Antennae luteous
at base, beyond reddish fuscous. Prono-
tum as in A. compactus but with the hind
margin more obtusely angled, and the carina
of the prozona independently though feebly
arcuate. Tegmina cinereous or hoary, becom-
ing semipellucid apically, with markings
much as in H. compactus, but less regular,
more maculate, more oblique, the central spot
usually very broad, the marginal field much
more numerously spotted, and the spots of
the axillary area generally more distinct, be-
ing deeper and more sharply defined; the
tegmina are relatively longer. Wings also
relatively longer and narrower, but with mark-
ings precisely as in the preceding species, ex-
cepting that the basal color is variable (as
indeed it may be there), varying from a pallid
tint through pale lemon yellow to saffron
and coral red, the last in a single example.
Hind femora bright yellow within, thrice
heavily banded transversely with black, dull
clay yellow without, very obliquely banded
with blackish or fuscous; hind tibiae yellow
with an orange tinge sometimes infuscated a
little just beyond a broad clear basal belt;
spines black tipped.

Length of body, g, 28 mm., 2,37 mm.; of
tegmina, g, 28 mm., 2, 35.5 mm.

I have seen specimens from Penn-
sylvania (Schaum coll.), Maryland

BSTCHE.,

(Uhler, Bruner), Washington, D. C.
(Bruner), and Georgia (Morrison), in
the east, and Indiana (H. Edwards),
southern Illinois (Kennicott), and To-
peka, Kansas, collected by

(Bruner), in the west.

Cragin
Mr. Bruner also
tells me that he has specimens from
Virginia, Decatur, Ala., Chattanooga,
Tenn., and Mississippi, in the south,
and from Indiana, Illinois, Missouri,
Kansas, and eastern Nebraska, in the
north.

Described from 13-4.,, 8) 2,, part of
them from Mr. Henshaw’s collection.

Hipriscus (H.) SuTURALIS sp. nov.

Hip piscus rugosus McNeill!, Psyche, 6, 63.

One of the smallest species of the genus,
with somewhat compressed body, expanding
but slightly on the metazona, of the same
tone of color and general appearance as the
three preceding species. Head dusky above,
obscure olivaceous below, the summit nearly
smooth with a nearly circular, very shallow
and smooth, feebly quadripartite scutellum ;
lateral foveolae small, shallow, triangular, a
little elongated; frontal costa feebly convex
but depressed at and immediately below the
ocellus, at its upper extremity very feebly
bifoveolate. Antennae dull testaceous at
base, blackish fuscous apically. Pronotum
much as in A. compactus, but the angle of
the posterior margin distinctly obtuse.
Tegmina with the darker blackish fuscous
markings predominating on the basal half,
so that before the great central quadrate dark
spot which includes the triangular base of
the outer discoidal area, there are but two
pairs of small quadrate cinereous spots be-
neath each other in the marginal and inner
discoidal fields; the apical portion of the
marginal field is blackish fuscous and in the

302

outer discoidal field, the base of which is
mostly pellucid, there is a single slender,
transverse belt of fuscous above the apex of
the ulnar fork and beyond it scattered fuscous
cellular spots; the axillary area is wholly
blackish fuscous, and the sutural stripe yel-
low, bright, distinct, and not very narrow.
Wings pallid at base with a very broad black-
ish fuscous arcuate band which strikes the
margin below the third lobe and narrows
slowly toward the anal angle which it scarcely
reaches; above it does not narrow and is
separated from the humeral stripe, which runs
only half way to the base, by a slender pallid
line; apically the wing is pellucid, but in the
male a little clouded at the margin and with
blackish cross veins. Hind femora pale yel-
low within, the base and two broad transverse
stripes black, dirty yellow externally with
oblique black stripes on the upper half; hind
tibiae pale dull yellow with a dull orange
tinge apically, more or less infuscated on the
middle of the outer side, the tips of the spines
black.

Length of body, 27 mm.; of elytra, 26 mm.

Moline, Ill., J. McNeill. Described
from 1 @. It bears a striking resem-
blance to H/. (X.) zeglectus, but is not
the species mistaken for that form by
Thomas.

Hippiscus (H.) OcCELOTE.

Ocedipoda (Hippiscus) ocelote Sauss., Rev.
mag. zool., 1861, 398-399; Orth. nova Amer.,
2, 29-30.

Hippiscus ocelote Thom., Syn. Acrid. N.
A., 200-201; Sauss., Prodr. Oedip., 84-85;
Addit. prodr. Oedip., 26-27.

This Mexican species is unknown to
me, but from Saussure’s excellent de-
scription and tables evidently belongs in
the series near where I have placed it.

Vecoyy KEN a |i Be

[August 1892.

It is found, according to Saussure, both
in the warmer and cooler zones at Cor-
dova and Guanajuato.

Hippiscus (H.) saussurEI.

Oedipoda haldemannii Thom., Rep. U. S.
geol. surv. terr., 5, 456; 6, 720-721.
Oedipoda haldemantt Thoin., Syn. Acrid.
New Awe IeO-0e2)
Hip piscus
Oedip., 85-86.
Not Oed¢poda haldemanii Scudd.

haldmannt Sauss., Prodr.

Considering the insufficiency of my
description of Oe. haldemanzz it is not
surprising that both Thomas and de
Saussure should have mistaken another
species for it; having still the types of
that species in my possession, I am able
to determine accurately what it is. In
the present species the pantherine mark-
ings of the tegmina are much obscured
(though still evident) by the great ir-
regularity of the margins of the fuscous
spots and their general blurring.

All of my specimens of the present
species come from Texas, from Dallas
and San Antonio. Specimens in the
collection of Mr. Samuel Henshaw are
also from Texas, collected by Schaupp.
Bruner sends me specimens from San
Antonio, Tex., collected by Newell,
and Saussure’s specimens come also
Texas; but besides
Texas, gives New Mexico, Kansas, Ne-
braska, Colorado, Wyoming, and Da-
kota; very likely he has confounded
other species with this, and that its true
home is in and about Texas only.

from Thomas,

August 1892. ]

Hippiscus (H.) TUBERCULATUS.
Acridium tuberculatum Pal. de Beauv.,
iins:, ©45,)pl. 4, fig. 1.

Hippiscus tuberculatus Sauss.,
Oedip., 87-88; Addit. prodr. Oedip., 2

Locusta apiculata Say, Mss.; Harr!,
ins. Mass., 56.

-Oedipoda obliterata Germ!, Burm., Handb.
ent., 2, 643.

Locusta corallina Harr!, Rep. ins. inj.
veg., 3d ed., 176.

Oedipoda phoenicoptera Scudd},
journ. nat. hist., 7, 468-469; Walk., Cat.
Werme salt. Brit. mus., 730; Lhom., Rep.
Pees. seol. surv. terr., 6,.720;;Syn. Acrid.
INGA, 135-130; Key Ill. Orth., 3; Rep. U. 5.
survy. 1ooth mer., 5, 879; Glov., Ill. N. A.
ent., Orth., pl. 5, fig. 4

Hippiscus phoenicopterus Scudd!, Rep.
eeol. N. Hampsh., 1, 377; Rep. Brit. N. A.
bound. comm., 344; Thom., Bull. Ill. mus.,
i66> Bull. U. S. geol..surv. terr., 4, 483;
Rep. ent. Ill., 9, 95, 117, fig. 18.

Oedipoda pulchripennis Blanch!, Mss.

Not Oedipoda phoenicoptera Germ.

Prodr.

Cats

I have seen the type of Oe. oblzterata
in the Halle Museum or what may be
regarded as the same, a ¢@ from South
Carolina, Zimmermann, labelled ‘‘oblit-

_ erata” in Burmeister’s handwriting. I
~ have also seen in the Jardin des Plantes

a specimen marked as Blanchard’s Oe.
_ pulchripennis Ms. As stated above,
under H. phoentcopterus, 1 have also

seen the type of that species at the

~ Halle Museum, and have been able to

correct my former error regarding this

} _ Species. A pair of specimens of /.
| i together with one of a dis-
tinct genus were seen by me in the

_ Hunterian Museum at Glasgow marked

fe SCE;

Bost.

303
Gr. obscurus Fabr. which is D¢ssos-
tetra saucta, an Old World species.
This is a northern species, common
in the spring in all the northern states
and throughout Canada as far north as

the arctic region. I have seen many
specimens from the upper McKenzie,
and Great Slave Lake,

Kennicott, and others collected by Rich-

collected by

ardson’s party are in the British Mu-
seum which also reports it from Hudson
Bay. North of our
found from Nova Scotia (Jones) on the
east to the Red River of the North
(Scudder, and
Alberta (Bean in Henshaw’s collection),

boundaries it is

Dawson), Calgarry,
and in our own country occurs as far
west as Dakota and Montana (Thomas)
the Big Horn Mountains and Ft. Mc-
Kinney in Wyoming and the Black
Hills of S. Dakota (Bruner in litt.),
and is stated to be found on the west
coast of North America by Walker ; if
so, this is probably north of our boun-
dary. In the United States it is found
in the east as far south as the middle
states,—Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
the District of Columbia (Walker, Os-
ten Sacken, Coll. Am. ent.
soc.) in some abundance, and is re-
ported also from South Carolina (Zim-
mermann) Florida (Saussure,
Walker), where it must be rare; and in
the west, in Missouri and at Topeka,
Kansas (Bruner in litt.), in Nebraska
(Thomas), Lincoln, all Ne-
braska and Holt County and other parts
of the Sand Hill region north of Platte
River, Nebr. (Bruner in litt.) , Missouri
(Saussure, Austin), Colorado

Bruner,

and

eastern

and

304

(Thomas), while Walker
specimen, perhaps by error, from Oaja-

reports a

ca, Mexico.

There is much variety in the mark-
ings of this species, so that I have been
inclined at times to separate several dis-
tinct forms. Specimens from Nepigon,
north of Lake Superior, for instance,
are very dark, while those from Ne-
braska not only have the outer half or
even more of the tegmina hoary pallid,
seen to a certain extent also in some but
not all specimens from Manitoba, but
the pale vitta which separates the hum-
eral and axillary areas of the hind wings
involves not only the anal vein but also,
at least in the outer half of the wing,
the posterior ulnar vein and the attin-
gent cross veins as well, considerably
broadening the vitta. The arcuate dark
band of the wings is of variable width ;
usually broad and involving the pos-
terior margin, it sometimes is very nar-
row and in both cases may not reach
the posterior margin, .and in one @
from Manitoba there is no trace of a
band on the anal area but only a nearly
uniform infuscation of the wing beyond
the colored base. The depth and ex-
tent of the darker markings of the teg-
mina, as well as the amount of contrast
with the paler portions are also ex-
tremely variable, giving these organs a
very different appearance in different
individuals; but in no case do they
strongly resemble any other species, so
that this species may readily be distin-
guished from them in the almost total,
usually total, absence of any maculation

ES GILL.

[August 1892.

in the ulnar area of the tegmina, or indeed
often of the basal discoidal field. Speci-
mens from east of Long. go°, too, usually
have the extreme tips of the wings dis-
tinctly and deeply infuscated, especially
in the ¢, and those west of it scarcely
ever show any sign of it, but exceptional
instances occur.

I append a description of the colors
of living females taken in Massachu-
setts :—

Prevailing color a light ashy plumbeous,
slightly darker above, specked with dark
plumbeous, tinged slightly beneath with
reddish. Head uniform; mouth parts uni-
form and tinted like under surface of body.
Eyes dark brown, specked with yellowish and
with a narrow slightly curved transverse
median streak of yellowish brown, turning
upward posteriorly. Antennae dirty yellow-
ish at the base, beyond of the color of the
head. Pronotum with a longitudinal dark
brown streak with indistinct edges along the
middle of the lateral lobes, and from the
middle of this a descending vertical streak
scarcely paler than the ground; posterior
edge of pronotum a yellowish brown of the
color of box wood. Tegmina of the body
color blotched with fuscous and black, and
with the axillary fold yellowish brown.
Wings coral red at base, the arcuate band
fuscous deepening to black, the humeral line
pale yellow and the apex nearly hyaline.
Legs of the body color, the inside of the hind
femora having the basal half a prussian blue,
the distal half very dull lemon yellow with a
transverse streak of deep {blue at one third
the distance from the middle; hind tibiae
dull lemon yellow, hind tarsi tinged with
reddish. Abdomen above tinged on the first
three segments with reddish brown, espec-
ially toward apex; ovipositor of the color of
the body when not black.

August 1892. ]

V ASW EY 2 WD

305

THE NORTH AMERICAN JASSIDAE ALLIED TO THAMNOTETTIX.

BY E.

No attempt has yet been made accu-
rately to place the North American
species of Jassidae allied to Thamno-
tettix and Athysanus. In the present
paper I propose to do this for the more
common of our described forms.

The English and continental ento-
mologists by no means agree in their
use of such generic terms as Cicadula,
Thamnotettix, Limotettix and Athy-
sanus, but Fieber’s system, adopted by
Puton, is most widely used on the
continent. This restricts Cicadula to
those species in which the outer branch
of the first sector of the elytra is obso-
lete or nearly so, thus leaving two anti-
apical areoles instead of three, as in
Thamnotettix. The old rule of placing
the first species described under the
older genera as their type is thus dis-
regarded here, but it seems to me justi-
fiably so, as Zetterstedt’s first species
of Cicadula (quadrinotata) properly be-
longs to his preceding genus, Thamno-
tettix.

As stated by*Mr. C. W. Woodworth
(Psyche, v. 5, p. 75, 1888) Sahlberg
in his ‘* Cicadariae” (1871), unwar-
rentably places Cicadula in the Typhlo-
cybini, substituting it for Fieber’s genus
Kybos. Then he erected his genus
Limotettix (not Limnotettix as errone-
ously written by Mr. Woodworth), and
placed in it a selection from several of
the genera as arranged by Fieber, among

P. VAN DUZEE,

BUFFALO, N. Y.

which may be found most of the species

of Cicadula as listed in M. Puton’s
latest catalogue.
We cannot accept Mr. James

Edwards’ disposition of these genera as
published in his ‘¢ Synopsis of the
> nor Mr. Wood-

worth’s limitation of the genus Cicadula

British Homoptera,’

without discarding our present artificial
arrangement of this group of the Jas-
sidae for one still more artificial.
Probably most of the genera men-
tioned below, viz., Cicadula, Limotettix,
Chlorotettix, Thamnotettix, Eutettix and
Athysanus might be considered as sub-
genera of but one, or possibly two,
generic groups represented by Thamno-
tettix and Athysanus.
tainly unsatisfactory in their characters
and quite artificial, as M. Lethierry
says of Cicadula, ‘‘Nous croyons devoir
accepter le genre non comme un

They are cer-

genre
naturel . mais comme un genre
artificiel, destinér A faciliter la connais-
sance et l’étude des espéces.” But
where large groups of species are as
poor in structural characters as are the
Jassidae we must form our genera so as
to lighten the labor of the student as
much as possible.

Cicadula as above restricted includes
in our fauna three described species,
sexnotata, variata and punctifrons of
Fallen, all common to Europe and

America, and a few forms still unde-

306

scribed. Here the head is broad and
rounded before, as in Limotettix, the
front is rather narrow, the sides of the
pronotum are of moderate length and
without a carina, and the elytra are
long with a well developed appendix.

In Thamnotettix, as here accepted,
the head is broad, obtusely angled or
rounded before, front narrow, sides of
pronotum rather long and carinated ;
outer branch of the first sector of the
elytra evident ; appendix well developed.
In the twelve following species the
sides of the pronetum are of moderate
length, with a slender carina more or
less distinct and a little oblique, being
a little depressed anteriorly to the outer
corner of the eye: clitellarius Say.
eburatus, V.) 2, *montanus V. D.,
belli Uhl., *semipullatus V. D., flavo-
capitatus V. D., *gilletti V. D., gem-
Inatusy ov.) De Stal,
melanogaster Prov., kennicotti Uhl.,
coquelletti V. D.

In a few species the sides of the pro-
notum are shorter, sometimes much
-shorter, with the carina obsolete or
nearly so. Here belong: fitchii V. D.,
atropunctatus V. D., *smithi V. D.,
decipiens Proy., laetus Uhl., *longi-
Seta Vi. D:

Th. subaeneus V. WD. has the sides of
the pronotum quite strongly carinated,
and will be noticed below’ under
Eutettix.

In another group of allied species the
head is still broader, well rounded be-
fore and of almost equal length across
its whole width, thus recalling Idio-

fasciaticollis

* The description of these species will soon appear.

SCHL :

[August 1892.

cerus; the ocelli are plainly visible from
above; the front is wide as in Limo-
tettix, sides of the pronotum of mode-
rate length and distinctly carinated;
elytra long, with the appendix well
developed, thin and subhyaline in tex-
ture, with the nervures indistinct. This
genus, for which I propose the name
CHLOROTETTIX, includes insects larger
than we find in the other groups here
noticed, of a uniform green color of
some shade, occasionally tinged with
fulvous or marked with black on the
tergum. Aythoscopus unicolor Fitch
may be taken as the type with which
may be placed Bythoscopus tergatus
Fitch and the C. vér¢dzus and C. gal-
banatus described below, and also two
or three species as yet undescribed.
Dr. Fitch’s two
placed by Mr. Uhler in Grypotes, but
they want the incurved clypeus char-
acteristic of that genus, and in neura-
tion they approach Thamnotettix and
Limotettix, between which they may be
placed.

Limotettix I have used for a group of
which three North American species
are known to me: striola Fall., paral-
lelus V. D. and Cicadula exitiosa Uhl.
The first of these, s¢t7zo/a, seems to have
been intended by Sahlberg as the type
of his genus, parallelus is closely allied
to striola, but the position of exz¢zosa@ 1s
doubtful, and it may not belong here at
all. These agree in form very nearly
with Chlorotettix, but the sides of the
pronotum are short and terete and the
insects are smaller, more slender, and
with more pigmentation.

species have been

August 1892. |

Another group, for which I propose
the name EuTETTIX, is intermediate in
its characters between Thamnotettix and
Athysanus. In form the species resemble
Phlepsius, being broader and stouter
than in Thamnotettix.
rounded anteriorly, and more of less

The vertex is

transversely impressed behind the apex ;

the front is nearly as wide as in Athy-
sanus; the elytra are proportionately
shorter than in Thamnotettix, and mod-
erately valvated at the apex, with but
one transverse nervure between the first

The sides of the
pronotum are shorter than in Thamno-
tettix and ecarinate.

The type of this genus is Thammno-
tetizx lurtda V.D. (Can. ent., v. 22, p.
250, 1890.) Fassus seminudus Say and
F. jucundus Uhl. seem to belong here,
but the latter has the head more pro-
duced and tumid without the transverse
impression on the vertex. All these

_ species recall the genus Phlepsius very
strongly, but there the sides of the pro-
notum are always carinated and the
elytral areoles are more distinctly in-
scribed with brown pigment lines.

Thamnotettix subaenea Van Duzee
bears a decided resemblance to lurida,
but the sides of the pronotum are
strongly carinated and the elytral char-
acters are those of Thamnotettix, in
which genus it should undoubtedly be

_ retained notwithstanding the difference
in the form of the vertex and its general
‘resemblance to lurida.

In the genus Athysanus I have placed

the species ageeing with obsoletus

_ Kirschb., which I have considered our

and second sectors.

FISY CILE. 307

In these the head
is about as wide as the pronotum, but
moderately produced before with the
anterior edge the apex
Elytra broad scarcely longer

most typical species.

rounded and
obtuse.
than the abdomen, or more frequently
shorter, broad and usually truncated at
apex, the apical areoles short and the
appendix narrow or wanting ; first sector
connected with the second by but one
transverse nervure ; sides of the pronotum
short, but feebly carinated. Here belong
obsoletus Kirschb., plutonius Uhl. and
The fol-
lowing species are smaller, with the
head more produced and conical, the
sides of the pronotum longer and with-
out a carina: curtisii Fitch,
V. D. and obtutus V. D.

Near Athysanus comes a form widely
distributed in this country, with narrow,
pointed elytra for which I have estab-
lished the following genus:

comma V. D. of our fauna.

bicolor

ACINOPTERUS n. g.

c=)

General appearance of Allygus, but with
the elytra strongly narrowed posteriorly, and
the tip acute.

Head narrower than the pronotum,
rounded, or somewhat produced before, with
the apex subacute, hind edge broadly con-
cave. Vertex rather short, sloping, convex
or more or less impressed behind the apex,
surface punctured, the anterior submargin
obscurely transversely rugose, passage to the
front rounded. Front rather broad, at the
base slightly encroaching upon the apex of the
vertex, suddenly narrowed at tip, Clypeus
much widened apically. Lorae large. Cheeks
wide. Pronotum broad and rather short,
anterior edge broadly arcuate, posterior
nearly straight; sides long, oblique, cari-

308

nated; lateral angles prominent, latero-pos-
terior rounded. Scutellum rather small.
Elytra narrow, lanceolate at apex, the tip
acute, appendix wanting; sutural edge
straight to the extreme tip; costal and apical
margins continuous; apical areoles five,
inner small, oblique, second largest, reach-
ing the extreme tip; third and fourth small;
fifth, or stigmatal, long and usually crossed
by one or two transverse veinlets; first and
second sectors united by but one transverse
nervure, but there are usually three or ‘four
connecting the outer claval nervure with
the claval suture; all the nervures strong;
costa feebly convex. Supernumerary cell of
the wings present. Otherwise as in Athy-
sanus and Allygus.

ACINOPTERUS ACUMINATUS n. Sp.

Fulvous-brown tinged with dull green or
yellowish, elytral nervures pale,
Length 5-63 mm.

Head pale. Front with about eight brown
ares, more or less distinct. Pronotum feebly
calloused on the anterior margin, with a few
shallow impressions arranged parallel to the
edge, more obvious in the males; lateral
margin as long as the _ latero-posterior,
acutely carinated; disc posteriorly obscurely
wrinkled. Basal angles of the scutellum
witha brownish triangular spot more or less
apparent. Pectoral pieces usually more or
less invaded with blackish, sometimes pale
and immaculate. Legs pale, or suffused with
sanguineous. Abdomen pale, frequently
black above, excepting the broad lateral
margins; infuscated on the basal and apical
segments of the venter in the females;
slightly suffused witha pale median line in
the males. Elytra pale fulvous, frequently
whitish hyaline on the disc of the costal and
some of the discal areoles of the corium, and
on the inner margin of the clavus, the ex-
treme apex clouded with smoky or even
blackish; nervures pale, edged with brown-
ish, the marginal with a fuscous interruption
at tip; claval suture brown. Wings smoky,

brown-
margined,

PSTVCHE.

{August 1892.

iridescent, mervures fuscous. Genitalia:
Male: Valve wanting. Plates long and
narrow, a little longer than the last ventral
segment, about one-third wider at base than
at their obtusely lanceolate, divergent tips.
Pygofers twice the length of the plates, nar-
rowed and obtusely pointed at apex armed
beyond the plates with numerous stout
spines. Female: Last ventral segment
rather long, hind edge witha shallow median
notch, either side of which is a broadly
rounded lobe, retreating at the outer angles.
Pygofers rather broad, their subacute apex
moderately exceeded by the oviduct.

Described from5 ¢,39. Maryland,
Sept. 29th and Aug. 4th on pines
(Uhler). N. Carolina (Osborn). New
Jersey (Uhler). Mountains of N. W.
Colorado (Gillette). California (Co-
quillett). :

In a male from California the lower
surface of the femora are black. A fe-
male from N. Carolina has the disc of
the elytra white-primrose, and all the
specimens exhibit considerable varia-
tion in the extent of the black markings.

The following species of Chlorotettix
are represented in my collection:

1. CHIOROTETTIX UNICOLOR Fitch!

Vertex 24 timas as broad as long, but little
longer at the middle than next the eye; an-
terior margin very obtusely rounded. Front
a little longer than broad, width at apex one-
third that at the antennae. Cheeks narrow
but feebly angled below the eye, forming a
very narrow margin beyond the lorae. Cly-
peus almost rectangular. Genitalia: Male:
Valve short and broad, apical margin round- —
ed. Plates broad, sides a little concave,
apices moderately produced, subacute, slight-_
ly divergent, with a few scattering. spines ©
on the margin. Female: Last ventral segment

August 1892. |

with a rather broad shallow, subacute, notch;
the edge of the thin lobe on either side, more

or less sinuated or even notched. Pygofers
surpassing the apex of the oviduct. Length
74 mm.

This insect seems to be common
throughout the northern and _ eastern
States and Canada.

2. CHLOROTETTIX TERGATUS FITCH.

Character of the head same as those of the
preceding species. Genitalia: Male: Valve
broad triangular, apex obtuse. Plates large,
broad, covering the pygofers, their sides very
slightly sinuated, their tips broad and obtuse,
-a little inflexed and overlapping, submargin
armed with a row of short spines, margin
sparcely fringed with soft white hairs. Pyg-
ofers produced superiorly in a prominent
angle, and below in acurved bill-hook shaped
appendage enclosing the styles. Female:
Last ventral segment broad, outer angles
rounded, apex truncated with a lanceolate
notch reaching over half way to the base;
pygofers equalling in length the stout ovi-
duct. Length 7 mm.

This species appears to be coexten-
sive in range with the preceding than
which it is less abundant, at least in
western New York. It frequents damp
meadows and pastures where Carex
and other marsh grasses abound.

3- CHLOROTETTIX VIRIDIUS N. Sp.

Form of C. unzcolorand tergatus. Smaller,
apple-green suffused with yellow on the
connexivum, or yellowish green in alcoholic
specimens. Length 6-7 mm.

Front broad and convex, sutures curved
outward a little below the antennae; clypeus
broad, almost rectangular; cheeks unusually
broad, prominently angled below the eyes,
margin beyond the lorae narrow. Genitalia:

BSTC HE.

309

Male: Valve broad and short, resembling
somewhat in form the ultimate ventral
segment than which it is a little shorter,
apical margin gently arcuate. Plates nearly
rectangular, transverse, hardly longer than
the ultimate ventral segment, slightly pro-
duced at their distal angles, outer angles
rounded, margin with afew short spines and
soft hairs. Pygofers lingulate, about twice as
long as the valve, whitish hyaline and thin
in texture. Female: Last ventral segment
broadly excavated from the prominent lateral
angles nearly to the base on the median
line, the sides of this incisure, at about its
middle, interrupted by a short, obtuse, black-
ish tooth. Pygofers slightly exceeding the
stout oviduct.

Color apple-green; connexivum and some-
times the edge of the dorsal segments washed
with yellow; rostrum, base of the antennae,
tarsi, spines of the posterior tibiae and the
oviduct, soiled white or even fulvous. Elytra
vitreous, slightly tinged with fulvous in the
male, or green in the female; nervures green-
ish. Wings white, iridescent, nervures con-

colorous. Eyes dark brown.

Described from six examples collected
near, New York City by Mr. E. B.
Southwick, in July; one female taken
at New Brunswick, N. J., July 2oth, by
Prof. J. B. Smith, and numerous speci:
mens received from Mr. Howard Evarts
Weed, taken in Mississippi.

This interesting species may be dis-
tinguished from C. wzzcolor and ter-
gatus, its nearest allies, by its smaller
size, dark green color and the form of
the genitalia, which differ widely from
those of any other species known to me.
Apparently it is very abundant in the
southern states where it replaces C.
wnicolor and tergatus of our northern
fauna.

310

4. CHLOROTETTIX GALBANATUS N. Sp.

Form of C. uxzicolor but smaller, with a
longer vertex. Length 6 mm.

Female. Head scarcely wider than the
pronotum. Vertex longer than in unicolor
and obtusely pointed before, closely and
coarsely punctured. Front lenger and nar-
rower and the apex proportionately broader
than in unicolor. Cheeks obtusely angled
below the eye, the edge straight from the
angle to the tip of the clypeus forming a
narrow margin beyond the lorae. Clypeus
broad, slightly widened apically. Pronotum
longer than in unicolor; margin more convex
before and more concave behind than in that
“species. Last ventral segment with a rather
broad lingulate incisure reaching nearly to
its base and leaving a broadly rounded lobe
on either side, the inner angles of which may
be either rounded off or produced in a short
tooth. Oviduct very slightly surpassing the
pygofers.

Color pale yellowish green, nearly uniform
over the whole insect; elytra hyaline, costa
green; tergum more or less embrowned,

PST CLES.

[August 1892.

margins yellowish; wings white, nervures
slender, pale brown; eyes, tip of the rostrum,
and the claws blackish.

Described from three examples re-
ceived from Mr. E. B. Southwick and
captured by him in the vicinity of New

~ York City in June and July; and one

specimen taken by Mr. W. J. Palmer,
Jr., of this city, on Mt. Balsam, near
Asheville, N. C., in July, 1889. The
latter has the notch in the last ventral
segment scarcely deeper than wide and
the outer angles more prominent than
in the New York examples. This spe-
cies differs from its congeners by its
produced, almost angular vertex and in
this respect is not characteristic of the
genus in which I have placed it. In
the form of the last ventral segment it
approaches tergatus. The male is still
unknown to me.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScupDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

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evo

~ JOURNAL OF’ BNTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 197.

SEPTEMBER, 1892.

CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION TO BRAUER AND VON BERGENSTAMM’S VORARBEITEN ZU EINER
MONOGRAPHIE DER MUSCARIA SCHIZOMETOPA. —I. —C. H. Tyler Townsend 313
JoHN Witt RANDALL . ; ; : : : 2 ; : : : 316
THE OrRTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus.—lV.—Samuel H. Scudder. : : 317
NOTES ON SOME MyRMECOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA.—Hfenry Frederick Wickham ; a)
ADDITIONAL NoTEs on BompByciD LARVAE.—Aarrison G. Dyar 323

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iS OEE.

ex TRODUCTION TO BRAUER

AND VON BERGENSTAMM’S

VORARBEITEN ZU EINER MONOGRAPHIE DER
MUSCARIA SCHIZOMETOPA.—I.

BYWG.,

[The following translation of the in-
troductory remarks and generalizations
to be found in part i of Brauer and vy.
Bergenstamm’s work on ‘Tachinidae,
etc., was sent me some time ago by
Professor J. M. Aldrich, of Brookings,
“South Dakota. The translation was

made in the rough by him, and at his
suggestion I have revised it for publica-
tion. The original suggestion to pub-
lish it was my own. Its appearance
in English will, I believe, be of advan-
tage to American students, since a
growing attention is now being directed
to this family of Diptera in-this country.
The introduction contains many gener-
_alizations and valuable ideas not known
outside of special workers in this fam-
ily, and gives an insight into the meth-
ods of work employed by its authors,
which is not devoid of interest even to
those who may not accept in full the
plan of their work as carried out.

I do not wish to be understood as
‘sanctioning the views here exposed.
The portion treating of head-characters,
other characters, etc.,
which comprises nearly the whole and
, is merely descriptive, is excellent. I
‘Agree with the authors on what is said
‘tegarding the necessity of

relationships,

smaller

eee ST)

TYLER TOWNSEND.

groups (at least more restricted genera)
in the Muscidae, but I do not sanction
the extreme to which they have pur-
sued thisplan. Finally, I can not agree
with what is said favoring the aban-
donment of generic names long in use. |

It is a fundamental principle in the
development of the whole Dipterous
stock that, from the lowest ( Orthor-
rhapha nematocera) to the most dif-
highest (Cyclorrapha
schizometopa), the actual value of the
genus, and of the systematic series gen-
This

seems applicable to all

ferentiated or

erally, becomes less and _ less.
proposition
groups of animals,—in all cases the
most recent forms are more closely re-
lated and more difficult to characterize
than older ones. For example, this is
the case in the land-snails, as compared
with The

cause lies in the numerous intermediate

sea-snails and mussels.
forms occurring in a group of animals
which has just reached its period of
greatest prolificness.

But in particular cases this state-
ment may not be true, for there are in-
deed single branches of the older groups
which have only at the present time
reached the stage of multiform develop-

ment. With this limitation, it is true

314

that the related groups of the Orthor-
rapha, and even the Cyclorrapha of
older origin, as the Syrphidae, are
much more sharply separated from each
other, and easier to establish by definite
characters, than those of the Muscaria.
The Muscaria schtzometopa, which,
exclusive of the Anthomyidae, are here
treated, have been repeatedly divided
into differently related groups, but no
author has been able to establish his
groups upon characters which apply to
all cases. In the description of genera

almost every one has _ overstepped,

either inadvertently or purposely, the
set. The
characters applied change in their con-

limits he had_ previously
bination with such complexity that it is
almost impossible to discover one which
continues constant through several or
many genera, much less to discover a
harmony of characters indicating a nat-
ural After having labored

long in vain to define the previously

system.

formed groups by constant characters,
to the conclusion
that our object can only be attained in
another way,—by ignoring the previ-
ously established groups of Tachinaria,
Dexiaria, &c., and designating a much

we have come

larger number of smaller groups, or
Within a small
group it is possible to determine har-
moniously combined characters for a
series of several genera.

related series. such

How these
groups are to be arranged with refer-
ence to each other can, however, be
settled only very impeifectly. We refer
to this particularly, as it might other-
wise be supposed that we wish in the
sequence observed to indicate a serial

BSHCHLE,

{September 1892-
To us the relations seem
rather to extend in many directions from
every group, and to allow no simple
linear arrangement.

relation.

The question may arise, why we do
not rather combine all the forms of a
group into one genus with many sub-
genera. On this question we take the
ground occupied by almost all syste-
In the
first place, it is more intelligible to fix
our stations by names than by numbers ;

matic writers at the present day.

second, our genera, with few excep-
tions, show only plastic characters;
third, we possess several species for
almost every genus, which are distin-
guished from each other by many sub-
ordinate differences; and fourth, we
would so treat the Muscaria, and so
comprehend the value of genera, as to
agree with what Rondani, the best re-
viser of the group, has already done.
Whoever begins to divide the genera
Tachina, Dexia, &c., is compelled to
continue the work until only those
characters which are altogether subor-
dinate remain for the species,—the ar-
rangement of the macrochaetae, the
form of the sexual organs of the male
and female (not the typical develop-
ment for a group, but lesser characters
than these; for instance in Phaniidae),
the color, hair, width of face, &c.

If we adhere to the proposition that
a genus comprises only a series of
species, disunited from other series bya
lack of connecting forms, then we must
mark off a new genus whenever, among

the slight subordinate differences of the

various parts of the body, new charac- —

ters are found, lacking in the previous

J
il

‘September 1892.]

series and therefore giving rise toa new
combination. Such characters are then
important, if they constantly recur ina
series in combination with others.
Since a genus cannot be defined except
as a natural series of related species,
we refrain from entering into the distinc-
tion of subgenera, groups of species, etc.
We find better stopping-places for the
limitation of families, and on this point
we maintain the view which was
set forth in the Journal of the Imperial
academy of sciences (v. gt, i. 1885,
p- 327), according to which ‘the
known larval forms furnish important
characters for separation into the
_ groups known among insects as fami-
lies and genera”, seldom for a higher
category. The expression genus was
there discarded, for two reasons: first,
because many of our families are the
genera of older authors, and second,
because in genera in which the like or
similar life habits of the larvae come in-
to consideration among the characteris-
tics, the larvae have acquired constant
characters.
If in more recent times, strange to
Say, it is still disputed whether the
classification should be based upon the
mature insect or upon the entire devel-
opment, we can quickly decide, since
the former view ts contrary to all the
Sundamental principles of the natural
system. Whither views formed on
such a basis lead, may be best seen in
the new division of the Coleoptera into
genuine and rhynchophorous. This
comes from a misunderstanding of the
value of characters derived from the
earlier stages. The latter must, for

Vet) 1B OW ig hI Oe

315

the higher categories (family, order,
class, etc.), be considered of high
importance; for genera and_ species
the characters of the imago are always
more important, because the larvae
(with few exceptions) show far fewer
distinguishing features, and by means
of them one could only distinguish se-
ries [not species]. Perfectly in harmony
with this is the cgmmunication presented
in the Records of the Imperial academy
(math. nat. class, v. 47, p. 36)on the so-
called family of Muscaria schizome-
topa, where the non-existence of such a
family was proved. The idea of many
smaller groups was also suggested there.
That the known larval forms cannot in
this case prove the contrary, had been
shown even earlier (Verh. k. k. zool.--
bot. ges., 1878, 161. See also Loew,
DteEtkin. GMb. Zeit. LO45. Pa at2)k

In conclusion we note particularly
that it shall be our special task to es-
tablish the most natural genera possi-
ble, and in every case to attempt to re-
duce former genera to this _ basis.
Whoever thinks the genera too many is
at liberty to consider them merely se-
ries of species, for convenience given a
definite name. Some of our groups
are then to be considered as genera,
while others may be subdivided.

Since our characterization ofthe groups
is based on essentially different points of
structure from those of former authors,
we are in a position to arrange in our
system only those forms which we could
examine and of which we possess the
type specimens. Species, the descrip-
tions of which do not mention the points
that are important to us, must be laid

316

aside for the present, because their false
arrangement would only cause more
Farther
on in our work we will express our

confusion than already exists.

JOHN WITT

Dr. J. W. Randall who died at Rox-
bury, Mass., 25 January 1892 is known
to the present generation of entomolo-
gists as the author of ‘two papers de-
scfiptive of Coleoptera from Maine and
Massachusetts published more than fifty
years ago in the second volume of the
Boston journal of natural history.
John Witt Randall was born in Boston,
13 November 1813. His father Dr.
John Randall was an eminent physician
Elizabeth
Wells was the granddaughter of Samuel
Ele
Harvard College in
1834. One of his classmates says: ‘the

displayed a marked originality of char-

of Boston and his mother
Adams the revolutionary patriot.

graduated from

acter. Though among us, he was not

wholly of us, but seemed to have
thoughts, pursuits, and aspirations to
His tastes
developed in a scientific direction, en-
tomology being the branch to whick he
devoted himself. The college at that

time did little to encourage such pur-

which we were strangers.

suits, but he pursued the even tenor
of his way till he had made a very fine
Dr. Randall
studied medicine after his graduation.
He was offered and accepted an appoint-
ment in zoology connected with the
Wilkes exploring expedition to the
South Seas; owing however to the de-

collection of insects.”

PS Y CHE.

{September 1892.

views on the forms which have not been
exaniined by us. Meanwhile we recom-
mend that the possessors of types ex-

amine them in the light of our system.

RANDALL.

lays which occurred before the expedi-
tion sailed he resigned.

Dr. Randall’s scientific papers are as
follows:

1. Descriptions of new species of
coleopterous insects inhabiting the state
of Maine.
15305 V> 2,00. 15 Pp. I-23.

2. Descriptions of new species of

Bost. journ. nat. hist., Feb.

coleopterous insects inhabiting the state
of Massachusetts. Bost. journ. nat.
hist:,, Feb. 1838, v= 2, 00.10, ppn 34-528

(See Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., jan
1875, V- 17, pp. 373-385. ° On the spe-
cies of Coleoptera described by Mr. J.
W. Randall, by P. S. Sprague with
notes by E. P. Austin.)

3. Catalogue of the Crustacea brought
by Thomas Nuttall and J. K. Townsend
from the west coast of North America
and the Sandwich Islands with descrip-
tions of such species as are apparently
new, among which are included several
species of different localities previously
existing in the collection of the Acad-
emy. Journ. acad. nat. sci. Pie
1839, v. 8, pt. I, pp: 106-147, plaa-7

A volume on the animals and plants of
Maine was prepared but not published.

His volume of poems entitled Conso-
lations of Solitude, Boston, 1856, 2d
edition 1857, was commended by J. H.
Abbott in the North American review.

September, 1892. ]

PST CE.

317

(Continued from page 304).

STICTHIPPUS (orurés, immos) subgen. nov.

Head closely resembling that of Hippiscus,
with small but deep and conspicuous trian-
gular lateral foveolae, and between their an-
terior extremities a distinct, depressed,
transversely biareolate field; frontal costa
sulcate above, especially about the ocellus.
Antennae rather slender, uniform through-
out, about as long as head and pronotum
togetherin the 2, less than twice as long as
the pronotum in the @, apically tapering
only on last joint or two. Pronotum with
the dorsal field nearly flat with a slight
median carina which is occasionally subob-
solete on the posterior part of the metazona
and normally cut only by the typical sulcus,
but sometimes slightly cut by the anterior
sulcus of the prozona and more or less inter-
rupted behind it, in which case there is a
distinct discal scutellum, the posterior sulcus

_ of the prozona terminating in two forks, one

at the lateral borders of the discal scutellum,
the other by deeply cutting the lateral walls
of that scutellum close to the median line;
metazona distinctiy longer than the prozona,
rectangulate or obtusangulate behind; sur-
face scabrous, the lateral carinae obscure.
Tegmina as in Hippiscus, with scattered
maculations hardly pantherine. Wings with
the whole outer border broadly infumate,

_ subyvitreous apically so as to give the inner

part the semblance of an arcuate band, and

connecting with a broad humeral taenia
which extends nearly to the base.
in Hippiscus. Mesosternal lobes separated
by a deeply truncate cuneiform median piece,
the inner margins of the lobes being rapidly
and widely divergent.

Legs as

This subgenus is closely allied to the
other subgenera of Hippiscus,—Hippis-
cus and Xanthippus. and to Leprus. It

differs from all most strikingly in the
form of the mesosternal lobes which lie
at about the same distance apart as in
the two first, to which it is certainly
most nearly allied. From Leprus it
also differs in the presence of a humeral
It agrees better
with Hippiscus than with Nanthippus
in the structure of the antennae and of

taenia on the wings.

the median carina of the pronotum,
although itself very variable, and from
Hippiscus it may be separated also by
the biareolate sunken fastigium between
the lateral foveolae of the face.

Hippiscus (S.) CALIFORNICUS sp. nov.

A compact form of rather small size. Very
dull brownish fuscous, with a slight yellow-
ish tinge, faintly flecked or blotched with
dusky spots and obscurely dotted with black,
the head plump and full, dark on the upper
third, the rest dull clay yellow and nearly
free from dots; summit of head nearly
smooth, with a few dull low minute verru-
cosities, a faint median carina and the walls
of the vertical fastigium dull but distinct;
lateral foveolae small,
deep; frontal costa moderately narrow, sub-
equal, contracted very slightly at summit
and again a little more distinctly beneath the
ocellus, rather deeply sulcate especially below
the ocellus. Antennae testaceous, infuscated
in apical half, a little longer (g) or a little
shorter (2) than head and prothorax to-
gether. Pronotum stout, especially in the
2, the metazona very faintly tumid, its
lateral carinae sharp anteriorly especially in
the @ ; dorsal field of whole pronotum some-
what minutely verrucose, many of the verru-

triangular, rather

318

cosities longitudinal, rarely closely crowded ;
lateral lobes minutely, closely, and uniformly
verruculose on the metazona, nearly smooth
on the prozona with a faint quadrate dusky
spot. Tegmina ashen, becoming subvitreous
apically, heavily blotched with larger and
rounded spots,
mostly congregated into basal, median, and
postmedian blotches, the apical third with a
few smaller indistinct cloudy spots; sutural
stripe clear and rufous
tinge; anal vein free, Wings very pale at
base with a slight citron tinge, beyond which
the nervules are all black, with a broad arcu- °

smaller brownish fuscous

generally with a

ate brownish fuscous or nebulous band, nar-
rowing toward the anal margin, connecting
with the humeral stripe which is broad and
reaches almost to the base, the apex more or
less infumate, and below the humeral region
often wholly, generally in part, coalescing
with the arcuate band. Hind femora dull
clay yellow with a transverse basal band and
strongly oblique, rather broad, blackish fus-
cous median and postmedian bands; hind
tibiae and tarsi pale coral red, sometimes
with a yellowish tinge, the spines black
tipped.

Length of body, g@, 26 mm.; 9, 34-36
mm.; of tegmina, g, 26 mm.; 2, 27-30 mm.

Gilroy, Santa Clara Co., California ;
collected by G. R. Crotch.

LST CHE

[September 1892.

Described from one @, twelve Q

Hipriscus (S.) MARMORATUS sp. nov.

I have separated from the other central

Californian species of Sticthippus two females -

which are certainly very closely allied to it
but differ in several particulars which seem
to warrant it. In particular the maculations
of the tegmina are much more broken up
into small spots which though more or less
distinctly grouped into three large bands are
not so to the same extent and the minor dots
are by no means so confused therein, and are
also continued with almost equal or equal
sharpness to the tip of the tegmina; besides,
the anal vein in passing to the margin is
more or less entangled and interlocked with
the axillary vein; the apical area of the
Wings, except for the infuscated veins, is
hardly clouded but carries at the extreme tip
some blackish fuscous maculations. The
hind tibiae are clay yellow. The wings
appear to be relatively longer and narrower
than in 77. (\S.) californicus.

Length of body, 30 mm.; tegmina, 29 mm.

Monterey, Monterey Co., California.
Described from 2 @ received from Mr.
Henry Edwards.

Subgenus XANTHIPPUS.

Hippriscus (X.) CORALLIPES.

Oedipoda corallipes Hald., Stansb. expl.
Utah, 371, pl. 10, fig. 2; Tayl., Rep. Smiths.
inst., 1858.206; Thom., Proc. acad. nat. sc.
Philad., 1870,79; Rep. U.S. geol. surv. Wyo.,
2474; Rep. Ul. S.-geol. surv. tern., 5,456-457 ;
631/720-7215) Syneeacnid. IN. es 120s Rep. 1.
S. surv. tooth mer., 5,879.

Hippiscus corallipes Scudd!, Bull. U. S.
geol. surv. terr., 2,264; Rep. U.S. eng., 1876,
509; Rep. U.S. ent. comm, 2) app. 2.) 26.
Thom., Bull) Til? mus 1,655) Rep. ent. Ulm
9,95, 115-116.

Xanthippus
Oedip., go.

corallipes Sauss., Prodr.

Generally the band of the hind wings

September 1S8o2. |

in this striking and well known species
is broad,—more than twice as broad as
the interspaces between the rays in the
anal area, but occasionally individuals
occur in which it is considerably nar-
rower than that, resembling rather the
prevalent condition in /7. (.Y.) pardad-
zzus from which its shorter metazona
separates it.

I have seen specimens from Dakota
(collected by S. M. Rothhammer dur-
ing explorations” under Gen. Sully),
salt Lake, Utah, June 9 (A. S. Pack-
aid), Platte River (F. V. Hayden),
Barbour Co., Kans., collected by Cra-
gin (Bruner), the South Platte coun-
try of Nebraska in the eastern half of
tne state (Bruner in litt.), Boulder,
Colo.,° June 9, Colorado at an eleva-
tion of 5500! (Packard), between Lakin,
Kansas, and Pueblo, Colo., from 3000!
to 4500’, July 8-9 (S. H. Scudder),
southern Colorado, June 11-20 (Lt.
Carpenter), Silver City and Albu-
querque, New Mexico (Bruner in litt.),
Fort Whipple, Arizona (E. Palmer),
Arizona (Burrison in Henshaw’s coll.),
Arizona, collected by Dunn (Bruner),
San Antonio, collected by Newell, and
El] Paso, Texas (Bruner), Dullas, Texas
(Boll), and Texas (Schaupp in Hen-
shaw’s coll.) ; and it has been also re-
ported by Thomas from Nevada,
Cheyenne, Wyoming, and south of
Raton Mts., N. Mexico. It would
appear therefore to be found mainly
along the plains at the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains from Dakota
southward, and along the eastern mar-
gin of the Interior Basin.

PS Yi CLE.

319
Hippiscus (X.) ZAPOTECUS.
Nanthippus zapotecus Sauss., Prodr.
Oedip., 91.

Saussure reports this species from
the ager mexicanus simply, by which
it is presumed that he found it wide-
spread. The specimens which I have
examined come mostly from Colorado
collected by Morrison (Henshaw’s coll.)
on UR:
11); but Mr. Bruner has also sent me
specimens from Cheyenne, Wyo., col-
lected by Wickham, and from Silver
City, Albuquerque, and Taos Valley in
New Mexico; and a single specimen
collected July 15 at Denison, Crawford
Co., Iowa, by J. A. Allen certainly
belongs here. Mr. Bruner also states
that he has specimens from Akron,

Colo., and Los Angeles, Calif.

Thaxter (at Manitou, June 5-

Hrppiscus (X.) CONSPICUUS sp. nov.

Similar in general appearance to H. (X.)
corallifes with which it agrees well in size.
Grayish fuscous, darkest above.
of vertex subpentagonal, broadly open be-
hind, the anterior wall retroarcuate, all the
walls slight, a faint median carina invading
the fastigium; between the apices of the
moderately shallow triangular lateral foveo-
lae, a slight more or Jess blended biareolate
foveola; frontal costa deeply sulcate, consid-
erably narrowed above. Pronotum rather

Fastigium

‘heavily verruculose, the metazona more or

less deeply impressed anteriorly, slightly
tumid with arched lateral carinae which are
sharp and distinct anteriorly, dulled behind;
process of metazona rectangulate; the med-
ian carina either depressed or obsolete be-
tween the principal sulci, gently arched on

metazona. Elytra strongly pardaline (apic

320

ally vitreous) with strongly contrasting pale
cinerous and blackish fuscous markings,
with sharply defined margins, deepest in
color in the marginal field, distributed much
as in H. (X.) corallipes. Wings very pale
clear citron yellow at base, apically vitreous
with black longitudinal veins, the cross veins
brown often inclining to yellow; and between
the two a very narrow, arcuate, fuliginous or
brownish fuscous band scarcely broader than
the width of the interspaces, deepest in color
at and beside the cross nervules, and sepa-
rated by a citron line from the humeral vitta
which reaches outwaid only to the inner
margin of the arcuate band and inward half
or three quarters wy to the base; costal
margin narrowly brownish yellow; outer
margin free from the arcuate stripe for fully
half its length. Wind femora pale cinereous
obscurely marked with exceedingly oblique
dusky stripes, beneath blood red, immaculate ;
hind tibiae coral red, hoary or pallid without,
the spines black tipped.

Length of body, 43 mm.; of tegmina 38
mm.

The species comes from Kansas (P.
R. Uhler) and New Mexico (Silver
City, L. Bruner):

Described from 2 @,

Hippiscus (X.) EREMITUS sp. nov.

Similar to the preceding, but with much
more broken markings on the tegmina. The
single specimen having been preserved in al-
cohol, the colors of the head and thorax are
uncertain (and the inequalities of the sur-
face of the head intensified), but it appears to
be of a rather dark grayish fuscous strongly
marked with cinerous, especially in a stripe
which follows the lateral carinae of the pro-
thorax and extends to the eye. Summit of
head transversely rugulose, with a median
carina extending to the middle of the fastig-
ium of the vertex which is of about equal

PS RET

[September 1892.

breadth and length with rather high angulate
bounding walls, indistinct posteriorly and
open in front to the small, partially biareo-
late, rather deep and small frontal foveola
which lies between the tips of the moderate-
ly large and distinct triangular lateral foveo-
lae, whose upper walls are arcuate; frontal
costa deeply sulcate, much narrowed above,
fading below. Pronotum arenaceous and
rather sparsely and feebly verruculose, the
metazona not deeply impressed anteriorly,
a little tumid, with distinct but not high and
equal lateral carinae; metazona twice as long
as prozona; process of m@tazona slightly less
than rectangulate; median carina moderately
high, almost obliterated between the princi-
pal sulci, arched on the metazona. Elytra
maculato-pardaline, apically subvitreous with
highly contrasted cinerous and blackish fus-
cous markings having sharply defined mar-
gins, the latter distributed very much as in
HT. (X.) corallipes but very much diminished
jn size, all the dark markings together not
covering one half the area of the tegmina,
very much reduced in the marginal field, and
in the distal portion of the discoidal field very
irregular in direction, often strongly arcuate
and generally also partially or completely
broken by the nervules into independent but
intimately connected maculations. Wings
very pale citron yellow at base with concol-
orous reticulation, apically with
black or partially fuscous reticulation, and
between the two a very narrow arcuate pale
fuliginous band scarcely broader than the
width of the interspaces, leaving at least six
marginal lobes free and separated by a brief
space from the humeral vitta, which extends
only as far as its inner border and inward the
larger part of the way to the base, followed
apically on the margin by a blackish fuscous
stigma. Hind femora cinerous with three
moderately broad, not very oblique, blackish
brown stripes externally, beneath and the
tibiae testaceous (presumably red in lite),
the latter with black tipped spines.

Length of body, 39 mm.; of tegmina, 40
mm.

vitreous

September 1892. ]

Ed CHE. , 321

NOTES ON SOME MYRMECOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA.

BY HENRY FREDERICK WICKHAM,

In a recent paper published in the
Proceedings of the Entomological so-
ciety of Washington (vol. 1, 1890, pp.
37-247) Mr. E. A. Schwarz has
listed all the North American beetles
that are known to be myrmecophilous
and has added notes on some that he
considers doubttully such. Two arti-
cles by Dr. Hamilton in the Canadian
entomologist (vols. 20 and 21) and one
by Prof. J. B. Smith in the American
naturalist (August, 1886) also treat of
these insects ; to them I wish to add the
following data which seem to be new.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Horn for
determinations of many species and for
suggestions regarding the new Hetae-
rius herein described; and to Prof. C.
V. Riley for the names of the ants,
specimens of which he had compared
witb those in the national collection. I
have placed in that collection specimens
of all the ants noted, the beetles being
in my own unless otherwise stated.

Ptomaphagus pusto occurs at Iowa
City during April, deep in the galleries
of a large black ant. This species is
not on any of the previous lists.

fustiger fuchstt has long been
known as a myrmecophile but hitherto
the host has not been recorded ; I took
it at Williams, Arizona, in the nests of
a variety of Cremastogaster lineolata.
All of our best coleopterists to whom
I have sent examples of the Arizona
species unite in declaring it to be the

IOWA CITY, IOWA.

same as the types from Tennessee.
Ctenistes pulvereus was listed by
Mr. Schwarz on the authority of Dr.
By the capture of several
specimens at Tucson, Ariz., I am able
to verify the Doctor’s observation and
to record the hitherto unknown host as

Leconte.

Lormica schaufuss.

Lomechusa cava. This species is
mentioned to call attention to the wide
distribution of the genus; specimens
differing little from cava except in size
have been taken by me, with ants, in
the Cascade Mts. of Washington and
in the Rockies of Colorado ; the species
is also found in the Mississippi Valley
and thence east to the Atlantic.

Gyrophaena sp. A number of
specimens of this species—a true myr-
mecophile—were taken at Caiion City,
Colorado, in the nests of Solenopsis
debilis which they resemble so closely
in color and size as to render detection
somewhat difficult when the colony is
disturbed and the ants in motion; the
ants show no hostility towards it. From
Prof. Riley I learn that this is the same
species recorded by Mr. Schwarz (loc.
cit. p. 224) as Myrmecochara? n. sp.,
collected by Morrison at Lake Tahoe.

Philonthus microphthalmus occurred
at Iowa City in the nest of Aphaeno-
gaster fulva, probably however merely
as an accidental visitor; in the same
nest I took a species of Scopaeus not
yet determined.

322

Limulodes paradoxus is found here
with the same ant as the preceding spe-
cies though Mr. Schwarz takes it with
Lasius aphidicola. 1 once took a
specimen at Walnut, Ariz., with an-
other ant and it will probably be found
to infest the nests of several species.

Trichopteryx parallelopipeda. A
specimen doubtfully referred to this
species occurred with ants (Tapinoma)
at Cafion City, Colo. This
trary to the usual habit in this genus
and is probably accidental.

is. cOn=

A species of Hetaerius taken by me
in Wyoming proves to be new, and as
it is very distinct and the species of the
genus are few, I describe it below to
preserve the record:

Hetaertus hornti n. sp. Form robust,
broadly sub-oval, color rufo-castaneous ; sur-
face shining sparsely covered with yellow
scale-like hairs, longer on the sides and near
base of the pronotum. Head with rather
large tolerably dense punctures, front con-
cave. Thorax broader than long, wider at
base than at apex; divided on each side by a
deep groove which is double at the base, into
lateral and discal portions: discal portion
shining, with a few punctures and clothed with
yellow recumbent hairs, sparse at the middle
but more numerous on the sides and especially
at base where they are also much longer;
lateral portion divided again bya deep groove
about 1-3 from base of thorax into anterior
and posterior divisions, the latter being sub-
quadrate, convex, somewhat shining, finely
punctured and covered with long yellow hair ;
the anterior division is irregularly oblong,
wider in front, flattened, and, where the ab-
sence of hairs permits the surface to be seen,
somewhat scabrous; it is clothed with yellow
hairs which become longer behind. Elytra
with the striae deep at base, each having the

PSL6HE.

{September 1892.

outer margin raised, subhumeral stria reach-
ing about two-thirds to tip. first and third
dorsals entire, the tips converging, second a
little shorter. The raised edge of each stria
bears yellow recumbent hairs, longer on the
first and third dorsals; between the inner
dorsal and the suture are two rows of hairs
following the course of lines of indistinct
punctures. Propygidium with but few punc-
tures visible under power, but with
higher power it is seen to be densely and
finely rugose; pygidium much the same but
with still finer punctures, mostly towards the
sides; margins of propygidium and pygidium
dark. Prosternum punctured, margined at
sides, truncate at base, lobe with a moderate
constriction anteriorly, extremity somewhat
rounded; prosternal ridges extending two
thirds towards apex, nearly parallel. merely
slightly sinuate opposite the coxae. Meso-
sternum punctured, with distinct marginal
line. Metasternum and abdomen
shining. Length 2.5 mm.

low

smooth,

Differs from A. trzstrzéatus, to which
it is nearest allied, in the sculpture of
the thorax and in vestiture; the form of
the lobe at the posterior angles of the
thorax is globular in that species.

Taken by me at Cheyenne, Wyoming
in the nests of Formica schaufusst
Mayr, in May 1889. Type in cabinet
of Dr. Horn “to whom it gives~ me
pleasure to dedicate it in recognition of
many favors rendered.

PRhyssemus sonatus occurred with
Solenopsis debilis at Cation City, Colo.,
but this may be merely accidental as is
often the case with Aphodius granartus
which I find in the ant’s nest here.

When the habits of our western spe-
cies of Tenebrionidae are better known,
I think it will be found that they fur-

- yellowish,

September 1892. ]

nish their full quota of myrmecophiles.
The capture of numbers of Araeoschi-
zus armatus in an anthill at Green
River, Wyo. has already been recorded
by me (Ent. amer., v. 6, p. 84) and
quoted by Mr. Schwarz in his paper
cited. Though Dr. Horn holds that
Araeoschizus is neither parasitic nor
iniquiline, the fact remains that they
are much more abundant in and around
ant’s nests. I noticed this especially at
Tuscon in the case of three species (A.
stm plex)
considerable

regularis, fimbriatus and

which I found there in
numbers.
Notibius puberulus is often found in

ant’s nests or in the immediate vicinity.

PSY GH.

323

At Fort Yuma I have noticed them
running across ant hills or around the
entrances to the underground galleries
without the interference of the ants;
near Los Angeles while at work with
Mr. Coquillet we dug up a large nest
and found in it, besides some specimens
of Motzbius puncticollis, a number of
Contbius elongatus and ELurymeto-

pon

possible, considering that nothing is

convexicolle. I think it quite
known of the early stages of these
beetles, that they may breed in the
nests, though it is also likely that they
may use them simply for shelter just as
Etleodes dispersa uses the holes of
prairie dogs.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON BOMBYCID LARVAE.

BY HARRISON

HALSIDOTA ALNI Hy. Edw.

1876— Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. acad. sci., vii,
129 (as a variety of H. agassizi?).

1882—Grote, New check list, p. 16.

1891—Smith, List. lep., no. 1129 a.

Mature larva. — Head rounded, smooth,
black and very shiny; bases of antennae,
labium and a line below clypeus yellow;
width 3.5 mm. Body black, mottled with
which predominates ventrally;
abdominal feet dull yellow, the claspers
brownish; thoracic feet black; spiracles
white. The warts are arranged as in A.
maculata* and bear dense, spreading tufts of
feathery hairs of even length, but slightly
longer dorsally on joints 5 and 12, and
keeled along dorsal line. On joints 2-6 and
10-13 the hair is deep black, on joints 7-9
orange ochraceousf. In the black parts at

* See Psyche, vol. 6, p. 165.
t+ Ridgway’s Nomenclature of colors, pl. v, fig. 3.

G. DYAR,

BOSTON, MASS.

both ends are several long, thin, white pen-
cils, consisting of from one to several hairs
and arranged as follows :—on joints 3 and 4
from warts 2-5; on joint 5 from warts I-5;
on joint 6,a single hair from warts 3 and 4;
on joint toa single hair from warts 2-4; on
joint 11 from warts 2, 3, and 5; on joint 12
from warts 1 and 2 and on joint 13 from the
large wart and the lateral one.

Food plants.—Willow (Salix) and alder
(Alnus).

flabitat.— The Sierra Nevada range of
California and probably further north. Mr.
Edwards’s example came from Shasta Co.,
mine from Mariposa Co.

HALISIDOTA AGASSIZzII Pack.

1864—Packard, Proc. ent. soc. Phil., v. 3,
128.
1873—-Stretch, Zyg Bomb. N.A.v.1, 103

1889.—Hy. Edw., Bull. no. 35, U. S. nat.
mus., 62. pr. var. of maculata.

18g91—Smith, New list, p. 27. maculaza.

324

Mature larva.—Very variable in color.
The head is as in H. alu described above,
the color of the body varies much in the
amount of black from entirely black to nearly
all yellowish. The hair is like that of
H. ainé in structure and the white pencils are
the same or partly yellowish, but the hairs
that arise from the warts and obscure the
body are nearly maize yellow* the
amount of black at the ends of the body is
variable. Besides there is usually present
the series of lozenge-shaped black dorsal
tufts on joints 5-12 which is seen on HZ. mac-

and

ulata; but these may be much reduced, or
absent.
amples in which they were wanting which

I have not, however, seen any ex-

also had the black extremities well devel-
oped. One example occurred to me with its
hair entirely yellow except the white pen-
cils. From this there are all intergrades to
a form with joints 2-6 and 10-13 bearing deep
black hairs besides the black dorsal tufts on
joints 7-9 and the usual white pencils. Ex-
amples occur that are not to be distinguished
from #. that only the
eight dorsal tufts colored black. A singular
variety was found with joints 4-5 and 1o pos-

maculata, is with

teriorly to 12 and the dorsal tufts on joints
6-10 black, joints 2, 3, 12 laterally, 13 and all
the hair from warts 3-6 on joints 6-10 white,
the hair from warts 1-2 on joints 6-10 yellow.
White pencils normal.

Food plants.— Willow (Salix) and alder
(Alnus).

Habitat.—California, in low land near the
coast. (Santa Barbara and San Francisco).

ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA Smith and Abbot.

1797—S. and A., Lep. ins. Ga., 157, pl. 79.

1889 —Hy. Edw., Bull. no. 35, U. S. N. M.,
Pp. 63 (gives 23 references).

1889—Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. com.,
p. 262.

In spite of the fact that the larva of this
species has long been known and excellently
illustrated and described by Dr. Riley, I

* Ridgway’s Nomenclature of colors, PI. vi. fig. 21.

PS PCHE:,

[September 1892.

have seen no account of the preparatory
stages that agrees with my observations. Dr.
Riley says :—‘‘Six days after the third moult”
[z. e. at the end of the fourth stage] ‘‘a por-
tion of the larvae spin up; these all produce
male moths. The female caterpillars ,
undergo a fourth (and as,it appears from
more recent experience, in some instances
even a fifth) molt...” That is; male larvae
have four stages and female, five or six. In
my experience, male larvae have six stages
and female six or seven (usually seven) just
as is the case also with O. defintta Pack. and
O. cana Hy. Edw. which I have described.

I give briefly the stages as I have observed
them.

Lgg.—Nearly spherical,smooth, not shiny ;
color yellowish white, a large round pale
brownish spot at the vertex surrounded bya
ring of the same color. Diameter o.g mm.
Laid ina mass on the cocoon of the 2 moth
and covered with froth which becomes hard
and white when dry.

Kirst larval stage. — Head shiny, pale,
subtranslucent brownish, darker on the ver-
tex; ocelli black,mouth brown ; width 0.5 mm.
Body pale whitish, the warts concolorous,
except the subdorsal ones which are black-
ish, those on joint 2 larger than the others.
An indistinct white dorsal line; venter and
legs pale. Hair very long, irregular, no
brush-tufts, pencils nor retractile tubercles.

Second stage.—Head pale reddish brown;
width 0.8 mm. Body pale yellowish, a sub-
dorsal black band and a broad dorsal one on
joints g-12; a brick red dorsai shade on
joints 4and 9; a few plumed black hairs from
the subdorsal on joint 2 and the
dorsal on joint 12; retractile tubercles pre-
sent, one each on joints 10 and 11 dorsally,
pale yellowish, just tinged with red, but dis-
tinct. Cervical shield yellowish.

Third stage.—Head brownish red, mouth
darker; width Cervical shield
Body pale yellow dorsally, a broad
dark gray lateral band and black dorsal band,
triple on joints 3 and 4, wide on joints 5-8

warts

I. mm.
orange.

September 1892. |

(touching the lateral band), narrower on
joints 9-12 and absent on joint 13. Long
plumed pencils on joints 2 and 12; brush-
like tufts of pale yellowish hair on joints 5-7,
with traces of another on joint §; retractile
tubercles large, coral red. Hair thin, long
and black; warts pale grayish. The mark-
ings of the mature larva are practically ac-
quired at this stage.

Fourth stage.—Head and retractile tuber-
cles coral red; cervical shield orange; width
of head 1.6 Body as before but the
brush-tufts are complete on joints 5 to 8 and
colored white or yellowish.

Fifth stage.—Head, cervical shield and re-
tractiletubercles coral red; width of former
2.1mm. The ornamentation is as before;
the space between the dorsal and lateral
bands is yellow on joints g-12.

Sixth stage.—(@ mature larva) Head dark
coral red, slightly shiny, ocellia little darker,
jaws brownish; width Cervical
shield and retractile tubercles coral red ; warts
pale yellow shaded with blackish, arranged
as in the other species of Orgyia; hair pencils
on joints 2 (two) and 12 (one) composed of
long, plumed, black hairs; four large,
white or yellow brush-like dorsal tufts on
joints 5-8. A broad velvety black dorsal
band enclosing the small yellow tubercles of
row 1 and the red retractile ones; on joints
3-8 the dorsum is all black except the warts;
a yellow subdorsal band; lateral region dark
gray except the warts, joint 13 only shaded

mm.

2.5 mm.

with gray; a yellow substigmatal band;
_a black stigmatal line; venter gray and
legs pale yellow. Hair long, thin and

~~ eae
“s

black.

Seventh stage.—(Q larvae only.) Asin
the previous stage; width of head 3.5 mm.

Cocoon.—Double, composed of hair and
silk, but thin.

o pupa.—Cylindrical; antenna and wing
cases prominent; abdomen tapering, the
cremaster flattened, its hooks fastened in the
silk of the cocoon. Color yellowish white
or more or less shaded with dark brown or

Pat CHE.

325

black, the back covered with long hair and
three dorsal tufts of short scales. Length 13
mm.; width 5 mm.

Q pupa.—Like the @, but larger and
more robust. The wing cases are present,
6.5 mm. long, (though the wings of the 9
moth are but2.5 mm. long) but the antenna
cases are small.

OEDEMASIA SALIcIS Hy. Edwards.

Egg.—Hemispherical but rounded at base,
base flattened centrally; smooth slightly
shiny, under the microscope divided into
small hexagonal areas, their boundaries not
distinctly raised and hardly distinct enough
to form reticulations; diameter o.8 mm. Laid
over 100 together on the under side of a
leaf. The little larva hatches by eating a
large hole in the top.

Food plants.—Maple (Acer macrophyllum)
and apple (Pyrus malus) and also, according
to Mr. Edwards, willow (Salix) and accord-
ing to Dr. Behr, walnut (Juglans).

SCHIZURA CONSPECTA Hy. Edwards.

1874—Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. acad. sc.,.v. 5,
306. Heterocampa (?)

1882—Grote, Check list, p. 19. Coelodasys.

1891—Smith, List lep., No. 1311. Schrzura.

I found a larva, which may belong to this
species, in Yosemite, Cal., but it was unfort-
unately destroyed while I was attempting to
rear it. As there is no other species of
Schizura known from California, I give what
notes I was able to obtain under the above
heading.

Egg.—Spheroidal, flattened at base; dia-
meter 1.1mm. Under the microscope it is
seen to be covered with very narrow slightly
elevated lines forming irregular pentagonal
or hexagonal reticulations, becoming very
small at the micropyle. Laid together on
the under side of a leaf. The little larva
hatches by eating a hole in the side.

First larval stage.—Head bilobed,rounded,
very shiny blackish brown, yellowish at the
vertex; ocelli black; a few hairs; width 0.6
mm. Cervical shield with a pair of tubercles;
joints § and 12 slightly enlarged dorsally;

326

feet normal, but the anal pair elevated;
smooth, rounded-conical tubercles, normal in
arrangement, rather large and each bearing a
long hair, many of which are swollen at the
tip. Body honey yellow, the humps and lat-
eral region wine red; cervical shield, anal
plate, tubercles and anal feet blackish; other
feet shiny black.

Second stage.—Head bilobed, high, narrow-
ing to vertex and flat in front; a tubercle at the
vertex of each lobe; width 0.8 mm; uniform.
brown, not shiny, the vertex a little darker
Body slightly enlarged dorsally at joints 5 and
12, the tubercles very large, especially dorsally,
conical, smooth, each with a short seta which
is transparent and swollen at tip. Anal feet
elevated, partly aborted. Body reddish brown,
lighter dorsally and mottled with yellow;
joints 5 and 12 are dark as are also the tub-
ercles. Cervical shield and anal plate dark.
A yellow dorsal spot on joints 4 and 11 bi-
sected by a brown dorsal line.

Food plant.—Maple (Acer).

CLISIOCAMPA CONSTRICTA Stretch.

Var. STRIGOSA Stretch.

1881-—Stretch, Papilio, v. 1, p. 67.

ESOL.

[Septeinber 1892.

1882—Grote, Check list, p. 21. Sp. dest.

Mr. Stretch described this form apparently
from a single g example from the Yosemite
Valley and in Grote’s list it stands as a dis-
tinct species. This is an error, however, as
C. strigosa is merely a local form of C. con-
stricta hardly differing sufficiently to deserve
the varietal name.

The principal differences noticed by Mr.
Stretch in his description seem to be the
larger size of C. strigosa, the greater width
of the band on fore wings, the distinct spots
on the fringe and the common line on the
wings below. From the series of bred speci-
mens before me, these characters are seen to
be decidedly variable, and many of the speci-
mens are nearer to the typical form than to
Mr. Stretch’s description of C. sfrtgosa.

The larva is identical with that of C. con-
stricta as described by Mr. Hy. Edwards.

The larvae form no tent, but live in the
manner of C. disstria, separating as they be-
come large and wandering about considerably
before forming their cocoons. In the Yose-
mite Valley they feed on the black oak
(Quercus keloggit).

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada:

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 xe?.

HOUGHTON, MIFELIN & CO.,

RHOPALOCERA.

Rhopalocera from Europe, New Grenada, Sik-
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mJ OURNAL OF BNTOMOLOGY:

{Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 198.

OcToBER, 1892.

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION TO BRAUER AND VON BERGENSTAMM’S VORARBEITEN ZU EINER
MONOGRAPHIE DER MUSCARIA SCHIZOMETOPA.—II. —C. H. Tyler Townsend

THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus.—V.—Samuel H. Scudder

THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES IN THE GENUS NabDATA.—Harrison G. Dyar

NoTES ON THE NESTING HABITS OF CERTAIN BEeES.—A. S. Packard

ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMs (Insects of Custer Co., Colo.; Opormala brachyptera; Riley’s
Directions for preserving insects; Oeneis semidea; Memorial to H. W. Bates;
Riley’s recent papers; Jasoniades glaucus; Kirby’s Catalogue of Moths and Text
Book; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Gundlach’s Cuban Orthoptera; a correction.

PUBLISHED BY THE

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CamBRIDGE, Mass., U.S.A.

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TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND;
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[October 1892.

PSYCHE.

INTRODUCTION TO BRAUER AND VON BERGENSTAMM’S
VORARBEITEN ZU EINER MONOGRAPHIE DER
MUSCARIA SCHIZOMETOPA.—II.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND. *

The Muscaria schizometopa are di-
vided first into two groups: the Antho-
The
first show the costal vein continued to
the end of the fourth longitudinal, and
usually have small tegulae; the latter
have between the third and fourth long-
itudinal, where the apical crossvein is

myidae and Muscariae genuinae.

lacking, only a membranous margin,
and usually the fourth longitudinal
before its end bent toward the third and
terminating close behind it, or at the
curve dividing into a posterior false
vein, or a true one, which runs toward
the edge, but seldom reaches it, azd an
apical crossvein, which ends near the
third longitudinal, or even in it (first
posterior cell open, or _ petiolate).
Rarely the apical crossvein is lacking
and the fourth longitudinal ends ia the
posterior margin, or before reaching it
(Syllegoptera, Melia, Microtricha,
Thrixion, Gastrophilus). Tegulae gen-
erally large, rarely small.

The Conopidae are separated from
the Tachinidae, Muscidae, and Antho-
myidae by their lack of vibrissae, and
also by the disappearance of the vibris-
sal angle; while the cheek-margins, by
their vibrissal ridges, either pass almost

imperceptibly (only with a slight curve
—Myopa dorsalis Fab.— below the
middle of the face, or on the under edge
of the head—Zyopa ficta) into the
edges of the antennal grooves, or else
(Conops) reach entirely up to the an-
tennal prominence and bound the facial
keel, and the antennal grooves are
wanting [but this arrangement produces
a very good of antennal
grooves |.

The structure is similar in the Oes-

imitation

tridae, where the vibrissal angles close
up the antennal grooves below on both
sides high above the oral margin, while
the last continues up between the cheek-
edges as a broad clypeus with a flat or
edged facial keel (Hypoderma). In
the Acalyptratae the clypeus forms the
edge of the antennal groove below, and
the angle is lacking (Dichromyia). The
Cordyluridae, Scatophagidae, Helomy-
zidae, Sepsidae, have near the mouth
the vibrissal angle and one vibrissa.
Head like Macquartia. The boundaries
of cheeks, vibrissal ridges, clypeus, etc.
are best
(Trichopoda).

These parts of the head structure have
been already described in general in the

distinguished in Phasiidae

330

monograph of the Oestridae (1863), and
in the work on the Diptera of the Im-
perial museum of Vienna (Denkschr.
acad. wissensch., v. 42, p. 108) ; there-
fore it is necessary here only to repeat
briefly the principal characters, and to
discuss those of chief importance from
the new standpoint. The terminology
employed is the same as*that of earlier
authors, so far as known, so that the
comparison of our descriptions with
those of others may be as easy as pos-
sible. Our terms differ from those of
other authors only where an understand-
ing of single parts made the addition of
new terms necessary.
ticularly the case with the chitinous
plates forming the epistoma [clypeus. |

In the Schizometopa the head is di-
vided by a seam or fissure in front and
above into two parts, which merge into
This
seam is more or less perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the body, and
runs as a curved wrinkle around the
upper edge of the antennal prominence

This was par-

each other below near the cheeks.

and thence downward, generally in a
horseshoe shape. Above and outside
of the curved seam lie the so-called front,
the vertex and ocelli, the compound eyes,
and the cheeks; below and inside the
seam lie the lunula with the antennae,
the epistoma (which generally deepens
above into the antennal grooves and
forms below the front edge of the oral
cavity), and on both sides of the last
the vibrissal ridges, reaching down-
ward a greater or less distance, or
Each of
the clypeus

disappearing by abbreviation.
these is separated from

PSMCHHE.

[October 1892.

by a furrow or seam, extending from
the outer half of the antennal groove.
The vibrissal ridges usually form at the
lower end a small raised or re-entrant
angle, pointing toward the middle line
of the face,—the so called vzbrzssal
angle, on which asa rule the longest
bristles (or the genuine vibrissae) are
located. When the clypeus lies in a
hollow, the vibrissal ridges bound the
facial groove, which must be distin-
guished from the antennal grooves, inas-
much as the latter may be secondary
excavations within the former, or may
occur alone with a smooth or elevated
clypeus and often are united in a single
eroove (Dexiosoma). “Phe last “is
always the case when the _ vibrissal
ridges are lacking or abbreviated and the
vibrissal angle forms the lower bound-
ary of the antennal grooves. Longer
bristles are often situated in that case on
the outer edge of the antennal grooves,
because the latter are identical with the
facial groove (Oestromyla).

The position of the vibrissal angle
has a relation to the lateral end of the
The latter often ends
close to the vibrissal ridges, having a
linear form; or the two ends may be
mo.e widely separated,

curved seam.

enclosing a
larger facial area (clypeus+vibrissal
ridges and antennae) and ending close
to the lower edge of the eye with a
larger or smaller groove (the bow-
groove, facial impression, oblique im-
pression, of other authors), by which
the upper and lower portions of the
cheek [sides of face and cheeks] are
sharply separated. If the end of the

October 1892.]

curved seam is close to the edge of the
mouth on each side, the long vibrissa on
the vibrissal angle is close over or on
the edge of the mouth (Phorocera) ; if,
however, the curved seam ends high
above the edge of the mouth (Macron-
ychia, Phasia, Oestrus), the vibrissal
angle and the long vibrissa (or if the
latter is lacking, the angle is distinct)
are high above the mouth, and the
angle forms sometimes the lower edge
of the antennal groove. The vibrissal
ridges are therefore sometimes long,
sometimes short or absent (Oestridae).

These variations have their effect on
the clypeus. When the vibrissal angle
lies low down, the clypeus generally
reaches far below, and runs out past it
or ends between the two; if the vibris-
sal angle rises higher, it is apparent
that it is not correlated with the edge of
the mouth, as that was before between
it and the facial depression, but it may
stand much higher than the edge of the
mouth (the lower edge of the clypeus),
and the latter run through between the
angles, or separate them with a nose
like ridge, or the clypeus above the edge
may by their convergence (re-entrant
vibrissal angles in Macronychia, Dexia,
and others) be narrowed before its end,
or in the middle, or entirely above
(clypeus biscuit-shaped or half biscuit-
shaped). If the vibrissal angle ends
high up and bounds the antennal groove
below and on the outside, then the
downward-reaching clypeus is set off
from the cheek edges—extending for-
ward in this case—by the angle, and
forms, if narrow, a facial ridge, furrow

PST CHP,

a31

or groove (Dexiosoma, Oéestrus) ; or,
if it broadens the antennal
grooves, it forms a smooth or convex
facial shield (Hypoderma).

The region bounding the oral aper-
ture on the side is called the cheek, and
its so-called breadth is really its hight
in a profile view. Compared with the
vertical diameter of the eye, it is gener-
ally called éroad, if it measures 1-3 or
more of the latter; and zarrow, if it
measures I-4 or less. The breadth is
also the diameter of the cheek from the

below

lower edge of the eye to the lower edge
of the head, measured in profile while
the posterior margin of the eve is ina
vertical position.

Bristles on the edges of the frontal
stripe from the vertical area to that of
the upper cheek (sides of face) are
called frontal bristles or stripe-bristles ;
if they are in several rows, the super-
numerary rows are on the orbital region,
and we may speak of ‘‘several-rowed
frontal bristles.”” Those on the ocel-
lar triangle are ocellar bristles.
ones, at the extreme top of the head
near the ocellar triangle, are vertical
bristles. Single or puaired bristles, or
several in a group, on the periorbit
near the edge of the eye below the lat-
eral vertical bristles are called ordztal
brestles. They occur mostly in the
female, but often in both sexes, are
rarely entirely lacking, or are repre-

Longer

sented by rows of finer inconspicuous
bristles (many Muscidae and Phasii-
dae). As a rule the orbital bristles
are strong and bent downward, rarely

upright or beat outward. Bristles sit-

332

uated on the edges of the vibrissal
ridges, and the long one on the vibris-
sal angle are called vibrissae. Ifthe
ridges bear such bristles up to above
the middle, the term ‘‘vibrissae ascend-
ing” isused to describe the character.
If they are in a single row, they are
simple or one-rowed ; if in two or more,
they are double rowed or bushy. Bris-
tles on the edge of the cheeks (sides of
face) may be mistaken for ascending
vibrissae, but check vibrissae are al-
ways Jelow the vibrissal angle... .

In relation to wing structure, we
adopt in general the terminology used
by Meigen, aud therefore differ from
Rondani in the names of the veins.

The larger bristles on the abdomen
we (with Rondani and Macquart) call
macrochaetae; those on the posterior
margin of the segment marginal, and
those on the surface of the dorsal line
discal. If these bristles stand at the
side of the body, they are lateral.
When we speak distinctly of discal and
marginal
mean those in the dorsal (sagittal) line.
If a further distinction is necessary,
the bristles of the posterior edge may
be distinguished as of the whole mar-
gin, or discal, or lateral; or, if in the
middle only, as sagittal. Some tropi-
cal forms show particularly large bris-

macrochaetae, we always

tles which are thick and straight, like
sptnes, and often cover the whole ab-
domen, or stand together in groups,
bush-like. Van der Wulp distinguishes
these spines in certain groups, and we
follow him in this respect in the dis-
But they
form no character of a particular group
hut occur in several, which are sepa-

tinction of zarrow groups.

PS Y'Ci?s:

{October 1892.

rated from each other by other struct-
ures. All the remaining terms should
be intelligible, as we follow entirely the
methods of expression of Loew, Schiner,
ete:

In regard to generic names, it has
been our retain the old
name for that part of the genus to which
Tf that 1s
impossible, on account of the name
having been proposed for several species
which now belong to other genera, the
name must either be used in a narrower
sense or discarded, because in the re-
tention of names which had one mean-
ing originally, and quite
different one now, only confusion and
It is de-

sirable also that describers of new species

intention to

the oldest species belongs.

another
misunderstanding can arise.

should not enlarge or narrow our genera
as soon as species are found not exactly
corresponding with their
but rather that they erect new genera,
for the very good reason that, after this
kind of modification by little patches
has gone on fora time, it will be impos-
sible to characterize the genus. .. .
The majority of authors seem never
to have troubled themselves to give any
account of the ideas represented by
Tachininae, Dexinae, Phasinae, etc.,
but in all these cases to have had only
one definite form in mind, so that the
characters belonging to the name long

characters,

since ceased to have any weight, when
the habitus of the form under consider-
But how
a different appearance may conceal re-

ation suggested these groups.

lationship, and how similarity with un-
related forms may deceive, no genus
ever illustrated so strikingly as Scezo-
pinus.:

October, 1892. ]

(Continued from page 320).

Described from 1 @ in the collection
of Mr. L. Bruner and taken by Dunn
in Arizona

Hippiscus (X.) PARDALINUS.

Oedipoda pardalina Sauss., Rev. mag.
zool., 1861, 324; Orth. nova amer., 2, 27;
Thom., Syn. Acrid. N. A., 213-214.

Xanthippus pardalinus Sauss.,
Oedip., go.

Prodr.

This is a very widespread species.
I have seen specimens from Nevada;
several localities in Utah, all of E.
Palmer’s collecting. as Mt. Trumbull,
June 7-10, Mokiak Pass near St.
George, April 20-30, Parowan, 60c0!
in irrigated fields near low moun-
tains, July 3-10; San Diego and
Rock Spring in southern California (E.
Palmer) ; the state of Vera Cruz, Mex-
ico (Bruner), and the vicinity of Mex-
ico, Mex. (E. Palmer). Saussure
mentions it from California, New Mex-
ico, Orizaba and Peubla, Mexico, and
from the West Indies and Venezuela.
In the United States, then, it has not
been found east of the Rocky Moun-
tains nor north of Lat. 40°.

Hippiscus (X.) MACULATUS sp. nov.

Head of moderate size not very tumid
above; dull cinereous, more or less fuscous
above; median carina of vertex slight, termi-
nating in the middle of the fastigium, oppo-
site which the low lateral walls are consider-
ably angulated; biareolate apical foveola
subcircular in @, obscure and transversely
elliptical in 2; frontal costa rather deeply
sulcate, narrowed considerably above. Pro-

PST GE,

333

notum plane above, the median carina low, of
uniform height, cut by both sulci and more
or less obsolete between; lateral carinae
sharp, distinctly passing over under the pro-
zona; process of metazona rectangulate or
less, the surface variable but verruculose or
coarsely arenaceous, the tendency of the
verrucosities to be longitudinal; lateral lobes
bluntly subdued verrucose; dorsum of prono-
tum blackish fuscous with obscure pallid, sub-
decussate, strongly divergent, posteriorly
narrowing stripes; lateral lobes obscure with
a median semilunate blackish patch seated
on asmall quadrate whitish spot. Tegmina
cinereous marked with rounded blackish fus-
cous and minutely black edged spots having
much the position of those of the species
which have here preceded but generally
more rounded, more contracted, and hence
more distant than in them, the sutural stripe
rather broad, clear, and testaceous. Wings
pale citron at base, the apex vitreous with
black reticulation, and between a moderately
broad, blackish fuliginous, arcuate band
scarcely narrowing above and united, except
for the slender pallid axillary line, with the
humeral vitta, the outer limit of which is op-
posite the middle or inner margin of the
arcuate band, and which narrows and_ be-
comes duller as it passes toward the base
which it is far from reaching; inner portion
of costal margin citron as far as below, fol-
lowed by a slender blackish stigma. Hind
femora externally hoary cinereous below,
darker above, with very oblique broad black-
ish stripes and apically a semilunate black
spot; beneath and apically within coral red;
hind tibiae coral red, externally hoary with
black tipped spines.

Length of body, f, 33.5 mm., 2,38 mm.;
of tegmina, #, 35 mm., 2, 34 mm.

A specimen from Colorado collected
by Morrison is in Mr. Henshaw’s col-
lection, and in minea g from Pueblo,
Colorado, which I collected on July 8

or gand a @ from San Luis Potosi,

304

Mexico (E. Palmer). Mr. Bruner
also sends me a specimen from Ft.
Grant, Arizona.

Described from 1 @,29.

Hippiscus (X.) TIGRINUS sp. nov.

Dark brownish fuscous, of robust form and
medium size. Head narrowed above and
rugulose; fastigium of vertex distinct with
rather sharp though not high bounding
walls, closed behind by a distinct but slight
transverse more or less arcuate and irregular
carina, the posterior half with a slight med-
ian carina which extends back more or less
distinctly over the head; lateral foveolae not
deeply impressed, triangular, the median
foveola between their tips slightly impressed :
frontal costa moderately broad, narrowed at
summit much more than below the ocellus,
deeply sulcate at the ocellus, plane at the
considerably expanding base. Pronotum ex-
panding considerably on the metazona,
which is centrally a little tumid, the rugosi-
ties of the latter, which are considerable,
ranged more or less distinctly into series
parallel to the sides of the process; median
carina subobsolete or at least depressed be-
tween the sulci, distinctly arched on the
metazona; lateral canthi distinct and sharp
in the middle of the pronotum, a faint rather
broad ashen band next their inner side; pro-
cess rectangulate or less. Tegmina ashen
gray, brownish at base, vitreous on apical
third or more, the transverse bars dark
brownish fuscous, mostly crossing the wing,
those of apical half not at all rounded, with
rare exceptions with ill defined irregular
margins, and extending though fainter to
the tip of the wing; sutural line testaceous.
Wings very pallid citron at base, pellucid
at tip, occasionally with one or two fuligin-
ous cellular spots at tip, the veins and cross
veins blackish on apical portion, yellow on
basal, with a broad, subequal, arcuate, dark
fusco-fuliginous, median, scarcely tapering
band, leaving four or five lobes free, separat-

PSYCHE.

[October 1892.

ed bya yellow line from the humeral vitta
which extends from very nearly as far
out to the base of the wing, the costal mar-
gin fusco-testaceous. Hind femora external-
ly brownish fuscous with only obscure if any
darker very oblique bars, dirty clay yellow
below, the under surface, like the tibiae and
tarsi, luteous, the spines black tipped.

Length of body, 39 mm.; of tegmina, 37
mm.

The species is somewhat widely
spread, mostly at the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, extending from
Colorado? (collected: by. Litas G:
Beckwith’s party of Pacific R. R. ex-
ploration near Lat. 38°) West Point,
Nebraska (Bruner), and Nebraska
(Miss Walker) to Ft. Buchanan, south
of Tucson, Arizona (E. Palmer). A
specimen received from Mr. P. R:-
Uhler has no designation of locality.

Described from 5 9, but the descrip-
tion is drawn up mainly from Mr.
Uhler’s specimen, the: others having
heen first immersed in alcohol.

Hipriscus (X) LEPROSUS.

NXanthippus leprosus Sauss., Prodr. Oedip.,
2.
: I possess two poor &, originally pre-
served in alcohol, both of which come
from much than de
Saussure’s locality (New Mexico), one
of them collected by Dr. Suckley below
Lake Jessie at Ft. Benton, Montana,
during the N. Pacific R. R. surveys,
the other from Colorado (?) by Lt. E.
G. Beckwith on the Pacific R. R. sur-
veys about Lat. 38°. Mr. Bruner also
sends mea specimen from Reno, Ne-
vada, collected by Hillman.

further north

October 189z.]

Hippiscus (X.) PARADOXUS.

Oedtpoda paradoxa Thom.!, Rep. U. S.
geol. sury. terr., v, 457; 6, 720-721; Syn.
Weride iN VAG, 132.

Not Oe. paradoxa Glover.

Brownish fuscous, of robust form and me-
dium size. Head dark above, cinereous or
pallid below, often marked laterally by two
narrow oblique brownish fuscous stripes, one
running from behind the eyes across their
iower edge to the middle of the frontal costa,
the other parallel to and distant from it
across the lower part of the cheeks; rugose
above including the fastigium of the vertex
which is as broad as long and bordered in its
entire circuit, sometimes less distinctly in
front and behind, by strongly sinuous sharp
and moderately high bounding walls; lateral
foveolae moderately deep, short triangular,
including between their tips a distinctly
biareolate broad oval deep foveola; frontal
costa almost exactly as in #. (X.) tigrinus
but sulcate more deeply and for a longer
distance and expanding more considerably at
base. Pronotum shaped as in HW. (X.) fe-
grinus and as there rather deeply stabbed on
either side of the middle of the front margin
of the metazona, the latter more vaulted, the
rugosities especially in 2 profuse, subarena-
ceous, elevated, blunt, and pretty uniformly
distributed ; median carina of metazona pretty
strongly arched but still rather sligHt and
low; lateral carinae generally distinct and
sharp but slight; lateral lobes nearly smooth
in g, bluntly rugulose in 2 ; dorsum some-
times marked by a broad bent ashen band on
either side. Tegmina cinereous, very heav-
ily barred with dark brown, on the costal
margin sometimes blackish, transverse bands
nearly or quite crossing the tegmina, almost
or quite confluent below and occupying four-
fifths or considerably more,of the tegmina,
extending to the tip, so that the tegmina
may be rather regarded as brown with nar-
row transverse ashen stripes broadening
above, one ashen patch larger than the

PSYCHE. 33h

others usually found situated on the costal
margin, its outer limit at the middle of the
margin; a rather broad sutural stripe be-
neath which the tegmina are almost or quite
wholly brown. . Wings pallid at base with a
citron tinge, the veins and cross veins of the
same color, vitreous apically, with occasion-
ally a fuliginous cellular spot or two near
the: apex, the reticulation black
narrow rather strongly arcuate fusco-fuligin-
ous median band, occasionally broadened a
little, especially in the middle of its course,
leaving about four marginal lobes free, sepa-
rated by an often scarcely perceptible yellow-
ish line from the humeral vitta, which reaches
to the outer limits of the upper extremity of
the arcuate band and extends nearly (9) or
less than three quarters way (g) to the base,
the costal margin testaceous interrupted with
fuliginous at the extremity of the vitta.
Hind femora pallid cinereous, with three
well defined, moderately broad, strongly
oblique, distinct dark brown stripes; be-
neath and within coral red like the tibiae
which are more or less. pallid externally
especially at the base, the spines black tipped;
hind tarsi luteous.

Length of body, 8, 33 mm.; 2, 37 mm.;
of tegmina, @, 31 mm., 2, 37 mm.

with a

Described from 3 6,7 9, most but
not all killed in alcohol.

One specimen comes from Holt Co.,
Nebraska (L. Bruner, May) ; the others
from Utah (Parowan, July 3-10, about
6000', near low mountains on an irrigated
spot; Mokiak Pass near St. George,
April 20-30, E. Palmer), Taos Valley,
N. Mex., May 30 (Bruner) and Arizona
(Ft. Whipple, E. Palmer; also collected
by Dunn, Bruner).

A single type of this species, a 9, ex-
ists in the National museum, dried after
immersion in alcohol, leaving no trace

336

of the red color to the wings. It differs
from Thomas’s description in that the
‘‘dorsal area” (axillary field) of the
tegmina is not without spots, though
such specimens do occur, especially in
the ¢. As his description is very in-
sufficient and his remarks on its rela-
tionship misleading, I have printed
here the description drawn up from my
specimens before I had seen his type.
I had formerly supposed his species to
be a synonym of 4. (#7.) haldemaniz.
Glover’s figure (pl. 18, fig. 14), pre-
sumably from specimens furnished by
Thomas, is pretty certainly that species.
It does not at all agree with the present
species.

The distribution of the species as given
above must therefore be slightly ex-
tended. Thomas’s original specimens
were found from Ogden to Smithfield
in Cache Valley, northern Utah; and
he subsequently adds southeast Idaho.

Hippiscus (X.) AFFRICTUS sp. nov.

Very dark brownish fuscous, of robust
form and medium size, the sexes varying con-
siderably. Head dark on summit but else-
where mottled with pale cinereous and light
brownish fuscous, the summit moderately
broad and tumid, gently rugulose, the toler-
ably smooth-floored vertical fastigium open
behind or with the lateral walls incurved
somewhat, open also in front to the large
and rather deep biareolate median foveola;
lateral foveolae very small subcircular, the
lower walls obscure; frontal carina of mod-
erate width, deeply sulcate throughout,
though the sulcus fades at base, consid-
erably narrowed at summit, more or less ex-
panding at base, at least in the 2. Pro-

PSYCHE.

[October 1892.

notum expanding but moderately behind,
the process variable but generally slightly
less than rectangulate, the dorsum broadly
edged laterally with an oblique, broad,
usually posteriorly narrowing, pallid cinere-
ous band; margin of process edged with
testaceous; lateral lobes of prozona cinere-
ous flecked with brown and with a large
median oblique dark brown spot; metazona
more or less but not greatly tumid centrally,
the median carina arched, distinct and sharp,
not elevated, and equal; lateral carinae dis-
tinct and sharp, longer than usual and cen-
trally elevated; dorsal surface of metazona
arenaceo-rugulose but not very heavily mar-
ked. Tegmina cinereous and brownish fus-
cous, the latter in more or less transverse
broad belts but all, as in the next species,
somewhat confused and blurred, giving ita
more maculate appearance than usual, the
cinereous markings prevailing along the
costal third of the wing, where also the
darker markings are usually darkest; a
broad and rather bright flavo-testaceous
sutural stripe. Wings pale citron, rarely sal-
mon-red at base, the reticulation the same,
vitreous with black reticulation at apex, with
occasionally a cellular spot or two and a
broad or rather broad, arcuate, median, black-
ish or very dark fuliginous band, gently nar-
rowing toward the anal angle which it just
reaches, not at all or but slightly narrowing
above and separated by a generally fine yel-
low line from the humeral vitta, which
reaches to or nearly to its outer margin and
usually extends almost to the base, the costal
margin of the basal color (generally a little
dulled) interrupted with blackish at the ex-
tremity of the vitta. Hind femora and tibiae
as in A. (X.) devotus.

Length of body, g, 29-30 mm., 2, 37-43
mm.; of tegmina, @, 28-30 mm., 2, 38-40
mm.

Described from 5 ¢, 12 2, mostly
fresh.

October 1892. ]

Je GOD of i 33

THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES IN THE GENUS NADATA.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

in Psyene, recently; I expressed
the opinion that species of Madata had
more than six larval stages, which was
founded on certain measurements made
from Nadata gibbosa.

obtained this species in the early stages,*

IT have not since

but have bred another from the egg,
which is lV. oregonensts Butl. In this
species, the number of stages appears
to be normally six ; but two individuals,

* Miss Soule has recently written the life history of
N. gibbosa (Psyche, v. 6,197) and found five stages,
as did also Dr. Riley (See 5th rept. U. S. ent. com.,
1890). Unfortunately, Miss Soule has given no meas-
urements of the head, but she has given the length of
the larva in allits stages and the numbers she gives
correspond well with a series derived with the ratio .60.
This does not corroborate my observations (on JV. ore-
fonensis), as, to do so, a stage should appear lacking
between stages I and II, provided that the measure-
ments were madeat the first ofeach stage. Miss Soule’s
figures are 3-16 (=.19), } (=.25), 4 (=.50), } (=.75), and
14 (=1.25) inches while the calculated series would be
-16, .27, -45, -75, 1.25 in., thus showing no gap in the
series anywhere. To suit my observations the newly
hatched larva should have measured .10 inch instead of
-16 inch. Miss Soule says ‘‘not quite 3-16 in.,’’ which

_ is certainly nearer .16 than .10, aS the latter would be
not quite } in.

But I do not think the length of the larva is a reliable
measurement to take as it is subject to great change
throughout the stage, and, even if taken as nearly as
possible at the same time in each Stage, is subject to
“inaccuracies through the expansion or contraction of
the larval segments. Moreover it takes no account of
the growth during either the first or the last stage, ac-
cording as the measurements are made at the end or
beginning of each stage, and I shou!d hesitate to assume
that the growth was always strictly proportional. In
fact, I believe that in Nadata it is not so, for double
growth seems to take place in the first stage.

The measurement of the width of head is open to
none of the above objections and possesses besides sev-
eral advantages not shown by measurements of the
length of the larva.

carefully bred in confinement and two
bred in the open air had but five stages,
while another specimen, less carefully
reared in confinement beside another
bred in the open air on its growing food
plant under a net exhibited six stages,
but not the normal ones. All the larvae
appeared to omit the normal second
stage, even those that had six stages.
These latter inserted an extra stage be-
tween the fourth and fifth, not differing
in markings from the fourth, as will be
seen follows. The growth
during the first stage was very great, out

in what

of all proportion to the subsequent
growth, and, previous to moulting, the
new head in process of formation behind
the old one, caused an enormous pro-
jection of the body.

The calculated normal series for the
widths of head stands as follows :—I .79,
fal aga) Uh .62 5 1V 22315, Vi 3:30 VE
4.7 mm.; ratio .70.

From the larvae that had five stages,
I obtained measure-
ments :—rst, .75, 2nd, 1.55, 3rd, 2.35,
4th, 3.3, 5th, 4.7 mm.

From those that had six stages: first
* ond: (ied. 40a,
mm. :T

the following

example : — rst,
2.2% 4th, 227, 5th, 3.2, Oth,
second example :— rst, a 2nd, 5,
ard,,2.3,.4th,, 2.5) 5th,.3-7, 6th; 4.5
mm.

due 0 fai gl) be eee
* Measurement not recorded.

+ This larva died before moulting the last time.

398

It will beseen that in the first example
an extra stage occurred between the
normal stages IV and V, and this is
verified by the changes in markings;
for in those that had five stages, the
markings changed in the fourth stage,
while in this, the fourth stage was like
the third and the change did not occur
till the fifth stage.*

In the second example the fifth stage
was abnormally large, so much so that
the last four stages, in this case, pre-
sent a good series with the ratio .77.
and, judging from these stages only, it
would certainly be inferred that the
species had eight larval stages,f with
the following series of widths of head :—
caleulated— 377, -1-0, 1.3, 1.75 2.2, -2.8,
3.7, 4.8,mm., ratio.77. Compare with
this the last four measurements of the
second example.

The species of Nadata, then, present
examples of variation in the number of
larval stages, as well as an abnormal

development.
It is probable that E¢dema albicosta
acts in a similar, though less pro-

*In this connection I would like to call attention to
my note on Sprtlosoma latipennis (Ent. news, v. 2, p.
115) where it will be seen an extra stage occurred be-
tween normal stages VIII and IX, not differing in
markings from the stage before it, exactly as in the
present instance. These cases are not analogous with
such as are exhibited in Orgyia where an extra stage
occurs in 9 larvae, for the latter takes place to afford
an increase in size. In the present instances the larvae
with the extra stage are no larger than those with the
normal number, and the stage is interpolated before
the final stage instead of occurring after it.

t From similar measurements made in the case of
N. gibbosa, Linferred that that species had more than
six stages (see Psyche, v. 6, p. 147), but this inference
is not justified by the facts. It will be found, however»
to have occasionally as many as six stages.

PSEC LE.

[October 1892.

nounced manner. f

The following descriptions apply to
the species of Nadata that is common
in the Yosemite Valley, Cal.

NADATA OREGONENSIS Butler.§$

18S1—Butler, Ann. and mag. nat.
hist.; ps 207:

behrenstt Hy. Edwards.

1885—Hy. Edw., Ent. Amer., i, 49.

Egg. Rather more than hemispherical,
the base flattened; smooth, not shiny, white
with a yellowish tinge; diameter 1.2 mm.
Under a microscope the surface is seen to be
covered with very slight, obscure, rounded
depressions, but, in fact, almost smooth.

Laid singly on the under side of the leaves
of its food plants in early summer.

t The series of widths of head as observed by me for
Edema albicosta were .40, .70, 1.30, 1.7, 2.3, 3-2, and IL
have twice attempted in the pages of Psyche to make
them fit a series in regular geometrical progression,
but without marked success. A series calculated with
the ratio .55 would give—.41, .75, 1.27, 2.30, 4.3, and one
with the ratio .73 or thereabout would interpolate a
term between each one and give .41, .55, .75, -96, 1.27,
1.7, 2.3, 3-15, 4.3. Thus it might be considered either
that the species normally had eight stages (ratio .73
and omitted the second and fourth normal stages,
or that it had normally five stages (ratio .55),
but interpolated a stage between the third and fourth
normal stages, and the measurement in
the last stage to correspond with the ratio between those
that immediately preceded it. The latter seems the
more probable, but the fact is that the growth of the
head at the first and second moults is double what it is
at the third, fourth and fifth. It isa curious case.

reduced

§ This was described as a variety of WV. doubleday:
Pack.; but Mr. Butler writes me under date of June 30,
18g2—"*The types ... have pale creamy buff-colored
palpi; quite uniform in tint... ifthere is a brown
line above it must be on the second joint, but Ido not
think there is one... looking at the moth without a
lens you would say the fringe was dark ferruginous on
primaries ...and white tipped on interspaces.”
These are the characters used to separate WV. gibbosa
from D. doubledayt in Dr. Packard’s
and Mr. Butler’s words show that his form is not a
variety of VV. dowbleday?, but the same as Hy. Edward’s
NV. behrenstt.

description ,

October 1892.]

Normal stage J. (First larval stage.)
Head slightly bilobed, rounded, shining pale
greenish with a few hairs; mouth brownish,
ocelli black; width 0.75 mm. Body slender,
no tubercles or humps, feet normal; smooth,
shiny, pale yellowish green. Setae minute,
rather long but not evident, color blackish.
As the stage advances, great growth takes
place, the color becomes green with a yellow
subdorsai line much as in the mature larva.
The body is transversely creased. Duration
of this stage about four days.

Normal stage II. Not exhibited in any
specimen seen by me and probably does not
occur.

Normal stage III. (Secondstage.) Head
large, slightly bilobed, narrowing a little to
vertex and flattened in front; pale green,
hardly shiny; mouth white, ocelli and tips
of jaws black; width 1.4-1.55 mm. Body
slender, smooth, no perceptible hairs; legs
normal; green, somewhat shiny, a broad yel-
lowish green subdorsal line; spiracles black.

Normal stage IV. (Third stage.) Head
as before; width 2.0-2.35 mm. Body slender,
uniform green; a very distinct, rather broad,
pale yellow, subdorsal band from joint 2 to
the anal plate; spiracles black, faintly sur-
rounded by yellowish. Scattered, very small
and short setae.

Normal stage IV. (Fourth stage in some
larvae.) Head large, flattened in front, very
slightly bilobed, smooth, not shiny, pale
green ; ocelli black, labrum white, jaws black
at tips, otherwise green; width 2.7-2.8 mm.
Body transversely creased, leaf green with

yellow piliferous dots bearing very small
' setae.

A slightly darker dorsal line and
broad yellow subdorsal line from joint 2 to
the end of the anal plate. Spiracles black
with small white centers.

Normal stage V. (Fourth or fifth stage.)
Head shaped as before, pale green, not shiny,
ocelli black on a white ground, labrum white
at tip, jaws green tipped with black, antennae
yellowish; width 3.2-3.7 mm. Body yellow-
ish green with many yellow irregular ellip-

or CH.

339

tical granulations and a distinct broad yellow
subdorsal line, continuous from joint 2 to
joint 13 and bordering the anal plate. which
is rounded. Joint 2
yellow in front.
centrally.
spots.

Normal stage VI. (Fifth or sixth stage.)
Head full, rounded, slightly shiny, and abso-
letely shagreened; partly retracted under
joint 2; uniform leaf green, ocelli black on a
white ground, mouth parts whitish, jaws
straw yellow, tipped with black; clypeus
small, triangular; width 4.6-4.8 mm. Body
cylindrical, full and rounded, tapering
slightly to the last segment which is smalier
than the rest, leaf green or whitish green,
densely covered with white, irregular, flat-
tened elliptical granulations which on the
venter become transverse streaks. In speci-
mens in which the ground color is suffused
with whitish, joint 2, joint 13 posteriorly and
the anal feet remain leaf green. A broad,
distinct, white subdorsal line, faint on the an-
terior part of joint 2. The anterior edge of
joint 2 and the border of the anal plate, are
bright yellow. Feet green, the abdominal
ones covered with white granulations, and a
white line before claspers. Spiracles orange
red, faintly bordered with white. The edges
of the white subdorsal band are not even but
more or less incised, on the anterior segments
being narrowly broken into contiguous ellip-
tical areas, or in some specimens broken
throughout the whole length.

Cocoon. The larvae enter the ground to
pupate and form a rough cocoon of a few
strong silken threads.

Pupa. Cylindrical, tapering, rather thick
posteriorly to the thorax, the ends rounded,
most so anteriorly; movable sutures of abdo-
long, rather thick,

is narrowly edged with
Spiracles dark brown, paler
Feet green, without any yellow

men deep; cremaster
tapering and ending in two short divergent
points. Body shiny, densely punctured;
cases creased and also shiny. Color black
with a shade of brown on the abdomen.
Length 22 mm.; width 7 mm.

340

Food plant. Black oak (Quercus
kelloggit Newberry).

Nadata oregonensts is not well dis-
tinguished from WV. gtddosa Sm. &
Abb., especially in the larval state. It
seems to be related to @zbé0sa much as
Papilio rutulus is related to P. turnus
among the butterflies. Its habitat is
very probably coextensive with that of
its food plant, which is said to be ‘‘on
the coast ranges and on the western

PS GETTE.

[October 1892.

slope of the Sierra Nevada throughout
California and as far north as the mid-
dle of Oregon; on mountain sides and
summits only, orin the elevated valleys,
not on the plains or near the sea.”* Mr.
Edwards recorded it from Siskiyou and
Butte Counties and I found it in Mari-
posa County, and at Portland, Oregon
but Iam not aware that any record of
its capture in the coast ranges has yet
been made. +}

NOTES ON THE NESTING [HABITS OF CERTAIN BEES:

BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

These notes were made in 1865 to 1867,
and were used in writing the chapters in
‘(Our Common Insects” entitled ‘‘The Home
of the Bees,” and were also in part utilized in
my Guide to the Study of Insects, but the
matter here offered for publication has been
unpublished. and is perhaps worthy of
record.

OsMIA SIMILLIMA Smith,—A number of
cells of this species were found in a deserted
oak-gall of Déplolepis confluentus, individ-
uals of both sexes appearing in the house
Dec. 14, 1865, while one appeared during the
second week of the following April, and lived
a week in the breeding box. The earthen
cells,eleven in number, were arranged irreg-
ularly so as to fit the concave vault of the
gall, which was about two inches in diameter.
The cells are rudely cylindrical, a third
longer than broad, and quite different in ap-
pearance from the cells of Odynerus, which
are also built in these empty galls. The
cells within are shining mahogany-colored,
but externally are rough with the debris of
the interior of the deserted gall. They differ
from the cells of Odynerus in being parch-
ment-like, while those of the latter are made

of mud thinly lined within with white silk,
and those of Osmia are a fourth larger.
The insect cuts a longitudinal ovate lid,
nearly as large as one side of the cell itself,
which is attached to the posterior end by a
hinge. Odynerus makes its exit by a hole at
the end of its cell.

OsMIA PACIFICA Say. — Individuals of both
sexes were found in the perfect state in
cocoons and earthen cells beneath stones
April 15. The cell is halfan inch in length;
breadth .28 inch. It is oval cylindrical, a
little contracted at the upper ‘end just before
the lid, forming an urn-shaped oblique lid,
which is flattened and a little depressed at
the middle. The cell is thin and composed
of black fine earth, and not lined with silk
within; the outer surface is not very rough.

MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS. — The cells
or cocoons of what is probably this species
are cylindrical, very obtuse at each end, the
walls of tough, parchment-like consistency,

* E. L. Greene, Illus. of West Amer. oaks, page 2,
1889.

t I have recently seen examples of the species in the
collection of Prof. Rivers from Napa Co., Cal. and it
has been taken at Seattle, Wash., by Johnson.

October 1892.]

thick and solid, and covered by two or three
layers of circular pieces of rose leaves.

MEGACHILE SCAEVUS Say.—I find in Dr.
T. W. Harris MS. notes, in the library of
the Boston Society of Natural History, the
following notes on this species. ‘‘Nest
under a stone Sept. 11, 1829. Imago, June
and July.”

MEGACHILE n. sp?.—Six cocoons were
found in blackberry stems (probably received
from Mr. James Angus) in tunnels just their
size. They did not lie very near each other.
They are quite tough and thick, and are
rounded at one end and squarish at the
other. Length .40; breadth .14 inch.

MEGACHILE BREVIS Say,—lIts cells are
like those of MZ. cextuncularés, but the leaves
of which they are made are more loosely
placed around the cocoon. The leaves are
neither those of the rose or spiraea, and were
not identified. This isa small species, with
the fore tibiae simple, as are those of JM.
tnteger Say. The nest, preserved in the
Harris collection, is in the museum of the
Boston Society of Natural History.

MEGACHILE INTEGER Say. — The nest, also
in the Harris collection, is scarcely distin-
guishable from those of AZ. centuncularis,
though the pieces may be a little larger, and
the cells a little more flattened.

ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.

Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell of Jamaica is en-
gaged in an investigation upon the insects of
Custer County, Colorado, with special refer-
ence to the origin of the successive faunas
found at different altitudes, based upon his
collections while resident there. Itcan hardly
fail to give results of considerable general in-
terest.

Out of fifty-seven specimens of Ofomala
brachyptera collected this season in New
England by Mr. A. P Morse, seven (2 §,
5¢) have tegmina and wings which extend
to the tip of the hind femora, the ancestral
form thus appearing to an unexpected degree ;

PSYCHE.

541

of twenty-eight specimens in the collection
of Mr. S. H. Scudder only one (a @) has
wings of this length.

The U. S. National museum has recently
published as a bulletin a pamphlet of about
150 pages, amply illustrated, containing ad-
mirable ‘* Directions for collecting and pre-
serving insects,” by Dr. C. V. Riley; it is
excellently planned and executed, with many
sensible suggestions.

A successful visit was made last July by
Messrs. S. H. and G. H. Scudder to the
summits of the White Mountains to procure
the eggs of Oenezs semidea. More than fifty
females were captured, and about half of
them sent to Mr. W. H. Edwards in West
Virginia, the others placed over
grass. More than half of those sent to West
Virginia reached there alive and were there
confined over growing plants, and from all
many hundreds of eggs were obtained. Of
one lot of over one hundred eggs laid in
Cambridge, July 14, every one that was fer-
tile hatched on July26. The period may of
course be longer on the mountain. Mr. G.
H. Scudder found a caterpillar which had
just reached the last stage feeding at midday
on a blade of Carex, and it has since fed in
Cambridge quite as much by day as by night.

The friends and admirers of the late Mr.
Henry Walter Bates are endeavoring to raise
a fund to be presented to his widow as a
suitable memorial of their esteem. The first
list embraced the names of nearly ninety
persens. and £ 377 has been subscribed.
Contributions may be sent to S. Wm. Silver,
3 York Gate, Regent’s Park, N. W., London,
England.

An admirable and
account of the life-history of Hypoderma
lineata, the ox-bot of the United States, is
given by Dr. C. V. Riley in the June number
of insect life; Mr. Riley also contributes to
the same number a highly important descrip-
tion and figure of the first larval stage of
Bruchus fabae, showing that it has slender
and rather long thoracic legs of a peculiar

growing

interesting illustiated

342

pattern, lost with the first moult; and he
has since pointed out that the same features
are found in Bruchus prsi.

Late in August Mr. A. P. Morse took a
black female of Fasontades glaucus at Green-
wich, Conn., the first known capture of this
form in New England.

The first volume of Mr. W. F. Kirby’s
long promised Synonymic catalogue of
moths, containing the Sphinges and Bom-
byces, has appeared. It makes a stout vol-
ume of 951 pages and is carried out in the
same way as his catalogue of Butterflies. It
will prove of much service.

Mr. Kirby has also issued a new edition of
his Elementary text book of entomology,
but beyond brief notes about some of the
insects figured and the addition of an index,
it scarcely differs from the first.

The eleventh part of Moore’s Lepidoptera
Indica leaves the work still confined to the
Satyrinae; this part is almost entirely de-

POC TH Fe.

[October 1892.

voted to species of Debis and Lethe; besides
the separation of wet and dry season forms in
two species of Debis and the early stages of
two species of Lethe there is little to interest
the general reader; but it is full of geograph-
ical details, and contains, as usual, a com-
plete summary of all that has been recorded
of each species.

The closing pages of the second volume of
Dr. Gundlach’s Entomologia Cubana have
just reached this country; they deal with the
Orthoptera, from which we find that he
credits Cuba with 146 species, divided as
follows: Forficulidae, 8; Blattidae, 42;
Mantidae, 8; Phasmidae, 14; Acrididae, 20;
Locustidae, 23; Gryllidae, 31. How different
the proportional numbers are from what
would be found in any state of the Union,
even Florida!

On p. 292 of the July number of Psyche, in
line 15 of the table, for ‘‘indistinct” read
Sdistinets:

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 vez.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & €O:,

4 Park St., Boston, Mass.

RHOPALOCERA.

Rhopalocera from Europe, New Grenada, Sik-
kim, Assam, Pulo Nias, British Guiana, Congo
Free State and various Polynesian Islands. Cor-
respondents will oblige by stating desiderata. Vo

post cards.
Dr. J. T. T. REED,

Ryhope, Sunderland, England.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Undersigned wishes to obtain either by exchange
or fcr cash, Cicindelidae and rare Carabidae from
all parts of the U. S._ Lists please address to

A. LUETGENS,
207 E. 15 Street, N. Y. City.

THE NEW ENGLAND SPIDERS,
By J. H. EMERTON.

In seven parts from the Transactions of the Con-
necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences Vols. VI,
VII and VIII containing descriptions of 340 species
with 1400 figures.

Price for the whole $6.00, or either part sold
separately. Sent by mail on receipt of price.

J. H. EMERTON,
Boston, Mass.

moo «11 i

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874.]

Vol. 6. No. 199,

NovEMBER, 1892.

CONTENTS:
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—VII : ° 345
THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus.—VI1.—Samuel H. Scudder . : : 5 347
PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHEOSIA PORTLANDIA Hy. Epw.—H. G. Dyar . - : 351
OviIpPosITION OF A HomopTrERous INSECT IN YuccA.—C. H. Tyler Townsend . 3 353

PUBLISHED BY THE

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PST CHE.

{November 189z-

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Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of ‘the
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya-
tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen,1890._ . 3 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
England. Boston, 1858 4 1.50
Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 (cons
taining first report of Thomas, State Entomo-
logist). Springfield, Ill., 1878 0 0 - 1.00

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
sects of America. Cambridge, 1885,8p.,1 plate .50
Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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lem, 1875.
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SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
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EXCHANGE.

I wish to obtain any literature on insects, especial-
ly Coleoptera, not already in my possession. In
exchange for such works in any Janguage I offer
good material from the west and the far north, most-

ly Coleoptera.
H. F. WICKHAM,

Iowa City, Iowa.

TACHINIDAE WANTED.

Named or unnamed ‘Tachinidae wanted in. ex-
change, or for study, from any part of North America
including Mexico and the West Indies.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico

—_—_—_——

SY ORL.

SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY AND
PICKERING.— VII.

[PICKERING TO SAY. |

SALEM, Nov. 14, 1825.
Dear Sir,

I received your letter,
dated Oct. 12th, by mail in due season:
of that white Pieris I have but a single
specimen which is, I believe, a male,
though it is so much injured that I will
not be certain about it; it
apparently differ from that which I sent
you which is as good a specimen as
could be procured;
occurred frequently and within a short

does not

aseathex- species

distance I most probably saw both
sexes, and if there were any difference
between them, at all conspicuous, I
should have observed it: my attention
was so much distracted by botany
during my short visit to the White hills
that I neglected the insects more than [
and besides my

ought to have done
whole collection of minute insects was
lost, so that I did not bring home
above a hundred species. Ofthese I will
mention a few trusting that you will
excuse me, if they prove to be familiar
to you, as my opportunities of becoming
acquainted with American insects
limited, amounting
principally to Turton’s Linnaeus. I
expect to get access to your
publications this Winter.

A species of Nothiophilus (not dis-
tinguishable by a short description from

are
at present very

however

N. aquaticus of Europe) occurred on
the bald part of the mountains to the
very apex of Mount Washington. At
the same locality I took a Thanasimus,
differing from the description of T.
formicarius in having the anterior fourth
of the thorax black —its length is a
little over a fifth of an inch.

1. The perfect insect, line above natural size. 2,
The hind tarsus. 3. Last joint of thetarsus. 4. Front.
view ofthe head. 5. Elyt.

On the road through the Notch I
found a Cimbex — length of the body
nearly one inch, tergum__ black-blue
with a yellow spot on each side of the
5,6, and 7 segments, wings fuscous at
the middle and tip, it is a female.

The insect of which I send you a
sketch* I am unable to refer to any
genus I can find described; it belongs
to the family Cantharidae ; it differs from
Lytta in having the head gradually tap-
ering behind the eyes into an indistinct

*[ Determined by Mr. Samuel Henshaw as Cepha/loon
ungulare Lec.]

346

neck, and narrower than the thorax ; the
description of the antennae of Zonitis
does not apply as you will see; and the
elytra are not abruptly attenuated as in
Apalus (with the habit of the two last
genera I am unacquainted) ; the outer
division of the nails serrated beneath; a
single specimen was taken on flowers
of the Heracleum lanatum on the sides
of the White M.

If any of these prove new to you I
will send you drawings in the Spring.
My collection of insects is not at present
very extensive amounting to not above
1500 species collected by myself in this
vicinity. Of those insects described by
you in the appendix of Major Long’s
2nd expedition I have the following,
Cistela sericea, Spectrum femoratum
(my specimen is also a male), Chaulio-
des serricornis, Dolerus inornatus, D.
arvensis, Foenus tarsatorius, Sigalphus

A MerITED Honor.

Rarely in these times do the great univer-
sities of the world confer their highest honors
upon students of the natural sciences; far
more rarely has it been that such honors
have been conferred upon those whose merits
have been won by investigations in systematic
entomology. The more noteworthy, hence,
is the bestowal, recently, by the University
of Heidelberg, of the honorary degree of
Doctor of Natural Science, on Baron C. R.
v. Osten Sacken—‘‘qui de scientia entomo-
logica excolenda, novisque rationibus illus-
tranda optime meruit.” The honor was all
the greater because it required the unanimous
approval of the Faculty conferring it. It is
an honor well deserved, and none will rejoice
over it more than the American entomolo-
gists, and especially the American dipterole-
gists.

PS TCH.

[ November 1892.

sericeus, Chalcis microgaster, Tiphia
inornata, Pompilus fascipennis, Cero-
pales bipunctata, Eumenes fraterna.
Mr. Little of Boston has taken two or
three specimens of your Clytus specio-
sus near that place, and Mr. Oakes of
Danvers has also taken a specimen.
Under the bark of rotten pine stumps
I have several times met with the mol-
luscous animal which I have sketched—
in its living state it seems to differ from
Limax in the complete destitution of a
shield, but in specimens preserved in
spirits it is seen that the shield covers the
whole of the upper part of the body
taking the place that the cloak usually
does?
subgenera of Cuvier.

It does not agree with any of the
I should like to
know whether you are acquainted with
this animal in Philadelphia.

Yours,
CHARLES PICKERING.

Baron Osten Sacken’s work has been
chiefly related to American dipterology, but
the ripe fruits of his wide experience, and
broad grasp of principles have enriched all
dipterology, and, I believe, all entomology.
Others there are and have been who have
won enviable honors in systematic dipter-
ology; others who have written more ex-
tensively than he, but no one has written
more that will be appreciated in the future
than has Baron Osten Sacken. His work
has not been free from error, for thatis im-
possible, but it has always been conscientious
and rich with suggestions. However radicallv
one may differ from him in certain of his
views, their cogency will not be questioned.

Baron Osten Sacken’s health has not been
good for some years past, but his friends will
rejoice that it has of late improved, and will
hope for many papers from his pen yet to
appear. S. W. Williston.

November 1892. ]
(Continued from page 336).

This species so far as known is con-
fined to the northern half of the United
States in the general vicinity of the
Rocky Mountains. Specimens before
me come from the upper Missouri and
Yellowstone (F. V. Hayden), explora-
tions in Dakota under Gen. Sully (S.
M. Rothhammer), Nevada (H. Ed-
wards), Utah (P. R. Uhler), about
Rangeley on the lower White River,
western Colorado (S. H. Scudder),
Colorado, 5500', probably at the eastern
edge of the foot-hills (H. K. Morrison,
in S. Henshaw’s coll. and my own),
and Yuma, Arizona, collected by Wick-
ham (Bruner).

I have seen but two specimens with
red hind wings, both females from
Rangeley, Colorado.

Hipriscus (X.) TOLTECUS.

Xanthip pus toltecus Sauss., Prodr. Oedip.,
gI-92.

If I have correctly identified Saus-
He

I have

sure’s species it has a wide range.
records it from Mexico alta.
seen specimens from Spring Lake Villa,
Utah Co., Utah, Aug. 1-4 (E. Palmer),
Helena, Montana. June 21 (A. S.
Packard), and Laramie River, Wyom-
ing, (L. Bruner.)

Hippiscus (X.) ALTIVOLUS sp. nov.

Dark obscure brownish fuscous, not very
robust and of small size. Head dull dirty
cinereous with numerous more or less clus-
tered blackish points, most abundant above;

PSLTCHE,

347

summit relatively broad, scarcely at all tumid,
subrugulose, the vertical fastigium indistinct
from the low and dull bounding walls,
closed behind by the arcuate incurving of
the lateral walls, separated distinctly from
the tolerably deep, biareolate median foveola;
lateral foveolae rather small, triangular,
subequiangular; frontal costa of moderate
breadth, fading and not expanding below,
but little contracted at summit, broadly and
shallowly sulcate throughout. Prothorax
but slightly expanding on the metazona,
the dorsal area plane, scarcely indentate
at the front margin of the metazona,
sparsely verrucose and in addition abun-
dantly but bluntly and obscurely arenaceous;
process rectangulate; median carina low,
subequal, not arched; lateral carinae tolera-
bly pronounced; lateral lobes bluntly subru-
gulose on the metazona, marked with a large
subquadrate blackish spot on the prozona.
Tegmina very short, extending when at rest
but little beyond the hind femora, dirty cin-
ereous with obscure dark brownish fuscous
transverse more or less blended bands,
broader than the intermediate ashen ground,
and therefore occupying much the larger
space even on the apical half which is
scarcely atall vitreous; sutural stripe obscure
testaceous. Wings pale dull citron at base
with similar reticulation, subvitreous apically
with black reticulation and between a strongly
arcuate, moderately narrow, blackish fulig-
inous band which narrows in passing toward
the anal angle, which it fails to reach, and
does not narrow above; it lies entirely in the
apical half of the wing, leaves four marginal
lobes free, and appears not to be at all sepa-
rated from the humeral vitta whose outer
limit is in oblique continuation of its outer
curve and which reaches almost to the base;
the basal half of the costal margin is testa-
ceous. Hind femora brownish cinereous
externally, with rather obscure oblique
brownish stripes, the inferior surface dull
coral red like the tibiae which are more or

348

less pallid on the sides and basally above;
spines black tipped.

Length of body, 32.5 mm.; of tegmina, 20
mm.

Described from 1 9.

After describing the above female I
received a male through the kindness
of Mr. Bruner which differs from the
female in general appearance much as
do the males from the females in A.
(X.) Pumilus. I may add that the
lighter markings of the tegmina are
slightly more distinct and better defined
and the fuscous band of the wings
(which are pale red at the base) is de-
cidedly broader than in the 9 and is
re-enforced by quadrate cellular fuscous
spots in the otherwise hyaline apex.

Length of body, 20 mm. ; of tegmina,
Ig mm.

Taken by me on the side of Mt. Lin-
coln, Colorado, above timber, between
11000-13000! above sea-level, Aug. 13,
and by Mr. Bruner at Como, Colorado,
(about 9500’) July 16. It appears
therefore to be an alpine form.

Hippriscus (X.) CUPIDUS sp. nov.

Similar to the last but a much larger
species and of a robust form. Dark cinereo-
fuscous. Head cinereous on the cheeks,
blackish fuscous above and to a considerable
extent in front, especially on the sides of the
frontal costa; summit broad, slightly tumid,
longitudinally rugulose, the vertical fas-
tigium hexagonal with distinct and some-
what prominent lateral walls, partially closed
with lower walls behind, with a median ca-
rina in its posterior half (which extends
over the summit), more deeply impressed on
its anterior than on its posterior half, but

PST CHE.

[ November 18q2.

partially open to the subquadrate biareolate
median foveola; lateral foveolae small, dis-
tinct, triangular; frontal costa broad, rather
deeply sulcate throughout, but little con-
tracted above and hardly more than below
the ocellus, widely expanding at the base
and not there evanescent; antennae blackish,
paling at the base. Prothorax stout and
massive, the prozona distinctly tectiform but
tumid, the metazona plane but longitudinally
a little arcuate and centrally tumid, rather
deeply impressed at the principal sulcus, the
whole dorsal surface verrucose and briefly
and longitudinally rugulose, but nowhere
crowded with elevations; median carina
moderately high and more or less arched in
each of its divisions, greatly subdued between
the sulci; lateral carinae distinct and rather
sharp, particularly at the principal sulcus;
lateral lobes bluntly verruculose.especially on
the metazona, with a large. median, glabrous,
subquadrate black patch having a quadrate
cinereous patch in the lower posterior quad-
rant; process of metazona_ rectangulate.
Tegmina only reaching as far as the hind
femora, stout, blackish fuscous, paling a
little distally, with distinct, small, bright
cinereous, triangular markings, besides cine-
reous stripes along the lines of the principal
nearly attingent veins, all having the same
effect as the pantherine markings common in
this group. Wings pale citron at base with
similar reticulation and along the basal half
of the front margin, vitreous apically with
black reticulation and more or less fuliginous
at tip, with a strongly arcuate, median, fulig-
inous band moderately far from the margin
and separated only by a citron vein from the
humeral vitta, which is in oblique continua-
tion of its outer limit, and extends to the
base of the wing, a blackish marginal stigma
at its outer limit. Hind femora very
broad with high carinae, cinereous with three
strongly oblique blackish bars narrowest and
darkest below, very broad above, the inner
and inferior surface coral red; tibiae dull

coral red, more or less infuscated on the

November 1892.]

sides with cinereous carinae; spines black
tipped.

Length of body, 37 mm.; of tegmina, 25
mm.

Described from 1 9 inthe collection
of Mr. Lawrence Bruner, taken on the
Pinal Mountains of Arizona. It is ap-
parently an alpine form.

Hippiscus (X.) PUMILUS sp. ncv.

Very dark brown with generally slight cin-
ereous shades, of rather a slender form (the ?
more robust) and of a small size. Head
tolerably tumid and moderately broad above,
very variable in abundance and prominence
of rugosities, but which are never very pro-
nounced; darkest above, the face and cheeks
often pallid cinereous flecked with fuscous,
sometimes collected into short oblique
stripes on the posterior part of the head;
vertex of fastigium distinct and plane with
sharp but low bounding walls, broader in @
than in g where it is usually longer than
broad, rarely closed behind, the lateral walls
usually regularly arcuate with a slight ten-
dency to a median angle; median carina
generally terminating in the middle of the
fastigium ; lateral foveolae subtriangular, con-
siderably longer than broad, rather shallow;
median foveola variable, sometimes obsolete,
sometimes biareolate and distinct from verti-
cal fastigium only by being at a lower level;
frontal costa moderately narrow, narrowed
at summit, sulcate, sometimes through its
whole extent and then continuous with and
suppressing the median foveola, sometimes
not affecting the summit, the lower portion
expanding more or less and finally obsolete.
Antennae shorter than (2 ), or more than half
as long again as (@) the head and prothorax
together, luteo-fuscous at base, blackish
fuscous beyond, distinctly tapering only in
the last three or four joints in the @, in at
least the latter fifth and cochleate in the @.

PST CHE.

349

Prothorax compressed and expanding very
slightly in the @, robustand expanding con-
siderably in the 2, the prozona subtectiform,
the metazona plane and in the Q a little
tumid centrally, with scattered slight, short,
linear verrucosities inclined in various direc-
tions and besides but few granulations; a
broad bent pallid or cinereous band on either
side, often obsolete; median carina slight
and equal; lateral carinae distinct and rather
sharp but not prominent; upper portion of
lateral lobes of prozona black or blackish
with a superior oblique pallid dash and a
median posterior quadrate pallid spot. Teg-
mina blackish brown with pale cinereous
markings often almost wholly obliterated
except some slight spots and streaks along
the costal margin and a narrow transverse
stripe crossing the base of the outer discoidal
area; generally also with a triangular patch
depending from the costal margin and ex-
tending, sometimes interrupted, across the
middle of the inner discoidal area, with an-
other slender stripe midway between this and
the outer stripe and connected with the latter
by a stripe following the base of the anterior
ulnar nervule; but sometimes increased in
extent-and in number by multiplication of
other, sometimes sinuous, transverse stripes,
especially in the apical half and in the upper
portion of the extreme base so that the
ground is about equally divided between the
two colors and the markings assume some-
what the distribution which prevails in H.
(X.) afiictus; there is a broad conspicuous
bright flavous sutural stripe and the brown
axillary field is usually immaculate. Wings
very pale citron or salmon red at base with
corresponding reticulation, vitreous apically,
the extreme apex sometimes maculate, with
black reticulation and a fuliginous median
arcuate band, which is generally fainter and
narrower in the @ than in the @, where it is
sometimes blackish fuliginous, and varies
from a width hardly equal to more than one
of the interspaces (when it may escape the
border altogether) to a broad band more

350

or less confused with the more or less fulig-
inous maculate apex, and when not so con-
fused generally leaving three or four
marginal lobes free; it is separated distinctly
by a pale yellow line from the humeral vitta
which extends from its outer margin almost
or quite to the base, leaving on the basal
half of the costal margin a yellowish line.
Hind femora more or less pallid, lighter or
darker cinereous externally, traversed by
three strongly oblique blackish bands, within
coral red blotched heavily with black,
beneath like the tibiae coral red, the outer
side of the latter more or less pallid, the
spines black tipped; but the brighter colors

may vary all the way from coral red to
luteous.
Length of body, &, 1824.5 mm., Q,

26.5-35 mm.; of tegmina @, 17-23 mm., 2,
20-26 mm.

Described from 51 6,5 @.

This is mainly a Coloradan species
taken at the height of S—gooo’ (Morri-
son in S. Henshaw’s, L. Bruner’s col-
lections and my own). at Florissant,
(June, S. H. Scudder; June 13-15, R.
Thaxter), and South Park, 8-goo0’
(June 16-23, R. Thaxter). Bruner,
however, sends me also specimens from
Taos Valley, N. Mex., and says it also
occurs at Ft. Grant, Arizona.

Only one specimen,a Q from South
Park, has red wings.

;lrppiscus (X.) ALBULUS sp. nov.

Fusco-cinereous, of moderately robust form
and small size. Head pretty large and tumid,
especially in the 9, cinereous, infuscated
above and marked interruptedly with small
blackish brown on all prominences
below the eyes including a narrow oblique
stripe across the cheeks; summit of head
faintly rugulose with faint divergent shallow

spots

PS TCTLE:

{November 1892.

sulcations extending backward from the pos-
terior limit of the fastigium of the vertex;
this deeply hollowed, with high and thin
bounding walls, open behind, and in front
scarcely separated from the deep, faintly
biareolate, not very broad, median foveola ;
median carina slight, reaching the middle of
the fastigium; lateral foveolae triangular,
rather pronounced; frontal costa of moderate
breadth, strongly contracted at summit and
less so below the ocellus, sulcate throughout.
Pronotum compact, considerably expanded
on the metazona, rather sparsely and mod-
erately verruculose and also rather faintly
arenaceous, the metazona plane, the process
rather Jess than rectangulate, the median
carina rather slight, nearly straight, obsolete
between the sulci and here accompanied by
a distinct discal scutellum, the lateral carinae
stout, heavy, distinct, and extended; sides of
dorsum with diverging pallid bands in the
& ; lateral lobes of pronotum pallid or cine-
reous, heavily blotched with black. Tegmina
with distinctly pantherine markings made up
about equally of dark brown and pallid cine-
reous colors, the former prevailing and
blending on the posterior, the latter on the
anterior half of the tegmina; they are mostly
transverse, but a single oblique small brown
bar in the middle of the tegmina in an other-
wise broad pallid patch lies at the base of the
outer discoidal field; the sutural stripe is
pallid cinereous. Wings pallid, perhaps in
life pale citron at base with corresponding
reticulation, pellucid apically with black reti-
culation, the @ witha slight trace of extreme
apical infuscation, the space between, wholly
in the apical half of the wing, with a narrow,
strongly arcuate, more or less distinct,
fuliginous band, tapering along the outer
margin and not nearly reaching the anal
angle, narrowing also to some extent above,
in the 9 obsolescent, and leaving only about
three marginal lobes free; it is separated by
a clear line from the humeral vitta which,
though it reaches nearly to the base, extends
outward hardly beyond the inner limit of the

November 1892. ]

PREPARATORY

BY HARRISON G.

PHEOSIA PORTLANDIA Edwards.

1886.— Hy. Edw., Ent.
Pheosia.

1891. — Smith, List lep., No.

descheret Neumoegen.

1892. — Neum., Can. ent., xxiv, 227, Wofo-
donta. ;

Egg.— Hemispherical, the base flat; not
shining, whitish green; diameter 1.2 mm.
Under the microscope it appears densely
covered with minute white granulations,
except at the micropyle, where is a single
larger granulation, surrounded by a _ pale
green ring, from which the granulations are
absent. The granulations are larger in the
area immediately around the micropyle, and
diminish in size towards the base of the egg,
becoming very minute and almost lost on the
under side. The larva hatches by eating a
semicircular hole in the side of the egg,
leaving the rest of the shell. laid
singly on the leaves.

First stage. — Head slightly bilobed, black
and shining; labrum paler, slightly whitish ;
a few pale hairs; width 0.65 mm. Joint 12
is hardly perceptibly enlarged dorsally ; body
cvlindrical, diminishing a little in size pos-
teriorly; no traces of a caudal horn; feet
normal, the anal pair used in walking. Color
pale white, cervical shield and thoracic feet
black, abdominal feet, except the last pair,
blackish outwardly; setiferous dots
colorous, the setae pale, short. As the stage
advances the anal plate, all the abdominal
feet outwardly and the piliferous dots become
black. The dots are large and distinct, row
I on joints 5-12 almost in line with row 2
except that on joint 12 there is a single large
dorsal dot instead of row 1 but it bears two
setae ; row 3 lateral; rows 4 and 5 subventral,
smaller. Joint 12 becomes more enlarged,

168,

amer., ii,

1287.

Eggs

con-

PST CHE.

SPAGES OF PHEOSIA PORTLANDIA Hy.

351

Epw.

DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

but there is still no horn, till just at the end
of the stage a purplish shade appears about
the dorsal dot. A row of subventral purplish
spots appears and the body becomes greenish.

Second stage.—UHead hardly _bilobed,
rounded, narrowing a little to vertex; smooth
vertices of lobes
nearly black, labrum whitish, jaws and ocelli
black; width 1.0 mm. Body slender, cylin-
drical, with a short, rounded, conical process
on joint 12 dorsally, bearing the two setae of

shining pale brownish,

row 1 almost at its vertex; other setae fine,
blackish, situated as before, their bases very
slightly elevated but not discolored. Body
pale whitish green, thoracic feet blackish
with a dark red subventral line along their
bases, represented by small spots above the
abdominal feet. Process on joint 12 faintly
Cervical shield and anal plate not
Later a yellowish shade

purplish.
distinguishable.
appears substigmatally, the subventral band
below it is purplish, broken, occurring on the
bases of the legs. Abdominal feet green,
tinged with purplish on the outside.

Third stage. — Head rounded, and narrow-
ing a little above, very slightly bilobed,
flattened in front so that the lateral outline is
nearly triangular; straw yellow, not shining,
ocelli and jaws inwardly brown, labrum
whitish; width 1.6 mm. Body cylindrical,
joint 12 enlarged and bearing a fleshy process
in the shape of a horn, 0.4 mm. long and
directed straight upward. Setae short, pale,
row 1 on joint 12 diverging from the horn
before its tip, their concolorous bases slightly
elevated and, under a lens, with a minute
black dot. Color uniform pale green, yel-
lowish at the interrupted
purplish red band along the bases of the
legs, most well developed on the thoracic
Spiracles black, narrowly paler

sides with an

segments.

cad

302

centrally. Feet pale, purplish tinged out-
wardly; horn reddish. Later the spiracles
are surrounded by whitish, outside which is
a faint purplish space, which on joint 3
extends over the dorsum. Horn o.8 mm.
At the end of the stage, the purplish
shading overspreads the whole lateral region,
but is sharply defined above subdorsally,
leaving the dorsum broadly green. Joint 2 is
all green, as is the venter between the legs.
A faint line reaches straight up from the
spiracle on joint 12 to the horn.

Fourth stage. —Wead shaped as_ before,
yellowish green, slightly mottled with brown
on the sides of the front; ocelli brown, jaws
brownish, antennae reddish, labrum whitish;
width 2.4 mm.

long.

Body slender, joint 12 en-
larged, with a thick, conical, fleshy horn
from a very large base, rounded at the tip,
pointing straight up and bearing two minute
divergent setae; length about 1 mm. The
setae on the body arise from small, con-
colorous, rounded, shining warts, row 3
'- rather conspicuous, the rest minute. Dorsum
broadly bright green, except on joints 2 and
- 3, where it is shaded with purplish brown in
a dorsal line extending over joint 3 laterally.
Lateral region, subdorsal to substigmatal.
shaded with purplish, bordered below by a
heavier shade and emphasized on the bases
of all the feet, except the anal, by a nearly
black shade. Feet purplish; venter green;
horn purplish brown with a line running
down to the spiracle. Spiracles black, white
centrally and surrounded by a broad white
ring, except the one on joint 2. Anal plate
large, green, but quite smooth and incon-
spicuous. Later, a livid purplish tint spreads
slightly over the body, and there is less
contrast between the dorsal and lateral
regions. The horn is 2 mm. long, and is
colored livid purplish with a dark purple
‘ brown stripe down the side, running behind
the spiracle.
Fifth stage. — Head
green, but covered

shaped
with a

as before;
shade
except over the clypeus and a space immedi-

brown

LS TC FAP:

{November 1892,

ately around it, densely mottled with green
spots; jaws brownish, ocelli minute, black,
labrum pale; width 3.9 mm. Body smooth,
setae very minute, joint 12 much enlarged,
the horn very well developed, becoming 3
mm. long and thick at base; anal plate large,
nearly circular, excavated anteriorly, coarsely
granular with a knob-like prominence in
the center. Body at first nearly green, but
overspread with a livid purplish shade, a
band over joint 3, lines on the feet on joints
7-10 and a stripe from vertex of horn to sub-
ventral region purplish black. Bases of horn
before and behind the black stripe, pinkish.
Anal plate green with reddish border.
Thoracic feet reddish. Spiracles white in a
narrow black border, surrounded by white
and outside this by a purplish black ring.
Abdominal feet red each side of the black
line. As the stage advances, the head and
body become shining, light, livid, greenish
purple, marked as before; venter centrally
green; anal plate entirely reddish, deep red
on the circumference. The black stripes
become paler, the spiracles entirely black
inside of their white border. Still later a
diffuse, but evident, ocher yellow substig-
matal line appears, ending abruptly on the
lower side in a greenish shade, reaching up
above half-way on the spiracles. The purple
color of the body is very pale and becomes
more and more livid and greenish. Length
of larva 50 mm.

Cocoon. — The larva went just beneath the
surface of the ground and formed a cell lined
with silk.

Pupa.— Cylindrical, rounded at both ends,
thickest through the 4th abdominal segment.
Cases comparatively small, wrinkled; cre-
master, two short thick spines, some distance
apart which point outwardly at an angle
from the body. Color very dark brown,
black on the cases and the back. Length 21
min.; width 7 mm.

Food plant. — Willow (Salix).

Larvae from Portland, Oregon. :

The moths differ from Pheosta dimidiata

November 1892. ]

H.-S. in that the fore wings are much darker.
The male has no white markings except the
apical streak, and the transverse lines, usual
in the Notodontidae, can be seen faintly
crossing the wing, while in P. démidiata
they are quite obsolete except at the internal
margin. ‘T. a. line very faint, defined by the
inner edge of the black cellular patch, obso-

PSYCHE

353

lete below median vein, but below submedian
fold very distinct, white, sharply produced
inward and bordering the fawn colored patch.
T. p. line from costa along discal cross vein,
either straight or sharply dentate on the
veins, lost between veins 2and 3, but distinct
on internal margin in a short white dash,
reaching internal vein. e

OMIT OSIZION OF A HOMOPTEROUS INSECT IN YUCCA.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

On May 15, 1891, a grayish homopterous
insect, one of the Fulgoridae, or lantern-flies,
was found very numerous on leaves of Yucca
angustifolia. It was also found on Y. mac-
rocarpa (?)*. Specimens are determined by
Dr. Uhler as Oecleus decens Stal.

At the same date on which the insects
were found, it was noticed that the leaves of
Y. angustifolia were largely covered with
very small patches of a pure white, woolly or
cottony, fluffy material, arranged in more or
less irregular rows. They were found to be
punctures consisting of slightly raised swell-
ings of the surface of the leaf, each swelling
being marked by this cottony covering. They
exhibited much the general appearance, at
first sight, of colonies of a small white
cottony scale. These are the egg-punctures.
They are always placed on the upper side of
the leaf, and usually, if not always, near the
tip or point. Superficial examination shows
only this woolly, snow-white, fluffy sub-
stance, apparently containing nothing, but
covering the slightly raised puncture in the
leaf. The above fulgorid was found wherever
this woolly material occurred,
on and about it, and consequently raised the
question in my mind of some connection
between the two.

usually

On May 21, the punctures were carefully
examined and found to contain eggs. The

* This species may be Y. baccata.

egg measures # mm. in length, by } mm. in
width. Examination on May 15 had dis-
closed no eggs whatever, and I imagine that
they were not yet all deposited at that date.
The presence of the insects would perhaps
indicate that they were in the act of ovipos-
iting and preparing the leaves for the recep-
tion of the eggs. The leaves of Y. macro-
carpa (?) contained, at that date, no
punctures. Though Ihave not at any time
observed the insects making these punctures,
I still feel confident that the latter belong
to this fulgorid, since there is no other insect
frequenting the Yuccas that could make them.
I may add that I have found the abdominal
saws or pincers of a female specimen with
some of the same white fluffy substance still
adhering to them.

On May 31, plants of Yucca augustifolia
were found to be thickly oviposited in.
Some plants had the tips of nearly every leaf
covered with the white fluffy material.
Numbers of this insect were present, many
of them on the punctured portions.

On June 2, similar egg punctures were
found on the leaves of Yucca macrocarfa (?)
marked by the same woolly material. Three
specimens of an Oecleus, which Dr. Uhler
says is the same as O. decens, were found
clustered on the woolly punctures. They
were, however, decidedly smaller than those
previously found, and which had occurred

only on Y. angustifolia. Iwas inclined to

354

consider them a distinct species, since they
were of uniform size among themselves.
Only one specimen of this smaller kind had
been found before this date, but it was taken,
May 30, onan isolated plant of 2% angustz-
folia, alone and solitary. I will therefore
not attempt to prove any distinction between
thétwo forms, which may be only the two
sexes of the same species, and apparently are
from an examination of the genitalia.

The punctures are sometimes placed in
rows, but usually only when near the tips of
the narrow leaves of Y. angustifolia. They
are most often massed together over the
whole upper distal surface of the leaf, and
are always placed very closely together.
Each patch or tuft of the cottony substance
which marksa puncture is usually from $mm.
to 1 mm. in diameter, and about 2 mm. thick
or slightly more.

This white, fluffy material is extremely

PS XiGE Te,

[November 1892

fine in texture, and I was at first inclined to
believe that it was simply the natural very
fine and silken fiber of the Yucca leaf, carded
out by the ovipositor of the female Oecleus.
Were this so, it would be quite interesting as
exhibiting in a state of nature the beautiful,
delicate, silken fiber which these plants are
capable of yielding. I believe, however,
that it is a juice, either from the leaf or from
the insect, probably the former, which
hardens on exposure to the air. It is seem-
ingly soluble in water, and is probably only
the hardened sap of the Yucca leaf.

In conclusion, it might be said that the
constant watchfulness with which the Oecleus
seems to attend upon and frequent the vicin-
ity of its egg-punctures, even after the eggs
have for days been deposited, is suggestive
of a motherly instinct and seems a manifes-
tation of parental care in the hatching of the
young.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 xe?.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN: & CO;

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ADVERTISEMENT.

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=~ JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY.

[Established in 1874.]

Vol. 6. No. 200.

DECEMBER, 1892.

CONTENTS:
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—VIII (Concl.). 357
THE ORTHOPTERAN GENUS Hippiscus.—VII (Concluded).—Samuel H. Scudder. . 359
PREPARATORY STAGES OF CLISIOCAMPA EROSA STRETCH.—Harrison G. Dyar . : 364
A LoweER SILURIAN INSECT FROM SWEDEN : : : ‘ ‘ , : 365

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs (A new catalogue of Hemiptera; the illness of Dr. Hagen;
enumeration of Iowa insects; the young of mole-crickets; Humbert’s posthu-
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ‘ : ; : : 366

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PSYCHE.

[December 1892.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

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SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN

HARRIS, SAY AND

PICKERING.— VIII.

[HARRIS TO SAY. |

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. March 21, 1834.
To Tuos. Say Esa.
Dear Sir,
On the 27th November
I wrote to give you information that
my long-promised collection of insects
was shipped in a large case, in the
Tarquin from Boston for New-Orleans.
I have since received a receipt for the
same from Mr. Jos. Barabino, dated
N. O. January 15th, enclosed in a
letter from my friend Vose, who tells
methat Mr. B. will pay every necessary
attention in forwarding the collection
safely to you; & I therefore presume
that you must, long before this, have
received it. As it is possible that my
letter may not have reached you I shall
repeat, what I therein stated, that a
succession of domestic afflictions pre-
vented me from complying with my
promise to you until November last,
but that my love for Entomology still
remains, & with it an increased desire
to obtain your kind assistance in deter-
mining many of the insects sent to you.
Of the collection (consisting in all of
1970 specimens, or about 1800 species, )

1202 insects are for yourself; the re-
mainder, being wzzégwes from my cab-
inet, you will please to return as soon
after examining them as youcan. I hope
you will let the numbers remain attached
to all of these insects for the present,
even to those which are for yourself; &
I must beg you, in particular, to keep
the uniques in the boxes in which they
are sent during the time you may find
it necessary to them. Red
tickets are attached to a number of
insects, which were presented to me
by Mr. J. W. Randall, (a student in

the University, who has a good collec-

retain

tion of native insects of this vicinity,)
& who is desirous of describing them if
In the Mss catalogue I have
endeavoured to give the specific names
of the first describers, whenever known
to me, notwithstanding that they might
be less commonly received than other
The same has been done in

new.

names.
the printed catalogue, made out about
two years ago for Prof. Hitchcock, &
printed last autumn almost without
alteration or correction. This brings
me to the present object of my letter,

which is to solicit your immediate at-

358

tention to the collection, with a view to
enable me to revise, correct, & enlarge
the catalogue of insects attached to
Prof. Hitchcock’s ‘‘Survey of Massa-
chusetts’”, of which he has just informed
me a new edition will be issued in the
course of 2 or 3months. Do not, I beg
you, disappoint me in this matter, for I
know that the catalogue is very imper-
fect, & in many instances may be incor-
rect. Typographical errors you will
discover in it; for these however I am
not answerable; but, for the credit of
American Science, I do hope that you
will help me to give a better & longer
list of the insects of Massachusetts,
which the collection sent to you will
undoubtedly enable you to do. In the
case is a blank catalogue, prepared with
numbers corresponding to the insects
themselves, & to the Mss catalogue, in
order to save you some trouble & to
obviate mistakes & omissions ; & ample
space is left in it for any remarks you
may be willing to add to the names.
As fast as you fill up the sheets of this
catalogue please enclose them in an
envelope & forward them to me by
mail. In cases where you entirely
agree with me in the name you can, if
you prefer, merely write yes against the
numbers: — where I have expressed a
doubt (?), if the name nevertheless be
right, you may say yes w7th’t doubt; in
all other cases I rely upon the informa-
tion you may give alone, having hitherto
been unable to ascertain the names, or
having merely given names myself to
supposed nondescripts.

PST CHE.

[ December 1892.

I believe that I have already thanked
you for the specimens of Cremas-
tocheilus you sent to me —two of them
came unbroken, but the others were
injured by the crushing of the little bit
of wood in which they were enclosed;
still I was enabled from the fragments
to ascertain that one of them was a new
species. The description with figures
of these insects ought to have appeared
long ago; but the Boston Society of
Natural History has delayed publishing
until this spring, not for the want of
matter, but from a desire of increasing
their cabinet, library, & other means,
before undertaking so serious a project
as the publication
Journal.

Scientific
The first number, however,
is now in press, & the 2d, which is to
contain my paper, will soon follow, &
will be forwarded to you.

With the insects sent to you I also
sent a few shells, the papers containing
which were numbered. Of these you
will take note, &, at your entire leisure,
I shall be glad to have you give me the
names corresponding to these numbers.

And now, my dear Sir, I have im-
posed upon your friendship & your love
of sciencea heavy task — but how could
IThelp it? I only wish that it were in
my power to do something for you in
return. In the hope, whatever may
have been my apparent delinquency,
that you will now fully exonerate me
from wilful negligence, & will favor me
with a speedy reply, I subscribe myself

Your friend & serv’t
T. Wo. Harris.

Ora:

December 1892. ]

(Concluded from page 350.)

arcuate band, the more or less pallid costal
margin faintly infuscated next the outer limit
of the vitta. Hind femora with the inferior
carina strongly arcuate, the outer face pallid,
more or less strongly marked with three
broad, oblique, blackish bands, beneath like
the tibiae and tarsi, very pale luteous, the
spines black tipped.

Length of body, g, 22 mm., 2, 28 mm.;
of tegmina, @, 24 mm., 2, 26 mm.

Described from 1 ¢, 1 9, taken in
the Prescott Mountain District, central

Arizona, by Dr. Edward Palmer.

Hippiscus(X.) LATEFASCIATUS sp. nov.

Very dark brownish fuscous, marked with
cinereous, of a moderately robust form (the
& rather slender) and rather below the me-
dium size. Head sparsely and slightly rug-
ulose above, not very broad, the fastigium of
the vertex plane with rather low bounding
walls, open behind, and in front completely
engulfing the faintly biareolate median
foveola, the lateral foveolae distinct, trian-
gular, rather small, the frontal costa of mod-
‘erate breadth, sulcate throughout except at
the contracted summit. Pronotum very dark,
the dorsum sometimes with subdecussate,
broad, cinereous markings, the lateral lobes
more tinged with gray, but with a large
central quadrangular black patch on prozona;
dorsum of @ nearly plane, of 2 somewhat
tumid, of both rather strongly and coarsely
verruculose, the more prominent elevations
longitudinal but short; median carina obso-
lete between the sulci (but here accompanied
by only an obsolete discal scutellum) no-
where prominent except where it passes, in
the Q, over the stabbed front of the meta-
zona; process rectangulate; lateral carinae
prominent, rather sharp, and _ extended.
Tegmina pantherine, cinereous, and dark
brown, the darker markings prevailing, ex-

Jaw A695 Woe

359

tending to the apex, crossing almost or quite
the whole wing, and everywhere very much
broken, hardly more blended at the base than
elsewhere; sutural stripe cinereous. Wings
pale citron at base with corresponding reticu-
lation, pellucid with black reticulation and a
few cellular maculations at apex, and between
an unusually broad, arcuate, blackish fuligi-
nous band which narrows only when follow-
ing the outer margin to the anal angle, which
it reaches and leaves in the @ only a little
more than two, in the 2 three or four mar-
ginal lobes free at the apex; it is separated
by a fine fulvous line from the humeral vitta,
the outer limit of which corresponds to that
of the arcuate band and extends nearly or
quite to the base, leaving only the basal half
of the costal edge light colored. Hind femora
externally pale cinereous with three broad,
very oblique, blackish bands, internally coral
red blotched with blackish at the _ base,
beneath, like the tibiae, coral red, the latter
more or less hoary externally on the basal
half, the spines black tipped.

Length of body, @, 23-25 mm., 9, 33.5-37
mm.; tegmina, @, 25-27 mm., 2, 31.5-36
mm.

Described from 4¢, 29.

This is a northern species, living next
our northern boundary, occurring from
the Red River in Manitoba (Donald
Gunn) and Calgary, Alberta, British
Columbia, June 11 (Bean in S. Hen-
shaw’s collection) to the upper Mis-
souri and Yellowstone (F. V. Hayden).

Hippiscus (X.) OBSCURUS sp. nov.

Blackish fuscous, of slender form and
Head dark only onsummit, being
with

small size.
elsewhere cinereous or livid, flecked
fuscous dots, not very large nor very tumid,
faintly subrugulose in the vicinity of the

360

posterior margin of the fastigium of the
vertex; this distinct, plane, as broad as long,
open behind, closed by a V-shaped carina
in front, the walls low but distinct and in the
middle angulate ; median carina when present
terminating in the middle of the fastigium ;
lateral foveolae very distinct, elongate tri-
angular, including between their tips the
equally deep biareolate foveola, which in the
2 is sometimes confluent with the sulcus of
the frontal costa; the latter moderately
broad, subequal, but slightly contracted at
summit, more or less sulcate throughout,
above witha slight median carina. Pronotum
compressed, but littlke expanded on the
metazona, plane above, the process of meta-
zona rectangulate, the median carina slight,
equal, straight, uninterrupted between the
sulci, the lateral carinae slight and confined
to the metazona, the dorsal surface
tudinally rugulose with short vermiculations,
more crowded, transverse, and subdued on
the lateral lobes of the metazona. Tegmina
dark brownish fuscous marked with dark cine-
reous after the fashion of A. (X.) neglectus
and as there somewhat variable, the sutural
stripe hardly visible. Wings pale citron on
basal half with corresponding reticulation
(except where the humeral vitta runs in nearly
to the base), blackish fuliginous beyond, the
apex of the two uppermost lobes generally
more or less vitreous with black reticulation,
~ at the most occupying a triangular area which
takes in less than a fourth of the costal mar-
gin, and is then generally abridged by the
infuscation or infumation of the extreme apex.
Hind femora dark grayish cinereous exter-
nally, crossed obliquely by three obscure,
moderately narrow, dark fuscous stripes,
internally black with apical and postmedian

longi-

transverse luteous stripes, inferiorly luteous |

often with a reddish tinge; hind tibiae
rather pale coral red, apically often becoming
luteous, the spines black tipped.

Length of body, g, 22 mm., 2, 28.5 mm.;
of tegmina, J, 22 mm., 9, 27 mm.

PSV CHE:

[December 1892

Described from 2 @, 3 &, obtained
by G. R. Crotch in British Columbia.

This species is closely allied to /Z.
(X.) xeglectus, from which it is to be
distinguished mainly by the greater
breadth of the dark markings on the
wings, the darker colors of the body
and tegmina, and far less brightly con-
trasted sutural stripe of the latter.

Hippiscus (X.) NEGLECTUS.

Ocedipoda neglecta Thom., Proc. acad. nat.
8c. Philad., 1870, 81-82; Rep. U. S. geol.
surv. Wyo., 276-277; Syn. Acrid. N. A.,
128-129; Rep. U.S. surv. 100th mer., 5, 881-
882, pl. 44, fig. 3; Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr.,
4,483.

Arphia neglecta Thom., Proc. Day. acad.,
1,254.

Hippiscus neglectus Scudd., Bull. U. S.
geol. surv. terr., 2,264; Thom., Rep. ent. IIl.,
9, 95) 114-115.

“Nanthippus neglectus Sauss., Prodr.
Oedip., 94-95; McNeill, Psyche, 6, 63-64.

Cratypedes putnamt Thom., Proc. Dav.
acad., 1257-259, pl. 36, ne. 6; Rep. U.S:
ent. comm., 2,259.

Tip piscus lineatus Scudd., Proc. Bost. soc.
nat. hist., 19; 31; Ent. notes, 6, 9; Cent.
Orth, 48; 84) Rep. Us. 1S. ent. comm«,02:
app. 2, 26; Sauss., Prodr. Oedip., 87.

(Not Oe. neglecta Thom., Key Ill. Orth.,
3; Bull. Ill. mus., 1, 64.)

This species is somewhat variable,
especially in the markings of the teg-
mina, which at one extreme resemble
those of species of Trimerotropis, at
the other those of Encoptolophus, and
in some are almost entirely of a warm
brown color with concolorous sutural
stripe and the merest clouds of lighter

;
i
by

December 1892. |

shades barely indicating any markings
at all. It is hardly surprising that it
has been described under several names.

I have before me 28 g and 34 9,
mostly taken by myself in Colorado and
the adjoining territories on the west
and north and at an elevation ranging
from 6000-8500’, in July and August.
This is apparently the principal region
of its abundance, but it extends south-
ward to southern Utah (E. Palmer),
northeastern New Mexico (C. Thomas)
and the borders of Arizona (Thomas),
Arizona (Bruner in litt.), westward to
various localities in Nevada (H. Ed-
wards), Camp Hallock, Nev. (E.
Palmer), Ruby Valley, Nev. (R. Ridg-
way), near Lake Tahoe, California (S.
Henshaw in Capt. Wheeler’s explora-
tions of 1876), and the Sierra Nevada,
Calif. (H. Edwards); and northward
to Montana where according to C.
Thomas it was collected by Dr. E.
Coues, and west of which I have seen
specimens sent me by Mr. Bruner from
Soda Springs and Coeur d’Alene,
Idaho, and Yakima River, Washing-
ton, July 18; Bruner also informs me
that he has specimens in his collection
from Ft. McKinney, Wyo.; Salmon
Co., Henry Lake, Beaver Cafion, and
Camas Prairie, Idaho; Colville, Wash-
ington; and even from Ft. McLeod,
British America. It is twice stated by
C. Thomas to occur in southern IIli-
nois, but by a wrong identification for
HI. (H1.) haldemaniz; it does not seem
tooccur east of the foot hills of Colorado,
the easternmost localities known to me
being Blackhawk, July 2 (A. S.
Packard), Beaver Brook Caiion, 6000’,
July 11, and Georgetown, 75-8500’,
July 12-18 (S. H. Scudder), and Man-
itou, 6300’ (July 14, A. S. Packard,
and Aug. 24-25, S. H. Scudder).

RSV CHE.

361
Hipriscus (X.) MONTANUS.

Oedipoda montana Thom!, Rep. U. S.
geol. surv. terr., 5,462-463; Syn. Acrid. N.
A., 129-130; Glov., Ill. N. A.ent., Orth.,
pli fier:

flippiscus montanus Sauss., Add. prodr.
Oedip., 170.

This species appears to be wide
spread though rare, perhaps
local. It comes from Idaho (Franklin,
June 12, Bruner), and Thomas also
reports it from the upper part of the
Snake River plain near the mountains,
and in southern Montana. He
that it was not noted south of Market
Lake, but from the north or Atlantic
slope of the range to Virginia City in
Montana. Two of his types which I
have seen through the favor of Dr.
Riley are marked as coming from Mon-
tana and Idaho. But it also occurs
further south and east, for it is found in
the southwestern part of Holt Co.,
Nebr. (Bruner), and the greater part
of the Sand Hill region of central and
western Nebraska (Bruner in litt.), as
wellas in New Mexico (Taos Valley,
Bruner in litt.) and at Holbrook, Ari-
zona (Bruner).

rather

adds

Hippiscus (X.) LATERITIUS.

laterttius Sauss., Prodr.

Xanthippus
Oedip., 92-93-

I have not seen this species, which
seems from Saussure’s description to
fall in this immediate neighborhood.
It is described from Nevada.

Hippiscus (X.) CALTHULUS.

Xanthippus calthulus Sauss., Prodr.

Oedip., 93-

362

I have a single 9 of this species
taken by Crotch in southern Nevada.
Saussure’s specimens also came from
Nevada, but Bruner sends me a speci-
men from Placer Co., California, taken
in June.

Hippiscus (X.) GRISEUS sp. nov.

Almost uniformly griseus, moderately ro-
bust and rather below the medium size. Head
not very broad nor very tumid above, the
summit subrugulose; fastigium of vertex with
distinct and moderately elevated, strongly
bent lateral walls,-open or partially closed
behind, the median carina extending faintly
to the centre, separated by a slight V-shaped
wall from the nearly circular biareolate med-
ian foveola; lateral foveolae inoderately dis-
tinct, of medium size, rounded triangular;
frontal costa of moderate breadth, narrowed
somewhat at summit where it shows a slight
median carina and below the ocellus where
it is deeply sulcate, expanding and fading at
base. Pronotum expanding moderately on
the metazona, which is faintly tumid, heavily
stabbed anteriorly but without plications,
rather densely and considerably verrucose,
the process rectangulate, its margins sub-
crenulate by reason of the verrucosities, the
median carina slight and equal, but subobso-
lete between the sulci, the lateral carinae
distinct and tolerably sharp, but not elevated
and confined to the metazona. Tegmina
griseo-cinereous with dark brown fleckings,
in the apical third of the wing faint and
pretty uniformly distributed, before that
largely collected into two narrow transverse
stripes, one crossing the base of the outer
discoidal field, the other and larger midway
between it and the base, but all often very
obscure, those of the apex sometimes obso-
lete. Wings pale citron at base with similar
reticulation, vitreous at apex with black re-
ticulation and an extramesial, strongly ar-

PSTCITE:

[December 1892 -

cuate, dark fuliginous, moderately narrow
band tapering along the hinder margin in
passing to the anal angle which it fails to
reach and leaving from two to three margi-
nal lobes fre@at the apex; it is separated by
a luteous line from the humeral vitta of the
same color, the outer margin of which forms
with that of the upper part of the arcuate
band a straight oblique line; it runs to the
base leaving the costal edge luteous. Hind
femora very broad with strong arcuation of
the inferior carina, the outer surface pale or
fusco-cinereous with more or less obscured
blackish brown oblique bands; interior and
inferior surface and tarsi yellowish luteous,
the spines black tipped.

Length of body, 2 33-34 mm.; of tegmina
, 28-33 mm.

Described from 5 9, taken by Dr.
Edward Palmer, April 20-30, at Mokiak
Pass, Utah.

Hippiscus (X.) VITELLINUS.

NXanthippus
Oedip., 94.

I have one female of this species from
Nevada (H. Edwards), the locality
from which it is described by Saussure.
Mr. Bruner also sends me specimens
from Reno, Nevada, and Umatilla,
Oregon, June 25, and reports it from

vitelidinus Sauss., Prodr.

Idaho between Beaver Canon and

Henry Lake.
Edwards notes that in life the hind
wings are red at base.

Hippiscus (X.) AURILEGULUS sp. nov.

Very dark brownish fuscous, not very ro-
bust and of small size. Head rather broad at
summit but not tumid, the frontal costa a

December 1892. ]

little more prominent than usual, the face
and cheeks more or less finely sprinkled with
dark cinereous, the summit subrugulose; fas-
tigium of vertex shallow, open behind and
also in front, where the subcircular faintly
biareolate median foveola is completely
blended with it; median carina slight, pass-
ing a variable distance into the fastigium;
lateral foveolae rather pronounced but small
and triangular oval; frontal costa moderately
slender, considerably narrowed at the sum-
mit, almost as much so and with unusual
abruptness below the ocellus, expanding con-
siderably at base, sulcate throughout, some-
times with a median carina above. Pro-
notum moderately stout, expanding almost
regularly from base to apex, but not greatly;
gthe process of metazona rectangulate, its
margins subcrenulate; the dorsal surface
plane, subverruculose; median carina nearly
obliterated between the principal sulci with a
slight discal scutellum, otherwise equal,
straight, and slight; lateral carinae sharp but
not elevated throughout the metazona, the
lateral lobes of metazona almost as rough as
the dorsum. Tegmina dark brownish fuscous
with faint brown or brownish cinereous mark-
ings, the apex subvitreous, mottled obscurely
with brownish fuscous; the principal lighter
markings are a broad but inferiorly narrow-
ing transverse patch at the end of the basal
third of the tegmina, a narrow but variable
transverse stripe just beyond the extreme base
of the outer discoidal field and a very irregular
and obscure inferior blotch at the very base
of the tegmina; sutural line flavous and very
distinct. | Wings bright citron yellow at base
with corresponding reticulation, obscure hya-
line at apex with black reticulation and a
rather narrow, arcuate, extramesial, fuliginous
band, narrowing as it passes along the outer
margin toward the anal angle, which it nearly
_ or quite reaches and leaves about three of the
marginal lobes free at the apex; the apex is
also obscured almost or quite as deeply next
the margin, but the outer limits of the band
are determinable; it is separated by a pallid

PST CLHHE.

363

line from the humeral vitta, the outer limits
of which are subcontinuous with its own and
which extends almost to the base, leaving a
fulvous edge of the costal margin hardly ob-
scured by a stigma. Hind femora dark cine-
reous crossed more or less distinctly by three
oblique blackish stripes, beneath and within
mostly blue black, the tibiae coral red with
black tipped spines.

Length of body, 21.5-23 mm.; of tegmina,
23-25.5 mm.

Described from 3 @ taken in Cali-
fornia by H. Edwards (his No. 79) and
in Sonoma Co., April 27—-May 9, by
Baron R. von Osten Sacken.

Hippiscus (X.) STIGMOSUS sp. nov.

This species differs from the preceding only
in the markings of the tegmina and wings
and may prove to be only a varietal form.
The tegmina differ in having the markings
still more obscure with the single exception
of the spot at the base of the outer discoidal
area which is more pronounced and whitish;
and of the sutural stripe which is just as
bright as in the other species; the mottling
of the apex is almost entirely or quite lost.
In the wings the extramesial band, besides
being generally fainter, and sometimes broken
into maculae by the penetrating citron colored
veins, also extends to a much less distance
toward the anal angle, sometimes hardly
more than half way toward it.

Length of body, @, 25mm., 2, 34 mm.;of
tegmina, g, 25 mm., 2, 29 mm.

Described from 3 ¢, 1t @, received
from California (J. Behrens), Napa
Co., California, (H. Edwards), and
southern Nevada (G. R. Crotch). Mr.
Bruner also sends me specimens from
Ukiah, California, collected in April
by J. H. Burke, and from Placer Co.,
California, taken in June.

364

PREPARATORY

PSYCHE

[ December 1892.

SPAGES -OF CLISIOCAMPAY EROSA STRETCH:

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

CLISIOCAMPA EROSA Stretch.

1881.—Stretch, Papilio, i, 67.

Egg.—The egg mass is small, laid to form
aring near the tip of a twig, and covered
with varnish. Its length is about 15 mm.,
the thickness only slightly greater than the
longest dimension of the eggs. The eggs
are irregularly cylindrical, flattened above
and below, and closely packed. Color white,
but smeared with the dark brown frothy
varnish. Diameter .5 mm.; height .8 mm.

First larval stage.*—Head rounded, shiny
black, whitish at vertex, with short pale
hair; width .40 mm. Body cylindrical, vel-
vety black, except an obscure paler substig-
matal line. Long whitish hairs arise from
minute biack warts, several from each, but
with a shiny base to each hair. The larvae
spin no nest, but merely a slight web over
the leaves upon which they rest. In the
later stages they are often found in large
masses low down on the trunks of the trees
without any covering. They resemble C/lzs7o-
campa disstria in habit.

Second stage.—Head higher than wide,
rounded, black; width .65 mm. Cervical
shield, warts and thoracic feet black; body
blackish, with subdorsal, lateral and substig-
matal yellowish white lines; a faint dorsal
line of bluish white. Hair long, thick, white,
spreading from the small warts. Joint 12 is
a trifle enlarged. As the stage advances the
body becomes blue gray, except the lateral
region which is brown gray; the iines are
ocher yellow, the subdorsal one with a broad
black band above it, leaving a dorsal band of
blue gray. On joints 3,4 and 12 are large,
elevated, velvety black, subdorsal spots, one
on each.

Third stage.—Head rounded, black with a
slight bluish tinge; width 1.1 mm.t Body

* I did not find the eggs until they were hatched; but
I feel confident that the larvae had not passed a moult.

black, joint 2 bluish with a large subdorsal
wart; large black spots on joints3 and 4. A
dorsal blue line, broken into a series of nearly
connecting segmentary spots, enlarged on
the anterior part of the segment and tapering
behind, present only on joints 3-12. Joint
13. bluish. An orange subdorsal line; a
blue band below it; a yellowish lateral line;
a narrower blue band; a substigmatal yellow-
ish line, each of these narrowly separated
by the black ground color; a yellowish line
along the bases of the legs. Abdominal feet
black, testaceous at tip. Venter black.

Fourth stage.—Head bluish with small black
spots,labrum white, jaws black ; width 1.4 mm. —
Body flattened below, feet spreading, joint 12
a little enlarged dorsally. A row of white
dorsal spots, one on each segment on joints
3-11 but nearly broken into two, a large spot
narrowly connected with a little one behind
it. The orange subdorsal line is supple-
mented by a few orange dashes in ‘the dorsal
space; lateral and substigmatal lines orange,
but paler, the blue filling in nearly the whole
space between them, except for the spots on
joints 3, 4 and 12, and a row of much smaller
ones on the intervening joints. The broken
line along the bases of the legs is pale orange.
Joints 2, 12 posteriorly and 13 are blue gray.
Hair all reddish, thin on the back, but quite
thick subventrally. Feet black, the abdomi-
nal paler at the tips.

Fifth stage.—Very much as before; width
of head 2.1 The anterior one of the
two white dorsal spots on each joint of joints
3-12 is pointed behind and followed by the
posterior small rounded spot. On joints 3,
4 and 12 the blue band is broken by a quad-
rate black spot as in the previous stage and on
joints 5-11 and 13, there isa small black spot,
defined as an incision in lower edge of band.

mm.

+ This is abnormally large, but the measurement was
made with care from several examples.

December 1892. ]

Sixth stage.—Nearly as in the two previous
stages; width of head 3.2 mm. The dorsal
space is partly filled in with blue, except for
a black edging to the dorsal white spots, a
black spot on each side of the white spots at
their obsolete junction and the short orange
red streaks supplementary to the subdorsal
orange red line. The white spots on joints
3 and 4 are larger than the others, single,
elongate, and in some examples the posterior
white dot on all segments is partly orange or
rarely obsolete. The blue band is minutely
black dotted, followed by the pale orange
lateral line which is rather irregular. Space
below, blue gray, the substigmatal line and
the one along the bases of legs yellowish
faint and broken, or obsolete ; spiracles large,
black; feet gray; venter blue gray with a
median row of black spots. The cervical
shield and anal plate are blue gray tinged
with black. Subdorsal warts on joint 2
rather large; joint 12 enlarged a littie dor-
sally. Dorsal hair very scant, blackish, the
subventral hair thick, partly silky white with
some dusky and reddish hairs intermixed.

Cocoon.—Enclosed in an outer layer of silk,
elliptical thin, composed entirely of silk,
made opaque by an exudation from the anus
of the larva, which dries into a pale yellow
powder. Size 25 X 8mm.

Pupa.— Cylindrical, posterior abdominal
segments rapidly tapering, rounded at both
ends, no cremaster. Color black, rather
shiny, covered with short brown pile, except
the cases which are bare. Length 18 mm.;
width 4mm. Duration of this stage 26 days.
The moths appear during July.

Food plants. — Oak (Quercus), poplar
(Populus), willow (Salix), alder, (Alnus),
wild rose, (Rosa), peach and cherry (Prunus),
apple (Pyrus) and others.

Habttat.—Oregon and Washington west of
the Cascade range. Found at Portland and
Bonneville, Oregon, Seattle and Vancouver,
Washington. This is the common Clisio-
campa of the Pacific Northwest and takes the
place of C. disstria of the Atlantic States. It

PSI CHE.

365

is abundant in the valley of the Columbia,
but becomes more rare to the north. But
two larvae were seen in Seattle, Wash., while
in Portland, Or., many fruit and shade trees
were largely defoliated by the larvae, and
they were frequently observed resting in
large compact masses on the tree trunks.

A LOWER SILURIAN INSECT FROM SWEDEN.
—For a long time the Devonian insects of New
Brunswick were the oldest known from any
part ofthe world. Seven years ago, however,
Brongniart discovered in the lower part of
the upper Silurian of Calvados, France, a
single wing which he regarded as a cock-
roach and named Palaeoblattina douvillei.
And now Moberg announces the discovery
of an hemipterous insect, which he calls
Protoctmex stluricus, in the still older rocks
of Flagabro in Scania, belonging to the upper
members of the lower Graptolitic slates, that
is the upper part of the lower Silurian.
Figures are given in the Férhandlingar of
the Swedish geological society.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs.— The first signa-
ture of a new general Catalogue of Hemiptera
has just been issued by Lethierry and Severin
at Bruxelles. Thearrangement is systematic
down to the genera but the species are given
alphabetically and the number of species
added at the end of each genus and sub-
family. The present sheet includes a portion
of the Pentatomidae: the Plataspidae (19
genera and 187 species), the Corimelaenidae
(10 genera, 66 species) and a few Scutel-
leridae. It will prove of great service.

Entomologists everywhere will regret to
hear that the serious illness which has, for
the past two years, incapacitated Dr. H. A.
Hagen renders it improbable that he will be
able to do any further work. Dr. Hagen has
had charge of the collections of insects in the
Museum of comparative zoology at Harvard
University since October 12, 1867, and during
this long period of twenty-five years has
applied himself with entire devotion to the
interests of the department. The scientific

366

value and present excellent condition of the
collections are the result of his faithful and
disinterested work. Recently the department
has been placed in charge of Mr. Samuel
Henshaw.

In a ‘‘partial catalogue” of the animals of
Iowa published by the Iowa Agricultural
College, Prof. H. Osborn enumerates 183
species of Ichneumonidae, Cynipidae and
Tenthredinidae, 80 butterflies, 357 moths and
1255 Coleoptera.

Some interesting observations on the habits
of the young of mole-crickets are given by
Dr. E. W. Doranin Science for Oct. 14.
Among other things he finds that previous
to their first moult they can jump to the
distance of five or six inches.

The notes and figures of Myriapoda left by
the late A. Humbert are to be published
shortly by the Société de physique et d’his-
toire naturelle of Geneva under the super-
vision of Dr. H. de Saussure. The text is

ES DACTL LS.

[December 1892.

rather meagre but the figures are valuable
and finely executed.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

14 October, 1892.— The 172d meeting was
held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr. S. H. Scud-
der was chosen chairman and Mr. A. P.
Morse secretary pro tem.

Mr. S. H. Scudder reported the capture of
Anthomaster leonardus near Gardiner, Me.,
further east than it was before known; the
female was seen laying eggs Aug. 29th on
Agrostis scabra; these hatched in about 20
days, but the larvae refused ordinary grasses,
and as they were as plump when a month
old as when born, it seemed probable that
their habit was to hibernate without first
feeding.

Mr. S. Henshaw reported Callidryas
exbule as not uncommon this year on Nan-
tucket in the latter part of September.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
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PS IOoUrmiIvAl, OF BNTOMOOLOGY.

[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 201.

‘JANUARY, 1893.

CONTENTS:

AN INTERESTING BLOOD-SUCKING GNAT OF THE FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE (Plate
8).—C. H. Tyler Townsend. ‘

HERACLIDES CRESPHONTES.—Lew/s E. Hood. * . : ° : ° 2

ANTS BREEDING IN AND IN. . : : : : - 4

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB (North Araericin Phas
midae; earliest occurence of injurious beetles). 3 : :

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—
I.—W. F. Holland. : ° ; > ; :

ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MIRAX FOUND IN Nena Ausnien wien
H. Ashmead. . ; : ‘ 2 ?

NOTES ON THE LARVAL STAGES OF eral BLAKEI Geom: pa epioe G. Dyar.

A MonoGRAPH OF NorRTH AMERICAN TACHINIDAE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL Notes (Development of the head of Giivenomecs Biwards on
Chionobas; a catalogue of Hymenoptera; strange egg of a Reduviid; Marx’s
American spiders; Latrodectus formidabilis; a fragment of a Maciel of our
butterflies; Casey on Rhynchophora; a new index). . 5 : ;

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[January 1893.

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Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New
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Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. for 1876 eae
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EXCHAN GE.

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TACHINIDAE WANTED,

Named or unnamed Tachinidae wanted in ex-
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including Mexico and the West Indies.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Psyche. 1892, vol. 6. Platerse

Tersesthes torrens Twns. 9.

—<—=t

SY CELE,

INTERESTING BLOOD-SUCKING GNAT OF

THE FAMILY

CHIRONOMIDAE.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N.

While breaking camp the past sum-
mer, on the Continental Divide in
western New Mexico, at a point about
6 miles west of Patterson, in the western
part of Socorro county, I noticed a
small gnat in some numbers on the
horses. This was on the morning of
June 21st. The gnats were very small
and black, but their abdomens being
distended and swollen with blood gave
them a red appearance. They were
found mostly on the head and face, par-
ticularly around and below the eyes of
the animals. A few specimens were
hurriedly put in alcohol at the time.
The altitude of this place was something
over 7000 feet.

Quite recently, while attempting to
determine these gnats, I found at first
some difficulty in satisfying myself as to
their family position. I believe now,
however, that they properly belong in
the Chironomidae. In their venation,
they much resemble the section Anare-
tina, provisionally located by Loew and
Osten Sacken in the Cecidomyiidae.
The hind tibiae, however, have distinct
terminal spurs, which is about the only

MEX.

character that would exclude them from
that section. In this. character, they
would approach the Mycetophilidae,
but the venation (see Pl. 8, fig. 2) is so
decidedly cecidomyiid in its character
as to preclude this idea. There are
six longitudinal veins, the fifth vein is
forked, and the fourth is to the best of
my perception also forked; there are no
cross-veins whatever. In their general
aspect, and the consensus of their char-
acters, they approach the genus Cerato-
pogon of Meigen; and also the genus
Oecacta
erected for a small blood-sucking gnat
in Cuba, known to the inhabitants of
that country as ‘‘El jejen.”
tennae of the present form are 13-jointed
(@), and the palpi are only 3-jointed
(see fig. 1 of plate). While the vena-
tion is more cecidomyiid than that of
Oecacta, the general form of the body,
as well as that of Ceratopogon, is quite
the same. The lancets and labium are
much the same in structure. The palpi
are quite similar, except that Oecacta
may be said to have two additional
joints more at the end, and Ceratopogon

of Poey, which latter was

The an-

370

one. There is quite an important dif-
ference between Oecacta and the present
form in the shape of the eyes, which in
the latter are reniform or deeply hol-
lowed out on the inside margin, the an-
tennae being set in a cavity partially
enclosed by the excavated orbit. In
this respect it resembles Simulium and
most of the Cecidomyiidae and Chiro-

nomidae. Judging from the plate (see
plate 27 of Poey’s Memoirs onthe Nat.

Hist. of Cuba, vol. I), Oecacta does
not possess this peculiarity. Cerato-
pogon has the palpi 4-jointed, and the
conformation of the antennae is peculiar,
especially inthe g. It must be remem-
bered that I have only @ specimens of
the present species, and that the anten-
nae ofthe ¢ may or may not be differ-
entiated in form.

The present form, with the genera
Ceratopogon (including Heteromyia
Say) and Oecacta, possibly also Dia-
mesa, differ to quite an extent from the
rest of the Chironomidae. Asa group,
they nearly approach the Anaretina in
their venation, the present genus
showing the greatest resemblance in
this respect, and differ from the other
Chironomidae by the body and wings
being shorter and stouter, not culicid-
like or elongate and narrowed, as in
Chironomus, Tanypus, etal. The ven-
ation is simpler; and the lancets and
labium are more elongate, and about
equal in length.

The form here figured differs so ob-
viously from those genera already de-
scribed that there seems no question of

the advisability of making it the type of

PST CHE.

[January 1893.

a new genus, which [I shall call Ter-
sesthes (Gr. réprecbar, to become dry
or thirsty). Its characters are as fol-
lows:

TERSESTHES noy. gen. 2 (see plate 8).

Antennae 13-jointed, set in large circular
excavations in the middle of the head; first
joint largest, round;
elongate, smaller, but larger than following
joints; last joint elongate conical; interme-
diate ten joints equal, sub-moniliform, with
hairs somewhat shorter than width of joints.
Palpi 3-jointed, longer than proboscis, first
joint shortest, second joint swollen, third
narrow with a terminal whorl of hairs;
proboscis consisting of a lower lip (labium),
with the lancets free but usually more or
less approximated to its anterior aspect, both
of equal length, extended straight downward,
about as long as the head, lancets serrate on
outer edge at tip. No ocelli. Eyes reniform,
rather deeply excavated on inside margin,
dichoptic, front averaging one-third width of
head. Thorax moderately stout, but not
humped, a little wider than head, longer
than wide, without transverse suture, scutel-
lum prominent. Abdomen 7-jointed, some-
what elongate, not wider than thorax, first
three segments subequal, fourth smaller,
three terminal segments narrowed;
positor exserted, consisting of two clavate
pieces joined laterally on basal half and
terminally divergent. Wings moderately
broad, not elongate, hind margin with a
delicate fringe of hairs, surface sparsely
clothed with very short microscopic hairs
(revealed only with a high objective); six
longitudinal veins, the first and second
approximated, strongest, ending at about
one-third the length of wing; third gently
curved distally and ending near the wing
apex, fourth apparently forked, fifth
distinctly forked, sixth becoming obsolete
before fork of fifth; an apparent rudiment_of
a seventh vein; no cross-veins, except one

second joint more

ovi-

January 1893. ]

at extreme base of wing which connects the
first and sixth veins, marginal vein not
extending beyond tip of wing. Legs slender,
not dilated, coxae not elongate; hind tibiae
spurred, middle and even front tibiae with
microscopic spurs; metatarsi elongate,
second joint of hind tarsi also elongate, of
middle tarsi somewhat elongate, of front
tarsi scarcely so, penultimate tarsal joint of
all the feet shortened, the last and ante-
penultimate joints about equal; no pulvilli.
sp. ¢.—General
color blackish. Eyes dark brown; antennal
excavations cinnamon colored, nearly three
times the diameter of first antennal joint;
front. face, and lancets shining black, the
front with four blackish hairs on vertical
margin arising from four papillae; antennae
black, clothed with whitish pubescence;
palpi blackish, labium brownish with some
whitish pubescence terminally; occipital
orbits with a few black hairs. Thorax and
scutellum deep shining black, smooth,
glabrous, except that the thorax has some
scattered black hairs anteriorly. Abdomen
soft opaque brown, varying to light brown,
in some of the specimens flavous or rufous at
base; balsam mount showing two oval
black spots (bodies?) at base of fifth seg-
ment; ovipositor brownish. Legs blackish,
tarsi brownish, tibiae slightly so. Wings
grayish hyaline, with hardly a smoky flavous
tinge, the delicate fringe of hind margin
somewhat longest on anal angle where it
terminates abruptly; veins pale, except first
and second longitudinal veins which are
brown and end inabrown stigma on costal
margin (the first vein becomes obsolete just
before reaching stigma); halteres brownish,
knobs whitish.

Length of body (incl. ovipositor), 1 3-5
mm. (empty) to 2 I-5 mm. (abdomen dis-
tended with blood); of wing, 1 1-5 mm.
Fresh and alcoholic specimens are slightly
longer. Described from both dried and alco-
holicspecimens, and balsam mounts. Six

Tersesthes torrens n.

PS TCIL

371

specimens collected, June 21, on Continental
Divide, Socorro county, N. M., 7000 ft. This
gnat was not observed at any other place
than the one above named.

Note.—It should be stated that what I have
called the first longitudinal vein is the
auxiliary vein of other families. I have
been in doubt whether to describe the wing
as having five, or six, longitudinal veins,
since the first two in the balsam mount show
only as the s¢des of a single vein. Since,
however, they appear in the dry wing, with a
low power, as two distinct veins, I have so
considered them, and have made the drawing
of the wing to represent this appearance.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.
Tersesthes torrens Twns. @.

Fig. 1.—Head, front view, showing lancets,
labium, palpi, antennae, antennal
tions, and reniform eyes.

Fig. 2.—Wing. (It should be stated that the
stigma does not show in the balsam mount
as represented in the figure, but there is a
slighter, more general infuscation in the
region of the first two veins.)

Fig. 3.—Abdomen, dorsal view, showing
ovipositor, two oval black bodies of fifth
segment, and a large irregular contgined
body (mostly in second and third segments),
probably the alimentary canal distended with
blood.

Fig. 4.—Hind leg, with coxa attached.

Fig. 5.—Middle leg.

Fig. 6.—Front leg.

Figs. 2 to 6 are enlarged on the same scale..
Fig. 1 is still more greatly enlarged. The
hair lines accompanying figs. 1 to 3 show the
natural size. The drawings were all made
from balsam mounts, and outlined with the
camera lucida. The scanty material in my
possession prevents the figuring at the
present time of the component pieces which
form the lancets.

excava-

372

HERACLIDES CRESPHONTES.—On page 294
of the present volume of Psyche a note is
made of the capture of H. cresphontes in
Massachusetts, and it is remarked that no
other specimen has been known to have been
seen since 1883.

One other specimen has certainly been
obtained since then, the late James A.
Wright having found one at or near Milton,
Mass., during the summer of 1885. The
specimen being very fine was shown with a
few other rare species at the Natural History
store then located at 409 Washington St.,
Boston.

The specimen was if I recollect
rightly, at early dusk in a small clearing in
the woods not far from the town, the day

found,

being very warm and more or less cloudy.
Not being familiar with the species Mr.
Wright sent it to New York for identification,
and it is now in the collection of a Boston
entomologist. Lewis E. Hood.

ANTS BREEDING IN AND IN.— Forel an-
nounces (Ann. soc. ent. Belgique, v. 36 p. 458)
that among ants of the genera Anergates and
Formicoxenus there is no other male than a
wingless ergatoid form, such as sometimes
accompanies the normal male in other gen-
era, and that therefore pairing must always
take place in the ant hill itself between
brothers and sisters; so we have here cases
of perpetual consanguineous reproduction.
‘Among ordinary ants the winged g and ?
quit the nest in which they were born, take
flight, and pair in mid air with their con-
geners of other nests, permitting numerous
crosses. But in the case of the genera which
have only an apterous male perpetual con-
sanguineous pairing ensues, forin one and the
same nest there are found only brothers and
sisters, and these brothers and sisters can
only pair with one another. The fact ap-
pears absolutely clear in the genus Anergates,
where one finds in each ant hill only a single
fecundated female, the mother founder of the
colony.”

PSYCHE.

[January 1893.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

11 November, 1892.—The 173d meeting was
held at 156 Brattle Street. Mr. S. Henshaw
was chosen chairman.

Mr. Harrison G. Dyar of Roxbury was
elected an active member.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited the series of
Phasmidae in his collection arranged after
the system introduced by Stal, and showed
that the species found in our country were
more numerous than had been supposed,
including at least tour species of Diaphero-
mera, one of Sermyie, two of Bacunculus,
one or possibly two of Anisomorpha and two
of Bacillus. The last was the most interest-
has not hitherte been
recognized in the new world and all the other
genera are distinctively American. One of
the species, which he proposed to call B.
coloradus, was found in Colorado at a height
of about 5500’, and had the metathorax very
much shorter the mesothorax, their
median carina much more pronounced than
the laterodorsal carinae, and with scarcely a

ing, as the genus

than

trace of granulation, except very feebly in
the front portion of the mesothorax, besides
a unicolorous head. The other species occurs
in Arizona and extends south into Mexico;
it has the metathorax but little shorter than
the both median and latero-

dorsal carinae pronounced, the whole body

mesothorax,

sparsely and finely granulate and the head
longitudinally striped; he proposed for it the
name B. In both the antennae
beyond the second joint are multiarticulate,
but the joints, which are transverse, so nearly
connate as to be difficult to distinguish.
Only females are known.

Mr. S. Henshaw showed a specimen of
Anthrenus scrophulariae taken at Cambridge,
Mass., in 1869, and one of Aramigus fuller?
from the same locality taken in 1868; these
dates are earlier than any hitherto recorded.
Both specimens are from the collection of the

eM. Edward Burgess.

carinatus.

January 1893.]

PSYCHE. 373

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST
AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY W. J. HOLLAND, PH. D., PITTSBURGH, PENN.

The species described in the follow-
ing paper are all from the Valley of
the Ogové River except when otherwise
indicated. The types are in my collec-
tion.

AGARISTIDAE.
PHASIS, WALK.

bel (e) astrapeus, sp. nov... g. .The
palpi are pale brown beneath and black
above. The pectus is broadly orange, and
the front legs are narrowly edged with the
same color. The rest of the body above and
below is black, except that the eyes on the
inner margin are narrowly edged with white.
The wings above are velvety black, the
anteriors crossed beyond the cell by a moder-
ately broad and even band of sulphur yellow,
which does not reach the costa, and termin-
ates abruptly before the outer angle; the
posteriors have a broad tapering band of the
same color running from the base and ter-
minating before the inner angle. This band
which does not touch the costa, has its outer
margin convex and its inner margin straight.
The markings of the wings are upon the
under side as upon the upper, and in addition
there is a quadrate whitish spot at the end,
and a yellow ray at the base, of the cell of
the primaries, and a yellow basal ray is found
upon the costa of both wings. Expanse, $3
mm.

@. The female does not differ from the
male except that the wings are broader and
the antennae are not swollen before the end,
but filiform.

_Irefer this species with a shade of doubt
to the genus Phasis, though in its structure,

so far as ascertainable without dissection,
and in its markings upon the upper side, it
nearly resembles P. ¢rzbuna, Hiibner, from

the Antilles.

AEGOCERA, Latr.

2. A. Gladiatoria, sp.nov. @. Palpi brown,
front light orange, collar and upper sides of
thorax maroon, traversed by a median band
of pale orange. The pectus and the abdomen
orange, with a median line of maroon upon
the upper side of the abdomen. The fore-
wings upon the upper side are rich maroon.
From the base to the middle of the wing just
below the cell is a horizontal sword-shaped
band of pearly white and a broad subapical
transverse band of the same color not quite
reaching the costa and tapering off before
reaching the outer angle. A faint V-shaped
mark appears upon the dark ground of the
wing near the costa just before the subapical
white band and there is also a faint submar-
ginal line of the same color. The upper side
of the posteriors is pale orange broadly
margined with brown,
near the outer angle.

the margin widest
The bolder markings
of the upper side are reproduced
side, and

upon the
under less
defined.

@. The female does not differ from the
male except that she is much larger.

Expanse of wings, @ 35 mm.; 2 45 mm.

but: paler sharply

CHALCOSIIDAE.
ANAMOEOTES, Feld.

3. A. fenellula, sp. nov. @. Antennae
brown. Body and legs red. Wings semi-
translucent, with the costa of the primaries

O74

and the apical half of both primaries and
secondaries fuscous.

Q. Marked exactly as the male, but larger.

Expanse of wings, g 28-32 mm.; 2 40
mm.

A closely allied, if not identical, species is
in the British Museum, from
Angola.

unnamed,

4. A. leucolena, sp. nov. @. Antennae
fuscous at extremity, fulvous at base. Body
The wings are semi-translucent,
white, with the primaries broadly black upon
the apical third, and the secondaries almost
imperceptibly touched with the same color at
the extremities of the nervules.

@. Marked as the male, but larger.

Expanse of wings, g 30-35 mm; 2 35 mm.

fulvous.

ZYGAENIDAE.
ApsciTa, Retz.

5. A. chloauges, sp.nov. @. Antennae
long, terete, enlarged before the extremity,
black. The front is bronze red. The rest of
the body and the legs are black glossed with
scales of metallic green. The anterior wings
upon the upper side are very dark brown or
black, and are glossed with patches of metal-
lic green scales as follows: a narrow linear
patch above the cell upon the costa, a couple
of broad roundish patches beyond the cell
near the apex, and asomewhat interrupted
linear streak below the cell above the sub-
median nervule. The secondaries, which
are rounded at the outer and inner angles,
and have the outer margin somewhat deeply
excavated near the extremity of the first
median nervule are translucent, hyaline,
except upon the costa and outer margin,
which are heavily bordered with black, except
at the end of the second median nervule,
where the border is comparatively narrow.
Expanse, 24 mm.

I refer this species with much doubt to
the genus Adscita, Retz., (Procris, Auct.-
Ino, Auct.). It may constitute, as Mr. Butler

PST CHE.

anwar 1893-

has suggested to me, the type of a new genus,
but until I have sufficient material to make
dissections, and also to characterize the
female sex, I do not feel justified in erecting
a genus for the reception of this single
species.

PoLLANIsus, Walk.

6. P. obscurissimus, sp. nov. &. Super-
ficially scarcely distinguishable from P. cya-
nota, Meyr. from Sydney, N. S. Wales.
The antennae are tipped with white upon the
under side. The palpi, the tibiae, and the

under side of the abdomenare yellowish

white. ‘The remainder of the body and the
wings, both above and below, are smoky
brown.

Q?. Differs from the male merely in want-
ing the strong pectinations of the antennae,
and in having less white upon the lower
surface of the abdomen. Expanse, 14-15 mm.

SYNTOMIS, Ochs.

7. S. Ogovensis,sp. nov. @. Near S.
Nataliz, Boisd., from which it differs in
having no translucent spot near the base of
the primaries, and the transparent spot at
the base of the secondaries is situated upon
the inner margin of the wing, and not upon
the cell asin S. Mataliz. There is further no
red band upon the abdomen as in Boisduval’s
species, and it is also slightly smaller in size.
The color of the body and wings is black
glossed with shining green. The antennae
are tipped with white. There are five trans-
lucent spots upon the primaries; a round one
at the end of the cell, another round one near
the middle of the inner margin, and three
forming a curved subapical series, the upper-
most spot in which is round, and the two
lower ones are oblong and divergent.
There are two spots on the secondaries, a
round one beyond the end of the cell near
the outer margin, and a semi-lunar spot upon
the inner margin at the base.

Q. The female is marked as
Expanse, 28 mm.

the male.

January 1893.]

8. S. leugalea, sp.nov. @. Very near S.
constricta, Butl., from which it may be dis-
tinguished by its smaller size, and the more
pointed apices of the primaries, which are
tipped with white. Otherwise it corresponds
very nearly to Mr. Butler’s species, with the
type of which I have compared it. Expanse,
25 mm.

g. S. elasson, sp. nov. fg. The outer
margin of the primaries is strongly convex,
and the apex is rounded. The basal half of
the wing is vitreous. The outer half is black
with a subapical series of three large, simple,
oval, vitreous spots, the lower one merely
separated from the hyaline space enclosed
within the cell by the discocellular nervule.
The costa and the inner margin are narrowly
bordered with black, and the apex is tipped
with white. The secondaries have no black
border upon the inner margin, but are
bordered upon the outer margin with black,
broadly at the outer angle and then more
narrowly, until the region of the submedian
nerve where the black border is produced
inwardly at its termination ina strong den-
ticulation. The body and other appendages
besides the wings are dark brown, almost
black, except the tips of the antennae, the
front, the patagiae, the inner margins of the
femora, the tibiae, the first tarsal joint, the
lower edge of the abdomen, and two bands

about the abdomen, which are all white.
Expanse, 21 mm.
10. S. elachista, sp. nov. &. The prim-

aries are marked as those of S. elasson. The
secondaries are solidly black except near the
outer angle where there is a round trans~-
lucent spot, and on the inner margin, where
there is a similar spot. The antennae are
black. The collar, the thorax, and the abdo-
men upon the upper side are black. The
front, the inner margins of the coxae and the
tibiae, the under side of the abdomen, except
the last four segments, and two annular
bands surrounding the abdomen, one just

PS VCHE.

375

afterthe thorax, and the other on the fifth
segment from its extremity, are all white.

?. The female only differs from the male
in being larger in size, and having the prim-

aries more rounded at the apex. Expanse,
& 18mm; 2 20mm.
11. S. mztserabilis, sp. nov. @. Marked

in all respects as S. elasson, except that the
secondaries have the entire sur-
rounded with a narrow black band, and the
primaries are not tipped with white at the
apex, asin that species, and the subapical
spot is divided into two by the first subcostal
nervule. Expanse, 23 mm.

margin

12. S. puncticincta, sp. nov. @. The
wings are marked as in the preceding species,
having the uppermost spot of the subapical
series divided into two, and the lowermost
spot of the three simply separated from the
hyaline space of the cell by the discocellular
nervule. The abdomen has the
except the last four edged with white upon
the under surface. Upon the fifth and sixth
segments, reckoning from the extremity of
the body, there are small lateral white spots,
and upon the segment next to the thorax
there are two similar spots, one on each side,
and a third one above upon the middle line
of the abdomen. The anal extremity is
tipped with orange hairs. Expanse, 25 mm.

segments

13. S. lecmacis, sp. nov. ¢@. The wings
are narrow and produced, and the hyaline
spaces which are arranged as in the preced-
ing species are compressed and linear. The
last spot of the subapical series is separated
from the hyaline space in the cell by a mod-
erately broad band of black scales. The
color of the wings is bluish hyaline with
The apex of the primary is
not tipped with white. The antennae are
white at the ends, as is also the front. The
pectus is pale yellow, and so also the lower
side of the abdomen. The patagiae, the
inner edge of the coxae and tibiae, the sides

black markings.

376

before the anal extremity, and the anal tuft
are bright orange. The remainder of the
body and its ambulatory appendages are deep
black. The abdomen of the male is greatly
compressed after the thorax as far as the fifth
segment from the end, where it is suddenly
enlarged.

Q. The female is marked much as the
male, but the wings are broader and the body
is stout. The entire head and collar are
orange, and there is an orange annular band
surrounding the abdomen on the fifth seg-
ment from the end. Expanse, @ and 2 23
mm.

Described from a pair taken in coitu Feb.
20th, 1888.

14. S. Goodii, sp. nov. @. The wings are
pointed at the apex of the primaries, and the
outer margin of the primaries is only very
slightly convex. The outer two-thirds of the
primaries is heavily velvety black, marked
by two moderately large hyaline spots, of
which the uppermost, situated near the costa,
about one-third of the distance from the
apex is triangular, and the lower, which is
suboval, is bisected by the second median
nervule. The black area of the outer part
of the wing is separated from the basal third,
which is vitreous, by a line running from
the costa perpendicularly to the inner margin
near the middle. The inner margin of the
clear space at the base of the primaries is
narrowly bordered with black. The seconda-
ries are heavily bordered with black at the
outer angle and along the outer margin and
very narrowly bordered with the same color
along the inner margin. The marginal band
is produced inwardly at the extremity of the
first median nervule. The antennae are
tipped with white. All of the remainder of
the body and its appendages are black glossed
with bluish green, except the inner margins
of the coxae and tibiae, and the edges of the
ventral segments upon the lower side, which
are margined with white. Expanse, 25 mm.

15. S. reutlingert, sp.nov. §. Allied to

Ys BEV 1B

[January 1893.

the preceding species. It differs from it in
that the broad black area covering the outer
two-thirds of the wing is defined inwardly by
a line running from the costa diagonally to
the outer angle, and not perpendicularly to
the middle of the inner margin as in S.
Goodi?. Furthermore the hyaline spots of
the apical region are much larger and the
upper triangular spot is bisected by the first
subcostal nervule, so that by reason of the
bisection of the lower spot by the second
median nervule, there is produced the ap-
pearance of four spots in this part of the
wing. The secondaries are very narrowly
and evenly margined with black. The front
is white. The entire body, the antennae and
the legs, are uniformly dull black, without
any lighter markings. Expanse, 27 mm.

16. S. leucerythra, sp. nov. @. The an-
terior wings are strongly convex on the ex-
terior margin, and rounded at the apex.
Upper side. The prevalent color of the
anterior wings, the thorax, and the abdomen
is orange-rufous. The front, the posterior
wings, and a band behind the thorax are
paler yellowish red. Both the primaries and
secondaries are very narrowly and evenly
margined with light brown. The anterior
wings are marked by five hyaline spots, bor-
dered externally by light brown. ‘They are
as follows: Three, forming a transverse,
curved, median series, the uppermost spot in
which is quadrate, and lies at the end of the
cell, the second subtriangular, and_ situ-
ated below the cell before the origin of the
first median and the third oval
and lying between the submedian nerve and
the first median nervule; a subtriangular
spot situated near the costa, one-third of the
distance from the apex to the base, bisected
by the first subcostal nervule; and a large
oval spot situated near the middle of the
outer margin, and bisected by the second
median nervule. The posterior wings are
immaculate. Under side. The basal third of
the primaries and the entire surface of the

nervule,

January 1893.]

PSYCHE.

377

ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MIRAX FOUND IN NORTH
AMERICA.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD,

No species in the genus Mirax is
yet described from the United States,
although in Insect Life, v. 3, p. 15,
I have indicated three species in Ms.
reared by Dr. Riley at the Department

of Agriculture.

In Europe, only a single species ap-
pears to be known, viz., M@irax spart¢i
Haliday, the type of the genus, para-
sitic on Wepticula septembrella Stain-
ton, a Tineid found mining the leaves
of St. John’s Wort, Hypericum per fol-
zatum.

The habits of our species conform to
the European species, in that they are
parasitic on the Tineina.

Species black, base of abdomen pale.
Scutellum polished.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mrrax Haripay.

‘*Maxillary palpi 4-, labial 3-jointed.
Antennae 14-jointed. Eyes somewhat
villose. Abdomen showing 7 segments
above, 6 beneath, smooth, shining.
Radius of the fore wing hardly in-
choate, springing from the same point
in the stigma as the Ist intercubital;
two cubital areolets, the 2nd imperfectly
separated from the radial. Terebra sub-
exserted.’’—Marshall.

Our species may be synoptically rep-
resented as follows :—

Three basal abdominal segments pale; second flagellar joint about as

long as the first.

Stigma brownish-yellow; legs yellowish sometimes tinged with
fuscous, the articulations pale ; first submarginal and first discoidal

cells confluent.

Stigma fuscous; legs brownish-yellow, the tarsi

M. aspidiscae.

fuscous; first

submarginal and first discoidal cells distinctly separated.

Scutellum finely punctate.

M. minuta.

Stigma pale brownish; hind tarsi fuscous ; first submarginal and first

discoidal cells not entirely separated.

Antennae longer than body, the 7 terminal

long as thick.

joints 24 times as

my M. Uthocolletidts.

Antennae longer than body, the joints after the 3rd 4 times
as long as thick ; all femora andthe hind tibiae and tarsi tinged

with fuscous.

Wholly brownish-yellow, all tarsi fuscous.

M. grapholithae.
M. pallida.

378

1. M. aspidiscae sp.n. § 2.—Length 1.3
to 1.5 mm. Black, shining, but microscopi-
cally punctulate, pubescent; two basal joints
of antennae and sometimes base of the third
and legs brownish-yellow; sometimes more
or less of the femora, especially toward base,
posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous or dusky in
female; abdomen, in female with three basal
segments pale, in male with only two, oval,
black or brown-black. Antennae 14-jointed,
as long as the body, the flagellar joints very
gradually subequal after the second, the first
and second the longest, about equal. Thorax
without furrows, the scutellum polished, the
metanotum with a median carina. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervures pale brown-
ish yellow, the first submarginal and first
discoidal cells confluent.

Hab.—United States.

Types in National museum and Coll.
Ashmead.

This species seems to be a common
parasite on Aspidisca splendortferella
Clem., a small case-bearing ineid on
apple.
were reared in 1879, and the same is
figured in Prof. Comstock’s Report for
the ysame year, pl..2, fig: 2, 2 My
specimens were reared from this Tineid

in 1888.

Those in the National museum

2. M. minuta sp. n. 9.—Length 1 mm.
Black, shining, faintly pubescent; flagellum
brown-black, slightly incrassated toward the
tip, the 7 terminal joints short, scarcely twice
as long as thick; scape, pedicel, three basal
abdominal segments and the legs, including
all the coxae, yellow; tarsi fuscous.

Wings hyaline, the stigma fuscous, other-
wise the venation pale yellow; the first sub-
marginal and first discoidal cells distinctly
separated.

Hab.

Jacksonville, Florida.

PSYCHE.

[January 1893.

Types in Coll. Ashmead.

Comes closest to IZ. aspidiscae, but
its smaller size and the distinctly sepa-
rated first submarginal and first dis-

coidal cells readily distinguish the
species.
3. M. lithocolletidissp.n. @ 9.—Length

1.5to1.6mm. The head and thorax feebly
rugose or punctulate, subopaque. Antennae
filiform, 14-jointed, longer than the body,
pubescent; scape beneath and pedicel at apex
and beneath, yellowish; flagellum black or
brown black, the joints to the last subequal,
the last longer than the preceding; metano-
tum with a grooved line at the middle; face,
basal half of abdomen and legs yellow or
brownish yellow; hind tarsi fuscous. Wings
hyaline, the costa and stigma fuscous, the
other nervures yellowish; the first submar-
ginal and the first discoidal cells not entirely
separated. The first and second abdominal
segments have a central longitudinal carina
or fold.

In the male, the head, thorax and apical
half of abdomen are fuscous, while the orbits
(broadly), lower part of cheeks, the face,
basal half of abdomen, and the legs are
yellow.

Hab.—Washington, D. C. and Jack
sonville, Florida.

Types in National museum and Coll.
Ashmead.

The single specimen in the National
museum was reared from a Leaf-miner

on locust, Lthocolletts ornatella
Chambers.
4. M. grapholithae sp. n. &.—Length

1.5 mm. Head and thorax black, shining,
although finely punctate and sparsely seri-
ceous. Abdomen brownish-piceous, blackish
towards apex, pale yellowish towards base;
legs pale brown, the femora towards base and

hind tibiae and tarsi, dusky or fuscous.

ee ee ee
—S .

January 1893.]

_ Head transverse, very little broader than the
‘thorax, the occiput emarginate at middle, the

cheeks margined; face below the antennae,
prominently convex, shining, with sparse
whitish hairs ; clypeus separated, subconvex;
mandibles piceous; palpi brown, the maxil-
laries very long. Antennae 14-jointed, longer
than the body, setaceous, brown, the scape
and pedicel yellowish ; scape not quite twice as
long as the pedicel; flagellum slender, cylin-
drical, the joints very slightly subequal, after
the 3rd about 4 times as long as thick. Meta-
notum with a median sulcus bounded by
carinae. Wings hyaline, the stigma and
nervures pale brown.

Hab.—Washington, D. C.

Type in National museum.

The single ¢ specimen was reared
May 3, 1881, from Grapholitha prunt-
vora Walsh.

mS 2 CHF.

379

5. M. pallidasp.n. 9.—Length 2 mm.
Brownish-yellow, minutely closely punctu-
late. Antennae 14-jointed, fuscous toward tips,
flagellar joints 1 and 2 about equal, as long
as the two last joints united, joints 3 and 4
about the length of the 2nd, those beyond
gradually become shorter, subequal. Eyes
brown, subpubescent. Mesopleurae smooth.
Metanotum with a distinct median carina.
Wings hyaline. the stigma and nervures
brownish yellow. Abdomen oval, as long as
the thorax, the first segment with a narrow
linear shield, the membranaceous margins
broad; ovipositor as long as the basal tarsal
joint in hind legs. All tarsi more or less
fuscous.

Hab.—Jacksonville, Florida.

Type in Coll. Ashmead.

The large size and pale color readily
distinguish the species.

NOTES ON THE LARVAL STAGES OF ARCTIA BLAKEI Gnrort.

BY HARRISON G.

EUPREPIA (CYMBALOPHORA) BLAKEI Grote.

1863—Grote, Proc. ent. soc. Phil., iii, 523.
Arctia.

1874—Stretch, Zyg. Bomb. N. A., 224.

1892—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., i, 267. Afan-
tests.

superba Stretch.

1874—Stretch, Zyg. Bomb. N. A., 227.

geneura Strecker.

1878—Strecker, Proc. Dav. acad. sci., ii,
270.
1884—French, Papilio, iv, 158.

1889—French, Can. ent., xxi, 162.

tncorrupta Hy. Edwards.

1881—Hy. Edw., Papilio, i, 38.

shastaensis Behrens.

1889—French, Can. ent., pp. 35 and 162.

Var. NEVADENSIS Grote and Robinson.

1866—Grt. and Robs., Proc. ent. soc. Phil.,
vi, i. Avrctia.

DYAR, BOSTON.

MASS.

1886—Grote, Can. ent., xviii, 109.

1892—Kirby, Cat. lep. Het., i, 268. Afan-
tests.

behriz Stretch.

1872—Stretch, Zyg. Bomb., N. A., 75.

var. SULPHURICA Neumoegen.

1885—Neum., Ent. amer., i, 93.

elongata Stretch.

1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., i, 105.

1892—Kirby, Cat. lep. Het. i, 270.

ochracea \| Neum.

1883—Neum., Papilio, iii, 151.

In Kirby’s catalogue the American species,
formerly referred to Arctia, are distributed
irregularly under three generic names. As
the species do not seem to be separable gen-
erically, I adopt the oldest name for the
genus, viz. Euprepia Ochs. (1810), under
which name are found &. pudica Esp. and
E. fasctata Esp. Arctia Schrank is restricted

380

to A. villica Linn. and A. bze¢tz Oberthur,
while the species formerly referred to Eu-
prepia, viz. £. caja Linn. and allies, are
referred to Hypercompa Hiibn. (Tentamen,
1805?) which is the same as Zoote Hiibn.
(Verz., 1822?). The generic names of the
catalogue may be used as subgeneric or
group names; but the species must be better
assorted than has been done. Apantesis
Walker must be restricted to A. zazs and
decorata; Callarctia Packard will stand for
the species with the veins lined with pale
scales, while the name Cymbalophora Ramb.
can be used for the American allies of Z.
pudica Esper, of which the present species,
E. blakez Grt., is one.

The following notes were made on the
larvae :—

Egg.—Sub-conoidal, flat at base, perfectly
smooth even under the microscope; shining
pale yellow; diameter 0.8 mm. The shell is
transparent, so that the little larva can be
plainly seen within. The eggs are laid un-
attached, so that they readily roll about.

First stage.—Head slightly bilobed, black
and shining, paler around the mouth; width
0.4mm. Body normal, whitish, the cervical
shield black; hairs evident, single from the
concolorous warts, black. Later
become black, large and distinct.

Second stage.—Head bilobed, shining light
brown, blackish at vertices of lobes and
around mouth; eyes black; width 0.6 mm.
Body very pale brown, with an obscure,
slightly whitish, dorsal line; warts large with
many long, spreading, blackish hairs; cer-
vical shield and warts black. There is the
appearance of a subdorsal line, caused by the
contrast of the pale ground color with the
warts of rows 2 and 3.

Third stage.—Head bilobed, shining pale
brown, black in front centrally and on vertex;
ocelli large, black; width 0.8 mm. Body
brown, with a rather broad whitish dorsal
line; warts very large, black, with abundant
long, spreading, black hairs, especially long
posteriorly and supplemented by a few very

the warts

PSYCHE

[January 1893.

long white hairs, arising from joints 12 and
13. Cervical shield shining blackish brown;
thoracic feet black. The larvae are very
active in running to hide beneath leaves,
etc., if disturbed.

Fourth stage.—As before; width of head
1.1 mm. The dorsal line is straight and
even, well defined, nearly white. The body
is a little mottled on the sides, dark, nearly
black on the back.

Fifth stage.—Width of head 1.5 mm. Body,
warts and hair all black except a narrow and
rather faint reddish dorsal line, broken in
the segmental incisures. Hair bristly, stiff
and barbed, of irregular length. The body
is pale ventrally and in the incisures ; thoracic
feet black, the abdominal ones pale. A few
very long white hairs as before.

Sixth stage.*—Head shining pale brown,
black all over the vertices of the lobes and in
front on each side of the central suture and
around the ocelli; antennae and mouth pale
brown; width 1.75 mm. Body black above,
blackish brown below, mottled with paler,
with an obscure reddish brown dorsal band;
warts deep black, tuberculate; hair short,
but dense, bristly and barbed, deep black
except from wart 6 where it is whitish. A
few (about four) very long white hairs aris-
ing from joints 12 and 13, directed posteriorly.
Later the body becomes entirely deep black
above with no dorsal line; the subventral
hair is reddish.

Eggs received from Mr. J. B. Lembert,
Yosemite, California.

As the accurate determination of species of
Euprepia is difficult and attended with
chances of error, lappend a description of
the moth from which these eggs were ob-
tained.

*Not the normal sixth stage, as the width of head
should have been 2.2mm. The larvae were bred under
disadvantageous circumstances, being carried from
Portland, Or. to Plattsburgh, N. Y., where they
finally died from the effects of the hot weather and
confinement. The stage above described is an inter-
polated one and not the normal last stage. The species
probably has but six stages naturally.

ae _ | ellowish

aa dorsal and

are entirely
ack. Fore wings deep black with salmon

lowish on both sides. Basal half line
nt, represented on one wing by a few
les on the costa; trans.-ant. line reaching
from costa to internal margin, rather narrow,

ne slightly angulated, reaching only to the
median band; terminal angular band
(W-mark) normal, joining the trans.-post.
‘band at about its middle; fringe and internal
margin narrowly salmon color. Hind wings
scarlet (‘‘flame scarlet,” Ridgway, plate vii,
fig. 14) with a narrow uneven outer black
_ border, obsolete before internal angle; three

A MONOGRAPH OF THE NoRTH AMERICAN
TACHINIDAE.— Prof. C. H. Tyler Townsend
is at present engaged on the preparation of
Part I ofa monograph of the North American
Tachinidae, which he hopes to have ready
publication in about two months from
this date. The part will embrace the Phasii-
_ Gymnosomatidae, Ocypteridae, and
dae. Any persons having material
in any of these groups will confer a favor by
sending it to Mr. Townsend, who will return
it fully determined. The monograph will
aim to represent the entire fauna of North
America north of the Isthmus of Panama,
including the West Indian forms. Subse-
quent parts will follow in the course of time.
Mr. Townsend has been engaged on this
work for some years and has already a large
amount of material on hand, but he is de-

PSYCHE,

381

submarginal rounded-triangular spots, the
last one at anal angle; two discal elongate
spots, the inner one much elongate and at-
taining the costa, the outer, small; a large
spot on the middle of abdominal margin and
a small one at base. All the black
narrowly bordered with yellowish. Fringe
narrowly yellowish salmon, Below, the col-
ored parts of both wings are orange (Ridg-
way, Pl. vi, f. 3) with the black parts as
above. Expanse 42 mm. The moth here
described differs from all those referred to in
the synonymy given above in the absence of
the basal half line, and I propose for it the
varietal name ferpreta.

The character, though slight, is usually of
such diagnostic value in the case of E. blaket
that its absence in this form seeis to warrant
the different designation. Prof. French has
described some moths of this form as Arctia
geneura Strk. (Can. ent., xxi, 162).

marks

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTes.—Miall and Ham-
mond have just printed a paper in the Tran-
sactions of the Linnean society of London
on the development of the head in Chirono-
mus, which will be found interesting from its
representing a type intermediate between the
apparently widely different types of Corethra
and Musca, hitherto the best known. A
great part of the head of the imago arises
from paired invaginations extending far into
the larval thorax.

A feast of Chionobas is offered in the new
Part of Edward’s Butterflies of North Amer-
ica, for it is devoted entirely to four species
of that genus, of which the transformations of
two, C. jutta and C. brucez, are described in
detail and figured profusely with exquisite
skill, admirably bringing out their distinctive
features. Considering the home of these
insects, one cannot too strongly commend
the perseverance which has culminated in
such a series of plates as these. The text,
too, is full and interesting, indicating curious

382

differences of behavior of the same insect in
different places. Altogether this genus of
butterflies is one of the most perplexing and
interesting, so faras life-histories go.

Dalla Torre’s projected Catalogus Hymen-
opterorum in ten volumes has begun publi-
cation, the sixth volume dealing with the
Chrysididae having just been issued.

An egg of an unknown Reduviid from
Brazil, with a cap of most extraordinarily
complicated structure, is described and figured
by Sharp in the November Transactions of
the Entomological society of London.

Bauer and Raspe of Nuremberg announce
the early publication of Vol. 4 of Keyserling’s
Die Spinnen Amerikas containing the Epei-
ridae, edited byDr. George Marx of Washing-
ton. 61 species from the United States are
included in the work which will be sold for
$18.

The first part of the second volume of the
Actes of the Scientific society of Chili is

PSY CHILE

[January 1893.

entirely devoted (176 pp.) to a paper by Ruga
Borne on a poisonous spider of that country,
Latrodectus formidabilis. Although con-
tributed to a French society, the memoir is
in Spanish. ‘There are no illustrations.

A fragment of a proposed Manual of the
butterflies of America north of Mexico, com-
prising the six tribes of Nymphalinae which
are exclusively tropical, is printed by S. H.
Scudder in the Proceedings of the American
academy of arts and sciences.

Captain Casey has publishedin the Annals
of the N. Y. academy a fourth instalment
(354 pp-) of his Coleopterological notices.
It is almost entirely devoted to N. A. Rhyn-
chophora, and more than half of it to the
Barini, in which thirty-nine genera, eighteen
of them new, are recognized.

The principal articles in Pysche are now
allindexed in full in the Weekly review of
newspaper and periodical literature, pub-
lished weekly in Boston.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Ganada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScupDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 zez.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN £.:Ce:,

4 Park St., Boston, Mass.

RHOPALOCERA.

Rhopalocera from Europe, New Grenada, Sik-
kim, Assam, Pulo Nias, British Guiana, Congo
Free State and various Polynesian Islands. Cor-
respondents will oblige by stating desiderata. Vo

post cards.
DRO). we REED:

Ryhope, Sunderland, England.

ADVERTISEMENT,

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FEBRUARY, 1893.

CONTENTS:

COMMUNAL COCOONS AND THE MOTHS WHICH WEAVE THEM.—(Plate 9).—W. F.
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ON THE ATTRACTION OF LIGHT FOR THE TWO SEXES OF Eisesue. ge F.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL Notes (Moore’s Tspiaopters Tanica Outen gacnen? s cineeineatioe
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Plate

PSY CHE.

COMMUNAL COCOONS AND THE MOTHS WHICH WEAVE THEM.

BY W. J. HOLLAND, PH.D., PITTSBURGH, PENN.

[ Annual address of the retiring president of the Cambridge Entomological Club, 13 January, 1893.]

One of the comparatively recent dis-
coveries in the field of entomological
investigation has been that of the curi-
ous habit possessed by certain lepidop-
terous larvae of living in communities
and weaving for themselves a_ large
outer cocoon, or envelope, in which
they each subsequently spin a smaller
cocoon in which they undergo trans-
formation into the chrysalid state, and
from which they subsequently emerge
as moths. Thus far this habit has only
been observed in the hyponomeutid
genus Hyphantidium, the genera
Anaphe, Walk., and Hypsoides, Butl.
(Coenostegia, Mabille), which
been commonly referred to the Noto-
dontidae,* and the pyralid genus Coeno-
To this list I
now have the pleasure of adding a lip-
arid moth from tropical West Africa,
for which I propose the generic name
Oecura, and which I shall specifically
designate by the name of its discoverer,
the earnest and talented explorer, Rev.
Dr. Good, to whom I have in recent

have

domus, Walsingham.

* Probably more correctly referred to the Liparidae.

years been indebted for many notable
acquisitions to my collection. I
append

also
the description of two new
species of Anaphe, from the tropical
West Coast of Africa, A. clara, mihi,
and A. subsordida, mihi (vide infra).

The first reference which I have been
able to find to the curious habit to which
I have made allusion is in an article com-
municated by Dr. Ch. Coquerel to the
Entomological society of France at its
meeting held Dec. 13, 1854, and pub-
lished in the Annales for the year 1855.7
He alludes to the great cocoons as well
known objects, ‘‘On connaissait depuis
longtemps ces grandes poches de soie
qui garnissent souvent toutes les branches
principales de plusieurs arbres de Mada-
gascar appartenant pour la plupart a
la famille de Légumineuses (Szz¢rza t
Mimosa Lebbek,

etc.) mais on n’avait jamais décrit les

Madagascariensis,

insectes qui forment ces cocons, avec

+ Observations entomologiques sur divers insectes
recueillis A Madagascar. sme partie. Par M. le Dr-
Ch. Coquerel, Annales de la Soc. ent. de France, 3me
serie, vol. iii, p. 529 ef seq.

{ Intsia Madagascariensis. ‘‘Sutria’’ is a misprint.

386

lesquels les Malgaches tissent des étoffes
remarquable par leur éclat et leur soli-
dité.”” He informs us that the cater-
pillars of Bombyx (Hypsotdes) Rada-
ma, Coq., live after the manner of the
common European processionaries, and
after having woven in common an enor-
mous pouch which is often several feet
in length, each forms in its interior an
individual coccon, and there undergoes
the final transformation. The species
described by Coquerel in this paper are
flypsoides Radama, and Hi. Diego,
and Azxaphe Panda, Boisd., the latter
from Natal, in reference to which Mons.
Coquerel remarks that it has the same
larval habits as the two Mascarene spe-
cies, and that its silk is employed in the
same way by the natives of the country
in which it is found. Subsequently, in
1863, Dr. Coquerel and Mons. A. Vin-
son published another paper upon this
subject in the Bulletin de la Société
d’acclimatation et d’histoire naturelle de
la Réunion, and followed it in 1866 by
a paper in the Bulletin of the French
Société d’acclimatation. The last article
by Dr. Coquerel which treats of the
subject is contained in the Annales of
the Entomological society of France for
1866, having been presented at the meet-
ing of the Society held in July of that
year. This article is accompanied by a
plate representing the cocoons and outer
cocoon-bag woven by “#/. Radama.
Meanwhile in 1859 Mr. A. W. Scott
published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological society of London a paper
in which he described a moth found in
New South Wales, which is referred to

P SUCHE,

[February 1893.

the Hyponomeutidae, and to which he
gave the name Hyphantidium sert-
ceartum. The social habits of the
larvae of this insect are remotely related
to those of the Mascarene insects de-
scribed by Coquerel. The paper of
Mr. Scott is accompanied by a plate
giving anatomical details of Hyphan-
tidium. For seventeen years after the
publication of the last paper by Cogq-
uerel, or from 1866 to 1883, nothing
appears to have been added to the liter-
ature of this interesting subject, though
Mr. A.G. Butler in 1877 and again in
1878 described a species of Anaphe,
the former from Ambriz, and the latter
from Old Calabar; and in 1882 erected
the genus Hypsoides for the reception
of H. d¢pars, a new species from Mada-
gascar, strictly congeneric with Bombyx
Radama, Coq.,and Bombyx Diego,
Coq. In 1883 Carl Fromholz published
an article in the Berliner entomolo-
gische zeitschrift (Band xxvii, pp. 9
et seg.), in whichhe gives an interesting
account of the larval habits of Anxaphe
panda, Boisd., based upon material
which had been presented to the ento-
mological museum at Berlin by the
German traveller, Dr.
Fischer. The paper is accompanied by
a plate upon which the larva and the
cocoon-bag of A. panda are depicted.
According to the information given by
Dr. Fischer the natives of the region
about sixty miles inland from Dar-es-
Salaam, where the cocoons were ob-
tained, report that the caterpillars
occupy the nest, which they weave as a
common home, for two years before

savant and

February 1893.]

emerging as moths. The nests, accord-
ing to the same authority, are collected
by the blacks, and in times of want are
added to the stores of the native larder.

The
ture of the subject is the masterly
article by Lord Walsingham published
in the Transactions of the Linnean
Society for the year 1885, founded
largely upon material communicated to
the writer by Col. J. H. Bowker.
This article is profusely illustrated, and
Walsingham describes and figures two
new species of the genus Anaphe,
A. infractarand A. carterz. Accord-
ing to information given Lord Walsing-
ham by Col. Bowker, the natives of
South Africa use the silk of the cocoon-
bags in cases of injury very much as
oiled silk is used by surgeons in more
civilized lands. Lord Walsingham
followed his paper upon the genus
Anaphe by a paper published in the
Transactions of the Linnean Society for
1887 upon Coenodomus Hockingii,
Wls., a curious pyralid moth found in
the Punjab, which has larval habits
somewhat closely allied to those of the
African genera Anaphe and Hypsoides.
This paper is accompanied by a most
excellent plate, giving full details.

In 1888 Mr. H. Druce described in the
Proceedings of the Zoological society of
London a new species of Anaphe from
Gambia, which he names after its dis-
coverer, A. Moloneyz. Mr. Druce says
that the cocoon of this species, which
had been presented to him by Capt.
Moloney, was ‘‘almost the shape of a
large pear, about five inches long, and

next contribution to the litera-

PSYCHE.

387

was found hanging from the branch of a
tree by a fine silken thread.” He also
notes the fact that he had recently re-
ceived from Mr. A. Higgins a specimen
of the cocoon of A. zxfracta, Wls., ob-
tained at ‘‘Ile Ife, about fifty miles in-
land from Lagos, where they are very
common, hanging from trees.’’ He adds
‘*The natives eat the larvae, which are
of a reddish brown color ; they fry them
Mr.

that they are of a sweetish taste when

in palm-oil. Higgins informs me

cooked. They also make use of the
silk, taking it from the cocoons, wash-
ing it, and forming it into hanks, which
they sell in the market-places; it is also
made into rough cloths by the women.”
The cocoon given to Mr. Druce by
Capt. Moloney yielded Mr. Druce about
sixty moths, and I am personally in-
debted to him for a fine suite of this
species now in my collection. Thus far
I have not received any specimens of
Anaphe infracta from any of those
persons, who have collected for me upon
the West African coast south of Cape
Lopez, but I have received several coc-
oons of A. Moloneyt, from one of
which, represented in the plate, about
eighty moths had emerged previous to
shipment. The last cocoon sent me
was delayed in transit, and upon open-
ing the tin box containing it, 1 found
the remains of a large number of moths
which had emerged and perished upon
the journey.

The cocoons of A. ALoloneyé which I
have received have not been suspended
by a thread of silk, but are firmly fixed
among the outer twigs of branches. The

388

cocoon represented upon the plate is
64 inches in the major, and 3? inches
in the minor diameter. The cocoon of
Oecura Goodi? depicted upon the same
plate is flattish and was found attached
to the trunk of a tree, and superficially
in form and color strikingly resembles
a reddish brown fungoid growth. It is
62 inches long and 44 inches wide upon
the longest diameters, and at the deepest
point in the middle not more than 1 inch
thick. Dissected across the middle its
section presents the form of an arc, the
chord of which represents the base by
which it was attached to the bark of
the tree. The inner cocoons are less
than an inch in length and about one-
third of an inch in diameter, and are
arranged with the longer axis in a posi-
tion vertical to the base in the middle,
and as the outer circumference is reached
with the longer axis sloping inwardly,
while just at the edge a few cocoons are
The

im-

disposed horizontally to the base.
are very compact, and
The outer

cocoons
bedded in layers of soft silk.
investiture or covering is composed of
several distinct layers and superficially
is smoother and more compact than in
the cocoon of A. Moloneyz. When the
insect emerges from the inner cocoon it
has also to force its way out through the
tissues of the external envelope, which
yield to the advance, but close again,
leaving hardly any trace of the perfora-
tion. Thereis no common passage for
exit.

It is worthy of note that these insects
appear to be peculiarly subject to the
attacks of parasitic enemies. Fromholz

PSE CLT,

[February 1893.

describes a lepidopterous parasite to
which he gives the name Zophodiopsis
hyaenella, and which from the descrip-
tion and figure I judge to be identical
with the insect described by Coquerel
in 1885 as Chilo carnifex. The same
insect is found upon the West African
coast. Walsingham figures a Tachina,
I. Onchestus, Walk., which preys
upon the larvae. I have a series of
Tachina which emerged from the co-
coons figured upon the plate, but which
do not appear to be identical with the
species named by Walker.

I append some extracts from the notes

sent me by Mr. Good.

No. 100. ( Oecura Goodz?, Holl.)

‘*March 4th, 1891.
March tst, my boy returned from down
river with the queer object labelled No.
100. He found it attached to the trunk of
a tree and pulled it off. Three days ago
I saw it first, and pulled off one of the
cocoon cells. Cutting it open I founda
caterpillar about haif changed to a chry-
salis. They must only have just spun
up when they were discovered.

May goth. Three moths came out in
the box in which this ‘‘comb” of cocoons
was kept. Ithought they came from it,
but I could only find very small rents in
its face, so I waited for more to emerge.
No more came out till May 11th, when,
to make certain that they had not come
from something I had forgotten in the
ground at the bottom of the box in which
they were, I turned out all the earth.

May tgth. Today two more of these

Seven days ago,

February 1893. ]

moths came out, but one had damaged
itself.

May 22nd. Another moth emerged.

May 23rd. Another moth hatched.

May 30th. Another moth has come
out.

A large number of flies, not moths,
(Tachina), also came out of this mass
of cocoons, each one of which had of
course destroyed a chrysalis. Two of
these I send pinned and numbered 100.”

No. 121. (Anaphe Moloneyz, Druce.)

“Sept. 29th, 1891. This morning a
native brought me the cocoon numbered
I have seen several similar co-
I supposed this to have

yale
coons before.
been spun up by a single very large
caterpillar. I bought it and laid it down
on my table till I could finish what I
was doing, when the boys called to me,
and pointed out that a moth had come
out, and there it was, creeping up the
wall, where it finally settled in order to
allow its wings to develop. I now
realize that I have another multiple
cocoon like No. 100. There must be a
number of species which spin such
cocoons, for I have seen several others
like this one but differing in important
particulars.

Oct. 5th. Four more of the moths
have hatched.

Oct. 6th. Three more came out today.
I remark that all of these moths so far
have emerged from the cocoon between
gand 10 a.M. All African butterflies
come out in the morning from the
chrysalis, and all moths so far as I have
observed in the afternoon, or during the

PSYCHE.

389

night. 1 at first thought these might
be day-flying moths, but they seem not
to be, as they do not stir all day long.
As was the case with No. 100, so here,
a great many flies are emerging from
this cocoon. I should say two flies

come out for every moth. I send a
couple of them pinned and numbered
eu tae
that which emerged from the cocoon of
Oecura. )

“Oct. 24th. The flies have ceased to
emerge, but the moths are still coming.
At first mostly males came out, then
males and females, later only females.
Three or four days ago I thought all the
moths were out. All had apparently

come out of one side, that from which

(They are of the same species as

the twigs project, and I supposed that
these were all that the nest contained.
But a day or two ago they began to
come out from the other side and today
I suppose the
From the

four emerged, all males.
females will come later.”
dates on the envelopes it is plain that
this surmise was correct.

It only remains to be said that in the
economy of these insects we have a
wonderful illustration of instinct,
scarcely less remarkable than that dis-
played by the bee, and especially won-
derful because exhibited by the insect in
its larval, and therefore immature, state.

OECURA,* gen. nov.

Palpi minute, porrect, compressed, heavily
clothed with short hairs, the third joint short
and clothed with hair to its tip, and almost
lost in the hairy vestiture of the second joints

* Ouxovpa = Domi rectrix,

390

The antennae of the male are moderately
short, heavily pectinated, of the female
equally long but less heavily pectinated. The
pectinations are margined on both sides with
delicate hairs and have a spur on the outer
edge near the extremity. The legs are hirsute
with two spurs upon the tibiae of the last
pair. The abdomen in the male has two
minute tufts upon the dorsal line back of the
thorax. The radial on the primaries and the
secondaries springs from near the bottom of
the cell. The primaries are subtriangular
with the costa very moderately convex, or
nearly straight for two-thirds of the distance
from the base with the apex rounded and the
outer margin evenly convex, the inner angle
is rounded, and the inner margin slightly
convex before the base.’ The secondaries are
sub-pyriform with the outer margin evenly
rounded. The prevalent coloration is obscure
brown and gray. ‘The larva is characterized
by the habit of forming social cocoons, a
multitude of individuals weaving a common
covering of silk, which is applied to the
trunks of trees and similar situations and
presents the appearance of a fungoid growth,
within which each larva weaves a smaller
cocoon in which it undergoes final transform-
ation.

Oecura Goodti, sp.nov. @. Palpi, front
and collar dark brown. Antennae testaceous,
The patagiae are brown margined externally
and internally by a few grayish hairs, or
scales. The upper part of the abdomen im-
mediately back of the thorax is grayish, the
remainder of the abdomen is pale brown with
an ochraceous tint on the sides. The under-
side of the thorax and the abdomen is obscure
ochraceous. The legs are brown with the
tibiae and tarsiannulated with whitish. The
primaries are dark brown with some greenish-
gray markings near the base, a broad green-
ish-gray spot on the inner margin near the
middle succeeded by a transverse crenulate
limbal line of black. The margin is marked
on the interspaces with greenish-gray spots,

PSTCHE:

[February 1893

which increase from the apex as far as the
third median nervule, then diminish and
widen again to the outer angle, which is
whitish. These spots are all marked on the
middle by a narrow dark line. The fringes
are dark brown checked with pale gray at
the ends of the nervules, but at the outer
angle the fringe is whitish. The secondaries
are fuscous with an obscure discocellular
mark and a submarginal transverse band.
The fringes are as on the primaries from the
outer angle to just before the anal angle, at
which they are uniformly gray. The under
side is pale fuscous with tbe middle area of
the primaries clouded with pale fuliginous.
Both wings have an obscure discal dot at the
end of the cell. Bothare traversed from the
costa by an incomplete brownish transverse
median line. The primaries have in addition
a parallel transverse submarginal band.

Q. Female almost exactly like the male
but larger. Expanse, f, 33mm.; 2, 45 mm.

ANAPHE, Walk.

A. clara, sp. nov. ¢@. Very like A.
Moloneyt, Druce, but readily distinguished
from that species by the fact that the nervules
are not black at their extremities upon the
upper side, and by the fact that on the lower
side the primaries have the cell clouded with
chocolate and the apex as far as the third
median is heavily marked with blackish
scales. There is also a dark brown mark
upon the secondaries at the middle of the
costa. The species is also prevalently smaller
in size than A. Moloney. Expanse @, 30 to
4omm.; &, 65mm. :

A. subsordida, sp. nov. @. Allied to
A. Moloney? but with the wings narrower and
more elongate, having but one transverse
black line which is connected with the dark
outer margin by a heavy black ray running
along the radial and by a similar black ray
on the extremity of the first median nervule.
On the under side the markings of the upper
side reappear, but almost the entire apical

February 1893.]

area enclosed between the transverse line and
the radial ray is dark reddish-brown. In ad-
dition to the two rays of the upper surface,
there is a dark ray upon the lower side upon
the second median. Expanse 2 55 mm.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Q.

Fig. 1. Cocoon-bag of O6¢ecura Goodit,
Holl. The dotted line indicates a portion
removed for purposes of dissection.

PS PCHE.

391
Fig. 2. Cocoon-bag of Anaphe Moloney?
Druce.
Fig. 3. Oecura Goodii, &, sp. n.
Fig. 4. Oecura Goodit, 2, sp. n.
Fig. 5. Anaphe clara, §,sp.n.
Fig. 6. Anaphe subsordida, 2, sp. n.
Fig. 7. Anaphe moloneyz, 9, Druce.
Fig. 8. Anaphe tnfracta, 2, Wls.

Gm Lit ATPRACTION: OF LIGHT FOR THE TWO SEXES OF
COLEOPTERA.

BY HENRY FREDERICK WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA.

Referring to the capture of moths,
Dr. A. S. Packard writes, in a foot-note
on page 246 of his ‘‘Entomology for
Beginners,” ‘‘It is a curious fact that in
general the males alone are attracted to
light; the same is probably true of
beetles, especially the June’ beetle.”
As this statement does not agree very
well with my own experience in col-
lecting Coleoptera I have been led to
go over a portion of my material and
embody the results in the following
table. With the exception of the speci-
mens from Tucson, which were taken
at street gas-lamps, all were captured at
electric light.

Fifteen sets of insects have been
examined.
table and I have subjoined the locality
in which each was taken as I find that
a set from one locality will give a dif-
ferent proportion of a certain sex than
that from another. With the imper-
fect data at hand it is impossible for me

These are numbered in the

to determine what relation the date of
capture may have to the proportion of
either sex (since it sometimes happens
that one sex appears somewhat earlier
than the other) and I leave this for
future studies. As a rule only a few
days were spent at any one collecting
point and the set of each species repre-
sents the work of two or three consecu-
tive evenings, never of more than a
week.

The insects have been taken at ran-
dom from. several different families,
chiefly using genera, however, in which
the male secondary sexual characters
are sufficiently well developed t> enable
the sexes to be separated without too
much trouble or chance of error.

Of these sets, those marked 1, 3, 9,
12 are from Tucson, Arizona; 2, 4, 5,
10, 15, from Albuquerque, New Mex-
ico; 13, 14, from Spokane Falls, Wash-
ington, all collected by myself. The
remainder are from Lincoln, Nebraska

392

and were kindly given me by Professor
Shimek.

Za
@ Bg <2 ote
o a } Io @
4 Me) ona 88
: 32 7 52 Bs
if Boe 8 Fa Bae
7 a. n 2 oO
1. Tetracha carolina. 35 (27, 8 77.1 22.9
2. Cicindela sperata. 50 24 26 48. 52.
3. Cicindela lemniscata. 55 35 20 63.6 36.4
4. Bledius armatus. 10) 3 7) Ob. FE
5. Lachnosterna longitarsis. 9 5 4 55:6 44.4
6. Lachnosterna fusca. 150 108 42 72. 28.
7. Lachnost. crassissima. 26 13 13 50. 50.
8. Lachnosterna hirticula. 20 17 By iss Gp
g. Cyclocephala (mixed set). 45 35 9 80. 20,
10. Cyclocephalaimmaculata. 18 G25 °33-3\ 166.7
11. Cyclocephala sé 100 © 100 0. 100.
12. Chalepus obsoietus. 130. 33 OF 25-4. 74.0
13. Ergates spiculatus. 49 17 32 34.7 65:3
14. Prionus californicus. 108 58 50 53-7 40.3
4 42. 28.

15. Macrobasis atrivittata. 25 18

In eight cases we find a preponder-
ance of males; in six the females are
more numerous, while in one case an
equal number of each sex is found. In
no instance is the set composed entirely
has

in a very large

of males, though the reverse

occurred once, and
series.
It is worthy of note that many species

which are usually considered strictly

PSYCHE.

[February 1893-

diurnal in habit are attracted a long
distance by light—as, for example, a
number of Cicindelae. Of the genus
Cicindela I have taken lepida, punctu-
lata and praetextata in such situations
as well as the two mentioned in the
table. No rule can be formulated in
this case as to the attraction exerted on
each sex —sometimes the males are
more numerous, sometimes the females.

Several genera of Scarabaeidae, not
here tabulated, show a varying propor-
tion offemales. Checroplatys clunalis,*
which appears in our Check-list under
three specific names under the genera
Aphonus and Orizabus, furnishes about
equal numbers of each sex. Polyphylla
is chiefly seen in the male sex and the
same is true, so far as my experience
goes, of Plectrodes.

It will be seen, then, from the fore-
going notes, that captures of Coleoptera
at light need by no means be confined
to males only and that it can hardly be
stated as a general rule that these alone
are attracted.

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL Nores. —It_ will
please our readers to hear that Mr. W. H.
Edwards has received a grant of $500 from
the Bache Fund of the National academy of
sciences to complete the publication of his
researches into the life histories of American
butterflies.

One of the most zealous collectors of Indian
Lepidoptera has been Col. Knyvett, who for
many years has been in charge of the police
forces in the province of Bengal and has util-
ized the native policemen in his entomologi-
cal labors. His entire collection, numbering
over 700 species of rhopalocera in splendid
suites and nearly 2000 species of heterocera
in equally fine suites, about 10,000 specimens,

has been purchased at the suggestion of Dr.
Holland by Mr. Andrew Carnegie. They
will be under Dr. Holland’s care and ulti-
mately be placed in the museum which Mr.
Carnegie is building in Pittsburgh, Penn.
The specimens have all been examined and
named by the most eminent English special-
ists, Elwes, Hampson, Warren, Myrick and
Butler.

Blatchley records 108 species of Indiana
butterflies in a catalogue published in the 17th
report of the state geologist, 1892.

* For the synonymy of this species see Mr. H. W.
Bates in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Cole-
optera, Vol. II, part 2, p. 321.

February 1893.]

(Continued from page 376.)

secondaries are pale yellowish red, of the
same tint as the upper surface of the seconda-
ries. The outer two-thirds of the primaries
are fuscous. The hyaline spots reappear upon
the lower side of the primaries without any
modification in form. The legs and lower
side of the body are uniformly of the same
pale red color as the adjacent wing surfaces.
The antennae are light brown tipped with
pale amber-yellow. The eyes are black.
Expanse, 40 mm.

This is one of the most beautiful species of
the genus. My specimen was taken on the
shores of Lake Onanga, and is unique.

17. S. leucogastra, sp.nov. 92. Antennae
black, very minutely tipped with white.
Lower side of palpi, pectus, tibiae, and tarsi
orange-rufous. Front, collar, tegulae, lower
side of thorax, and upper side of both thorax
and abdomen black. The lower side of the
abdomen is broadly pure white, and the
upper side of the anal extremity bright
orange. There are also a few small vermilion
spots upon the upper side of the abdomen on
the median line, and on either side just
behind the thorax. The wings are deep
plack. There are four pellucid spots upon
the primaries, a square one at the end of the
cell and a smaller one below the cell nearer
the base, a small oval spot beyond the cell
near the costa and a larger round one below
this. Upon the secondaries there is an ex-
ceedingly minute translucent spot at the end
of the cell. Expanse, 26 mm.

18. S. cytogaster, sp. nov. §. Antennae
strongly pectinated, abdomen compressed
behind the thorax. Possibly referable to the
genus Glaucopis. The wings are marked
exactly asin S. mzserabilis, Holl. The front,
a spot on each side of the thorax at the base
of the primaries, a spot on the median line of
the upper side of the abdomen just behind
the thorax, the pectus, the tibiae, and the
lower side of the constricted portion of the

Vick p Se gh Ms

393

abdomen and the outer edges of the remain-
ing segments of the abdomen on the under
side are all white. The end of the abdomen
is tufted with white hairs. Expanse, 18 mm.
Habitat Talaguga, August.

19. S. cybelistes, sp.nov. 2. Allied to S.
constricta, Butl., but the primaries are more
acute at the apex, and all the translucent
spots are greatly reduced in size because of
the widening of the intervening black portions
of the wing. The outer margin and the costa
of the secondaries are broadly black, while in
S. constricta they are narrowly black. There
is furthermore a large triangular white patch
on the outer margin of the primaries below
the apex. There is but one white ring on the
abdomen behind the thorax, the white ring
which is found in S. constricta toward the
end of the abdomen being wanting in the

present species. Expanse, 28 mm.

20. S. creobota, sp. nov. @.
S. cerbera, Linn., but not so robust. An-
tennae white at the tips. The primaries are
marked as in S. cerbera, except that they are
not white at the apices. The secondaries
are more acute at the outer angle, and the
translucent spots relatively smaller than in
S. cerbera. The thoraxat the base of both
wings on the under side has an orange spot,
and the upper side of the abdomen is solid
orange-red from the thorax to the fourth seg-
ment from the end, except on the middle
ventral line of the under side, which with all
the rest of the body is blue-black. The tibiae
are margined with white. Expanse, 28 mm.

Allied to

21. S. crenophylax, sp. nov. @. Allied in
general outline to S. deucogastra.
moderately pectinated. Front and pectus
white. Collar, a spot on the lower side of
the thorax on each side at base of the prim-
aries, and the entire lower side of the abdo-
men bright orange-red. The upper side of
the thorax is black. The abdomen upon the
upper side is ringed with bright shining
green next to the thorax, this green band is

Antennae

394

followed by a black band, and this is suc-
ceeded by a crimson band and the end of the
abdomen is bright shining green.
are translucent.

The wings
The primaries have the
costa and the outer margin narrowly mar-
gined with black, and the inner margin more
heavily margined with the same color, the
border here being produced in the direction
of the cell about the middle of the margin.
The discocellular and the radial are heavily
marked with black. The secondaries on the
costa are heavily, and on the outer and inner
margins narrowly, bordered with black.
Expanse, 22 mm.

SYRINGURA,* gen. nov.

Allied to Syntomis. Palpi exceedingly
minute, appressed, the terminal joint porrect.
Haustellum half as long as the body. An-
tennae long, terete, swollen before the tip,
pointed. Tibiae without spines. Abdomen
cylindrical, stout, with the last segments
compressed and forming a short, narrow,
tubiform appendage. Anterior wings pro-
duced, subtriangular, with the costa rounded
at base, very slightly concave at the middle,
and curved before the apex. The apex is
pointed and the exterior margin moderately
convex. The posterior wings are elliptical
with the outer angle acute. The anterior
wings are ornamented with transparent

spots. Type S. wranofetes, Holland.

22. S. uranopetes, sp.nov. @. Antennae
black, margined with white on the lower
side for a short distance before the tips,
which are black. The entire body and legs
are blue-black. The wings are black glossed
with brilliant morpho-blue. The anterior
wings on theupper side are ornamented with
three moderately large spots arranged in a
triangle beyond the middle of the wing, one
on the end of the cell, another just below the
extremity of the cell, both hyaline, the third
before the apex inlaid with brilliant blue

*Zupry{ = tuba, Ovpa = Cauda.

PSYCHE.

[February 1893.

scales.
hyaline.

The basal area of the secondaries is

The lower side of the wings is
much as the upper, save that there is a sub-
quadrate spot of bright blue on the costa of
the secondaries before the
Expanse, 32 mm.

outer angle.

MELISA, Walk.

23. M. grandis, sp. nov. 9. The prim-
aries above are deep black shading on the
outer half into deep violet-blue, which in
certain lights reflects a green lustre. The
secondaries are uniformly deep blue-black.
Upon the under side both primaries and
secondaries are uniformly deep black. The
antennae, the thorax above and below, and
the upper side of the abdomen are black, as
are also the coxae and trochanters. The
femora, tibiae and tarsi are pink, the lower
side of the abdomen is luteous, tinged with
pinkish near the thorax, the end of the abdo-
men is furnished with a large brush of
crimson hairs. The black segments of the
abdomen have the position of the spiracles
indicated by minute yellow spots, and the
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments from
the thorax each have in addition two large
yellow spots, one on either side. Expanse,
55 mm.

There is a specimen of this species in the
British Museum unnamed.

ARCTIIDAE.

ApiIsa, Walk.

24. A. cénereo-costata, sp.nov. g. Very
near A. canescens, Walk., but differs in being
smaller, and in having the costa of the
primaries narrowly bordered with brown.
The posterior wings are also pure white,
which they are not in4. canescens, the type of
which I have compared with the species
before me. Expanse, 25 mm.

25. “A. caka,, sp. nov. «a; Uniformly
pale slaty grey, with the upper side of the

February 1893. ]

thorax, the palpi, and the forelegs darker
grey. Near A. canescens, Walk., but different
as is shown by comparison with the type of
Walker’s species.

Q. Like the male, but larger, and with
much heavier body.

Expanse, ¢ 30 mm; 2 37 mm.

ANACE, Walk.

26. A. parachoria, sp. nov. g. Allied to
A. perpusilla, Walk., but quite different.
The prevalent color of the upper side of the
body and wings is obscure ferruginous. The
primaries are marked by four pale yellow
spots arranged in transverse series of two
spots, one discal and the other subapical,
the spots nearest the costa being in each
series the smallest. The basal and limbal
area of the secondaries is also pale yellow.
The abdominal segments near the thorax and
at the end of the abdomen are margined
laterally with pale yellow bands. The under-
side of the wings is much as the upperside.
@. This sex is characterized by being much
larger in size, and by having the yellow area
of the secondaries restricted to a small spot
at the end of thecell. Expanse, g 22mm; 92
30 mm.

27. A. monotica,sp. nov. @. Antennae
pale grey with the setae blackish, the upper
side of the body is cinereous, with a pale
annulus about the abdomen after the thorax.
The underside of the palpi and of the thorax
is whitish. The primaries are uniformly
ashen grey except a large subtriangular spot
which is pale yellow and extends from the
costa before the base not quite to the inner
margin. The secondaries are pale yellow,
with the outer third ashen grey as the prim-
aries. Upon the under side the basal third
of the primaries and the entire secondaries
are pale yellow, or whitish in some speci-
mens. Expanse, 23 mm. There is an
example of this species in the British
Museum unnamed.

PSYCHE,

395

METARCTIA, Walk.

28. M. paremphares, sp. nov. g.. Allied
to M. inconspicua, Holl. (Entomologist,
Sept., 1892). It differs, however, in the
absence of the reddish color which prevails
in that species upon the head and collar, and
in the fact that the costa of both wings and
the apical third of the primaries on the
under side is dark brown. The head, thorax,
and primaries above are dark ashen gray,
the secondaries are uniformly white, the upper
side of the abdomen is reddish ochraceous.
The under side of the abdomen is dark
brown, the wings are white, except upon the
costae and upon the outer third of the prim-
aries which are dark, like the upper side of
the primaries.

@. The female differs from the male in
being larger and in having the secondaries
slaty grey above and below except upon the
inner margin of the under side. The prim-
aries also are uniformly grey below, except
just at the base, where they are whitish.
Expanse, g 28 mm; 2 35 mm.

29. M. benitensts, sp. noy. Allied to the
preceding, from which it differs in haying
the upper side of the abdomen dark smoky
brown as the primaries, and the secondaries
of the same color as the primaries, and the
under side throughout of the same tint as the
upper surface of the primaries, or merelya
shade lighter in some specimens. Expanse,
& 30mm; 38mm. _ Habitat, Benita.

30. M. pareclecta, sp. nov. 9. Allied to
the common M™. erubescens, Walk., but differs
from it in being prevalently bright red,
whereas Walker’s species is ochreous, shading
into red upon the body and secondaries. In
the style and location of the markings it does
not differ from Walker’s type to any great
extent, but very markedly in its color. The
posterier wings are uniformly pale vermil-
lion. The primaries are of the same color
with the nerves and the spots on the discal

396

area bluish grey. The front and the palpi
are bright red. The entire body and the
entire under side of both wings are uniformly

pale vermillion. Expanse, 35 mm.

31. M. haematica, sp. nov. g. Uniformly
dull reddish, with the costa of the primaries,
the upper side of the thorax, the front, and
the forelegs brownish. The antennae are

whitish. Expanse, 28 mm.

32. M. haematosphages, sp. nov. @.
Antennae white. The upper side of the
thorax is dark red. The upper side of the
abdomen and of both primaries and second-
aries are rich red, with the neurations faintly
The outer margins are
narrowly fringed with dark brown. The
under side of the body is pale red. The
under side of the wings are reddish clouded
all over except upon the inner margin of the

marked with brown.

primaries with fuliginous scales. Expanse,
35 mm.
32. M. lutea, sp. nov. 2. Uniformly

luteous throughout, except that the nervures
on the upper side of the primaries and the
outer margins of these wings are narrowly
marked by greyish lines. Expanse, 35 mm.

33. M. haematoessa, sp. nov. G. Anten-
nae whitish. Head, palpi and upper side of
thorax dark brown; abdomen reddish ochra-
ceous. Upper side. The primaries are red
thickly irrorated with fuscous. The fringes
are fuscous. The wing is ornamented by
five moderately large light red spots, one in
the middle and another at the end ofthe cell,
two smaller ones without the cell at the
origin of the first median nervule. The
secondaries are uniformly pale orange red.
Under side. The under side is a smoky
brown except at the base and inner margin
of both wings, which are pale orange-red.

PST CHE.

[Febiuary 1893.

There are no spots on the under side, but
the nerves are dark fuscous and clearly
defined upon the ground color. Expanse,
45 mm.

BALACRA, Walk.

34. B. glagoessa, sp. nov. @. The anten-
nae, front, patagiae, the upper side of thorax,
and the upper and lower side of abdomen are
white. The eyes are black. The top of the
head, the pectus, and the inner margins of
the trochanters and femora are crimson.
The wings are white both above and below
and the primaries at the end of the cell and
in the intra-neural spaces adjoining the end
of the cell are translucent. 9. The female
is like the male. Expanse, from 42 to 45 mm.

This magnificent species is apparently
quite common on the upper waters of the
Ogové River.

35. B. rubricincta, sp. nov. @. The
antennae are white. The front and the
lower side of the thorax are crimson. The
collar is white margined with crimson. The

patagiae are crimson margined with white.
The thorax and the abdomen are crimson
with the segments margined with white
on the upper surface. On the under
side of the abdomen, which is white, there
is a double row of crimson lunular marks,
four in each series. The legs are white
margined with crimson. The costa of the

primaries is narrowly white. The rest of
the wing is saffron. There is a white spot
near the inner margin upon the sub-

median nervule. The intra-neural spaces
adjoining the extremity of the cell are semi-
diaphanous. The posterior wings are pale
crimson narrowly margined with white.
The under side of the wings is as the upper
side but paler. Expanse, 43 mm.

pe.

February 1893.]

36. B.damalis,sp.nov. @. Front, palpi,
lower side of thorax, and inner edges of
femora and tibiaecrimson. Eyes black. Col-
lar pure white. The upper side of thorax
and adbomen fawn colored, with the inner
edges of the segments of the abdomen bor-
dered laterally with black. The lower side
of the abdomen is white with some crimson
markings near the base. The primaries are
fawn colored, with a spot at the end of the
cell, and the intraneural spaces beyond it
transparent. The posterior wings are saf-
fron, tinged on the inner margin with crim-
son. The lower side of the wings is as the
upper side.

Q. The female does not differ in mark-
ings from the male.

Expanse, 42 mm.
Kangweé.

Habitat, Benita and

37. B. haemalea, sp.nov. @. Antennae
and eyes black. The entire body deep crim-
son. The fore wings are dull bluish-green
marked with crimson. There is a crimson
streak atthe base near the costa, a spotat the
end of the cell and one below it, a spot be-
yond the end of the cell, and the entire outer
margin shades into crimson between the ner-
vules, which are blue-gray. The fringe is
blue-gray. The posterior wings are rosy,
palest on the costa. The wings on the under
side are pale red with the fringe and the apex
of the primaries dull blue-gray.

Expanse, 45 mm. This splendid species
is allied to B. flavimacula Walker, but is
totally distinct.

CASPHALIA, Walker.

38. C.nigerrima,sp. nov. @. Head and
antennae black. The collar is black nar-
rowly edged in front with orange. The pec-
tus and outer margins of the legs and the
lower side of the abdomen are orange. The
abdomen has the inner edges of the segments
upon the lower side bordered with black.
The tegulae are snow white tipped with
black. The upper side of the thorax and ab-

PSYCHE. 397

domen are jet black. The primaries are
black, the secondaries dark brown, paler nea;
the base.

The under side of the wings is as the upper
side.

Expanse, 40 mm.

Note.—The genus Casphalia was erected
by Walker in 1866, for the reception of a
species which he named C. flavicollis. This
genus has been placed by Mr. Kirby in his
recent catalogue among the Pinaridae. In
1887 Mr. Druce described a species as Anace
herpa. A comparison of Walker’s type and
of the insect described by Mr. Druce shows
that they are congeneric. The genus in-
cludes, therefore, three species as follows:

1. C. flavicollis, Walker.

2. C. herpa, Druce.

3. C. nigerrima, Holland.

CREATONOTUS, Hiibn.

39. C. leucanitoides, sp. nov. @. Upper
side of thorax, front, and palpi very pale
fawn color. The upper side of the abdomen
A black line runs from the front
to the middle of the thorax, and there is a
line of black spots on the middle of the upper
side of the abdomen. The underside of the
body and the legs are dark brown. The
wings are white and semi-diaphanous with
a very narrow black ray running along the
lower edge of the cell of the primaries suc-
ceeded by a black dot at the end of the cell
at the origin of the radial and followed by
another small black dot on the radial near
the outer margin.

is crimson.

The costa and the outer
margin of the primaries are slightly tinged
with luteous. Under side like the upper, but
paler.

Q. The female is like the male.

Expanse, 38 mm.

ALPENUS, Walk.

40. A. (?) aurantiaca, sp. nov. Q. The
upper and under sides of the body tawny-

orange with a row of black spots on the dor-

398

sal line of the abdomen, and a row of very
minute black spots on either side. The legs
are concolorous with the tibiae margined
with black. The primaries on the upper side
are of the same color as the abdomen and
have two very faint and much angulated par-
allel transverse lines crossing them beyond
the cell, and a few black spots on the outer
margin near the end of the radial nervule.
The secondaries are much paler, inclining to
whitish. The under sides of both wings are
pale creamy tinged on the costa with reddish,
and there are a few indistinct black marks at
the outer angle of the secondaries as well as
upon the outer edge of the primaries oppo-
site the cell, and both primaries and second-
aries have a very small and obscure discal
dot. Expanse, 40 mm.

This insect is with doubt referred to the
genus Alpenus, as likewise the following
species, though they come nearer that genus
than any other.

41. A. (2) multiscripta,sp.nov. @. An-
tennae, tront, collar, tegulae, and abdomen
pale yellowish. The tegulae have each a
black spot in the middle, and there is a row
of black spots on the dorsal line of the abdo-
men, and a row of very minute black spots
on either side of the abdomen.
yellowish margined with brown. The prim-
aries are of the same color as the thorax and
profusely sprinkled with very minute brown-
ish lines running transversely. On the costa
beyond the base, there is a narrow dark
brown line reaching into the cell; beyond it
a heavy brown line running obliquely toward
the outer margin to the end of the cell, and
then returning at a very acute angle and ter-
minating upon the inner margin before the
base. A subapical brown line runs from the
costa inwardly, and then is connected by a
curved line with the upper portion of the an-
gulated line, which precedes it. There is a
submarginal line about three-fourths of the
distance from the base, which is heaviest near
the inner margin. There is a series of black

The legs are

PSKCHE:

[February 1893.

dots on the outer margin most distinct just
below the apex. The posterior wings are
white with a very faint discal dot and a few
black dots at the outer angle. The under
side is uniformly pale yellowish with a heavy
comma-shaped discal mark upon the prim-
aries, and a heavy round discal dot upon the
secondaries. Both wings have some obscure
grayish marks near the outer end of the costa
and the outer margins are punctured with
black dots.
Expanse, 28 mm.

ently not uncommon.

This species is appar-

ALOoA, Walk.

42. A. nigricosta,sp.nov. @. Antennae
white with the pectinations gray. Front
orange. Collar and upper side of the thorax
yellowish-white. The abdomen orange with a
heavy black dorsal line, a row of black dots on
either side of the abdomen and a double row of
black dots on the lower side of the abdomen.
The wings are yellowish-white inclined in the
case of the secondaries to semi-translucency ,
and the costa of the primaries from about the
middle to the apex is heavily margined with
black.

Female like the male.

Expanse, @, 30 mm.; 2, 36 mm.

CY MBIDAE.

EariAs, Hiibn.

43. &. Ogovana, sp. nov.
forward edge of collar white.
tennae brown.

&. Front and

Eyes and an-
Palpi pale fulvous. Lower
side of thorax and abdomen whitish. Legs
whitish margined with brown. The hind
margin of the collar, the upper side of thorax,
and upper side of anterior wings bright grass-
green. The upper side ofthe abdomen is pale
brown annulated with black. The posterior
wings are vinaceous with the costa shining
whitish and the fringes on the outer margin
darker than the body of the wing. The an-
terior wings are crossed by two angulated

February 1893. ]

transverse exceedingly fine median lines.
The under sides of both wings are vinaceous.
The anteriors whitish on the costa near the
apex and broadly whitish on the inner mar-
gin. There is a small dark brown spot on
the costa of the primaries a little beyond the
middle. Expanse, 20 mm.

LITHOSIIDAE.

CABARDA, Walk.

2. Antennae,
Legs pale

44. C. torrida, sp. nov.
front, collar, and thorax white.
yellow. Abdomen gray. Upper side of an-
terior wings milk-white with two small oval
pale fawn spots arranged longitudinally in
the cell beyond the middle, a small spot of
the same color at the base, a moderately large
brown blotch below the cell near the middle
tapering inwardly toward the base, and a
limbal band broadest near the posterior mar-
gin. The apex broadly fawn color with a
series of small spots of the same color on the
outer margin between the nervules, gradually
diminishing in size toward the outer angle.
The posterior wings are very pale semi-trans-
lucent fawn color. The under side of both
wings is of the same color as the upper side
of the secondaries. The costa and the outer
and inner margins of the primaries are paler.

-Expanse,20mm. Habitat, Benita. (Feb-
ruary.)

45. C. temperata, sp. nov. ¢. Allied to
C. frigida, Walk. The under and upper
sides of the body are white. The primaries
are dull white with the outer half heavily
covered with rusty ‘scales shading into black-
ish near the outer margin. On the costa
before the apex, and on the outer margin
just below the apex, this ferruginous tract is
indented by two subtriangular pure white
spots. The posterior wings are grayish,
darkest near the outer margin, and the fringes
of both primaries and secondaries are whitish.
On the under side, both wings are whitish,
the primaries being clouded to pale ferru-

ES CHE:

399

ginous on the costal area, and both wings
have a faint submarginal line running par-
allel to the outer margin.

Expanse, 19 mm.

BIZONE, Walk.

46. B. Africana,sp. nov. @. Pure white.
The legs pale yellowish. Posterior wings
with one or two black dots on the costa near
the base. The primaries are crossed by a
median and a limbal transverse line of dark
brown, or blackish, somewhat angulated.
There are two small black spots on the cell
between these lines arranged longitudinally,
and one or two black spots on the outer mar-
gin below the apex. The female is marked
as the male, but larger. Under side of wings
immaculate.

Expanse, ¢,18 mm.; @, 20 to 22 mm.

47. B. Porrima, sp. nov. @. Allied to
the preceding species, but smaller, and with
the fore wings luteous. The markings very
much the same as in the preceding species,
but the spots on the cell between the trans-
verse lines coalesce with the lines. Under
side of wings white, immaculate. Female
like the male.

Expanse of six specimens before me aver-
ages 18 mm.

48. B. rubristriga, sp.nov. @. Snowy-
white with two bright crimson transverse
bands, with two small black spots enclosed
between them on the cell and arranged longi-
There are no black spots at the

The crimson bands

tudinally.
base of the primaries.
reappear faintly on the under side.
Expanse, 16mm. This species is charac-
terized by having the primaries relatively
narrower than in the preceding species.

BARSINE, Walk.

49. B. Gubunica, sp. nov. @. Allied to
B. (Siccia) rivulosa, Walk., with the type of

400

which I have compared it, but widely dif-
ferent. The front and collar are pale orange.
The thorax, abdomen, and legs are pale red-
dish-fawn. The anterior wings are pale fer-
ruginous with a double series of irregular
spots before the base, a zigzagged transverse
median, and a greatly zigzagged transverse
limbal band, a spot at the end of the cell,
and a submarginal series of spots, all pale
purplish.
diaphanous, very pale fuscous.

The posterior wings are semi-
The under
side of the wings are without markings, save
that the bands in the primaries very faintly
reappear. The female is larger than the
male and with the spots and bands in the
primaries darker, and the ground color of
these wings redder.

Expanse, g, 20mm.; 9, 25mm.

MILTOCHRISTA, Hiibn.

&. The front
white. The
legs yellowish with the tibiae provided with
heavy black tufts before the tarsi.

50. M. numida, sp. nov.
The body pale yellowish-fawn.

The an-
terior wings are pale stramineous tinged in
some specimens with reddish towards the
At the base there are three small
black spots. There is a very heavy black
spot at the end of the cell. A series of heavy
irregular black spots form a transverse me-
dian band curved outwardly and coalescing
about the middle of the wing with a similar
band, which forms with a still heavier sub-

apex.

median band an irregular circle, surrounding
the black spot at the end of the cell. There
are two submarginal black spots about the
middle of the outer margin. In some speci-
mens these coalesce with the heavy submar-
ginal band. The posterior wings have some
black spots on the outer margin, heaviest
near the outer angle. The markings of the
upper surface reappear upon the lower side
of the wings, but fainter and poorly defined.
The posteriors have a double series of black
spots near the outer angle on the outer mar-

PSTCHE:

{February 1893.

gin. The female is marked as the male but
with broader wings.
Expanse, ¢,16mm.; 9, 18 mm.

51. M. Clara, sp. nov. f. Allied toan
unnamed species in the British Museum from
Sierra Leone.
terior

Pale cream color. The pos-
immaculate. The anterior
wings with a small black spot at the base,
three similar spots forming a transverse series
beyond the base, one of the spots on the
costa, another near the middle of the wing,
and the third on the inner margin. There is
a transverse, zigzagged, pale brown line
crossing the wing before the end of the cell;
a minute black spot at the end of the cell;
another somewhat broader, very irregular,
transverse brown line beyond the cell; and
a number of small linear black marks upon
the outer margin.
Expanse, 16 mm.

wings

52. M. (2) erythrias, sp. nov. g. An-
tennae plumose, black. The body dark red.
Legs margined with black. Primaries dark
red shading into pale orange at the apex, and
the outer margin uniformly fringed with
dark brown. ‘The primaries have a costal
and an interior black basal ray followed by a
double transverse line, which is succeeded by
a series of irregular, very angulated, and
heavy dark markings, which irregularly en-
circle the black discal dot, which is situated
at the end of the cell. These markings are
followed by a submarginal series of spots, of
which the third and the fifth, reckoning from
the costa, and those nearest the outer angle
are the largest, the fifth coalescing with the
fringe. All of the markings are dark pur-
plish-brown. The secondaries are rosy with
the outer margin dark brown. The under
sides are marked as the upper, but all the
markings are more obscure.

Expanse, 16mm. _ I refer this species with
great doubt to the genus Miltochrista, owing
to the heavily pectinated form of the anten-
nae. It represents, possibly, a new genus
closely allied to Miltochrista.

February 1893. ]

POL CITE.

401

A MELANISTIC LOCUST,

BY A. P. MORSE, WELLESLEY, MASS.

In the latter part of July, 1892, I had
the good fortune to stumble upon a
thriving settlement of that elegant locust
Paroxya atlantica Scudd. in the near
vicinity of Cambridge, namely, on the
bank of Charles River at Faneuil station.
This find was unexpected from the fact
that this species is a southern locust
and, I believe,
taken in New England only in the
southernmost portions. Several weeks
later I took one male in a meadow at
Newtonville, at quite a distance from
the river.

has been previously

These two localities are the
only places in which I have met with
this species
where I have taken it at Niantic in a
situation similar to that at Faneuil, and
at Stamford in the long sedge of bushy
pasture meadows, at an elevation con-
siderably above tide-water.

At Faneuil the first specimen taken,
a female, was captured while sweeping
over some weeds at the edge of the salt-
marsh in search of other Acrididae. and
search being made, a number of speci-
mens, mostly males, secured.
These were found to be most plentiful
on a species of Spartina, or cord-grass,
along some of the ditches and tidal run-
ways, and while quite active were not
difficult to capture, usually trying to
escape observation by sidling around
the stout grass-stems in preference to
flight, which was resorted to only when
alarmed.

north of Connecticut,

were

Among those secured on this occasion
was one male which presented a
marked contrast to the others in being
deep greenish-black in color, with a
peculiar oily lustre which became shin-
ing on the smoother portions of the
body, particularly on the sides of the
pronotum, and the thoracic and abdomi-
nal sterna. A fuller description is
appended.

At a second visit a few days later
three more black males were secured,
and also two female nymphs as deeply
No black

taken,

colored as the adult males.

adult females were though
several secured at this time and at a
third visit
coloring.
The females,
which seemed to prefer remaining on

or near the rubbish of dead stalks and

were extremely dark in

dark, heavy-bodied

weeds covering the ground, were not
noticeable objects; but the more active,

black

against the green background of the

males were quite conspicuous.

higher zone of growing vegetation

which they frequented.

Paroxya atlantica Scudd. Melanistic male.
Description of fresh
Faneuil, Mass., July 22, 1892.

Head, thorax and abdomen deep greenish
black. Tegmina translucent, brownish fus-
cous, with brownish- to greenish-black veins
and venules. Wings transparent greenish,
the veins and venules dark except in posterior
third of anal field, darkest in anterior and.
axillary fields.

specimen, taken at

402

Eyes greenish-black with brownish reflec-
tions. Antennae greenish-black, the articu-
lations pale.

Abdomen with the overlapping caudal and
pleural margins of each segment paler green-
ish-black, these paler markings enlarged
anteriorly on sterna 6, 7, and 8, to form
very obtusely triangular pale spots.
circular pale spot on
ing the caudal margin.

A large
reach-
The elevated cepha-
lic margin of sternum to pale in median
portion.
Fossal membranes deep brown. Femora 1
and 2 deep sage green, lightest on proximal

sternum 9

A NEW AMERICAN

PSYC,

[February 1893.

thirds of caudal faces. Posterior femora
black at tips, passing into dark brownish-
green on the external face, and olive-green
on the internal face and in tibial groove;
dusky herring-bone markings on both faces ;
a dusky spot on the proximal end of the
upper groove and another with oblique edges
one-third the distance toward tip.

Tibiae deep greenish-black; the posterior
shining black at proximal end with a narrow
sage-green annulus beyond, widest inside.

Spines black. Tarsi deep greenish-black

BY NATHAN BANKS, SEA CLIFF, N. Y.

Lacinius is a genus of Phalangiidae.
It was erected in 1876 by Thorell for P.
horridus Panz. (Sopra alcuni Opilioni
d’Europa e dell’Asia occidentale, Ann.
Mhisy) Civ. ost. nat. Genova, vol. ‘viii
1876). Simon (Arachnides de France
tome vii, 1879) united it to Acantho-
lopus Koch, I think, on good grounds.
But as Acantholophus is preoccupied, I
believe, by MacLeay in Coleoptera, it
may be best to use Lacinius; especially
so since Simon considers P. horridus
Panz. as the type of Acantholophus.
Lacinius is closely related to certain
species of Oligolophus by the spinous
eye-tubercle and anterior margin of
cephalothorax ; also by having promi-
nent spines on the femora of the palpi.
It differs in having the eye-tubercle
more remote from the anterior margin
of the cephalothorax. I believe the
American forms can be farther separated
from Oligolophus in not having false

articulations in the metatarsi. The legs

above, paler beneath, especially on the
callosities and pulvilli.

LACINIUS.
are shorter than in Oligolophus. Two

species of Oligolophus have been de-
scribed from U. S., O. pectus Wood
and O. ohtoensis Weed. The latter I
should place in Lacinius; it resembles
the European ZL. spznosus Bosc. (06-
tustdentatus Koch) ; while the species
which I describe below has more resem
blance to the typical species of the
genus L. horridus Panz.

Lacinius, Oligolophus, Mitopus and
Phalangium form a tribe of the Phalan-
ginae, distinguished by having a
prominently spinous eye-tubercle and a
group of spines on the anterior margin
of the cephalothorax. This tribe may
be called Oligolophini. It may be
divided into two groups, according to
the presence (Lacinius, Oligolophus)
or absence (Mitopus, Phalangium) of
prominent spines on the femora of the
palpi.

Phalangium longipalpis Weed

would according to some European

‘February 1893.]

authors be placed in a separate genus,
Cerastoma; others do not favor the divi-
sion of the genus on sexual grounds.

Lacintus texanus, nov. sp. Length of body
3-6 mm., width of body 2. Length of
femur I, 1. mm., femur II, 3.1 mm., femur Iv,
2.1 mm., leg 1, 6.mm. Color gray, mottled
with white and brown; cephalothorax and
dorsum of abdomen gray, mottled with brown
and white spots; the vase-shaped mark barely
visible; venter grayish white, a black line on
the sides. Cephalothorax with some scattered
spines and three large ones on the anterior
margin, the median the largest; on the sides
are three spines projecting between the legs.
Eye-tubercle near the hind margin of the
cephalothorax, nearly twice its diameter from
the anterior margin, with two rows of four
large spines. The posterior edge of each
dorsal segment of the abdomen provided with
a row of about ten white spines. Palpi quite
large, white with some brown spots. The
femur with about seven large and several
smaller white spines on the under side, the
end enlarged internally and covered with
short, stiff, black hairs. The patella is pro-
longed, the inner side and prolongation being

mm.

Pine sbARVAL, STAGES, OF ICHTHYURA

TES PCLT Fe

403

covered with short, stiff, black hairs. The
tibia is enlarged at the end on the inner side
and covered with similar hairs; on the under
side are two white spines, like those on the
femur. The tarsus (5th joint) is about as
long as the two preceding, slightly curved,
and provided with stiff hairs and a simple
claw at end. Legs pale with brown bands;
two on the femur, on the patella, tibia and
metatarsus one each, and one at the base of
the tarsus. The legs are all short, especially
I and 111; metatarsus 1 shorter than tibia 1;
there are no false articulations in any of the
metatarsi. The coxae bear several (3-6)
spines, one or two on each coxa being very
large; several prominent spines at end of
femur, patella and tibia. The femora are
round except 11 which becomes quadrangular
near tip; all the tibiae are quadrangular, each
angle being furnished with a row of small
spines; the patellae are somewhat four-sided,
and the small spines are in rows, as also on
the femora.
joints. The tips of the claws of the mandibles
are black. The structure of the coxae and
sternum is similar to that of Oligolophus,
but the sternum is a little shorter. The lateral
pore is not visible from above.
Habitat, Eastern Texas.

The tarsi consist of many short

MULTNOMA Dyar.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

Ichthyura multnoma Dyar.

1892—Dyar, Canadian entomologist, xxiv,
179.

First larval stage.—Head round, shining
black with a few hairs; width o.5 mm. Body
somewhat flattened, with long pale and black
hairs rising singly from large concolorous
tubercles; color sordid grayish, tinged with
dark vinous on joints 2, 5, 7, 8, 11 and 12
over the dorsum. Feet normal, the thoracic
dark, the abdominal concolorous with the
body. As the stage advances, the whitish
spaces on the back become nearly white and

the piliferous tubercles come out black and
distinct, in three rows on each side. At the
end of this, and of each following stage, the
larva spins a house of thread and leaves in
which it molts, and in which it remains dur-
ing the succeeding stage, when not eating.
The larvae are solitary.

Second stage.— Head as before; width 0.9
mm. Body flattened, with deep segmental
incisures ; piliferous tubercles large, concolor-
ous at first, but later black; setae short, black.
Color blackish vinous except the dorsum of
joints 3, 4, 6, 9, to and 13 which is greenish

404

white, containing tubercle i and avery narrow
dark dorsal line. The anal plate (¢. e., joint
14 or the tenth abdominal segment) is vinous.

Lateral and subventral tubercles pale.
Thoracic feet black.
Third stage.— Head rounded, median

suture deep, shiny black, hairy ; width 1.8 mm.
Warts rather large, each with a hair, and
other somewhat shorter hairs arise from the
body. Color vinous black with pale yellow
dorsal patches on joints 3 and 4, 6, 9 and 10
and 13 anteriorly, enclosing warts i and ii.
A dark dorsal line, each side of which are a
few yellow mottiings on the dark segments;
subventral warts largely yellow, the others
concolorous with the markings except row
i which is dark on the yellow segments.
Setae all blackish. Later, joints 5 and 12 are
seen to be alittle enlarged dorsally, a narrow,
broken, waved line appears along warts i in
the yellow markings, the yellow patch on
joints g and 1o extends faintly on joint 11,
there is a broken, irregular, yellow, super-
stigmatal line, distinct only on the yellow-
marked segments and some rather more
continuous yellow mottlings along the sub-
stigmatal ridge.

Fourth stage. — Head rounded, clypeus
depressed, median suture deep; hair short,
dense, white; color black, slightly shiny,
brownish centrally in the depression around
the median suture; width 3.0 mm. Warts
rather large, rows i and ii on joints 3, 4, 6, 9,
10 and 13 and all the subventral warts yellow,
the others black. Joints 5 and 12 enlarged
dorsally, velvety black. Color purplish
black, a broad, yellow, dorsal band except on
joints 5 and 12, containing a broken, triple,
dorsal line, fainter on joints 7,8 and 11. The
rest of the body is purplish black, the sub-
ventral region included. Hair dense, white,
consisting of fine short hairs from the body,
with single, slightly longer and larger ones
from the warts. As the stage advances a
marked change takes place. A broad pale
gray dorsal band, containing very faint triple

dark line, obsolescent and broken; warts

PSE CHE,

[February 1893-

i and ii orange, except on joints 2 and §,
row ii on joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10 and 13 broadly
orange; a broad, pale bluish, subdorsal band,
heavily mottled with vinous black; joints 5
and 12 dorsally, and lateral spots on all seg-
ments (most distinct on joints 3-5), velvety
black. A broad, broken, deep orange, stig-
matal band, divided by an irregular black
stigmatal line and consisting of orange spots
spreading from the warts of rows iv and v
and adjacent mottlings, barely confluent.
Venter blackish; thoracic feet shiny black.

Cocoon.—Not different from the house
made at the end of each stage, except that
there are a few transverse threads to support
the pupa.

Pupa.—Small but robust. Dorsal outline
arched, ventral nearly straight, rounded at
both ends; cremaster, a long spine of even
thickness throughout. Smooth, shining;
abdomen very slightly punctured. Color
red-brown, darker ventrally and dorsally,
nearly black on the thorax and cases, with a
green tinge on the latter. Length 13 mm.;
width 4.5mm. There are two broods each
year.

Food plant.—Willow (Salix).

FHlabitat.—Oregon and Washington west
of the Cascade range and, probably, also
western British Columbia. Found by Prof.
O. B. Johnson at Seattle, Wash. Larva
from Portland, Oregon.

THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF IN-
SECTS.

The Annals and magazine of natural his-
tory published in December last a translation
of the concluding general portion of a me-
moir by N. Cholodkowsky on the embryonal
development of Phyllodromia germanica
(Mém. acad. St. Pétersb., 7 sér., v. 38, 1891)
which closes with the following summary.
It will prove interesting and suggestive to
American entomologists.

1. The head of insects contains more than
four protozonites, probably six, of which
one is preoral, but the rest are postoral.

February 1893.]

2. The antennae of insects belong to the
rirst postoral segment and are entirely homol-
ogous with the remaining ventral extremities.
They do not correspond to the antennae of
Peripatus, but probably to the chelicerae of
spiders, and perhaps to the second pair of
antennae of Crustacea.

3. Since the possibility that a number of
segments in the germinal streak of different
arthropods have disappeared is not excluded,
a homology of the mouth-parts of the different
classes of Arthropoda cannot at present be
set up.

4. The abdominal appendages of the
insectan germinal streak (including the

cerci) are homologous with the thoracic legs.
Herein it makes no difference whether these
appendages are attached to the middle, at
the side, at the front, or hind margin (are
meso-, pleuro-, pro-, or opisthostatic, in the
terminology of Graber), provided only that
their cavity is immediately continuous with
that of the somite to which they belong.
The fact that the abdominal appendages
usually remain unsegmented in nowise tends
to show that they are not of the nature of
limbs, since, for instance, the mandibles also
are always unsegmented.*

5. Many of the abdominal appendages of
larvae and perfect insects are. homologous
with the thoracic legs, even when they are
secondary in ontogeny.

6. The primitive function of the first pair
of the abdominal appendages was ambulatory,
as also that of the remaining appendages.
The ancestors of the insects were therefore
undoubtedly homopod, not heteropod.

7. The many-legged insect larvae are to
be derived from the six-legged just as little
as are, conversely, the hexapod iarvae from
the polypod; both forms developed indepen-
dently of one another.

8. The embryonic envelopes of the insects
probably correspond to the remains of a
‘trochosphere.

*Whether the segmented branchial filaments of
Sisyra and Sialis belong to this category is déubtful,
but can only be decided by embryological investiga-
tions.

PSTCHE.

405

WESTWOOD AND STAINTON.

The'death on Jan. 2 of Prof. J. O.: West-
wood of Oxford at the advanced age of 87
removes the most distinguished entomologist
For sixty-five years his contri-
uninter-

of our time.
butions to our science have been
rupted and have enriched and advanced every
branch of systematicentomology. No writer
has made known so many singular forms,
for which he seems to have had a remarkable
predeliction. He had a Latreillean eye for
structure and he depicted insects with rare
skill; of his published drawings there must
be many thousands, and they are of the ut-
most service to the systematist; yet his port-
folios are crowded with unpublished figures.
His Introduction to the classification of in-
sects, though half a century old, is a store-
house of fact and historical statement, ad-
mirably presented and still our best general
guide; but to do for the entomology of today
what he did for that of 1840 would require
treble the space he gave to it. Noentomolo-
gist the world over has been held in such
reverent esteem by Americans as Westwood.

News comes from England of the death of
Mr. H. T. Stainton at the age of 70. His
studies of the Tineina are well known to all
American entomologists and he will be
remembered especially by them for his careful
collocation of the scattered papers of our own
Brackenridge Clemens onthe subject. Stain-
ton did much to interest the young in entom-
ology and edited journals especially
intended for the tyro and collector. His
work on the Tineina was curiously published
in four different languages in parallel col-

umns. Most of us are glad to publish in one.

ENTOMOoLoGICAL Notes. — The first vol-
ume of Moore’s gigantic undertaking upon
the Lepidoptera Indica is now completed
with the publication of Part 12. This fine
quarto volume, dedicated to the Empress of
India and begun in 18go0, contains 340 pages
and 94 colored plates and yet deals with only
two subfamilies of Nymphalidae —the Eu-
ploeinae and Satyrinae.

Early in 1891 Osten Sacken proposed a new

406

grouping of the Diptera orthorrhapha, which
he has now published in detail in English in
1892 (pp.

vera contain the

the Berliner entom. zeitschr. for
417-466). His Memocera
families Cecidomyidae, Mycetophilidae, Culi-
cidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Dixi-
dae (?), and Tipulidae; his Memocera anom-
ala, the Bibionidae, Simulidae, Blephero-
ceridae, Rhyphidae and Orphnephilidae; and
his Eremochaeta, the Stratiomyidae, Taban-
idae, Acanthomeridae and Leptidae (+ Xylo-
phagidae). His complete discussion will be
found very interesting.

With the publication of the seventh part
Distant has completed his Monograph of
Oriental Cicadidae, a large quarto of over 150
pages and 5 plates crowded with admirable
figures. The work includes 268 species ar-
ranged in 34 genera and divided into the two
subfamilies of Cicadinae and Tibiceninae
according as the tympana are mostly covered
or uncovered.
published by the Indian Museum of Calcutta,
will be glad to place it by the author’s Rhopa-

Owners of the work, which is

locera Malayana.

The recent publication of a new part of the
Proceedings of the Entomological society of
and filled
with biological papers of broad interest, em-
more the concentration of

Washington completing vol. 2

phasizes once
entomological industry at our national capital
and the excellent influence exerted by the
division of entomology in the U. S. depart-
ment of agriculture.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

The 174th meeting
Mr. S. H. Scudder

g December, 1892.
was held at 156 Brattle St.
was chosen chairman.

Mr. Howard Evarts Weed of Agricultural
College, Miss., was elected an active member.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited a sketch of
the body of a carboniferous walking stick,
Protophasma, from Europe to show that the
three divisions of the thorax must have been
of nearly equal length and not as in living

PST CHE.

[February 1893-

Phasmidae very unequal, the prothorax in
living forms (with the exception of Prosopus,
Phyllium and similar highly specialized
forms) being much shorter than the other
two divisions. He stated that this was the
condition now of the embryo Diapheromera
just before leaving the egg, the elongation of
the mesothorax and metathorax taking place
during the emergence of the insect from the
egg. This adds another to the numerous
instances in which the early types of animals
resembled the embryonic rather than the
mature condition of their modern representa-
tives.

He also stated that in the examination of a
nearly ripe embryo of Déssostetra carolina,
he found one of the antennae completely
developed, which the other showed only the
enlarged base, the stalk being entirely absent.
In the same embryo there was an entirely
different arrangement of the middle legs of
the two sides; on one side, which seemed the
normal, the femur overlay the hind femur
and the tibia and tarsi were folded sharply
back upon the femur; upon the other, the
femur lay beside the hind femur, and the
tibia was bent at only about a right angle to
the femur; but apically was with the tarsi
twice bent to keep it from extending beyond
the opposite side of the body.

He remarked further on a species of Gryl-
lodes found in a burrow beneath a small
sand hillock in Florida, by Mr. C. J. Maynard.

Mr. A. P. Morse showed some specimens
taken by him at Wellesley, Mass., Nov. 17,
1892, of the following species: Chortophaga
viridifasctata, Stenobothrus curtipennis,
Melanoplus collinus, Encoptolophus sordidus
and Eurymus philodice. All the specimens
were mature. In the case of the first named
an unusual occurrence at that season of the
year.

He also showed a specimen of Xabea
bipunctata taken by him at New Haven,
Conn., Aug. 30. Mr. Scudder said he
thought it had not been previously taken in
New England. ;

PSYCH

Se oure IN ATL, OF. HNTOMOLOGY.
[Established in 1874. ]

Vol. 6. No. 203.

Marcu, 1893.

CONTENTS:

NOTES ON TACHINIDAE.—S. W. Williston. . - : : ° - : : : 409
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB (Officers for 1892)... : 410
ForEIGN NoTEs (Brongniart succeeds Lucas; death of Speyer; Kolbe’s Introduction). 410
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—III.

(Plate 10.)—W. $. Holland. : A : A : . ; : “ : 411
ORGYIA BADIA AND OTHER NOTES, WITH A TABLE TO SEPARATE THE LARVAE OF

Oroyia.—Z. G. Dyar. ‘ 5 : 5 : - : : ; : : 419
SyNopPsiIs OF THE NorTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MEGACILISSA SMITH.— Wm. F. Fox. 421

MiscELLANEOus NorEs (Explanation of Plate 10; mouth parts of Apioceridae; New

York insect galls; anatomy of Orthoptera). ‘ ; - : : : 422

——-

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408

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PSYCHE:

[March 1893.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

' A very few complete sets of the first five volume
of PSYCHE remain to be sold for $25.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

The following books and pamphlets are for sale
by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:

Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat-
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pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . 1.00
Grote, A. R. Revised Check list of ine
North American Noctuidae. Part I. Gel
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Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agric. foe 1876 (eon!
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logist). Springfield, Ill., 1878 c : + 1,00;

Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in-
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Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the
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lem, 1875. . 1.00
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tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of

Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 1.00
Stettiner entomologische Zeitung Jahre.

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INOSS ,925)4'50551007, - ° +, ; 1.00:
—Fourth Report, Weshineton 1885 2.00

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.

EXCHANGE.

I wish to obtain any literature on insects, especial_
ly Coleoptera, not already in my possession. In
exchange for such works in any language I offer
good material from the west and the far north, most-

ly Coleoptera.
H. F. WICKHAM,
Iowa City, Iowa.

TACHINIDAE WANTED,

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Je SNe GA sO abe

NOTES ON TACHINIDAE.

BY S. WENDELL WILLISTON, LAWRENCE, KANS.

Some years ago, I described (Trans.
mmer.. ent. soc. 205) a
peculiar genus of Tachinidae, under
the name Melanophrys. Very recently,
I have had the opportunity of exam-
ining specimens of an allied species,
the types of Atropharista jurinotdes
Towns., now in the collection of Mr.
Aldrich. A rather peculiar combina-
tion of characters which these specimens
present will render the following notes
of interest.

In the male of AZ. favipennis Will.,
the eyes are conspicuously pilose. In
the male of AZ. jurinotdes Towns. the
pilosity is inconspicuous; still hairs can
be seen upon close examination. In
the females of both species, the eyes
are bare even under a searching exam-
ination. MHairiness of the eyes is usually
considered a generic character in this
family ; here it is distinctly sexual. The
antennae in the male of AZ. flavipennis
have the second joint not more than one-
fourth of the length of the third; in a
female taken with the male, the second
joint is about three-fourths the length of
the third,—it possibly represents a
distinct species. In both sexes of JZ.
jurinotdes, the third joint is only a little
longer than the second.

MEY HDs

In the male of the former species,
there is a considerable pilosity on the
thorax and abdomen, wanting in all the
other specimens, both male and female.
M. flavipennis otherwise differs from
M. jurinotdes in the presence of a pair
of median bristles on the hind margin
of the second abdominal segment. In
M. flavipennis, the color-markings of
the front of the male are like those of
the females of both species; in JZ
jurtnotdes they are conspicuously dif-
ferent.

The singular thing about the species
is that the females are so remarkably
alike that one is only assured that they
belong to different species by the pair
of bristles on the second abdominal
segment. This is all the more strange
from the fact that the color-markings, as
also the structure of the head, are con-
spicuously unlike those of allied genera.
I should have mentioned the fact that
I have a female of AZ. flavipennts,
agreeing more nearly with the male in
its antennal structure.

Professor Townsend has _ recently
published a useful table of
North American genera of Tachinidae
(Trans. Amer. ent. soc. xix, p. 92,
June, ’92). Unfortunately its value

the

410

is much impaired by a previous paper
of Brauer and Bergenstamm, published
in 1891, and received the latter part of
that year, in which some thirty or more
additional, old or
referred to North America, and which
must conflict more or less with Mr.
Townsend’s genera.

I cannot join with Mr. Townsend in

new genera are

his sweeping condemnation of Brauer
and Bergenstamm’s work in this family.
The descriptions of these authors are
often involved and obscure, but I believe
that patient study, together with ample

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

13 January, 1893. The 175th regular and
17th annual meeting (since incorporation)
was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. H. Scud-
der was chosen chairman.

The annual reports of the Secretary,
Treasurer and Librarian were presented.

The following officers for 1893 were
elected: President, W. H. Ashmead of Wash-
ington; Secretary, R. Hayward; Treasurer,
S. Henshaw; Librarian, S. H. Scudder;
members at large of the Executive Com-
mittee, A. P. Morse and S. H. Scudder.

The annual address of the retiring Presi-
dent, Dr. W. J. Holland, on ‘<Communal
cocoons and the moths that weave them” was
next read by Mr. Scudder in the absence of
the President. In this address Dr. Holland
erected the genus Oecura and described the
following new species: O8ecura goodit,
Anaphe claraand A. subsordida.

Mr. S. H. Scudder called attention to a
somewhat similar habit in one of the Mexi-
can Pieridae (Euchezra soctal’s) described by
Westwood.

Mr. H. G. Dyar said that some individuals

PS TiC LE.

[March 1893.

material, will, almost always, solve the
problems which they contain. Espe-
cially do I think so from the fact that
these authors have given excellent
figures of most of the genera (three
hundred and over) known to them, and
figures are usually more valuable in
this family than extended descriptions.
1 by no means wish to affirm my faith
in the validity of many of the characters
used by them, but a correct interpreta-
tion of the value of these characters
will be of more service than a multi-
plication of genera.

of Clisiocampa usually remain in the nest
and undergo their transformations.

Mr, A. P. Morse, with reference to Clisio-
campa, stated that he had seen a Baltimore
oriole (lcterus baltimore) open a nest, but
that it had considerable difficulty in opening
the cocoons contained therein.

Further discussion followed in which all -
participated.

Mr. A. P. Morse read a short paper record-
ing the occurrence of Paroxya atlantica at
Faneuil Station, Mass., last summer and
stated that he had captured there melanistic
specimens.

ForEeEIGN Notes.—Mr. Charles Brongniart
has succeeded Mr. H. Lucas as assistant at
the Paris museum in charge of the arthropods.

We regret to record the death of the
veteran German lepidopterist, Dr. Adolph
Speyer of Rhoden, the precision of whose
work in the study of structure and of geo-
graphical distribution has had a _ good
influence in science.

The eleventh part of Kolbe’s Introduction
to entomology continues the internal anat-
omy, dealing with respiration, heat, the
fatty bodies and luminosity, and begins
upon the digestive apparatus.

March 1893. ]

(Continued from page 400.)

53. M. Craigi?, sp. nov. g. Antennae,
front, and upper side of thorax pale luteous.
The upper and lower sides of abdomen luteous
inclining to ferruginous. There is a black
spot on the top of the head, a black spot in
the centre of each of the patagiae, and a
black spot or two in the middle of the upper
part of the thorax. (The pinned specimens
before me do not enable me to give the exact
number of spots upon the thorax). The
under side of the abdomen is marked with a
double row of brown spots, and the legs,
which are of the same color as the under side
of the abdomen, are heavily margined with
black. The tarsi are black banded with
yellow. The prevalent color of the wings is
pale luteous. The primaries have a dark
brown ray upon the costa at the base and
an interior basal ray of the same color.
Beyond these are three small brown spots
succeeded by a very irregular transverse
median band which is divided into two parts
on the costa. There is a black dot at the end
of the cell, and a transverse limbal band
exceedingly irregular and sharply angulated
ten or twelve times. Beyond this, there is
a submarginal series of black spots, of
which the first, the third, the fifth, and
the sixth, reckoning from the costa, are
the largest. The fringe is dark brown on
the primaries. The secondaries have a num-
ber of dark marks near the outer angle. The
markings of the upper side reappear upon the
lower side, but are fainter than on the upper
side on the primaries, and darker than on the
upper side on the secondaries. The female
is like the male, but larger, and the markings
more distinct.

Expanse, gf, 14 mm.; 2,18 mm. Habitat,
Benita. (January 3iIst, ’91.)

Lerista, Wallengr.

54. L. xanthopa, sp.nov. @. Antennae,
front, lower side of thorax, and legs testa-
ceous. The collar, and upper side of the

PS TCH.

411

thorax, and upper and lower sides of the ab-
domen are orange-luteous. The primaries on
the upper side are orange-luteous with the
outer border pale plumbeous. The second-
aries are very pale luteous with the outer
margin very narrowly edged with plumbeous
from the outer angle half way to the inner
angle. On the under side, the primaries are
plumbeous with the costal and inner margins
luteous. The secondaries on the under side
are as on the upper side.

Expanse, 25 mm. This species is most
closely allied to Z. Zémbata, Butl., with the
type of which I compared it, but from which
it is widely different.

55. L. monochroma, sp. nov. @. Front
orange-luteous. Body and wings throughout
pale fawn without any markings. The under
side at the costa of the primaries slightly
tinged with orange. Expanse, 24mm.

56. L. subumbrata, sp. nov. g. Antennae
and front whitish. Eyes black. The upper
side of the thorax and abdomen fawn color.
The lower side of thorax and legs the same.
Under side of abdomen whitish. The upper
side of the primaries pale plumbeous with
the costal margin narrowly edged with white.
The secondaries pale luteous broadly mar-
gined on the costa and at the outer angle
with plumbeous. The fringes of both wings

plumbeous. The lower side is marked
exactly as the upper. Female like the male
but larger. Expanse, § 25 mm.; 2? 30mm.

Sozuza, Wallengr.

57. S. decipiens, sp. nov. @. Antennae,
head, and thorax rufous-ochraceous. The
abdomen and lower side of thorax paler. The
primaries rufous-ochraceous with a dark
brown spot on the middle of the costa, and
another smaller spot below the cell near the
middle of the wing. Secondaries paler than
the primaries. Under side of wings immac-
ulate with the costa of the primaries slightly

412

tinged with rufous, and the apex shading
into dark brown. Female like the male but
larger. Expanse, ¢ 24 mm.; 2 30 mm.
This species is in the British Museum un-
named.

NupDaARIA, Haw.

58. WV. juvenis, sp. nov. @. Antennae,
front and head gray. Thorax and abdomen
above and below dark gray. Primaries dark
fawn with some black marks on the cesta
near the base, and four black marks upon the
costa beyond the base. There is a very
minute black dot within the cell and a large
oblong black dot at the end of the cell. A
transverse angulated line crosses the wing
from the first of the costal marks beyond the
base and a pale irregularly curved and
strongly angulated submarginal line beyond
the black dot at the end of the cell. The
outer border is clouded with a number of
dark marks heaviest near the outer angle.
The margin has a narrow black linear dot
on each of the interspaces and the fringe is
concolorous. The secondaries are paler than
The under sides of both
wings are immaculate, save that there is a
faint and diffused discal dot on each of them.
Expanse, 18 mm.

the primaries.

59. WV. Jacteata, sp. nov. @. Body and
legs yellowish-white. Primaries and sec-
ondaries white, the latter immaculate, the
former with a few pale fawn color marks
near the base, and a curved transverse
median and a transverse submarginal band
of the same color. Expanse, 15 mm.

HemonliA, Walk.

60. H. luteicincta, sp.nov. &. Body and
legs whitish. Primaries pale fawn with the
costa and the outer margin bright yellow.
About the middle of the costa there is a pale

whitish subtriangular mark bounded exter-~

nally by a dark line, which crosses the wing

obliquely to the outer angle. The secondaries

PSTCHE.

[March 1893.

are whitish, immaculate. The under side is
as the upper, but paler, and all the markings
indistinct. Expanse, 15 mm.

Eucoa, Walk.

61. £. costiplaga, sp.nov. @. Body tes-
taceous. Primaries wood-brown, darkest on
the basal half. Upon the middle of the prim-
aries upon the costa there isa subtriangular
white spot. There is a faint curved sub-
median line and an obscure poorly defined
discal dot. The secondaries are testaceous.
The under side uniformly pale testaceous,
shining. Expanse, 15 mm.

62. EZ. tropicalis, sp.nov. 4. Upper side
of body dark gray. Lower side whitish. The
legs dark gray. The primaries pale wood-
gray, clouded near the base with blackish,
beyond which there is a very faint and curved
transverse line succeeded by a dark trans-
verse limbal shade covering the end of the
cell and extending beyond it. In the middle
of this dark band is a large discal dot, whitish
in color, pupilled with blackish. Beyond
this shade, there isa faint curved limbal line,
blackish in color margined internally with
pale gray. There is a strongly angulated
submarginal line, the angulations in which
are most sharply produced beyond the end
of the cell and near the outer angle. Margin
narrowly blackish. Fringes dark gray. The
secondaries are whitish, shading into testa-
ceous upon the outer margin. ‘The fringes
are whitish. The under side of both wings
is immaculate, pale testaceous, shading into
whitish upon the inner margin of the sec-
ondaries. ‘The fringes are as upon the upper
side, dark gray upon the primaries, and
whitish upon the secondaries.
mm.

Expanse, 20

NYCTEMERIDAE.
TERINA, Walk.

63. 7. tenutfascia, sp.nov. @. Antennae
black. Front white. Head black. Collar
and upper side of thorax orange-red. Upper

March 1893. ]

side of abdomen brown with a dorsal line of
white spots. Under side of thorax orange,
of abdomen gray, annulated with whitish.
Legs dark gray, margined with whitish.
Primaries dark orange-red with the apical
third black, and a large white subapical spot.
The secondaries are margined with black,
the band incised deeply opposite the cell.
The under side of the wings is as the upper
side but somewhat paler. Expanse, 33 mm.

The marginal band on secondaries is nar-
rower than in any other species thus far
described.

64. 7. minor, sp. nov. ¢&. Antennae
orange with the pectinations black. Front,
head, thorax, and upper side of abdomen
uniformly dark orange-red. The under side
of the body, the collar, and the legs whitish.
The upper side of the wings is uniformly
dark orange-red, the outer half of the prim-
aries deep black, and the outer third of the
secondaries bordered with the same color,
the border diminishing from the outer angle
to the anal angle. The secondaries have a
conspicuous black discal dot at the end of the
cell. On the under side the inner margin of
the primaries is pale yellow, while the costal
area is of the same color as on the upper
side ; but the outer area, which is black above
is chocolate-red beneath, shading into black
before the inner area. The secondaries are
ferruginous, shading into orange upon the
inner margin. The black outer band of the
upper side is replaced upon the lower side by
chocolate-red. The black discal dot is as on

the upper side. Expanse, 28 mm. Habitat,
Benita.
OTROEDA, Walk.
65. O. permagnifica, sp. nov. @. An-

tennae testaceous. Front white. Palpi black
margined with white below. Collar black
with a large white spot on the middle and a
smaller one on either side at the base of the

wings. Tegulae black margined with white.

PSC CTTSS

413

There are two white spots on the hind part
of the thorax. The upper side of the abdo-
men is orange-red with a heavy black dorsal
line and similar lines on either side. The
under side of the thorax is orange-red. The
legs are whitish margined outwardly with
black. The tarsi are black ringed with white
and the anterior legs have a small oval white
spot in the middle of the black margin of the
tibiae. The under side of the abdomen is
white with a ventral row of cuneiform black
spots. The primaries are bright orange-red,
inclining to fulvous near the costa. At the
base, there is an irregular black spot. The
costa at the base is narrowly edged with
black, then more broadly edged with the
same color, then again more narrowly edged,
and just before the end of the cell, this border
rapidly widens out into the broad apical black
area, covering the outer half of the wing.
The inner margin of this black area extends
in an irregularly curved line around to a
point upon the inner margin one fourth of the
distance from the outer angle to the base.
This black apical tract is interrupted bya
marginal band of large white spots increas-
ing in size toward the costa and preceded
inwardly by a series of large white spots run-
ning from the costa outwardly and terminat-
ing above the fifth spot from the inner angle.
On either side of the ends of the nervules
there is a narrow white line produced in-
wardly, recalling the marking which is found
upon the margin of the wing of Diadema
dinarcha, Wew. The secondaries are broadly
orange-red with a heavy black border inter-
rupted by a band of large submarginal white
spots and a marginal series of white mark-
ings similar to those upon the primaries.
The under side is marked as the upper side.
Expanse, 90 mm.

This exceedingly beautiful species differs
very largely from any other species in the
genus in the style of its markings. It may
be worthy of note that in the large series of
specimens of Otroeda numbering nearly sixty
in my possession, I find many intergrading

414

forms, which lead me to the conclusion that
O. hesperta, Cram., O. occidentis, Walk.,
O. cafra, Dru., and probably O. Foxnesz,
Sharpe, are forms of one variable species.

LIPARIDAE.
EUPROCTIDION, gen. nov.

Antennae of the male strongly pectinated.
Palpi porrect. Firstand second joints densely
covered with short hair. The second joint
swollen. The third joint very minute, naked
at the extremity. The abdomen is one
quarter longer than the secondaries, tufted
at the anal extremity, and with two tufts of
hair upon the dorsal line behind the thorax.
The primaries have the costa moderately con-
vex, the outer margin strongly convex, the
outer angle produced as in the genus Calpe,
and the inner margin convex before the base.
The secondaries are subovoid. The neura-
tion is characteristic of liparid genera, the
radial in both wings originating at the same
point as the last median nervule. The disco-
cellular nervelets form a sharp angle at the
middle of the end of the cell.

66. &. Gabunica, sp. nov. @. Antennae
with the culmen whitish, the setae dark
brown. The palpi, the head, and the upper
side of the thorax are dark brown. The abdo-
men is pale testaceous with the apex tufted
with black and two small tufts of brown hair
upon the dorsal line back of the thorax. The
lower side of the abdomen is yellowish.
There is a lateral brown line separating the
dorsal area from the ventral area of the abdo-
men on either side. The primaries have
the outer angle produced inwardly and the
inner margin slightly convex before the base.
The outer margin is regularly convex. The
primaries are wood-brown, clouded in the
middle with dark brown, and with a curved
whitish band crossing the middle of the wing
from the costa about the middle to the inner
margin one third of the distance from the
base. This band is enlarged outwardly be-

PST CHE.

[March 1893.

yond the cell, where it has on its outer edge
a light line defined inwardly with brown
and terminating at the origin of the third
median in a bright white spot. The limbal
area has some whitish marks near the costa
and near the inner margin. The outer mar-
gin is defined by a series of black dots. The
fringes are reddish. The secondaries are
creamy-white. The fringes are concolorous.
On the under side both wings are creamy-
white with the costal area heavily clouded
with dark brown. Expanse, 24 mm.

LIPARIDAE.
Euproctis, Hiibn.

67. £. Reutlingert, sp. nov. ¢. Palpi
dark brown. Front reddish. Antennae and
upper side of thorax gray. Abdomen gray.
Legs concolorous, with the inner margin of
the first pair marked with dark brown. Prim-
aries pale wood-brown, crossed in the middle
by a broad dark brown band angulated
beyond the end of the cell, and with some
obscure brown subapical markings. The
secondaries pale wood-brown with the fringes
lighter. The under side pale grayish-brown
with the basal area of the primaries darker
and the costa of the primaries narrowly edged
with black near the base. The secondaries
have a regularly curved submarginal pale
brown line. Expanse, 17 mm. _ Habitat,
Benita.

HETERONYGMIA, gen. nov.

Antennae short, heavily pectinated in the
male, moderately pectinated in the female.
The abdomen very little longer than the
secondaries, tufted. Palpi porrect, appressed,
the second joint very long and_ heavily
clothed with hair; the third joint minute and
almost entirely concealed by the hairy vesti-
ture of the second joint. The primaries are
subtriangular with the costa in the male
straight, or very slightly convex for two-
thirds of the distance from the base, then
curving rapidly at the apex. The apex in

March 1893.]

the male is truncate, in the female slightly
rounded. The secondaries are subovate with
the outer margin evenly rounded and the
inner angle subacute.

68. H. stigmatica, sp.nov. @. Antennae,

palpi, front, head, thorax, and abdomen
above pale ochre-yellow. There is a dark
brown shade running across the head and
thorax on the dorsal line. The under side of
the body is paler. The legs are concolorous,
with the anterior pair marked with brown
upon the tarsi. The primaries are ochre-
yellow with the outer and inner margins
narrowly dark brown. ‘There is a large
poorly defined subquadrate brown spot at the
end of the cell. Before this toward the base
is a geminate curved transverse line, the
outer member of which fuses on its margin
with the brown spot. There is a similar
irregularly curved geminate
limbal line and a submarginal line, the upper
portion of which is formed by three black
subapical dots, and which near the outer
angle is accentuated by two similar black
dots. There is also a brown dot near the
costa at the base, and another below the cell
near the origin of the first median nervule.
The secondaries are pale cream-buff with the
fringes pale brown. The under side of the
wings is pale cream-buff, with a large black
discal dot at the end of the cell.
transverse limbal line runs from the costa of
the primaries parallel to the outer border as
far as the second median nervule followed by
one or two subapical black dots. The sec-
ondaries have a similar line running from
the costa before the outer angle and suc-
ceeded by a black dot below this angle.
There are two similar dots near the anal
angle. The fringes of the primaries are dark
“brown checked with paler brown at the ex-
tremities of the nervules.

@. The female is larger than the male and
with the markings more distinct. The prim-
aries have a heavy rufous shade near the
middle of the outer margin extending in-
wardly in some specimens as far as the cell.
Expanse, @,30mm.; 2, 38 mm.

transverse

A narrow

BS CHILE,

415

69. H. clathrata, sp. nov. @. Antennae
with the culmen pale gray, pectinations tes-
taceous. Palpi brown. Front, head, thorax,
and abdomen above and below vinaceous.
The legs darker. The abdomen on the under
side paler. The primaries are vinaceous
with the costa darker. They are crossed at
the middle of the cell and upon the middle of
the limbal area by straight whitish lines run-
ning at right angles to the inner margin and
shaded broadly internally by brownish and
narrowly externally by the same color. The
outer margin is darker. The secondaries are
very pale vinaceous with the fringes slightly
darker. The under side of the wings is uni-
formly very pale pinkish-vinaceous irrorated
near the costa with a few brownish scales,
and with the fringes of the primaries brown.
Expanse, 33 mm.

70. H. bastbrunnea, sp. nov. §. Antennae
testaceous with the culmen lighter. Palpi
and front whitish. Thorax fawn color.
Upper side of abdomen pale fawn. Lower
side of the thorax and abdomen paler. Legs
concolorous with tarsi ringed with black.
The primaries are reddish-ochraceous from
the base to beyond the cell with the costa
and limbal half and inner margin fawn. At
the end of the cell, there is a large brown
spot defined outwardly by two silvery white
spots. The wing is further marked by an
irregularly curved transverse limbal line ac-
centuated with black dots beyond the cell.
The fringes are fawn checked with dark
brown. The secondaries are uniformly pale
slaty-gray. The-under side of both wings is
pale gray slightly tinged near the outer
margin with yellowish and with an incom-
plete narrow brown subapical line in both
wings and the costal areas sparingly sprin-
kled with brownish scales. Expanse, 37 mm.

71. H. argiloides, sp.nov. @. Antennae
pale testaceous. The upper side of the
thorax is very pale cream-buff. The upper
side of the abdomen pale fawn. The lower
side of the body creamy-white with the legs
concolorous, the anterior pair margined in-

416

ternally with dark brown. The primaries
are pale cream-buff with the basal third and
the outer margin heavily sprinkled with
blackish scales. The immaculate median
area is defined inwardly by an irregularly
angulated and curved narrow black line and
outwardly by a still narrower line. At the
apex, opposite the end of the cell, and on the
median interspaces, the outer margin is
marked by a double series of black spots.
The secondaries are white with the outer
margin near the anal angle shaded with pale
gray. The under side of the wings is uni-
formly creamy-white. Expanse, 30 mm.

72. H. arcttoides, sp. nov. @. Antennae
testaceous. Culmen lighter. Palpi pale
reddish-brown. Front, collar, and thorax
pale ochraceous with a dark brown median
line upon the thorax. The upper side of the
abdomen is creamy-white shading
grayish at the extremity. The under side of
the body lighter in color. The legs are con-
colorous with the tarsi ringed with pale light
brown. The primaries are very pale ochra-
ceous and on the cell near the base shading
into whitish.

into

They are profusely marked
with an exceedingly intricate series of red-
dish-brown lines, of which those beyond the
base and on the middle of the wing are the
heaviest, the latter forming an ill-defined
transverse median band. There is a dark
brown shade on the outer margin below the
apex and at theouter angle. The secondaries
are uniformly creamy-white. The under side
of the wings is creamy-white with a few
obscure brownish markings near the apex
of the primaries and along the costal margin
of the secondaries. The fringe of the prim-
aries on the under side is pale brown.
Expanse, 30 mm.

73. H.rhodapicata,sp.nov. #. Antennae
testaceous. Front whitish. Upper side of
thorax dark ecru-drab. Abdomen yellow-
ish with a dorsal line of blackish spots most

PSTCHE,

[March 1893.

conspicuous at the extremity. The under
side of the body is yellowish, the legs are of
the same color, with the joints and the tarsi
marked with black. The primaries are drab,
with obscure basal, median, and submarginal
transverse cloudings of darker drab. The
secondaries are white. The under side of the
wings is creamy-white, tinged on the costa
of the primaries with yellowish, and with the
apex and outer margin of the primaries very
broadly, and of the secondaries very narrowly
flushed with rosy pink. Expanse, 40 mm.

This species has the wings relatively broader
than inthe other species of the genus.

74. H.hypoxantha, sp. nov. 2. Antennae
blackish. Front dark brown. Palpi black,
reddish beneath. Thorax dark brown above.
Abdomen ochre-yellow with a dorsal line of
small brown spots. The under side of the
thorax is yellow. The first two pairs of legs
are black margined with yellowish. The last
pair yellowish. The primaries are preva-
lently brownish-drab. On the inner margin
near the base are some black markings. Be-
fore the base, there is a curved transverse
brown line succeeded by a black dot in the
middle of the cell. The end of the cell and
the costa above are paler than the body of the
wing, and at the extreme end of the cell,
there is a large curved discal mark composed
of two black lines enclosing a lighter space
between them. Beyond the cell, there is an
angulated pale brown line defined inwardly
and outwardly by double dark lines and
Succeeded by a subapical shade upon the
costa and by a curved shade of light color
near the inner angle. There is a narrow,
very irregular and broken submarginal series
of black linesand spots. The secondaries are
uniformly dark ochre-yellow. The under
side of both wings is dark ochre- yellow, with
the outer third of the primaries testaceous.
The black dot and the black discocellular
mark of the upper surface reappear upon the
primaries and are more sharply defined. —
Expanse, 43 mm.

March 1893. ]

LOMADONTA, gen. noy.

Allied to the preceding genus, from which
it differs principally in the form of the prima-
ries, which have the apex acute, the outer
margin straight but sharply produced at the
extremity of the third median nervule.

wy. LL. erythrina, sp. nov. 6. Palpi
white. Front and upper side of thorax pale
reddish-fawn. Abdomen pale reddish with a
dorsal line of darker markings. The under
side of the thorax and abdomen with the
legs are whitish. The primaries are pale yel-
low, with the costa and a broad subapical
transverse band, running from the costa to
the outer margin at its toothed projection,
fawn color, defined outwardly and inwardly
by darker lines. Below this band between
the first and second median nervules, there is
a large oval silvery spot defined inwardly by
dark brown, and the remaining portions of
the wing are traversed by parallel undulating
red lines. The secondaries are white, shad-
ing upon the costa and outer margin into
yellowish, with the fringe near the analangle
brown. The under side of both wings is
white. The apex of the primaries is tipped
with yellow, preceded by the broad band of
the upper side, which reappears on this side
more obscurely. Both primaries and second-
aries have an obscure discocellular dot.

Q . Marked like the male but with the broad
subapical band on the primaries obsolete.
The dorsal line of dark spots is most con-
spicuous in this sex. Expanse, @, 33 mm.;

9,36 mm.

ARTAXA, Walk.

76. A.nigra, sp. nov. @. Antennae pale
Palpi, front, and upper side of thorax
of the same color. The upper side of the
abdomen near the thorax is fawn color
shading into dark brown near the extremity.
The under side of the body and the legs are
pale fawn. The primaries and secondaries
are uniformly smoky-brown, or blackish,

fawn.

PSEGCHE.

417

with the fringes slightly paler, and a few
fawn colored hairs at the base of the wings.
On the primaries, there are two or three coal-
black subapical spots. On the under side,
the wings are lighter than on the upper side,
with the bases and the margins pale fawn,
Expanse, 32 mm.

This well marked species is represented by
specimens taken at Lake Onanga.

77. A. mesomelaena, sp. nov. @. Front
ochraceous. Antennae whitish with darker
pectinations. Body dark brown above, whit-
ish below. Legs concolorous. The wings
on the upper side are pale cream-buff. The
primaries are traversed on the middle by a
broad black band, divided into spots by the
neurations, which are whitish. There is a
submarginal line of faint light brown mark-
ings common to both wings. The under
side of both wings is pale cream-buff with
the basal area of the primaries shaded with
pale brown, and a submarginal line of the
same color on both wings. Expanse, 15 mm.

78. A. tessellata, sp. nov. 9. Palpi,
front, and thorax rufous. Abdomen brownish
with a dorsal row of upright tufts of blackish
hairs. There are six of these tufts about one
millimetre in height. The under side of the
body and the legs are pale yellowish. The
primaries are ochraceous with the middle
area clouded with black, and with a limbal
band running from before the costa parallel
to the outer margin to the middle of the
inner margin. These black bands are broken
on all the nerves which they cross, the nerves
being of the prevalent ochraceous ground-
color. The secondaries are uniformly sooty-
brown with the fringes pale ochraceous.
There is a black discal dot at the end of the
cell of the secondaries. On the under side,
the primaries are sooty-brown with the costa
and the margins pale buff. The secondaries
are pale buff with a large discal dot and a
curved median brown line and a few obscure
submarginal shadings. Expanse, 25 mm.

418

79. A. palla, sp. nov. @, Front white.
Thorax pale ochraceous. Abdomen grayish.
Under side of body and legs whitish. Prim-
aries above yellowish-white traversed by a
median curved band of blackish scales, the
band being whitish near the end of the cell.
The secondaries are uniformly creamy-white.
The under side of both wings is pure white
with a brownish ray at the base of the costa
of the primaries. Expanse, 22 mm.

80. A. melaleuca, sp. nov.
thorax yellowish.

&. Head and
Antennae of the same
color. Abdomen whitish above. The lower
side of the body with the legs is whitish.
The primaries are yellowish-white with a
basal and broad median and a submedian
band of dark fuscous interrupted on all the
neurations by the ground-color. The
secondaries are uniformly whitish. The
under side of both wings is shining whitish
with the inner half of the primaries very
slightly shaded with darker gray. Expanse,
15 mm.

81. A. xanthomelaena,sp. nov. 6. Head,
thorax, and abdomen ochraceous, paler below.
Legs concolorous. The primaries are bright
orange, with a basal, median, and angulated
transverse limbal band of brown, none of
which reach the costa, and all interrupted
upen the neurations by lines of the lighter
ground-color. The apex and the outer
margin are uniformly orange. The sec-
ondaries are uniformly pale buff. On the
under side, both wings are uniformly pale
buff. Expanse, 20 mm.

82. A. parallela, sp. nov. @. The upper
side of the head, the abdomen, and the an-
tennae are yellowish. ‘The palpi are brown.
The lower side of the body and the legs are
whitish. The primaries are uniformly pale
yellow with a median band of blackish scales
running from near the end of the cell to the
inner margin and bounded outwardly by

parallel lines. The secondaries are creamy-

PST CMTS.

[March 1893.
white. Both wings on the under side are
uniformly pale creamy-white, shining. Ex-
panse, 22 mm.

83. A. discipuncta, sp. nov. ¢@. Head,
thorax, and abdomen white above and below.
Legs white. The primaries are white with a
few obscure yellowish marks beyond the cell
and on the costa, and near the inner margin.
There isa large round black dot at the end
of the cell, some blackish scales on the inner
margin near its middle, and a series of black
scales and dots on the outer margin near the
apex and at the inner angle. The secondaries
are uniformly white. The lower side of both
wings is uniformly white with the costae
near the base very faintly tinged with
luteous. Expanse, 24 mm.

84. A. rotunda, sp. nov. @. Primaries
and secondaries relatively broader and more
rounded on the outer margin than in any
of the other species described in this paper.
Body and wings white above and below.
The primaries have three subapical black
marks on the upper side, of which the lower
one is the most distinct, and in some speci-
mens there are a few blackish scales on the
inner margin of the upper side of the prim-
aries. Expanse, 23 mm.

85. A. apicipuncta, sp. nov. ¢. Body
and appendages whitish. The primaries,
which are relatively longer than in other
species described in this paper, are white
traversed about the middle by a curved band
of pale ochraceous, which near the inner
margin is sprinkled with blackish scales. In
some specimens, the base of the primaries is
also slightly tinged with pale ochraceous.
At the apex of the primaries there are three
or four bold black markings, of which the
second and the fourth, reckoning from the
costa, are the smallest. The third is uni-
formly the largest. The secondaries are uni-
formly white, as is also the under side of both.
wings.

March 1893. |

PSYCHE.

419

ORGYIA BADIA, HY. EDW. AND OTHER NOTES, WITH A TABLE
TO SEPARATE THE LARVAE OF ORGYIA.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

OrGYIA BADIA Hy. Edwards.

1673, Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. acad. sci., v,
188.

1881, Hy. Edw., Papilio, i, 62. =antigua.

1883, Hy. Edw., Papilio, iii, 189. = antr-
gua.

1887, Hy. Edw., Ent. amer., iii, 147, s.
dist?

1891, Smith, List lep., p. 27. = antigua.

Does Orgyta badia occur elsewhere than
on the Island of Vancouver, B. C.? The
larvae found there by myself were quite con-
stant, and correspond exactly with Hy. Ed-
ward’s original description. They differ
structurally from the larvae of O. antigua
which were found right across the water at
Port Townsend, Wash., and in various places
in New England and northern New York.
But O. dadia 2 9 when brought to New York
and exposed there, attracted § f of O. an-
tzgua and hybridized with them. It would
seem as if O. dadza was an isolated local race
cut off from communication with the parent
species by the water surrounding Vancouver
Island. If this view is correct, the name
should stand for the race. I append brief de-
scriptions of all the early stages of both O.
badia and O. antigua for comparison.

ORGYIA ANTIQUA race BADIA Hy. Edw.

Egg.—Spherical, a little elongate and
flattened on top; smooth, white. with a pale
brown spot and ring on top; diameter 1 mm.
Laid closely over the outside of the cocoon
of the 2 moth without any covering what-
ever.* The eggs hatch the next spring.

First stage. — Head rounded, shiny black ;
width 0.55 mm. Body blackish, except the

*Mr. Edwards says that the eggs are ‘‘surrounded by
hairs from the body of the mother,’”’ but this is not so.
The moth is not supplied with the necessary amount
of hair.

dorsum of joints 3-4, 9-13, where it is largely
whitish, especially on the anterior patch.
Cervical shield black. The subdorsal warts
on joint 2 are large, all the warts black; hairs
black, several from each wart. There are no
hair pencils, brush tufts nor retractile tuber-
cles. At the end of the stage a reddish spot
appears centrally on joints 9 and to.

Second stage. — As before, except that the
two retractile tubercles on joints 10 and 11
have appeared. They are orange red, as are
also the bases of the Jarge hair bearing warts
on joint 2. There is a whitish lateral line
and the white patches on joints 9 and 13 are
orange tinted. Width of head 0.75 mm.

Third stage.— Body black,
feet and venter pale. The dorsal patch on
joints 3 and 4 is divided bya black line, and
the lateral area is grayish. Subdorsally on
joint 2 is a pair, and dorsally on joint 12 a
single short, square, black pencil of plumed
hairs. On joints 5-8 are four bush-like tufts
of hair, growing from warts i and the upper
parts of ii; pale brown or black on joints 5
and 6, yellowish and smaller on joints 7 and
8. Warts iii-v whitish, the others blackish.
Head 1.1 mm.

Fourth stage. — As in the third stage but
the warts are colored as in the next stage.
There are no traces of any lateral hair pencils
on joints 5and6. Hair pencils over 1 mm.
long; head 1.55 mm.

Fifth stage. — Head shiny black, labrum
paler; width 2.1mm. Body dark gray, with
a dorsal black band, narrow anteriorly and
dividing a dorsal whitish patch, broad on
joints 5 to 8 and narrower on joints 9-13.
Venter pale as are the feet. On joint g dor-
sally, some orange streaks. Warts ii, iii pale
orange, v yellowish, vi largely black [i and
iv are so small as to be obscure}. Brush

abdominal

420

tufts on joints 5 and 6 white, brownish or
black, on joints 7 and 8 pale yellow or
white. Pencils about 1.5 mm. long preceded
by some shorter, but equally black hairs.
Other hair blackish and yellowish mixed.
Retractile tubercles orange red.

Sixth and seventh stages (the 7th in some
2 larvae).—As before, except the brush
tufts are all alike, brownish white, darker
along the crest. There is a yellowish band
subdorsally on joints 11 and 12, and a sub-
stigmatal one, broken on each segment, but
reaching the whole length.

Cocoon. — As inall the other species of this
genus.

Pupa. — Structurally as in the other spe-
cies. Smooth, yellowish white, with more or
less black shading on thé back, in some coy-
ering most of the surface and extending on
the under side. A few silky white hairs over
the surface and in some three tuft-like
structures on the back.

Length g tomm., 9 18 mm.; width &

S66) 2 Gas iain
Larvae from Nanaimo, B. C.

ORGYIA ANTIQUA Linn.*

nova Fitch.

Egg.— Asin O. badia; laid without cov-
ering.

First stage. — Like O. badia.

Second stage. — As in O. badia, but there
are a few short black hairs from the dorsal
warts on joints 5-8. The orange retractile
tubercles now first appear.

Third stage.— The hair pencils are now
present, 1 mm. long; also the brush tufts,
those on joints § and 6 black on joints 7 and
8 white, the one on joint 8 consisting of only
a few hairs.

Fourth stage. —Body black, the warts ii
and iii red; hair pencils 2.5 mm. long, black.

*In Ent. Amer. Mr. Edwards describes accurately
stages i to iii of O. mova and then says there is no
change to maturity. This may be an oversight as the
lateral pencils do not appear till stage iv. But his
statements would imply that he was describing O.
badia. The larvae were from Houghton, Mich.

PSC,

[March 1893.

From wart v on joint § isa white hair pencil,
not plumed; from wart v on joint 6 a plumed
black one, both these 1.5 mm. long. These
lateral hair pencils are not seen in O. badia>
which the larva otherwise closely resembles,
Fifth stage. — As before. The brush tufts
on joints 5 and 6 are faintly brownish, on
joints 7 and 8 yellowish, but nearly the same
color. The markings are as in O. badia.
Sixth and seventh stages (7th stage some
@ larvae). — Head shining black, labrum and
bases of antennae white; width 2-8 mm.;
and 3.5 mm. in the seventh stage. Body
dark gray, paler below, legs flesh color. It
is markedas in O. badéa. There is a pair of
plumed black pencils from wart ii on joint 2,
from wart v on joint 6 anda single one dor-
sally on joint 12; also a pair of simple white
pencils from wart von joint 5, and in one
example an additional pair of black plumed
pencils from wart v on joint 7, distinct and
only a little shorter than the others. Some
short brown hair precedes the black pencil on
joint 12. Brush tufts yellowish white or
whitish brown, darker along the crest.
Cocoon and pupaas in O. badia.
Larvae from Port Townsend, Wash.,
Plattsburgh, N. Y. and Campton Village,
IN Jal

ORGYIA LEUCOGRAPHA Geyer.

1832, Geyer, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.,
33, 373, f. 745-6, Cladophora.

1856, Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. vii, 1723,
Orgyia.

1886, Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, 13.

1891, Smith, List lep., No. 1155.

This can hardly be anything else than O.
leucostigma S.& A.t I have not seen the

+ Since the above went to the printer, I have examined
the figure of leucographa in the copy of the Zutrage in
the Harvard College library and find that it represents
O. leucostigma 8, & A. The varietal name proposed by
Hy. Edwards for the form without the white spot, viz.,
var. obliviosa, will stand as valid. It will prove that
this has beenredescribed by Mr. Beutenmiiller (Psyche,
v. 5, p. 300) as the only character for specific separation
between ob/iviosa and tnornata is the difference be-
tween ‘‘yellow” and ‘‘orange”’ in the coloration of the
warts of the larvae.

March 1893. ]

original figure, but Walker’s diagnosis is'no
different. | :

OrRGyIA sp. Packard.

1890, Packard, sth rept. U. S. ent. comm.,
Peat .

Dr. Packard describes a larva appearing
much like O. antigua, but says: ‘It differs
from O. leucost?gma in having a pair of large
prothoracic lateral black pencils” [besides
the usual subdorsal ones?] and there are
‘three coral retractile warts.” I would like
to call particular attention to this form. It
evidently differs structurally from any of the
known North American Orgyia in having
three instead of two retractile tubercles,
besides apparently having two pairs of hair
pencils on joint 2. It must be an undescribed
species. The larvae were found on pine.

The following table will serve to distinguish
the mature larvae of Orgyia. '

SYNOPSIS. OF. THE N.. AMERICAN SPECIES OF

PSYCHE.

421

Head red.

Warts pale yellow
Warts orange.
Head yellow . ..

Head black.
Without lateral tufts on joints 5 and 6.
Pencil on joint 12 yellow, tufted with
black) 2a2hs3-0s.¢ vetusta Boisd.
Pencil on joint 12. black, perhaps
preceded by brown.
Three yellow lines on each side
gulosa Hy. Ed.
Two yellow lines on each side.
Warts bright crimson
cana Hy Ed.
Warts orange or’ yellowish
badia Hy Ed.
With lateral tufts on joints 5 and 6.
Two retractile tubercles antigua L.
Three retractile tubercles sf. Pack.

leucostigma S. & A.
tnornata Beut.
definita Pack.

MEGACILISSA.

BY WM. J. FOX, PHILADELPHIA.

Labrum biridged, or strongly furrowed down
the middle.
Wings not or but slightly fuscous apically.
Abdomen dorsally, with exception of first
segment entirely black, with black
pubescence. : +, electa Cr. 6-
Abdomen dorsally black, with the apica]
margins of segments 2-4 with white
pubescence. Yarrowi Cr. Q g.
Abdomen greenish, without white fas-
ciae. mexicana Cr. @.
Wings on apical half blue-black; legs red-
dish; abdomen black, on the sides,
beneath and the sixth and seventh
dorsal segments with fulvous pubes-
cence. : < . gloriosa n. sp.
Labrum not ridged or furrowed, at the most
swollen basally; abdomen fasciate ;
legs brownish, with brownish pubes-
cence; wings with a yellow tinge
extmia Sin. @.

Megacitlissa gloriosa 2.—Labrum witha
long, narrow, medial furrow; clypeus with
strong, close punctures, those in the middle
confluent and forming transverse rugae;
ocelli situated very low down, the anterior
one separated but little from the hind margins
of the clypeus and is connected with it by
a furrow; vertex and cheeks with rather fine,
close punctures, those on the cheeks finest
and sparsest; first joint of flagellum fully as
long or a little longer than the following five
joints united, joints 2-5 shortest and about
equal in length; tarsal claws armed witha
long, acute tooth, in shape somewhat similar
to the claw itself; dorsal abdominal segment
finely and closely punctured, except apical
portion of segments 1-4, which is. depressed
and impunctate; enclosure on last dorsal
segment strongly furrowed along the lateral
borders. Black; tegulae and legs, except the
four anterior femora in part, ferruginous ;,

422

head (except a few nude places as the sides
of front, top of vertex and thelabrum medi-
ally), the thorax densely, legs, dorsal segment
one in front, and 1-4 on sides, the fifth and
sixth entirely and the greater part of ventral
segments, with dense fulvous or golden-
ochraceous pubescence, darkest on top of
thorax; fore-wings on basal half sub-hyaline,
or with a yellowish tinge, the apical half
bluish-black, first recurrent nervure, uniting
with the second transverse-cubital nervure,
first submarginal cell the smallest, the third
largest, marginal cell very long and narrow,
hind wings subhyaline. Length, 22 mm.

Las Cruces, N. Mex. (Aug. 21, C. H. Tyler
Townsend). Will be at once distinguished
by the extremely low position of the ocelli
and the bluish-black wings.

MiscELLANEOUS Notes.—The West Afri-
can moths figured on Plate 10 in the present
number illustrate Dr. W.J. Holland’s article;
they are the following. Fig. 1. Lomodonta
erythrina; 2. Heteronygmia stigmatica; 3. H.
argiloides; 4. H. clathrata; 5. H. arctioides;
6. H. basibrunnea; 7. Laelia hypoleucis; 8.
L. ocellata; 9. Aroa nigripicta; 10. Dasychira

PSTOCOHL.

March 1893.

sublutescens; 11. D. ruptilinea; 12. D. congia
Druce; 13. Aroa lata; 14. Heteronygmia
hypoxantha; 15. H. rhodapicata; 16. Artaxa
nigra; 17. Laelia lignicolor; 18. Euproctis
Reutlingeri; 19. Euproctidion Gabunica; 20.
Artaxa mesomelaena; 21. A. parallela; 22. A.
discipuncta; 23. A. palla; 24. A. melaleuca;
25. A. rotundata; 26. A. apicipuncta; 27.
Balacra rubricincta; 28. B. glagoessa; 29. B.
damalis; 30. Casphalia nigerrima; 31. Anace
monotica ; 32. A. parachoria; 33. Apisa cana;
34. Alpenus multiscripta.

In the line of J. B. Smith’s studies on the
mouth-parts of Diptera, Dr. S. W. Williston
in the Kansas University quarterly for Janu-
ary describes these organs in the Apioceri-
dae and allied families.

An illustrated and descriptive list of the
galls, 88 in number, found in the vicinity of
New York, is given by W. Beutenmiiller in
the Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., v. 4; 42 are
hymenopterous, 34 dipterous, 11 hemipte-
rous and 1 arachnidan.

Details of the anatomy of certain species of
Orthoptera are given by J. B. Smith in Bull.
go of the New Jersey experiment station.

A. SMITH & SONS, 114 FULTON STREET, New York.

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CONTENTS:

A PRELIMINARY SYNOPSIS OF THE HARVEST-SPIDERS (PHALANGIIDAE) OF MISSISSIPPI
(Plates 11-15.)— Clarence M. Weed. : : : : - - : -, ee

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AND INTERESTING PHASIID-LIKE GENUS OF TACHINIDAE,
Ss. stTR.—C. H. Tyler Townsend. : :

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF wen jensen apesoeeeen: —IV.
—W. F. Holland. : : : : : : :

Some NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES, ESPECIALLY THE ore ALIS, OF A FEW ae
ICAN SPHINGIDAE.— Samuel H. Scudder.

Lire History oF OrGyIA GULOSA.—Harrison G. Dyar.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Notes.—II].—Samuel Henshaw.

VANESSA MILBERTI, A CORRECTION.—¥F. W. Tutt. . : : . 5 :

ENTOMOLoGIcAL Notes (Kolbe’s Introduction; defensive odor in a caterpillar;
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Psyche, 1893, vol. 6.

Plate rr.

Liobunum vittatum (Say), 2.

Psyche, 1893, vol. 6. Plate 12.

2
oe

Liobunum vittatum (Say), 9?.

_ Liobunum ventricosum (Wood).

~—

Psyche, 1893, vol. 6.

~ ye

Liobunum ventricosum hyemale (Immature).

Plate 14.

tt s

ares
: ] syche, 1893, vol. 6. Plate 16

politum magnum.

SY CELE:

A PRELIMINARY

SYNOPSIS OF THE HARVEST-SPIDERS

(PHALANGIIDAE) OF MISSISSIPPI.

BY CLARENCE M. WEED,

The present paper is based upon a
collection of Phalangiidae kindly sent
me at various times during the last
three years by my brother, Mr. Howard
Evarts Weed, of the Mississippi Agri-
cultural College. Nearly all of the
specimens were taken in the vicinity of
the College, which is located in Oktib-
beha County, a little north of the center
of the State, so that the northern and
southern extremities of Mississippi are
not represented. This probably ac-
counts, in part at least, for the fact that
in the large number of specimens col-
lected only three species are found.

The most remarkable thing connected
with these phalangiids is the large size
of their bodies and the length of their
legs. Each form is the southern repre-
sentative of a northern species in which
the body is smaller and the legs are
larger. I presume this variation in size
is due to the longer period of growth
and feeding at the south, but the discus-
sion of variations is not the purpose of
the present paper.

Family PHALANGIIDAE.

Subfamily PHALANGIINAE.

Arachnids having the body composed of a
single piece, and long, slender legs. The
teguments are not coriaceous, though often

HANOVER, N. H.

quite solid. The segments are only indicated
by striae, which are often obsolete. There
are five ventral abdominal segments; a single
anal piece, and two distinct lateral pores on
upper margin of cephalothorax. The maxil-
lary lobe of the palpus has two tubercles.
The two eyes are placed upon a blunt tubercle
(the eye-eminence) on the median line of the
cephalothorax not far from its front margin.

The three Mississippi forms all belong
to the single genus Liobunum, the prin-
cipal characters of which are the fol-
lowing :—

Anterior and lateral borders of the cephalo-
thorax smooth. Eye eminence relatively
small; smooth, or rarely provided with small,
slightly distinct tubercles; widely separated
from the cephalic border. Lateral pores
small, oval, and marginal. Anal piece large,
transverse-oval or semi-circular, much wider
than long. Mandibles short, similar in the
two sexes; first joint furnished at the base
below with an acute tooth. Palpi simple;
femur, patella and tibia without any. process
and without projecting angles; maxillary
lobe provided at the base with two strong,
conical teeth. Maxillary lobe of the second
pair of legs very long, nearly straight from
the base, not attenuated, directed mesad
nearly horizontally, and united on the ventro-
meson to the lobe from the opposite side
without forming a sensible angle; the two
together lightly arched on the cephalic
border, and forming an even curve. Sternal
piece large, slightly contracted between the

426

fourth pair of coxae, gradually enlarging
and obtusely truncate cephalad. Feet very
long and slender; tibia of the second pair
with a few false articulations. Palpal claw
denticulate.

The three forms described below may
be distinguished as follows :—

Body and legs cinnamon-brown.
L. ventricosum hyemale.
Eye eminence with a regular row of tubercles
over each eye; dorsum with ne black
marking in males, and indistinct one in
females. L. politum magnum.
Eye eminence with very few tubercles; a
distinct black, longitudinal marking on
dorsum. L. vittatum.

LIoBUNUM VITTATUM (Say).

The Striped Harvest-spider. Plates 11, 12.

Phalangium vittatum. Say, Journ. Phila.
Acad., II, p. 65, 1821; Wood, Comm. Essex
Inst., VI, pp. 20-21.

Liobunum vittatum. Weed, Amer. Nat.
XXI, p. 935; XXVI, p. 999.

MALE.— Bedy 7 mm. long; 4 mm. wide.
Palpi 7 mm. long. Legs: first, 44 mm.;
second, 89 mm.; third, 45 mm.; fourth, 64
mm.

Dorsum reddish-brown, with a dark central
marking, commencing at eye eminence and
extending backward to the ultimate or penul-
timate abdominal segment. Contracting
slightly near the anterior margin of abdomen,
then gradually expanding until about the
beginning of the posterior third of the ab-
domen, where it again slightly contracts.
Ventrum slightly paler than dorsum, both
finely granulate. Eye eminence a little wider
than high, black above, canaliculate, with
small black tubercles over the eyes. Man-
dibles light yellowish-brown, tips of claws
black; second joint with short sparse hairs.
Palpi long, reddish-brown; tarsal joints paler.
Femur and patella arched, with two rows of
rather blunt dark tubercles, on the outer

IPS DiC EVE.

[April 1893.

ventro-lateral surface; femur also having a
few small subobsolete ones on its dorsal
surface. Tibia with a similar row on its
outer ventro-lateral surface, a short row on
the distal portion of its inner ventro-lateral
surface, and a short row on the proximal
portion of its ventral surface. Tarsus pubes-
cent, with a row of short, blunt, black tuber-
cles on its inner ventro-lateral surface,
extending from the base to near the apex.
Legs varying from light brown to black, but
patella is generally black and tarsi brown,
the other joints varying. Coxae reddish-
brown, minutely tuberculate. Trochanters
generally dark brown with minute scattered
tubercles. Femora and patellae with rows
of small spines. Tibiae with very short
hairs. Shaft of genital organ slender, sub-
cylindrical, not broadened distally, but bent
at an obtuse angle and terminating in a very
acute point.

FEMALE. — Body 8-9 mm. long; 5-6 mm.
wide. Palpi 5 mm. long. Legs: first, 42
mm.; second, 90mm.; third, 43 mm.; fourth,
61 mm.

Besides its rounder body and much more
robust appearance, it differs from the male as
follows: Dorsum of a much darker shade of
brown with less of the reddish tint, and the
ventrum paler. Second joint of mandibles
with fewer hairs. Palpi shorter, more
slender, with the rows of tubercles on the
tibia subobsolete, and that on the tarsus en-
tirely wanting. Legs generally light brown
with black annulations at the articulations.
Ovipositor whitish with no dark color in
apical rings.

This species in Central Mississippi
evidently passes the winter in the egg
state, the young hatching in March,
April and probably the early part of
May, becoming fully developed in July
and living until October or November.
Specimens taken during October are
very deeply colored. The collections

April 1893.]

before me show very young to half-
grown forms taken 30th May, 1891;
some approaching maturity collected
during June; and some fully developed
but not fully colored taken in July.
There appears to be but one brood a
year so that the species hasa very long
feeding period.

In a recent paper in the American
Naturalist (December, 1892) I have
discussed at some length the geograph-
ical variations of this Striped Harvest-
spider.

LIOBUNUM VENTRICOSUM HYEMALE, Weed.
Plates 13, 14.

Phalangium ventricosum Wood, Comm.
Essex inst., VI, 32.

Liobunum ventricosum (Wood). Weed,
Amer. nat., xxiv, 918; Trans. Am. ent. soc.,
xIx, 188.

Liobunum ventricosum
Amer. nat., March, 1893.

Mate. — Body 9 mm. long; 6 mm. wide;
palpi 8 mm. long. Legs: first. 52 mm.;
second, 1o1 mm.; third, 50 mm.; fourth, 73
mm. Body elongate, abdomen subconical.
Dorsum, legs including trochanters cinna-
mon-brown, ventrum of a slightly lighter
brown, sometimes grayish brown. Dorsum
closely granulate with an indistinct darker
marking, and numerous small grayish spots
arranged in irregular transverse series. Eye
eminence black, except at base; rounded, not
canaliculate, smooth, or with a few small,
acute tubercles. Palpi rather slender, with
none of the angles prolonged; femur with a
very few small spinous tubercles and hairs;
patella strongly, and femur and tibia slightly,
arched; coxae minutely tuberculate, tipped
with white; trochanters and legs cinnamon
rufous; tarsi dusky. Legs long and mod-
erately robust. Genital organ of male ‘‘flat,
nearly straight, slender at the basal portion,
gradually widening and distally rather

hyemale Weed,

VES) A Gy 5 WOE

427

quickly expanded into a broad alate portion,
and then abruptly contracted into a mod-
erately robust, slightly curved point, which
is placed at an angle to the rest of the shaft;
at the base of the point a marked notch in
the end of the shaft.”

FEMALE.—Body 11 mm. long; 6.2 mm.
wide. Palpi 7 mm. long. Legs: first, 48
mm.; second, 93 mm.; third, 46 mm.;
fourth, 68 mm. Differs from the male in
having a larger body, with the abdomen
often greatly swollen.

This species passes the winter in a
half-grown condition. The eggs are
apparently laid during summer and
hatch early in autumn. The length of
the second pair of legs of young speci-
mens, taken at the Agricultural College
during October, 1892, varied from 15
millimetres to 33 millimetres. The
size of early spring specimens is repre-
sented in plate 14, fig. 1; and the struct-
ural details in fig. 2 of the same plate.
Such forms are described as follows : —

Length 7 mm.; width 4mm. Legs: first,
32 mm.; second, 60 mm.; third, 31 mm.;
fourth, 45 mm? Body soft. Dorsum smooth;
mottled brown. A distinct dark central
marking begins at eye eminence, and runs
two-thirds of the way to the posterior ex-
tremity; it contracts near the anterior border
of the abdomen, then expands in an even
curve, and again contracts in a similar way-
There is a deep oblique sinus just back of
each lateral pore of cephalothorax. On the
abdomen are scattered dark spots, arrange ,
in irregular transverse series. Eye eminence
perfectly smooth; black about eyes with a
light brown longitudinal central marking;
slightly longer than high; not at all canali-
culate. Mandibles light gray, with tips
blackish: sparsely provided with short black
hairs. Palpi slender; mottled grayish-brown ;
all the joints provided with short, black, stiff

428

spinous hairs. Patella arched; its inner
lateral distal angle produced into a_pro-
nounced conical tubercle. Tarsal claw dis-
tinctly pectinate. Ventral surface light gray.
Legs long, rather stout; coxae light gray,
remaining joints mottled cinnamon-brown.

The mature condition is reached early
in summer. The Mississippi forms are
somewhat larger than plate 13, fig. 1,
which represents a specimen from a
more northern locality ; but the struct-
ural details are similar to those illus-
trated in fig. 2 of the same plate.

An account of the variations and syn-
onymy of this species will be found in
one of the earlier issues of the Amer-
ican Naturalist for 1893.

LioBUNUM POLITUM MAGNUM, sub-

species.

new

Mae. — Body 5 mm. long; 4 mm. wide;
palpi 3.8 mm. long. Legs: first, 40 mm.;
second, 80 mm.; third, 40 mm.; fourth, 58
mm. Dorsum granulate; varying from light
cinnamon-brown to reddish brown, with no
markings except occasionally a faint indica-
tion of the usual central marking. Eye emi-
nence prominent, slightly constricted at base,
more or less black above, canaliculate, with
a regular curved series of small, acute,
blackish spines over each eye. Mandibles
brownish white; tips of claws black. Palpi
slender, light brown, with femur and patella
sometimes dusky; finely pubescent, with a
subobsolete row of minute dark tubercles on
the inner ventro-lateral surface of femur, and
another row on the inner ventro-lateral sur-
face of tarsus; joints slightly arched.
Ventrum with coxae, including the mem-
branous distal lateral tips, and generally the
trochanters, varying from light brown to ver-
milion red. Legs with proximal portions
light brown; distally dark brown or blackish.

eS ViGTiE:

_in October.

[ April 1393.

Shaft of genital organ nearly straight,
slender, flattened, canaliculate; distal portion
very slightly expanded, then slightly con-
tracted, and again expanded into a_ half
spoon-shaped portion, and terminating in a
small acute point.

FEMALE. — Body 65 mm. long; 4.5 mm-
wide; palpi, 3-6 mm. long. Legs: first, 39
mm.; second, 8: mm.; third, 39 mm.; fourth,
57mm. Differs from the male in having a
larger, rounder body ; and in the color of the
dorsum, which is brown, or reddish-brown,
with a rather distinct, darker central mark-
ing and numerous whitish spots arranged
more or less transversely. In some speci-
mens the central marking and spots are ob-
solete. Apical rings of ovipositor white.

A few specimens of this form have
been taken during fune and July at the
Agricultural College. A single female
has also been collected at the same place
This is much more deeply
colored than the others of this sex ex-
amined, being clear reddish brown, and
having the central marking and white
spots on dorsum obsolete. It is illus-
trated at plate 15, fig. 1, and the struct-
ural of the northern Z. folctum are
shown in fig. 2 of the same plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE II.

Fig. 1.—Lvtobunum vittatum. Male. Natural

size.
2.—Parts of same. Magnified.
2a.—Body.
2b.—Eye eminence. Side view.
2c.—Eye eminence. Front view.
2d.—Palpus. Side view.

Side view.
3.—Liobunum vittatum dorsatum.
from Dakota. Natural size.

2e.—Claw of palpus.
Male

April 1893.] PSYCHE. 429
PLATE 12. PLATE 14.
Fig. 1.—Liobunum vittatum. Female. Nat- Fig. 1.—Zéobunum ventricosum hyemale.
ural size. Immature. Natural size.
2.—Parts of same. Magnified. 2.—Parts of same. Magnified.
2a.—Body. 2a.—Body.
26.—Eye eminence. Side view. 26.—Eye eminence. Side view.
2c.—Eye eminence. Front view. 2c.—Eye eminence. Front view.
2d.—Palpus. Side view. 2d.—Palpus. Side view.
2e.—Claw of palpus. Side view. 2e.—Claw of palpus. Side view.
PLATE 13. PLATE I5.
Fig. 1.—Liobunum ventricosum (Wood), Fig. 1.—Lvobunum politum magnum. Fe-
male. Natural size. male. Natural size.
2.—Parts of same. Magnified. 2.—Liobunum politum. Parts of male.
2a.—Body. Magnified.
25.—Eye eminence. Side view. 2a.—Body.

2c.—Eye eminence. Front view.
2d.—Palpus. Side view.

2e.—Claw of palpus. Side view.
2f-—Maxillary lobe of second pair of legs.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

2b.—Eye eminence.
2c.—Eye eminence.
2d.—Palpus.

Side view.
Front view.
Side view.
2e.—Claw of palpus. Side view.

AND INTERESTING PHASIID-LIKE

GENUS OF TACHINIDAE S. STR.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

During the last year, I have received,
among several lots of flies from New
Hampshire, a number of specimens of
a tachinid s. str., which I at first mis-
took for a phasiid of the genus Hya-
lomyia. Upon examination, recently,
the distinctness of the form was at once
realized, but the great resemblance in
almost every detail save one was very
surprising. This one detail will, how-
ever, always be sufficient to distinguish
it, and that is the presence of macro-
chaetae on the abdomen, a character
possessed by no phasiid.

From its extreme resemblance to

Hyalomyia, I propose to call the new

genus Hyalomyodes. The species may

be known as . weedz7z, in honor of
Dr. Weed, in whose sendings my atten-
tion was first called to this interesting
form.

HyYALOMYODES nov. gen.

Head much like Hyalomyia; front very
narrow, slightly widened at vertex, much
more widened toward insertion of antennae
at narrowest about one ninth width of heaa
in both sexes.
same angle as latter, so that the two opposite
boundaries of the face and front diverge uni-
formly from each other from the narrowest

part of the front to a point very near the oral

Face widening from front at

430

margin. Sides of face extremely narrow,
cheeks but little wider, the eyes thus descend-
ing very nearly to oral margin. Oral mar-
gin distinctly protruded anteriorly, vibrissal
angles situated distinctly above oral margin,
facial ridges with only several small bristles
above and immediately next to the vibrissae,
which latter are not strong but are distinct
from the row of other bristles below them,
and slightly decussate. Antennae reaching
a little more than half-way to the oral mar-
gin, third joint about once and a half as long
as second. Arista bare, thickened on basal
third, 1-jointed at extreme base. Frontal
bristles rather weak, descending only to in-
sertion of antennae. Proboscis not long,
moderately stout, labella developed; palpi
filiform, very slender but elongate. Thorax
distinctly narrower than head, with a few
bristles; scutellum subtriangular, with three
pairs of bristles. Abdomen broad round-
ovate, very distinctly wider than thorax, less
broadened in @, vaulted, the tergum convex,
venter almost always concave, furnished with
rather numerous weak macrochaetae. Legs
not stout, moderately long. Wings longer
than abdomen, apical cell long petiolate, the
petiole but little shorter than apical cross
vein, fourth vein bent in a curve to third
hardly more abruptly than in /yalomyza.
Hind cross vein nearly straight, longer than
apical cross vein, nearer to small cross vein
than to curve of fourth vein. Tegulae large,
the upper scale about one fifth size of lower,

Hyalomyodes weedii nov. sp. Length of
body, 4 to 4.5 mm.; of wing, 3.5 to 4 mm.
Frontal vitta velvety black, taking up nearly
all of front, widening behind and before with
the width of front; the extremely narrowed
sides of front, the sides of face and cheeks
silvery white; facial depression silvery.
Antennae and arista black, palpi fulvous.
Thorax soft deep black, with a golden brown

PS HCE.

[April 1893-

shade in oblique lights, humeri and pleurae
cream colored, or silvery witha slight golden
shade. Scutellum wholly black. Abdomen
black, second segment with a median vitta
and a narrow anterior border silvery pollinose
with a slight golden shade, the border widen-
ing laterally; third segment same, but with
the pollinose border more widened and later-
ally reaching the posterior border of segment,
thus leaving on the posterior half of the seg-
ment an irregular black area on each side ot
the pollinose median vitta; anal segment
entirely pollinose. First segment with a
median marginal pair of bristles, second with
a median marginal and discal pair, third and
anal segments each with a somewhat irregular
discal and marginal row of weak macro-
chaetae. Legs black; claws and pulvilli
short in Q,a little elongate in g. Wings
hyaline, slightly grayish; tegulae tawny
yellowish, halteres pale fulvous.

There seems to be little difference
between the sexes, the ¢ having the
claws a little elongate while there is no
appreciable difference in width of front.
Described from three specimens, 2 9
and 1 ¢, Hanover, N. He, from bx. iC:
M. Weed; and 2 9, Franconia, N. H.,
from Mrs. A. T. Slosson. I have seen
this peculiar fly as yet only from New
Hampshire.

Notre.—Since sending the above in for
publication, I have found in a sending from
Mr. C. W. Johnson, of Philadelphia, two
more specimens of this fly. One of these is
a &, from Franconia, N. H., collected by
Mrs. Slosson. The other specimen is from
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and was
collected July 17.

April 1893. ]

(Continued from page 418.)

2. The female only differs from the male
in its larger size, the greater obscurity of the
median band on the primaries, and the
greater distinctness of the subapical marks.

Expanse, @, 25 mm.; 9, 32 to 38 mm.

LAELIA, Steph.

86. L. hypoleucis, sp. nov. @. Front
whitish. Antennae testaceous. Thorax and
the forward portion of the abdomen on the
upper side vinaceous. The abdomen at its
extremity is tipped with white. The lower
side of the body is whitish. The legs are
pale fawn. The primaries are vinaceous with
a darker longitudinal streak running from
the base below the cell and curving outwardly
toward the apex. The costa near the base
and the apex are whitish. There is a small
spot in the middle of the cell, a somewhat
larger spot at the end of the cell followed by
a zigzag very narrow, transverse limbal line,
which beginning on the costa three-fourths
of the distance from the base runs inwardly
to the middle of the inner margin. That
portion of this line which lies between the
submedian and the first median assumes the
form of a V-shaped mark with its point turned
outwardly. In some specimens there is a
faint curved transverse basal line. The
markings of the primaries are somewhat
variable and in some instances the large spot
at the end of the cell in the primaries is
obsolete. The secondaries are uniformly
pure white above, and both primaries and
secondaries are white below with the fringes
of the primaries light brown checked with
gray.

Q. Like the male, but the markings of
the fore wings in the specimens before me
are more obscure.

Expanse, @, 33 to4omm.; 9, 45 mm.

87. L. (?) barsinetdes, sp. nov. 6.
Antennae long, culmen white, and pectina-
tions grey. Palpi and head pale luteous.

PST CHE.

431

Abdomen brown above. Thorax and abdo-
men pale yellow beneath. Legs pale lute-
ous, the tibiae encircled on the middle bya
brown band. The primaries are pale luteous
marked with ferruginous, somewhat after the
style of some species of Barsine. There isa
broad ferruginous subbasal band, an oblique
oval annular spot at the end of the cell and
a small spot above it on the costa. A broad
irregularly curved and geminate ferruginous
submarginal band runs from the apex to
the inner margin followed by faint brownish
marginal lines. The secondaries are uni-
formly pale buff, semi-translucent. ° The
under sides of both wings are pale buff, the
markings of the upper side of the primaries
being faintly indicated on the under side.
Expanse, 23 mm.

I refer this species with some doubt to the
genus Laelia, owing to the fact that the
antennae are heavier than in most species of
the genus, and the wings are narrower than
in typical Laelia.

88. L. lignicolor, sp. nov. &. Palpi,
front, and thorax pale reddish-brown, abdo-
Body whitish beneath. Legs
The primaries are wood-brown

men paler.

pale fulvous.
with the basal third darker, a darker spot at
the end of the cell, and a broad diagonal line
running from the apex to the middle of the
base followed by a curved series of small
black dots running likewise from the apex to
the inner margin. The posteriors are uni-
formly reddish-buff. The under side of both
wings is pale buff. The secondaries have a
discal dot at the end of the cell and an

obscure submarginal series of fuscous mark-

ings. Expanse, 27 mm.

89. L. setinoides, sp. nov. g@- Palbpi,
front, and thorax pale luteous. Abdomen
pale fawn, under side lighter. Legs and

antennae concolorous. The primaries are
pale luteous with a small brown dot beyond
the end of the cell followed by another near

the apex and with three similar spots, one

432

below the cell before the origin of the first
median, the others on the middle of the
median interspaces. The secondaries are
whitish, semi-diaphanous. The under side
of the wing is much as the upper side with
the dots on the primaries distinct.
Expanse, 25 mm.

less

go. L. ocellata, sp. nov. &. Palpi pale
brown, tipped with orange. Front luteous.
Antennae with the culmen whitish, the pec-
tinations gray. Abdo-
Lower side of body whit-

Thorax vinaceous.
men brown above.

ish. Legs pale fawn marked with light red-
dish. Primaries wood-brown with a small

black spot below the cell near the base and
a large brown spot at the end of the cell,
which is accentuated on the lower side by a
' white semi-circle, and has in it one or two
small black marks. Beyond this is a very
narrow brown line beginning on the costa
three-fourths of the distance from the base
curving inwardly regularly to a point below
the cell, and then running diagonally to the
inner margin at a point one third of the dis-
tance from the base. The apex is marked
with a subtriangular diffused whitish spot,
which is crossed by a subapical series of
three black points. The fringes are concolor-
ous checked with dark brown. The upper
side of the secondaries is pale ochraceous
with a submarginal band of fuscous mark-
ings. On the under side both wings are very
pale buff. Both have a large discal spot at
the end of the cell, and both have a sub-
marginal band of blackish dots and lines.
The fringes are as upon the upper side.
Expanse, 28 mm.

AROA, Walk.

gi. A. nigripicta, sp. nov. @. Antennae
testaceous. Body blackish with the segments
of the abdomen marked with whitish. The
under side of the body is white. Legs white,
the femora and tibiae margined with black.
Tarsi ringed with black. Primaries smoky-
black crossed near the middle by two curved

LS TCT,

[April 1893.

bands of darker black and with some obscure
whitish markings near the inner margin.
Secondaries white, fuscous at the base, with
the outer angle broadly tipped with black and
the outer margin spotted with black. On the
under side the primaries are whitish at the
base and on the inner margin, while the
apical half is black. The apex at the tip is
slightly paler.
the upper side. Expanse, 34 mm.

This species is allied to A. terminalis,
Walk., but is very distinct.

The secondaries are as on

Antennae
Palpi white tipped
Patagia white, each with a
small black spot in the middle. Thorax and
abdomen whitish above, white beneath.
Primaries white with a double transverse
basal line; a dark oval mark in the middle
of the cell; a broad transverse band beyond
the end of the cell curved and scalloped out-
wardly and inwardly; beyond these a series
of moderately large and somewhat diffuse
submarginal hastate markings. The margin
has a blackish dot at the middle of each inter-
space. The secondaries are pure white with
faint brownish marks on the margin at the
middle of the interspaces. The under side of
both wings is white. he primaries have a
brown shadow upon the
costa and a series of brown marginal spots
on the interspaces. The secondaries have
similar marginal spots, but much smaller and
less distinct than on the primaries.
42 mm.

92) 2Aa data, sp. nove Qh
testaceous. Front white.
with dark gray.

slight subapical

Expanse

Liparis, Ochs.

93. L.(?) muscosa,sp. nov. g. Antennae
testaceous. Palpi and front dark brown.
Upper side of thorax and abdomen gray. The
abdomen with two black tufts on the dorsal
line behind the thorax. Under side of the
body paler. Legs whitish, banded with dark
brown. Primaries pale greenish-gray with
an oblong lunular brown mark at the end of-
the cell, some brown marks at the base suc-

April 1893.]

ceeded by a transverse zigzag brown line run-
ning from the costa to the middle of the
inner margin but interrupted below the
median nerve. Beyond the cell there is a
transverse limbal line, which runs irregularly
from before the apex to the inner margin
two-thirds of the distance from the base.
This is succeeded by asubmarginal line very
irregular and produced to the outer margin
above the radial, between the second and
third median nervules, and near the outer an-
gle. The fringes are concolorous. The up-
per side of the secondaries is pale fuscous,
darker towards the base. The under side of
both primaries and secondaries is fuscous-
ochraceous. Expanse, 55 mm.

94. L.hylomima, sp. nov. @.
brown, margined below with reddish.
pale reddish-brown. Collar pale brown, mar-
gined inwardly with dark brown. Patagia
brownish, margined externally with dark
brown and fringed at the ends with long yel-
lowish hairs, which are black near the base.
The upper side of the abdomen is pale fulvous
with two tufts of brown hair on the dorsal line.
The lower side of the body is yellowish-ochra-
ceous, The legs are concolorous, ringed with
dark brown. The primaries on the upper
side are brown, clouded with darker brown
on the costa and at the end of the cell. There
is a double curved basal line succeeded by a
similar transverse line before the middle of
the wing, bounded externally and internally
by a paler shade. There is at the end of the
cell a large irregular oval annular mark deep
black defined outwardly by a narrow pale
line. The apical area is lighter in color than
the rest of the wing. The limbal area is
crossed by an irregularly curved and angu-
lated transverse line beyond which is a series
of hastate marks with the points turned in-
wardly. These hastate marks are alternately
pale creamy and deep black, and are succeeded
by a brown band, which is followed upon the
margin by aseries of black hastate marks
with their points turned outwardly, each de-

Palpi
Front

PST CHE.

433

fined inwardly by a narrow creamy line.
The fringe is brown, checked upon the ner-
vules with black.

formly dark fuscous.
the primaries.

The secondaries are uni-

The fringes areas upon
The lower side of the wings
is uniformly fuscous, tinged with ochraceous
at the base, with darker median and submar-
ginal cloudings. The dark mark at the end
of the cell of the primaries reappears upon
the lower side faintly.

Q. Female like the male except that the
antennae are simple and not heavily pecti-
nated, and this sex is nearly twice the size
of the male. Expanse, gf, 53 mm.; 2, 90
mm.

This insect is congeneric with the insect
recently described as Lapfards Preussz, Stgr.,
by Mabille in the ‘‘Novitates Lepidopterolog-
icae.” Mr. Butler has suggested to me the
erection of a new genus for its reception.
It appears, like ZL. Preussz, to be moderately
rare.

DASYCHIRA, Hiibn.

95. D. sublutescens, sp.nov. @. Palpi,
front, pectus, and upper side of thorax and
abdomen fawn colored. The lower side of
the abdomen is ochraceous. The primaries
are pale fawn with an annular mark at the
end of the cell preceded and succeeded by ir-
regularly curved and angled transverse lines.
There are a series of dark zigzag marks
upon the costa, a basal geminate transverse
line, a submarginal series of hastate spots,
succeeded by a marginal series of similar
spots. The fringes are pale gray checked
with fawn. The secondaries are pale ochra-
ceous at the base clouded with fawn on the
outer margin. The fringes as upon the
primaries. On the under side, both wings
are pale ochraceous clouded with pale fuscous
on the outer margin.

Q. The female is very like the male, but
larger, with the abdomen above as well as
below tinged with ochraceous.

Expanse, gd, 43 mm.; 2, 53 mm.

96. D. ruptilinea, sp. nov. &. Anten-
nae, front, palpi, the upper side of thorax
and abdomen brown. The under side of the
thorax and the abdomen pale brown. The
legs are concolorous, with the tibiae and
tarsi dark brown. The
primaries are dark brown with a pale reddish
spot near the middle of the cell and a curved
limbal band of the same color extending
from the costa before the apex to about the
There is a narrow black sub-

annulated with

first median.
marginal line sharply produced toward the
margin opposite the end of the cell and at
the extremity of the third median.
dark brown line runs from the base of the

A very

wing parallel to the inner margin to near the
Itis interrupted
about the middle of the wing and accentuated

extremity of the submedian.

near its outer extremity by a small white
dot.
upon the costa and a black spot of raised
The fringes

There are also some dark markings

scales at the end of the cell.
are pale brown checkered with darker brown.
The secondaries are uuiformly grayish-brown
with the fringes faintly checkered as the
primaries. Both wings on the under side
are pale brown with a large diffuse dark spot
at the end of the cell, and with a broken sub-
marginal series of spots upon the secondaries.

Q. The female has the markings much
more distinct and larger than the male, and
on the secondaries upon the under side there
is a transverse median band of dark spots in

addition to the submarginal band. Expanse,
&, 38mm; 2,55 mm.
97. D. albostgnata, sp. nov. Q. Allied

to D. Saussuret, Dewitz. The body and its
appendages arecinereous. The primaries are
cinereous with a dark spotat the base followed
below the cell by a dark brown marking,
which is defined externally bya curved line,
running to the inner margin. At the end of
the cell, there is a pale gray spot succeeded
by a series of dark brown lunulate markings
running from the costa before the apex to the

inner margin. Beyond these markings be-

LS GOTT ES.

[April 1893.

tween the first median and the submedian
there is a subtriangular spot above which
there isa broad brownish limbal shade. There
are some irregular submarginal hastate lines
and marks, and the margin, which is dark
brown, is interrupted with pale cinereous at
the ends of the nervules. The secondaries
are uniformly cinereous with the fringes
marked as the primaries. On the under side
the wings are cinereous with an obscure dark
shade on the primaries beyond the end of the
cell, and an incomplete limbal line running
from the costa parallel to the outer margin as
far as the first median. The secondaries have
a dark spot at the end of the cell and an incom-
plete submarginal band near the outer angle.
Expanse, 63 mm.

98. D. (2) apateloides, sp. nov. 9. The
front and the upper side of the thorax and
abdomen pale gray. The under side of the
abdomen and appendages white. The prim-
aries are grayish-white with a narrow line
of black raised scales at the end of the cell
followed by a transverse line of similar raised
whitish scales, defined outwardly by dark
brown and running from the costa before the
apex to the inner margin. This transverse
band is succeeded bya submarginal irregular
series of lunulate dark lines defined inwardly
by whitish markings. The outer margin has
a line of dark points on the intraneural spaces
defined inwardly by whitish subhastate mark-
ings. The fringe is whitish. The seconda-
ries are cinereous with the fringe whitish. On
the under side the primaries are pale brown-
ish-cinereous with the costa and the fringe
narrowly white andthe inner margin broadly
whitish. The secondaries on the under side

are uniformly white. Expanse, 44 mm.

NorouyBa,* gen. nov.

Allied to Ilema, Moore and Oecura, Holl.
&. Palpi short, compressed, the first joint
small; the second joint relatively very large,

* Naros = dorsum, ’YBos = gtbber.

April 1893-]

SOME NOTES ON .THE EARLY

PSTCHE:

435

STAGES, ESPECIALLY THE

CHRYSALIS, OF A FEW AMERICAN SPHINGIDAE.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

The subjoined descriptions are wholly
from notes taken twenty or thirty years
ago, and complement in part the larval
descriptions given in B. P. Mann’s
paper in the second volume of Psyche.

MACROSILA CAROLINA.

Egg. Round, very light green, and per-
fectly smooth so far as can be seen with an
ordinary lens. They are laid singly, and
rarely more than one is found upon the same
plant.

Caterpillar. (See Psyche, v. 2, p. 73-75,
for description of the larva, drawn up at the
same time.) '

Chrysalis. Dark reddish brown witha slight
dark olivaceous tint on the wings, the edges
of the segments darker than the middle;
spiracles and tongue black. The body is
deeply hollowed at the metathorax on either
side of the centre, somewhat constricted at
the prothorax, and has a central depressed
line and a pit on either side of it upon the
front of the fifth and sixth abdominal seg-
ments. Metathorax and hind wings not very
conspicuous, the former with a transverse
backward directed ridge. The tongue is
free except at its bulbous tip, shorter than in
M. quinguemaculata, and slightly incurved
on its downward trend; its extreme tip is
placed at one-third the distance from the
head to the tip of the body and halfway
between the front of the head and the tip of
the wings, while in Af. guinquemaculata it is
at half that distance. The hind legs reach
the tip or nearly the tip of the wings which
extend over four abdominal segments.
Before the spiracles on the 5th-7th abdomi-
nal segments there is a slit five or six times

oe an

as long as the spiracles, the posterior edge
raised and lipped, and the top ridged above,
the whole being black, and undoubtedly
serving for the movement of the pupa in
reaching again the surface of the ground;
precisely the same thing occurs in other
species of Macrosila. The head, thorax, and
appendages are quite smooth, being only
faintly wrinkled, except the tongue which is
roughly wrinkled; the abdominal segments
are profusely punctate anteriorly, punctate
or rather pitted and wrinkled in the centre
and, at least on the 4th-7th segments, very
minutely and delicately punctate posteriorly:
the last two segments are very deeply erose;
the cremaster obtusely conical, tranversely
compressed, having two short points with
their inner edges diverging, but their outer
edges nearly parallel. Length 50 mm.;
breadth 14 mm.

Some caterpillars which went under
ground about August 27 had _ not
changed on September 5, but changed
within eight days thereafter. They
seldom bury themselves more than
three or four inches, and make an un-
derground cavern with sides of packed
earth.

SPHINX CINEREA.

Chrysalis. Mahogany brown, edges o
segments slightly darker. Body a little hol-
lowed on either side of the metathorax and
slightly constricted at the prothorax. Meta-
thoracic wings visible down to the spiracle
of third abdominal segment. Tongue de-
tached, heavily wrinkled, carried along the
front nearly parallel to the breast, the tip not

436

bulbous and placed slightly more than a
fourth way down the length of the body; the
same structure before the spiracles as in
Macrosila. Head, thorax, and appendages,
apparently smooth but faintly wrinkled; ab-
dominal segments wrinkled and punctate
evenly and not heavily, their posterior edges
on 4th-6th abdominal segments being mi-
nutely punctate. Cremaster large, conical,
scarcely flattened and with two very minute
points upon it. Length 46.5 mm.; breadth
13 mm.

Went under ground September 19.

DOLBA HYLAEUS.

Larval habits, etc. I placed a full
grown larva found on Cape Cod early
in September under a glass over a plant
of sweet fern. The earth was clean,
and he soon disappeared; but before
doing so he bit off most of the leaves
at their base, green and dried alike, and
scattered them indiscriminately on the
ground below, so that the earth was no
longer to be seen, and until the leaves
were removed I could not tell whether
he was merely hidden beneath them or
had gone under ground. No opening
in the heap of leaves was discoverable.
He had buried himself in the earth to
the depth of about an inch in an oblique
position, head uppermost.

The faeces of this caterpillar are as-
tonishingly large, forming an irregular
cylindrical mass often 12-14 mm. long
mm. broad, of a pitchy black
color, and looking like furnace slag,

and 5

and bearing no such definite markings
as are seen in Macrosila.
Parasites. While taking notes of

the larvae, I was interrupted for a

PSITCHE,

\?
[April 1893.

couple of hours, and was very much
surprised on my return to find that one
I had been describing just before was
now covered with brown worms; no
less than eight of them had fastened —
themselves by threads to the sides of —
their victim, some on the fifth and some |
on the eighth and ninth abdominal seg-
ments.

They were of a very light brown color, ;
with a slight greenish tinge, having a dorsal
row and on either side of it two other rows —
of small rounded elevations, one upon the ~
anterior edge of each sezment in each row; —
there was also a dark dorsal streak, and here ©
and there dark reddish brown spots, espec-_
ially upon the dorsal surface and the last —
three or four segments. The round thoracic j
spiracles were dark brown. The skin was
glistening and very evenly and microscopi- —
cally reticulate. The head had a faint green-_
ish tinge, and upon each side were two black
bent lines like a figure 5 upon its side, while
the opposite extremity seems to have a little
thicker integument than the rest of the body. —
Length 7 mm.; breadth 2 mm.

These creatures had wormed their
way directly through the body wall of-
the caterpillar, leaving little brown pits —
in various parts of the body to mark”
their exit; but there seemed to be no
wound as there certainly was no loss—
of any fluid; why is there none, and ;
why do all the worms come out to-—
gether? The caterpillar, on the under
side of a leaf, remained motionless,
looking very slender and flabby, and
acting in a very dumpish manner.

As for the worms, they immediately
began spinning their cocoons where
they were, and when one was torn vio-

—

Toe.

A pril 1893.

lently away, the maker at once began a
new cocoon, constructing one-half at a
time, namely the half opposed to its
own ventral surface, and when this was
completed, it turned about and made
the other half. When all were made,
the cocoons were seen to lie in clusters,
some horizontal but most perpendicular
to the back of the caterpillar; they
were made of a very fine glistening
silk, and when completed were about
4.5 mm. long by half as broad. It
took one of them a little more than half
an hour to completely envelope itself
with silk, though much longer to com-
plete the cocoon. These when fin-
ished much resemble the buds of
Comptonia, being of a light chocolate
brown color, roughly ribbed longitudi-
nally about a dozen times, the ends
smooth; they are loosely attached to
the caterpillar. In escaping from their
cocoon, the enclosed Hymenopteron
bites off the top of the cocoon in an
irregular manner. All that I had es-
caped me, and some came out at a time
when others of the same lot still re-
mained as larvae inside their cocoons.

The caterpillars may be found in
nearly every stage throughout the
month of August in eastern Massachu-
setts.

Chrysalis. Uniform shining mahogany
in color, with the wings lacking polish.

FI AOS o WOE

437

The whole of the thorax and appendages ar®
minutely wrinkled and all the abdominal
segments are rather minutely punctured and
also wrinkled; the wings cover the fourth
abdominal segment; the tongue case is very
short; the cremaster is long, slender, coni-
cal, straight, pointed, very rough at the
base, smooth toward the tip. Length 38
mm.; breadth to mm.; length of tongue
4.25 mm.

HYLOICUS PLEBEIUS.

Ckrysalzs. Black, the posterior margin of
the 4th-6th abdominal segments light brown
and minutely striate transversely. Body
shaped much as in Sphinx cinerea, with
the same structure before the spiracles but
less prominent; the shoulders prominent.
Tongue short, free, regularly curved, rather
thickened at the tip and one-third the length
of the distance from the tip of the head to
the tip of the wings. Metathoracic wings
reaching the spiracles of the third abdomi-
nal segment. Antennae with a raised point
in the centre of each joint. First joint of
second pair of legs prominent. Head, tho-
rax, and appendages wrinkled; abdominal
segments coarsely wrinkled and deeply
punctate. Cremaster like that of Sphinx
cinerea, excepting that the tip is armed with
a bifid prong which is down-curved. Length
44 mm.; breadth 10.5 mm.

One larva went into the ground on
September 19, afterwards worked lfim-
self halfway and finally wholly out,
and changed upon the surface Septem-

ber 25.

438

PST CTL «

[April 1893.

LIFE HISTORY cOF ORGYEA GULOSA EY. EDW-

BY HARRISON G.

According to my observations, the
larvae of this species have four or occa-
sionally five stages for 6, and five for
moths. This corroborates the published
account of O. leucostigma by Prof.
Riley which I was not able to confirm
from New York specimens of that
species. Judging by analogy, therefore,
O. gulosa may elsewhere, or in different
seasons have six stages for ¢, and seven
for 2 moths, as I have observed to be
the case in all other species of Orgyia
which I have’yet reared. The young
larva of O. gulosa may readily be dis-
tinguished from that of O. cana; but
not so with the mature larvae. In fact
the mature larvae of these two species
The only
characters that will serve to separate
them are that O, gwlosa usually has
a lateral row of yellow spots which
are wanting in O. cava and the warts of
row v (substigmatal) are brown in O.
gulosa and red in O. cana. But these
characters may not always be constant.

are hardly distinguishable.

ORGYIA GULOSA Hy. Edw.

1881 — Hy. Edw., Papilio, i, 64.

1881 — Bull., Ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) viii,
316.

1882 — Grote, Check list, p. 17, no. 439.

1890 — Packard, 5th rept. U.S. ent. comm.
De 134-

1891 — Smith, List lep., no. 1151.

1892 — Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., 1, 495.

Egg.— Almost spherical, smooth shining
white, with a faint brownish spot and ring at
the top; diameter 1 mm. Laid in amass on
the cocoon of the female moth and covered
with down from her body.

First larval stage. — Head round shining

DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

black; width o.4 mm. [Probably was really
o.5 mm. ‘The measurement was not verified
as I lost the cast head case-] Body pale
purplish black, nearly white on the dorsum
of joints 3 and 4 and yellow on joint 9; on
joints 1oand 11, a large brick red dorsal spot,
but no elevations to represent the retractile
tubercles which are absent. Warts normal,
row i small, row iv represented by small pale
dots. The subdorsal warts on joint 2 are
large with swollen bases. Each wart bears
several black hairs, longer from the sides and
extremities.

Second stage. — Head black, a line above
the mouth and basal joints of antennae white;
width .7 mm. Body black, dorsum of joints
3 and 4 pale yellow, of joint 9 darker yellow;
tips of abdominal feet pale orange. Subdor-
sal warts on joint 2 large, but bearing only
ordinary hairs. On joints 3 and 4a few pale
hairs dorsally and on joints 5-7 a few black
ones, converging over the dorsal line but not
numerous enough to form tufts. Warts all
black; retractile tubercles on joints 10 and 11
present, large, orange colored. Side hairs
long, black, mixed with paler ones.

Third stage. — Head as before; width 1.2
Body black laterally, the dorsum
broadly pale yellow, but transversely streaked
with black at the middle of each segment.
These bands become broader posteriorly till
they cover most of the segment. The yellow
is also replaced by black in the segmental
incisures and broadly on joints 5-8. Warts
blood red, not very bright, rows v and viand
the anterior dorsal ones partly black. Re-
tractile tubercles coral red; cervical shield
black. On joint 2 subdorsally and on joint
12 dorsally arise pencils of black plumed
hairs* about t mm. long. On joint 5 a black

mm.

* These hairs differ from the other hairs of Orgyia in
that the minute branches or barbs, with which they are
all furnished, are longer and crowded more closely
together nearthe tips of these hairs, giving them the
appearance of being plumed at the end.

April 1893.]

dorsal brush-shaped tuft and on joints 6-8
white ones, which arise from the warts of
row i and the upper part of row ii. The
white ones are less well developed than the
black one. Other hair black and white,
yellowish dorsally on joints 3 and 4.

Fourth stage. —(All 2 andsome @ larvae.)
Much as before; width of head1.8 mm. The
brush tufts are larger than before but not full
size and they are colored the same. The
warts of rows ii and iii are bright blood red,
row v brown. (Row iand iv are so small as
to be inconspicuous.) The body is colored
as before, but the yellow dorsal band is divided
by a black dorsal line and there is a broken
lateral and substigmatal line. Abdominal
feet reddish at tip.

(Most ¢ larvae.) Differ in the greater
length of the hair pencils while the four brush
tufts are large, nearly alike and all colored of
a silvery gray, in some specimens blackish
or even black on the crest, but white on the
sides, in others nearly all white. In one ex-
ample, the one on joint 5 was slightly darker
than the others. The yellow marks are more
reduced than in the @ larva, consisting of a
subdorsal, lateral and substigmatal row of
irregular subquadrate spots. On completion
of this stage the @ larvae spin their cocoons.

Fifth stage. — (All 9 and a few g.) Head
black, the labrum and bases of antennae pale
yellow; width 1.7-3.0 mm. _ Body black, with
the dorsum of joints 3 and 4 largely ochreous
yellow except a black dorsal line, continued
to joint 12 ina row of subdorsal yellow spots,
irregularly elongated transversely and con-
necting over the back posteriorly on the seg-
ments ; similar lateral and substigmatal rows
the latter most continuous. Hair pencils
from joints 2 and 12, 2.5-4 mm. long, the one
on joint 12 preceded by a tuft of shorter hairs.
Brush tufts large, all uniform gray, in some
darker on the crest, in others nearly white.
The lateral region is irregularly tinged with
ashy gray, largely so all over joint 13. Ab-
dominal feet crimson. The warts are ar-
ranged as follows. On joint 2, rows i and ii

ASP CHILE.

439

minute on cervical shield, iii large, bearing
the pencil, vi stigmatally; on joints 3 and 4
rows ii-vi, row iv being rudimentary, on
joints 5 and 6 rows i-viii, row iv is rudimen-
tary, behind the spiracles and rows vii and viii
larger, on the venter; on joints 7-10, rows i-vi,
row iv minute; on joint r1 like joint 5; on joint
12 rows i-v, vii and viii, row iv being minute
viiand viii. Warts i-iii are bright red, but
row i is so small as hardly to be seen; row
iv is reduced to whitish spots bearing a few
very inconspicuous hairs and row v is brown,
while row vi is whitish with minute black
tubercles, but is inconspicuous on account of
its subventral position, though the warts are
large. This is the last stage for @ larvae.

Cocoon. — Elliptical, thin but opaque, com-
posed of silk and the larval hairs, one end
being left partially open to facilitate the ejec-
tion of the cast skin.

& pupa.—Cylindrical, rounded and blunt
anteriorly ; abdomen tapering; cases promi-
nent; cremaster long, but thick, terminating
in hooks which adhere to the silk of the co-
coon. Length12 mm., width 4mm. Color
black, shiny, except the back which is brown-
ish and the abdominal incisures which are
nearly white. There are several rows of flat
granular areas which represent the larval
warts and bear a few hairs, and three dorsal
tufts of short dense white hairs* on the sec-
ond to fourth abdominal segments, repre-
senting the brush tufts. Duration of this
stage 18 days.

Q pupa.—Abdomen large, thorax small,
cases moderately large but slight. Color
dark brown, nearly black on the back, orna-
mented asthe @ pupa, but the dorsal struc-
tures representing the larval tufts are on

* Under the microscope these structures present a
curious appearance. They are not atuft of hairs, but
an irregular yellowish gelatinous mass, of a square
shape but irrégular surface above, divided to the body
on the dorsal line and seeming to contain a few hairs,
besides several long ones similar to those over the rest
of the surface.

440

abdominal joints 1-3, with slight ones on
joint 4. Length 17 mm.; greatest width 6.5
mm. Duration of this stage 9 days.

Food plant.—Live oak( Quercus agrtfolia) .

& moth.—Variable in markings. An aver-
age specimen was marked as follows. Prim-
aries brownish gray, whitish scales largely
predominating over a ground of black and
brown scales;a black basal line, not reach-
ing costa or internal margin and a brownish
patch outside this, covering the lower half of
the wing before the t. a. line and narrowly
separated from the t. a. line by pale gray.
Transverse anterior line broad, brown with
black scales, especially near the costa, nearly
straight, gently angulated at median vein; a
reniform discal spot, outlined in brown, filled
in with a white shade and narrowly bordered
with whitish. Median space pale gray, espe-
cially costally, darker outside the reniform
spot; veins slightly lined in black. Trans-
verse posterior line black, starting from costa
above reniform spot, passing outward and
around the spot, thence inwardly curved,
slightly dentate outwardly on all the veins
and reaching internal margin parallel to t. a.
line. On the costa beyond t. p. line, a black
patch, from which proceeds the rusty brown
subterminal line, following a course parallel
to the t. p. line and strongly marked below
vein 2 by a white cresentic mark, which is
produced toward the anal angle (on one
wing) giving it the shape ofa comma. A
brown terminal line, heavier and marked with
black opposite the crescent. Fringes blackish
interrupted with paler.

Secondaries chestnut brown, shaded with
black, quite heavily all around the outer mar-
gin and apex. Below, chestnut brown; the
costa of fore wings gray and an exterior
blackish brown line on the costal half of all
four wings. Expanse, 27 mm. (1.1 inch).

Q moth.—Head and thorax small, legs
slender, antennae srnall, shortly bipectinate;
wings fully 5 mm. long, narrow, bent, clothed
with sordid white hairs, mixed with a few
black scales. Abodmen very large, robust,

PS CEH Le:

[April 1893-

covered abundantly with pale cinereous down
beneath. Back thinly clothed with sordid
white down, the dorsum of the body showing
through in a broad dark cinereous band on
both thorax and abdomen. Width of thorax
3 mm.; length 2mm.; width of abdomen 9.5
mm.; length 15 mm.

Habitat.—Coast region of California. Re-
corded from Contra Costa Co., (Edwards),
Alameda Co. (Behr), San Mateo Co., Santa
Cruz Co., and Monterey Co., Cal.

The moths above described agree so well
with Mr. Edwards’ characterization of Orgyza
vetusta Bd. that, had it not been for the food
plant ofthe larva, I should have had no
hesitation in referring them to that species.
On the other hand, I have received from Mr.
L. E. Ricksecker, under the name of O.
vetusta, moths which exactly correspond
with Mr. Edwards’ description of O. gulosa.
It is evident, therefore, that Mr. Edwards has
confounded the two forms and placed the
larvae wrongly. His descriptions of the
mature forms of O. vetusta and O. gulosa in
Papilio (i, 60-62) should be transposed,
while the characterizations of the larvae
are correct. I have concluded to preserve
the determinations of the larvae as made by
Mr. Edwards rather than those of the moths
because, in the larval state, they are the
more easily separated, especially in relation
to their food plants, and because this
determination is the one generally accepted
by Californian collectors.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.—III.

BY SAMUEL HENSHAW.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. — Co-
LEOPTERA. Vel. Ill, Part:3. . By: Henny,
Stephen Gorham. : :

gen. sp.
Lycidae, 1880-81, pt. 8-9, p. 1-29;

1884, pt. 32-33, p- 225-249. 14 123
Lampyridae, 1881, pt. g-II, p. 29-
65; 1884-85, pt. 33, 36, p- 249-

277: 15 144

April 1893.]

Telephoridae, 1881, pt. 11-14, p. 65-

106; 1885, pt. 36-38, p. 277-

Zit. 16" 52
Lymexylonidae, 1881, pt. 14, p.

106-112; 1885-86, pt. 38, 46, p.

311-313. 4 8
Melyridae, 1881-82, pt. 14, 16, p.

112-128; 1886, pt. 46, p. 313-

332. 15 83
Cleridae, 1882, pt. 17-19, 21, 24, p.

129-193; 1886, pt. 46-47, p. 332-

346. 27 200
Ptinidae, 1883, pt. 24, p. 194-209;

1886, pt. 47 P- 347-352. 15 43
Bostrychidae, 1883, pt. 24, p. 210-

218; 1886, pt. 47, p. 352-354. 7 15
Cioidae, 1883, pt. 24, p. 218-224;
1886, pt. 47, p. 354-360. 6) 24
Species of the following genera are fig-
ured :—
Lycidae. — Caenia, 1. *Calleros, 4. *Calo-
cladon,2,4,11. *Calolycus, 4. Calopteron,

W244 tie *einoptes,; rr Iucaina, 12.
*Lycinella, 11. Lycostomus, 1, 2, 11. Ly-
cus, I. Lygistopterus,1, 2,11. Plateros, 1,
Qekte

Lampyridae.— Aethra, 3, 11. Aspido-
soma, 3, 4, 12. Cladodes, 3. Cratomorphus,
4, 11,12. *Drilolampadius, 3, 11. Hyas, 3.
Lamprocera, 3, 11. Lucidota, 3, 4, 11. Mega-
lophthalmus, 11. Phaenolis, 3. Phengodes,
3,5. Photinus, 3, 4,12. Photuris, 3, 4, 12.
Pyrectomena, 3, 4.

Telephoridae.—Belotus, 6. Chauliogna-
thus, 5,6, 12. *Daiphron,5. *Discodon, 5,
6. Lobetus, 6. Malthinus, 6. *Maronius,
6. 12. | Silis, 5, 6, 12. *Thinalmus,6. Try-
pherus, 6.

Lymexylonsdae. — Atractocerus, 7. *Eury-
opa,6. Melitomma, 7. *Ptorthodius, 6.

Melyridae.—Anthocomus, 6, 7. *Antixoon,
13. Astylus, 7, 12. Attalus, 13. Collops, 6,
13. *Cymbolus, 13. *Dromanthus, 7, 13.
Ebaeus, 7. Lemphus, 13. Listrus, 13.

Clertdae. — Aulicus, §. *Blaxima, 8.
Chariessa, 12. Clerus, 8, 12. Colyphus, 7,

IASI KOI GOP

441

8, 12, 13. Cymatodera, 7, 13.
8,12. Hydnocera, 9, 13.
Lebasiella, 9. Orthopleura, 9. Pelonium,
9,12. Phonius,7. Platynoptera,g. Poecil-
ochroa,- 13. Priocera, +7, 13. Pyticera, 9.
Sallaea, 8. Tillus, 9, 13.

Ptinidae. — Anobium, 13.
Dorcatoma, 10. *Lioolius, 10. *Micrano-
bium, 10. Mirosternus, 13 *Pitnus, I0.
*Priotoma, 10. Ptinus, 10. *Thaptor, to.
Trichodesma, 10. Trigonogenius, 10, 13.

Bostrychidae.— Bostrychus, 10. Dino-
derus, 13. Polycaon, 10. Tetrapriocera, 10
Xylopertha, ro.

Cioidae.— Ceracis, 10. Cis, 10, 13. Mac-
rocis,10. Xylographus, 13.

The figure following the name of the genus
denotes the number of the plate; new genera
are marked (*).

Epiphloeus,
Ichnea, 9, 10, 12.

Cathorama, 10:

VANESSA MILBERTI, A CORRECTION.— In
the current volume of Psyche, p. 10, I notice
reference to a specimen of this butterfly hav-
ing been caught at Polegate, Sussex, in
England. At the time I questioned the
authenticity of the specimen, and at the
meeting following that at which it was
exhibited, enough information had _ been
obtained to prove that it was not taken in
England and had been palmed off as a variety
of V. urticae on a gentleman who gave
rather high prices for varieties of British
Lepidoptera. FW. Lute.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs.—The twelfth part
of Kolbe’s Introduction deals with the diges-
tive tract and its appendages and the secre-
tory organs, apparently completing the study
of the internal structure of insects, though
the outline of the plan of the work announced
in the first part has not been strictly fol-
lowed. The special bibliographies to each
section are, as heretofore, important acces-
sories to the work, but do not appear always
to have been compiled with sufficient care,
many minor references being given which
hardly deserve mention in a selected series,

442 SOC:

while some of much greater significance are
omitted.

In an interesting paper on Acronycta,
which has been for some time running
through the pages of the Entomologists’
Record, Dr. T. A. Chapman states that in its
two last stages the larva of Cuspidia aint
Soa Mae
odor is suggestive of an escape of ordinary
illuminating coal gas. <A friend of chemical
and engineering experience to whom I sub-
mitted some examples says the odor is that of
carburetted hydrogen. The scent is emitted

most strongly when the larva is ready to

emits a strong odor when irritated.

search for a place to pupate in. It is so
strong that I have several times wondered
whether there was not an escape of gas in
the room in which the larvae were. It is
perhaps proper to suggest that this odor is
protective, and in this sense associated with
the brilliant ‘warning’ color and conspicuous
station (on the middle of the upper surface of
a leaf) of the larva.”

H. F. Wickham in a recent bulletin of the
University of Iowa gives a detailed account
of his search for Coleoptera in southern
Alaska.

A paper on the Gryllidae of Indiana just
published by W. S. Blatchley (Proc. Ind.
acad. sc., 1891), enumerates sixteen species,
belonging to the genera Tridactylus (1),
Gryllotalpa (2), Gryllus (3), Nemobius (3),
Anaxiphus (1), Phylloscirtus (1), Orocharis
(1), Apithes (1) and Oecanthus (3).

Bolivar has recently published in the
Annales of the French entomological society
a detailed account of a new genus of purblind

[April 1893.

cockroaches (Nocticola) from caverns in the
island of Luzon, one of the Philippines. Its
structure is so remarkable that he believes it
should forma tribe apart among cockroaches.
The eyes consist of a few clustered ocelli.
Two species were found.

In an abstract of a paper on the Descent of
the Lepidoptera, published in the Proceed-
ings of the American association for the
advancement of science, Prof. J. H. Com-
stock proposes their division into two great
groups, the Frenatae and Jugatae, according
as the line of development has been toward
the production of a frenulum connecting fore
and hind wings during flight to insure their
synchronous action, or of a so-called jugum,
a special lobe of the fore wings answering the
same purpose. Details are reserved for the
final paper.

Riihl has begun the publication of an
extended work entitled Die palaearktischen
grosschmetterlinge und ihr naturgeschichte,
to be completed in seventy-five parts. The
first (double) part has been issued.

A profusely illustrated work of unusual
extent on the genus Ornithoptera by R. H.
F. Rippon is publishing in England. Five
of the twenty parts are already issued.

The last number of Psyche (203) was issued
March 6th, delayed for the plate by a mistake
of the printer. All preceding numbers of the
current volume have been issued on the last
day of the month preceding that for which
they were issued; except that when that day
fell on Sunday, they were issued one day
earlier.

A. SMITH & SONS,

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Psyche, 1893, vol. 6. . Plate 16"

; AS x BE

pee
Ae ES

ES YY CieLR.

NOTES FROM THE CORNELL INSECTARY.

IiI.—SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON TWO SPECIES OF BRUCHUS.

BY M. V. SLINGERLAND, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

BRUCHUS OBTECTUS Say.

Although this cosmopolitan insect
has been known in this country for over
sixty years, and has been recognized as
a common and destructive pest for more
than a quarter of a century, still it is
only within the past year that several
interesting phases of its life history
have been discovered. During the past
two years not less than forty pages of
our entomological reports and maga-
zines have been devoted to discussing
this pest. And even now there is need
of a further study of the species. For
instance, we know but little of its habits
in the field and hence are not able to
suggest any treatment for preventing its
ravages until after the deadly work of
the larva has begun in the seed.

The name of this insect has been in
an unsettled condition for many years,
but odtectus Say apparently has priority
and is now generally adopted. In 1879
M. Maurice Girard (Jour. soc. centr.
hort. France, pp. 95-99) said that
“several entomologists belieye that it
has been described under different

names which come under the synonomy
of B. obtectus Say. Itis the B. zrre-
sectus Schonherr.” Dr. Riley has tried
for many years to establish his name
fabae, but has recently (Ins. life, v, 27,
1892) reached a similar conclusion as
M. Girard, placing zrresectus, fabae,
and other names under the synonomy of
obtectus Say. Dr. me
recently that Dr. Riley is probably cor-
rect in his change of the name odsoletus

Horn writes

to obtectus.

Previous to June, 1892, I had sup-
posed, and it had always been so
recorded, that the beetles laid their eggs
upon the outside of the bean-pod, the
young larva hatching therefrom boring
through the pod and entering the seed.
In May, 1892, I confined several beetles
in cages containing growing bean plants.
The beetles fed upon the surfaces of the
leaves until the pods were nearly full
grown but still green. I frequently saw
beetles at work gnawing a narrow slit in
the ventral suture of the pod, and trying
it from time to time with their oviposi-
tor; several beetles would work on the
same slit, one driving another away and

446

continuing the work itself. The slits
were about 1 mm. in length and were
always in the ventral suture, sometimes
almost at the point of attachment of the
seed. May 23, I found a cluster of eggs
in a cavity at one end of a pod, and later
two or three eggs were laid upon the
outside of the pod, but these were soon
knocked off by the beetles themselves in
running about. June 8 the eggs in the
cavity hatched. It was not until June
18, however, that I discovered the nor-
mal nidus of the eggs of odtectus.
Upon opening some of the pods I was
surprised to find clusters of eggs within
the pods attached to the ventral suture
at the point where I had seen the narrow
slit being made by the beetles. The
slits do not close up and disappear but
the tissues turn dark and the place is
thus readily seen in green and even in
riper pods.

On August 15 I presented these facts
before the Association of economic
entomologists at Rochester (Ins. life, v,
86). Two days later before the Ento-
mological club of the A. A. A. S. (Ins.
life, v, 31), Dr. Riley reported similar
observations upon the oviposition of the
bean weevil in his garden at Washing-
ton, thus confirming my laboratory ex-
periments. It seems probable, however,
that Dr. Riley’s observations were made
later than May or June, for in the
August number of the Canadian ento-
mologist, p. 186 he giys: ‘‘The eggs
are primarily laid upon the bean-pod in
the field, but chiefly, if not entirely, on
those which are already mature and
ripening, and the larvae enter the same
very much as does the pea weevil.”

PS NCL:

[May 1893.

The eggs (plate 16, fig. 1, 4) are about
-75 mm. in length and .3 mm. in diam-
eter at the widest part; the color is
white and the surface finely granulate.

In 1879, Dr. Riley discovered the
important fact that the insects continue
to breed for many generations in stored
beans. Although this very important
fact was published in a newspaper in
1882, it did not become known to most
entomologists until Dr. Lintner re-
corded similar observations in _ his
seventh report for 1890. During the
past year I have bred several genera-
tions of the beetles in the dry seeds. I
find that even in the slightly varying
temperature of an office, the season
notably affects their development.
When the eggs were laid in March
adults issued in about eighty days,
while in August beetles emerged from
beans upon which eggs had been laid
only thirty days before. The egg and
pupal stages are of about the same
length while the larval stage occupies
about twice as many days as either.

Among dry beans the eggs are laid
on the seeds but are so slightly attached
that they are easily dislodged if the
seeds are disturbed. The egg shell is,
however, very strong and _ seldom
broken by the movement of the beans.
As Dr. Riley has shown (Ins. life, iv,
301) the newly hatched larvae (fig. 1, c,
adapted from Riley’s figure) present
several interesting features not found in
its further stages. Its long slender legs
enable it to move quite readily over the
beans until it finds a suitable place,
when it bores a minute round hole
through the shell and enters the seed.

May 1893.]

Several larvae sometimes enter the seed
through the same hole. At the first
moult this post-embryonic larva loses its
legs, hairs, and thoracic shield, and takes
on the characters of the mature larva
shown at figure 1, d. . Figure 1, c,
shows the head of a nearly full grown
larva in front greatly enlarged ; only the
cephalic border of the front is brown,
thus giving us a character which will
enable us to readily separate the larva of
obtectus in any stage after the first
moult from those of guadrimaculatus
shown at fig. 2, e.

The pupa is represented much en-
larged at f (adapted from Marlatt). At
& is represented a bean natural size from
which beetles have escaped. Figure 1,
@ shows the adult; the much enlarged
antenna and hind leg bring out the char-
acteristics of these appendages. The
beetles vary as much in size as do those
of guadrimaculatus, but the markings
of odtectus are quite constant.

After breeding several generations of
obtectus among dry beans, I extended
my experiments to other seeds and
found that the beetles oviposited readily
upon the seeds of our common pea, on
corn, on buckwheat, on the large Euro-
pean bean, on lentils, on chick peas,
and on the seeds of Lathyrus sativus.
I have reared the beetles from all of the
above seeds except the corn and buck-
wheat. Larvae are at work in the buck-
wheat at the present time; and although
the larvae entered the corn kernels
readily, they seemed to be unable to
work well in the much harder interior
of the kernel and all died shortly after
the first moult.

PSVCHE.

447
BrRucHUS QUADRIMACULATUS Fabr.

ine insects lite,” «v,-32" and TOS.e Or.
Riley says that in January, 1885 the en-
tomological department at Washington
‘‘received BL. guadrimaculatus Fabr.
swarming in what are called ‘black-eyed
table-beans’ from Texas that were exhib-
ited at the Atlanta Cotton exposition.
In oviposition in the stored beans this
species differs from the common bean
weevil in that it deposits its eggs in the
beans. Also bred from cow peas(Doli-
chos sp.) from Texas,” This seems to
be the extent of our recorded knowledge
of the habits and life history of this
Bruchus.

Nov. 18, 1892, Crosman Bros., seeds-
men at Rochester, N. Y., sent me a
package of peas returned to them from
the south which was swarming with
weevils. Dr. Horn identified them as 2B.
guadrimaculatus Fabr. as recognized
by him in his paper of 1873 (Trans. Am.
ent. soc., iv, 218). JT notice that FE:
Baudi, (Dentseh= vent... 7eit.. sex. p,
36, 1887) considers guadrimaculatus a
variety of orzatus Bohm.

Dr. Horn records the species from
the West India islands and the southern
states. Nov. 28, I received two more
packages of infested peas from Crosman
Bros. These had been returned to them
from Texas. They have had beans
returned to them from the south infested
in the same manner.

The beetles were found to vary greatly
in size and markings. PI. 16, fig. 2, @
represents the beetle ; an antenna and a
hind leg have been much more enlarged
to bring out the characteristics of those

448

appendages. Fig. 2, f to # inclusive
represent the right wing cover, showing
the great variation in size ( f and g) and
in coloration(g to z inclusive). The
wing covers from which f and & were
drawn measure and 2 mm.
respectively, so that the smallest beetles
are scarcely more than one-half as large

I.2 mm.

as the largest. The wing covers were
all drawn with a camera lucida using
the same power of the microscope in
each case. No attempt was made to
represent the pubescence or striae. I
simply desired to bring out the gradual
change from a wing cover which is of
a plain rufous color as at gto one which
has the rufous color almost entirely re-
placed by black with small whitish
spots asat z. A longer series might
have been takenin which the encroach-
ment of the black upon the rufous would
have been more gradual, but the eight
forms shown will serve the purpose. In
fact, every gradation exists in nature
between g and z. Forms similar to @
and az are the most numerous.

Soon after receiving the beetles I be-
gan experiments to study their habits
and life history. Many beetles were con-
fined among dry peas, beans, and corn.
Egg laying soon began on all the seeds.
The egg

5D?
with flattened base, and is of a bright

it as <6
mm. in length, .¢ mm. wide, and .2
mm. thick. Each egg is firmly glued
to the outside of the seed (not deposited
in the seed as stated in ‘‘Insect life’’)
by a thin sheet of transparent substance
which extends beyond the egg as
shown in the figure. Sometimes fif-

figure 2, 6, is oval in shape

shining lemon yellow color.

PSYCHE,

[ May 1893.

teen or twenty eggs are laid on a single
seed, and I have seen a pea from which
as many beetles have emerged.

The eggs hatched at this season in
from thirteen to twenty days. Several
days before hatching the brown heads
of the larva can be distinctly seen through
the shell, and the whole egg assumes an
opaque creamish white color. In es-
caping from the egg, the larva invaria-
bly eats a round hole through one end
of the shell where it is in contact with
the seed, leaving the visible portion of
the shell intact. Figure 2, c represents
the basal aspect of an egg, showing the
manner of escape of the larva. The
larvae bore directly from the egg into
the seed.

The newly hatched larva resembles
somewhat that of odtectus shown in
fig. 1, c, but more closely that of pzs¢
figured in» ‘Insect “life. v,) 205-7 lit
differs in the form of its thoracic arma-
ture from either, and its legs (fig. 2, @)
are one-third shorter than those of odtec-
tus and resemble those of Azs¢ in form.
Soon after entering the seed the larvae
moult and lose their legs, hairs, and
thoracic shield. When mature the lar-
vae are very similar to those of odtectus
(fig. 1, @) in size, shape, and color.
Larvae in all stages after the first may
be easily separated from those of odtec-
tus, however, by a glance at the cepha-
lic margin of the front of the head.
The front is of a dark brown color for
a considerable distance caudad as shown
ate, fig. 2 (compare fig. 1, c of obtectus).
Larvae are at present feeding in the
seeds of peas, corn, and beans.

In December, 1892, I confined sev-

May 1893.]

eral beetles in a cage containing grow-
ing peas in which the seeds were about
one half grown. Dec. 10, several eggs
were laid on the outside of one pod in
the same manner as upon the dry seeds.
No eggs were laid upon any other pods
although there were several inthe cage ;
and as time passed and the eggs that
were laid did not hatch, I began to think
that they must have been unfertilized.
But as they held their shape and color I
left them, and how wonderful has been
the result! The pod ripened, turned
yellow, and the vine was nearly killed
by plant-lice and mealy-bugs. Finally,
in the latter part of January, 1893, I
picked the pod and placed it in a box
to wait events. After it had been in
the box for about a week, I examined
it and what was my surprise to find that
the brown heads of the larvae were
plainly visible through the shells of
several eggs. The eggs were hatching!
The pod and its seeds were quite hard
and nearly ripened. Fifty days had
elapsed since these eggs were laid; and
we have seen that ordinarily on dry
seeds the eggs hatch in less than twenty
days.

What unseen hand was it that held in
abeyance the development of the embryo
in the egg until the pea had reached
the ripening stage—the only stage

HYMENOPTERA OF MADAGASCAR.—A nota-
ble contribution to entomological literature
has just reached this country in the volume
treating of the Hymenoptera, forming a part
of Grandidier’s immense work on the physi-
cal and natural history of Madagascar, of

PSEC E,,

449

when it seems to be fit for the food of
the larva? How interesting and won-
derful are Nature’s ways as revealed in
the lives of some of the tiniest of her
creatures !

ExPLANATION OF PLATE 16.

Fig. 1.—Bruchus obtectus Say.
a, Beetle, enlarged; antenna and leg still
more enlarged. (Original.)
6, Egg, greatly enlarged. (Original.)

c, First larval stage, much enlarged;
with leg still more _ enlarged.
(Adapted from Riley.)

d, Mature larva, enlarged. (Adapted

from Marlatt.)

e, Front view of head of mature larva,
greatly enlarged. (Original.)

Jf, Pupa, enlarged. (Adapted from Mar-
latt.

g, Infested bean, natural size.(Original.)

Fig. 2.—Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr.

a, Beetle, enlarged; antenna and leg still
more enlarged. (Original.)

6, Egg, greatly enlarged. (Original.)

c, Basal aspect of egg, greatly enlarged.
(Original.)

d, Leg of post-embryonic larva, greatly
enlarged. (Original.)

e, Front view of head of mature larva,
greatly enlarged. (Original.)

fand g, Right wing covers of beetle,
showing the variation in size of
the adult. (Original.)

gto z inclusive, Right wing covers en-
larged, showing variation and
gradation in coloration. (Original.)

which it forms vol. xx. The first part is
contributed by Dr. H. de Saussure and
makes a quarto volume of more than 600 pp.
and 27 exquisitely finished plates; the second
by Dr. A. Forel on the ants alone, a volume
of about 250 pp. and 7 plates.

450

PST CHE.

[May 1893,

AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF VESPA.

BY Je W. SHIPP.

Assistant in the Entomological Department Oxford University Museum.

Having lately been occupied in ar-
ranging the wasps contained in the
Hope Saunders and Smith’s collection
I have come across a curious species
which has not been mentioned by either
Saussure or McFarland, so | venture to
describe it here as a new species in
honor of Professor Westwood through
whose kindness I am able to devote my
time to the study of entomology.

This is the only true Vespa which I
know whose colors are bright dark red
and black, and although it somewhat
resembles V. sy/vestrzsin general facies,
it differs essentially from it both in color
and the style of markings. It should be
placed in the second division of the
genus, viz., that in which the eyes ex-
tend to the base of the mandibles.

Vespa westwoodii Shipp. Black. Head;
mandibles with the exception of teeth, a trape-

BRIEF NOTES ON TWO JAMAICA
PAPILIONIDAE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

SYNCHLOE JOPPA.—July 14, 1892, I saw a
female ovipositing on a sweet scented sticky
Cleome, havinga hairy stem, the leaf with five
hairy or pubescent leaflets. The egg was laid
on the under side of the leaf near the tip. Egg
about 1 mm. high, long, cylindrical, shiny
pale yellow, truncate above, with twelve
strong vertical ribs and numerous small
weak transverse riblets. It was not attached
other than by the secretion of the hairs of
the plant; from the abundance of glutinous

zoidal spot above clypeus, clypeus with the
exception of a broad longitudinal mark»
widening at apex, the sinus of the eyes, a spot
close to mandibles on the cheeks, and another
longer one above, behind the eyes, red; an-
tennae dull black, a line on the margin of
the mesothorax at the sides of prothorax,
tegulae, two spots, one on each side of scu-
tellum, two on the post-scutellum and a spot
under the anterior wings, red. Abdomen
black, first segment with a broad, red apical
band, narrowing in centre; second with a
broadish red band irregular, widening greatly
at the sides, giving the idea of three spots
run together; apical segment red with a black-
ish reflection, bands continued underneath;
coxae and trochantersall black, femora black,
knees red, tibiae red with a black patch in the
centre of the inner margin; tarsi red witha
golden pubescence, wings with a slight yellow
tint, larger nervures with a decided reddish
tint. Eyes extending to base of mandible.

Hab. N. Amer. Bor.

Univ. Museum.

Type in Ox.

hairs on the leaf it would be hard to attach
it in any other way.

PAPILIO PELAUS.—Larvae about to pupate
found on Prickly Yellow, July 13, 1892.
About 4 cm. long, stout, cylindrical, but first
and last two body segments smaller. Head
shiny brown with a whitish spot on each side
of crown anteriorly. Body dark brown. A
pair of short subdorsal tubercles on each of
the four first body segments those on the
first ocherous; side of body with a broad
dash of creamy white marbled with gray on
5-7th body segments and some of the same
color on sides of roth and 11th segments.
Abdominal legs pale gray, blotched exter-
nally with darker. Thoracic legs brown.

PTI ve

May 1893.]

(Continued from page 434-)

laterally broad, subquadrate, densely clothed
with hair; the third joint minute and almost
lost in the hairy vestiture of the second joint.
Antennae moderately long, heavily pecti-
nated, with the setae appressed and almost
uniform in length from the base to just before
the tip, where they rapidly shorten. The
antennae are in all the dried specimens before
me curved downward at thetips. The pata-
gia are relatively long, covering the inser-
tions of both the primaries and secondaries.
The abdomen is produced one-fourth of its
length beyond the posterior margin of the
secondaries, and on the dorsal line back of
the thorax has a large and very prominent
cluster of upright scales, giving the appear-
ance of asmall hump. The legs are moder-
ately hairy; the third pair quite long with the
tibiae swollen at the end and armed at the ex-
tremity and beyond the middle with double
spurs. “The primaries are subtriangular with
the costa moderately convex, the outer mar-
gin rounded, the inner margin slightly con-
vex. The secondaries are subpyriform with
the costa convex, the outer margin evenly
rounded, and the inner margin nearly
straight.

Q. The female does not differ materially
from the male except that the antennae are
less heavily pectinated, the body stouter, and
the wings relatively broader.

The prevailing colors are brownish and
greenish-brown, and the moths are of mod-
erate size, averaging less than two inches in
expanse. The type of the genus is WV. zubz-
fuga, Holl.

99. WN. nubifuga, sp. nov. @. Palpi,
antennae, front, collar, and upper side of
thorax dark brown. The abdomen above
slightly paler, having the dorsal cluster of
scales very dark brown. The under side of
the thorax and abdomen is brown, paler than
the upper surface. Legs concolorous with
the tarsi ringed with dark brown. The

PS GOPHLE.

451

primaries are rich brown with obscure gray-
ish transverse lines along the costa; a
velvety brown spot near the base; a very
large velvety brown spot beyond this on the
inner margin, followed by a series of similar
velvety markings disposed as a submarginal
series, most prominent below the apex at
the end of the third median and near the
outerangle. The velvety spot near the outer
angle is sometimes accentuated by a small
silvery dot on its outer margin. Tfte pos-
terior wings above are uniformly wood-brown
with the fringes checkered with darker brown.
On the under side, the primaries and second-
aries are pale wood-brown, the primaries
clouded with fuliginous in the region of the
cell and traversed by an obscure double sub-
marginal band. The secondaries have a
large dark brown discal dot, a transverse
median and an angulated submarginal trans-
verse line. The fringes on the lower side are
conspicuously checkered with dark brown.
Q. The female does not greatly differ
from the male except in the size of the an-
tennae but invariably in all specimens before
me has the silvery spot near the outer angle
of the primaries upon the upper side.
Expanse, ¢, 35 to38mm.; 2,38 mm.

100. WV. .delicata, sp. nov. @. Upper
side of palpi and front pale brown. An-
tennae testaceous. Collar and upper side of
thorax pale brown. Upper side of abdomen
dark brown. Lower side of thorax and ab-
domen pale brown. Legs concolorous, the
tarsi and tibiae ringed with brown. The
primaries are warm brown marked by very
narrow transverse basal, median, and limbal
lines of dark brown, margined on both sides
by very fine grayish lines. On the inner
margin before the base there is a large dark
velvety, subquadrate patch of brown scales,
and there isa similar linear patch of like
scales below the apex on the outer margin,
followed by a very narrow irregular marginal
line of similar scales. The fringe is pale
brown, checkered with dark brown. The

452

secondaries are wood-brown with the fringes
as on the primaries. The under side of the
primaries is very pale wood-brown with the
median area fuliginous. The wings are
traversed by an obscure submarginal line, be-
yond which near the apex and the outer angle
are obscure brown dots. The secondaries
are very pale wood-brown profusely irrorated
with brownish scales and marked by a large
brown discal dot, subtriangular in form, a
brown Spot at the outer angle, and obscure
transverse limbal and submarginal lines,
which widen from near the outer angle
toward the anal angle. The fringes are
marked as on the primaries.

Q. Inthe female the dark brown spot
on the inner margin of the upper side of the
primaries is obsolete, as is also the case now

and then with male specimens. Expanse,
&,32mm.; 9,36 mm.

10m. iV. Strzata, sp» nov. 4. | Body
and appendages dark brown. The upper

side of the abdomen is somewhat blackish.
Legs ringed with whitish. The primaries
are rich ferruginous, darkest near the base,
marked by zigzag white and brown lines
traversing the wing. At the end of the cell
in the primaries there is an obscure annular
mark formed of raised dark brown scales,
beyond which is a well defined, transverse
limbal line, dark brown, margined on either
side by whitish. The margin is defined in-
wardly by a series of small oval white spots,
most distinct near the apex. The fringes are
pale brown, broadly checkered with dark
brown. The secondaries are uniformly pale
wood-brown with the fringes checkered as on
the primaries. The under side of the wings
is marked very much asin the preceding

species. Expanse, 38 mm.
[ ’

102. WV. obscura, sp. nov. §. Allied in
general appearance to the preceding species.
Body and legs on the upper side dark brown,

on the lower side pale brown inclining
to luteous. The legs annulated with dark

PST CHE.

[May 1893.

brown. The primaries on the upper side are
brown marked near the base and along the
inner margin by pale yellowish and whitish
spots, most conspicuous at the outer angle.
A similar series of spots is found near the
apex. The wings are traversed by an obscure
basal, transverse median, and transverse sub-
marginal line, defined partially by lighter ex-
ternal and internal shades. The secondaries
are brown with an obscure discal dot and
very obscure transverse median and submar-
ginal lines. The fringes of both wings are
pale brown, broadly checkered with dark
brown. On the under side both primaries
and secondaries are pale brown, inclining to
luteous. At the end of the cells of both
wings there is an obscure brown annular
mark, pupiled with light brown; beyond it a
transverse median band succeeded by a series
of prominent submarginal spots. The fringes
on the under side are conspicuously check-

ered with dark brown. Expanse, 38 mm.

103. WV. proletaria, sp. nov. &. Palpi
brown. Front, collar and anterior edge of
patagiae glaucous. The tips of the patagia
and the upper side of the abdomen ferrugin-
ous. The lower side of the thorax and abdo-
men obscure luteous. The legs concolorous
annulated with brown. ‘The primaries at the
base and along the inner margin and upon
the outer margin are rich ferruginous. The
median area is occupied by a broad patch of
lilacine gray, separated from the broad area
of the wing toward the base by an irregular
line running from before the base on the
costa obliquely toward the middle of the
inner margin, thence ascending by a very
irregular and somewhat broken line toward
the apex. In the middle of this lilacine gray
spot, at the end of the cell, there is an annu-
lar mark composed of raised brown scales.
The wings are crossed by a basal, transverse
median, and transverse limbal line. These
lines are very fine and crenulate. There is
also an obscure submarginal line. The
fringes are pale brown, checkered with dark

May 1893.]

brown. The secondaries are marked above
very much as in JW. delicata. On the under
side the markings are very much as in WV.

striata. Expanse, 36 mm.

104. WV. muscosa, sp.nov. @. Palpiand
front pale testaceous. Antennae testaceous.
Patagia and upper side of thorax greenish-
olivaceous. The upper side of the abdomen
fawn, dark on the dorsal line. The under
side of the thorax and abdomen very pale
fawn. Legs concolorous margined with
brown and with the tarsi annulated with
brown. The primaries are dark olive-green,
marked with brownish lines and pale green
spots. There is a dark brown basal spot
near the costa; beyond this a very irregular
double transverse brown line defined extern-
ally and internally by pea-green, and inter-
rupted below the cell by a blackish longi-
tudinal ray. At the end of the cell there is
an obscure annular mark composed of raised
brown scales pupilled with pea-green. Be-
yond is a geminate curved transverse limbal
line, defined externally and internally by pale
green shades. The outer member of this
geminate line near the inner margin expands
into a dark olive-brown spot, accentuated ex-
ternally by a silvery white mark and suc-
ceeded externally by some irregular olive-
brown marginal cloudings. There is a regu-
lar dark brown marginal line. The fringes
are pale fawn broadly checkered with dark
brown. The secondaries are uniformly pale
fawn. On the under side both the primaries
and the secondaries are pale fawn inclining
to luteous with the fringes checkered with
brown as on the upper side. Expanse, 34
mm.

105. WW. viridis,sp.nov. &. Palpi pale
brown on the lower side. Antennae with the
culmen testaceous, the setae dark brown.
There is a white spot at the base of each of
the antennae. The front, collar, and upper
side of the thorax are dark olive. The upper
side of the abdomen is grayish. The under
side of the thorax and abdomen is whitish.

PS UCHE.

453

Legs concolorous, margined externally with
dark brown. The primaries at the base near
the inner margin are whitish; beyond this
olive-green, shading gradually toward the
middle of the wing into glaucous. There is
a discal dot of raised scales at the end of the
cell; beyond a very fine transverse median
line composed of similar raised scales run-
ning at right angles to the inner margin,
succeeded by a curved transverse olive band,
which unites on the inner margin with the
transverse brown line. Beyond this isa very
irregular submarginal olive-brown line. The
apex is pale fawn and upon the margin there
is a series of olive spots, marking the inter-
spaces. The fringes are uniformly olive.
The secondaries on the upper side are whitish
with the fringes obscurely brown. On the
under side both wings are whitish, the costal
area of the primaries being clouded with
blackish, and the fringes being pale brown.
Expanse, 32 mm.

OrcuRA, Holl.

O. (?) crucifera, sp.nov. @. An-
Palpi, front, collar, and
Upper side of thorax
and abdomen likewise dark brown. Under
side of the thorax and abdomen paler. Legs
brown. Tarsi ringed with white. On dorsal
line of abdomen, three or four high tufts of
dark brown hair. Primaries dark brown
with purplish reflections in certain lights.
There is a dark brown subbasal fascia, fol-
lowed by some yellowish scales, succeeded
by a curved and angulated geminate subme-
dian transverse line, followed by a subquad-
rate dark brown patch, extending from the
costa across the end of the cell. Beyond this
there is a narrow transverse limbal line ac-
centuated on the submedian interspaces by
light dots, followed by an exceedingly irreg-
ular and heavy submarginal line of dark
brown. Near the outer angle there is a
series of dots on the interspaces. There isa
dark marginal line. The fringes are lilacine,
broadly checkered with dark brown. The

106.
tennae testaceous.
tegulae dark brown.

454

disposition of the light spaces just before the
apex between the spot at the end of the cell
and the submarginal line is such as to rudely
indicate the outline of a St. Andrew’s cross.
In some specimens this is more distinct than
in others. The secondaries are uniformly
testaceous, the fringes checkered as on the
primaries. The under side is obscure testa-
ceous with faint suggestions of discal dots
and submarginal lines on both wings. The
fringes are as on the upper side.

Q. The female is much larger than the

male, and on the under side with the discal

dots and transverse lines quite distinct. Ex-
panse, d, 4omm.; 2,55 mm.
107. O.(?) ocellifera, sp.nov. @. An-

tennae, palpi, front, collar, and upper side of
thorax rich brown. Under side of thorax
and abdomen lighter. Legs brown, mar-
gined internally with lighter. Tarsi black-
ish. On the dorsal line of the abdomen
there are four high tufts of dark brown hair.
The primaries are rich brown for one-third of
the distance from the base, then bluish gray;
this bluish-gray area is separated from the
outer half of the wings by a curved white
line, running from before the apex on the
costa with a semi-circular sweep to the outer
angle, defined externally by a narrow
brown line, succeeded by a narrow light
brown line, the space beyond these lines be-
ing of the same color as the base and inter-
rupted by a zigzag limbal and submarginal
line of dark brown. The apex is marked by
a zigzag white line, shaded internally with
darker brown. The fringes are brown,
broadly checkered with blackish. The sec-
ondaries are uniformly pale brown. The
fringes uniformly pale fawn. On the under
side, the wings are fawn with the primaries
clouded with fuliginous near the base and at
the apex, and the secondaries have obscure
transverse limbal and submarginal brown
lines.

@. The female is much as the male, but
larger. The antennae not quite so heavily
pectinated. Expanse, J, 30 mm.; 2, 40mm.

PSC LiT

[May 1893.

108. O. (?) thersites, sp. nov. 2. Body
uniformly blackish-brown. Primaries obscure
brown with blackish shades at the base and
beyond the end of the cell. At the end of the
cell there is a dark brown spot. There is an
irregular submarginal narrow line, and also
a dark marginal line. The fringes are pale
brown checkered with darker brown. The
secondaries are uniformly sooty. The fringes
are as on the primaries. The under side of
both wings is pale brown clouded with fuli-
ginous in the region of the cell on the prim-
aries. On the secondaries there is an obscure
discal dot. Expanse, 38 mm.

Norte. —I refer these three species to my
genus Oecura without any knowledge of their
larval habits. Structurally they agree thor-
oughly with O. goodzz, mihi, save that the
tufts of hairs upon the dorsal line of the abdo-
men are more conspicuous than in that
species.

THAMNOCERA,* gen. nov.

Allied to the foregoing genera, from which
it is not distinguishable so far as the neura-
tion is concerned, but from which it is dis-
tinguished by the structure of the antennae,
which in the male are relatively much longer
than in Oecura and Notohyba, and in the
female are not nearly so strongly pectinated,
as in those genera, the pectinations being
quite minute in the latter sex. Furthermore,
the tufts, which appear on the dorsal line of
the abdomen in Notohyba and Oecura, in
Thamnocera are lacking, or obsolescent.
The legs have the tibiae at their extremities
evenly enlarged, but not tumid as in Noto-
hyba. They are sparsely clothed with hair
and are armed as in Notohyba with two pairs
of spurs upon the hind legs. The primaries
are subtriangular, somewhat more elongate
than in Notohyba, but otherwise very much
the same. Type 7. albilinea, Holl.

* @dpvos = vepres ; Képas = cornu.

May 1893.]

PSTCHE.

455

BESCRIETION OF THE PUPA OF TOXOPHORA VIRGATA O. S.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND.

The description given below has been
drawn from a pupal skin of Zoxophora
virgata O. S., sent me with the fly for
determination by Professor C. P.
Gillette, who bred the species at Fort
Collins, Colo., from the nest of a wasp
belonging to the genus Odynerus. Dr.
Fr. Brauer, in his work on dipterous
larvae (Denkschr. math.-natur. kais.
akad. wissensch. 1883, bd. xlvii, pp.
27-28), mentions the characters of the
pupae of the European Azthrax flava
L. and Bombylius major L., and gives
a rather diagrammatic figure of a false
pupa of Argyramoeba tripunctata
Meig. Dr. T. Algernon Chapman
gave a detailed description of the pupa
of B. major five years before (Ent. mo.
mag. 1878, v. xiv, pp. 198-200) ; it has
been figured by Imhoff (Isis, 1834), and
later by Westwood (Intr. class. ins. v.
ip: 535). Dr. C. V. Riley has
described and figured the pupae of Sys-
toechus oreas O. S, and Triodites mus
OS: (Rep. U. S. ent. comm. ii, pp.
267-269). These, if I am not mis-
taken, are about the only genera the
pupae of which have been described.
The following description will there-
fore be of interest as furnishing the first
definition of the pupal characters in the
genus Toxophora, and also as showing
the very material differences in pupal
structure between this genus and those
that have been previously studied.

It will be noticed that the pupal seg-
ment which Dr. Brauer calls the first
abdominal, I have termed the scutellar.
I used the term merely as a matter of
convenience, and _ before referring to
Dr. Brauer’s work. It, however, seems
preferable to designate this segment by
some other name than that used by
Brauer, since it does not pertain to any
part of the abdomen of the perfect
insect, but, dorsally, encloses the scu-
tellum which belongs to the mesothorax.
I have therefore adhered to the term
scutellar segment, and designate the
segments which follow as the rst to the
8th abdominal, the 8th being also called
the anal.

Dr. Chapman must have been in
error when he stated (1. c. 200) that no
parts of the perfect fly were formed in
the cephalic horns. It is very apparent
that the first antennal joint of Toxo-
phora is encased in the upper pair of
horns described below, the second joint
being reflexed beneath it, and the pecu-
liar awl-shaped third joint being encased
in the spine-shaped posterior process of
the lower pair of horns. The upper
pair is hollow except the tips, and
divided longitudinally by a chitinous
septum.

Pupa of Toxophora virgata O. S.— Whit-
ish, with more or less of a flavous tinge,
especially the sternal portions and wing

and leg sheaths; cephalic horns rufous
brown, tips nearly black; proboscideal sheath

456

concolorous with sternum; anal hooks rufous
brown; long lateral filamentous hairs of
abdominal segments rufous, the scattered
hairs in the dorsal rows of spines and on
sides of venter pale rufous; dorsal rows of
appressed spines rufous, darker on tips of
spines; spiracles brownish. Four cephalic
horns; the upper pair (antennal cases)
soldered together on fully their basal two-
thirds, much longer and larger than the
lower pair, straight and not hooked, stout at
base, corrugated and roughened basally but
smooth and polished on terminal portion;
the lower pair is very short, widely separated,
and springs one on each side from the outer
base of the upper pair, being continued pos-
teriorly in a spine-shaped process (sheath of
third antennal joint) ; each horn of the upper
pair bears immediately outside its dorsal edge
at base a hair arising from an ocellus-like
impression, and a similar hair on the outer
side less than half way to tip arising froma
slight depression of the surface; each horn
of the lower pair has a hair arising from the
integument just below and inside its base.
Sheath of proboscis closely appressed to the
sternum, and extending back to a point
immediately below base of scutellar segment.
Cephalic segment moulded above to the
shape of the eyes of the imago, constricted
posteriorly at its junction with the thorax,
with a short hair on each side at the posterior
margin laterally and a little inferiorly.
Thorax (the soldered proscutum and meso-
scutum minus the scutellum) but little wider
than head, constricted anteriorly, bulging
laterally behind at wing bases; dorso-pleural
region with three weak hairs arranged in a
triangle and considerably removed from each
other, the upper and lower ones in a perpen-
dicular line and the third posterior to this
line and about equally distant from the other
two; leg and wing sheaths free, extending
under the abdomen, the two posterior leg
sheaths extending fully to base of fifth
abdominal segment (6th abdominal segment
of Brauer), the wing sheaths nearly to middle

PS HiGHE:

[May 1893.

of second abdominal segment; scutellar seg-
ment with six or seven lateral hairs ante-
riorly. Abdominal segments 1 to 4 of nearly
the same width (the 4th but slightly nar-
rower), and a little wider than scutellar seg-
ment; segments 5 to 7 successively narrower,
the 7th fully one third the width of
basal segments; segments 1 to 7 armed on
the dorsum with a median transverse row of
closely set perfectly appressed posteriorly
directed spines, those in the middle of the
rows being a little shorter than those on the
sides, each row (except the one on the 7th
segment) approximated at its ends to the
anterior margin and in its middle to the pos-
terior margin of the segment; these rows of
appressed spines are in addition sparsely
set with posteriorly directed appressed hairs
two or three times the length of the spines,
the hairs being longest on the sides; the lat-
eral hairs on scutellar segment and those
among the rows of spines on the abdominal
segments are microscopically pubescent.
Scutellar segment and abdominal segments 1
to 6 furnished on their inferior lateral edge
each with three (except 6th segment which
has only two) long inferiorly and a little out-
wardly directed filamentous or thread-like
hairs on each side, those on the scutellar seg-
ment usually directed straight outward
(instead of inferiorly) and curved suddenly
forward; these hairs are nearly all much
longer than the width of the segments from
which they depend, except those on the 6th
abdominal segment which are about as long
as the width of the segment; those on the
first two basal segments are considerably the
longest; a few shorter hairs spring from the
lateral ventral surfaces of segments 1 to 6;
the last are microscopically pubescent, but
the long filamentous hairs are only sparsely
so on their distal portions. Seventh segment
with posteriorly directed appressed hairs on
sides, but without hairs or only short weak
ones on ventral surface. Anal segment a
little more narrowed than 7th, directed some-
what downward as is also the 7th, less dis-

May 1893. ]

tinctly separated from the seventh than are
the other segments from each other, without
hairs, but armed with two pairs of terminal
hooks; the upper or anterior pair blunt
spine-like, approximated and stout at base,
somewhat appressed but not terminally
recurvate or hooked; the lower or inferior
pair more removed, terminally recurved
below, sharp claw-shaped, slightly divergent,
directed inferiorly; anterior to the latter on
ventral surface there is a pair of small tuber-
cles. Ten pairs of stigmata or spiracles, as
follows: Prothoracic spiracle on side at
anterior margin of prothorax; mesothoracic
spiracle on anterior border of wing bases;
metathoracic spiracle in the anterior lateral
angle of dorsum of scutellar segment; and

THE PRIMITIVE

PSYCHE.

NUMBER OF

457

an abdominal spiracle in the anterior lateral
corner of dorsum of each of the abdominal
segments I to 6, the 7th segment having a
small median lateral one higher up on side of
dorsum; the spiracles (except the mesotho-
racic) appear as a corneous circle marked by
radiating lines within, those on the 7th
segment showing this structure less dis-
tinctly, while the mesothoracic spiracle is
indistinct and does not usually reveal this
structure at all.

Length, 8.5 mm. (including cephalic
horns); width of basal abdominal segments,
2.25 mm.; length of long filament-like hairs
of 3d to 5th segments about 3 mm., those of
Ist and 2d segments over 4 mm.

MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN

INSECTS.—I.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER,

Since the days of Schwammerdam
anatomists have most naturally evinced
far greater interest in the physiology
than in the morphology of the Malpig-
hian vessels. Hence we are in posses-
sion of a much larger body of facts bear-
ing on the function than on the
phylogenetic history of these interesting
organs. Their possible relations on
the one hand to the trachez, which
have a somewhat similar orgin, and on
the other to vermian nephridia, which

have a similar function, are still
shrouded in the deepest obscurity.
Before these fundamental questions

can be answered satisfactorily, it will be
necessary, I believe, to come to some
definite conclusion in regard to several

minor questions. Foremost among

PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

these is the question as to the primitive
number and arrangement of the organs
under consideration.

No fact in insect development is
better authenicated than the derivation
of the Malpighian vessels. It was
Btitschli* who in 1870 first showed that
in the bee the paired excretory organs
arise as hollow diverticula of the hind-
gut which itself arises as a more exten-
sive invagination of the ectoderm at
the caudal end of the embryo. All
succeeding writers have confirmed this
observation.

It is worthy of note that there is ex-
tensive variation in the time at which
the vessels make their appearance in

* Zur entwicklungsgeschichte der biene. Zeitschr. f.
wiss. zool. 20. bd. 1870, p. 541.

458

different insects. In some cases, as in
the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera
(Doryphora, Chalicodoma), they are
budded off from the hind-gut when the
latter is still very shallow and the
embryo comparatively young. In other
cases they arise late in development
after the hind-gut has reached a con-
siderable length (Orthoptera: Blatta,
Xiphidium, etc). Notwithstanding
these variations, the derivation of the
hind-gut and its appendages from the
ectoderm is so easily ascertained that
it cannot escape even a very careless
observer.*

The few accounts concerning the
origin of the Malpighian vessels in
Myriopoda are quite definite. Accord-
ing to Heathcotet in Fulus terrestris
a single pair of vessels is formed as
outgrowths from the hind-gut, and
Metschnikoftt long ago made a similar
observation on Strongylosoma gueri-
nit. Zogratts’§ figures show conclu-
sively that the Malpighian vessels of
Geophilus form no exception to the
general rule. It is, therefore, quite
certain that the Myriopoda and Hexa-
poda, which I propose to unite under

* According to Graber (Vergleichende studien, etc.
Denkschr, d. k. akad. d. wiss. bd. 56, 1889, p. 25 et
seq.), the hind-gut probably arises from the mesentoderm
in Musca. This if true would inake the Malpighian ves-
sels mesentodermic. I have elsewhere pointed out
(Psyche, June 1891, p. 98) what appears to me to be the
true explanation of the phenomena observed by Graber.

+ The early development of Fulus terrestris. Quart.
journ. micr. sci., vol. 26, 1886, p. 461.

tEmbryologie der doppelttiissigen Myriapoden.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. zool. bd. 24, 1874, p. 262.

§ Material k moznania embrionalnavo razvetia Geo-
philus ferrugineus Lk. e G. proxmius L. K, Trudi
zool. mus. Moscow, 1882.

PST Ci.

[May 1893.

the term EUTRACHEATA, agree in the
mode of origin of the excretory organs.
These may therefore be regarded as
strictly homologous in the two groups.

Far less satisfactory are the accounts
concerning the so-called Malpighian ves-
sels of other Arthropods. Among the
Crustacea (Amphipoda) two, (or in
Melita only one) tubular diverticula of
the mid-gut have been called Malpigh-
ian vessels, on account of their resem-
blance in form and function to the
excretory organs of the Eutracheata.
But there is this great difference: the
Crustacean vessels are not derived from
the ectoderm but according to Spencer*
and Mme. Pereyaslawzewa,t from the
entoderm.

Peripatus, [ need hardly state, has
no Malpighian vessels, the numerous
pairs of nephridia subserving the excre-
tory function.

In the Arachnida a pair of branching
tubules opening into the mid-gut near
its junction with the hind-gut have been
called Malpighian vessels. There are,
however, reasons for doubting their
homology with the urinary organs of
insects. |Lomant believes that they
correspond to the mid-gut diverticula of
the Arthrostraca and maintains that they
do not contain urates. The accounts
of their origin in the embryo are con-

* The urinary organs of Amphipoda. Q, journ. micr.
Sc. (2) v. 25, 1885, p. 183-190.

+ Etudes sur le développement des Amphipodes. 1.
Le développement de Gammarus poecilurus, Rhk. Bull.
soc. imp. nat. d. Moscou, no. 2 année 1888.

t Ueber die morphologische bedeutung der sogenann-
ten Malpighischen gefasse der echtenspinnen. Tij-
dschr. nederl. dierk. 5 deel. 1, 1887.

May 1803.|

flicting and somewhat unsatisfactory.
In the scorpion according to Laurie*
the vessels arise as tubular outgrowths
of the mid-gut. Derivation from the
ectoderm is in this instance precluded,
since the hind-gut, or proctodaeum,
does not make its appearance till after
the Malpighian vessels have arisen.
On the other hand Morin,+ Schimke-
witcht and Locy§ are of the opinion
that the vessels in the Araneina are
budded off from the distal end of the
hind-gut in much the same manner as
in insects. The only remaining possi-
bility ; viz., the derivation of the Mal-
pighian vessels from the mesoderm is
advocated by Kishinouye. |

These wide differences in
regarding the origin of the Malpighian
vessels in all Arthropods, excepting the
Eutracheata, commend us in doubt-
ing the homology of the various or-
gans hitherto comprised under the
same name. In default of definite
proof of entodermic origin in the ves-
sels of Crustacea and Arachnida, the
suggestion of a new terminology would,
of course, be premature. But even if
the organs in question should be ulti-
mately shown to be ectodermal in the
lower Arthropods, as well as in Eutra-
cheata, the few conclusions advanced

opinion

*The embryology ofa scorpion (Euscorpius italicus).
Q. journ. micr. sc. vol. 31, 1890, p. 128.

+ Zur entwicklungsgeschichte der spinnen.
centralbl. bd. 6, 1887.

{ Etude sur le développment des araignées. Arch.
biol. tome 6, 1887.

§ Observations on the development of Agelena nevia.
Bull. mus. comp. zool. vol. 12, no. 3, 1886.

|| On the development of Araneina. Journ. coll, sci.
im. univ. Japan, v. 4, pt. i, 1890.

Biol-

dito Oya Te

459

in the present paper will be in no wise
affected thereby, since I do not under-
take to establish the ancestral number
of Malpighian vessels for the Arthropoda
as a class but only for the subordinate
group Hexapoda.
Both the peculiar
stancy of the Malpighian vessels within

numerical con-
limited groups of Insecta, and the great
numerical disparity between different
groups, could not fail to attract the at-
tention of the entomotomist. Brauer,*
especially, has made use of these con-
ditions in his classification of insects as
Polynephria and Oligonephria. It was
also readily seen that the Malpighian
vessels when limited in number are,
with very rare exceptions, arranged in
pairs. Hence Gegenbaury and others
have drawn the correct inference that
the paired arrangement represents a
primitive feature. It was furthermore
observed that embryos and larvae of
polynephric forms have a much smaller
number of vessels than the correspond-
ing imagines; the converse being very
rarely, if ever the case. When, within
more recent years, the great phylogen-
etic value of the embryonic stages was
established, it was readily surmised that
the condition of the excretory organs in
the embryo might furnish some clue to
their ancestral number and arrangement.
The interesting facts brought to light by
the study of the embryonic excretory
system of vertebrates certainly justify

*Systematisch zoologische studien. Sitz.-ber. math.
naturwiss. klasse. k. akad. wiss. 91, bd. 1. abth. Wien.
1885.

+ Grundriss der vergeescheinden anatomie. 2. auflage.
Leipzig, 1878, p. 292.

460

us in looking for important revelations
descendants of annelid-like
forms. Taking the embryo as our main
guide in determining questions of
primitive number and arrangement, we
find the possible hypotheses on the
Malpighian vessels to be quite limited ;

in other

since zz xo tnsect embryo have more
than three pairs of these vessels been
found.

Gegenbaur* the frequent
recurrence of the number two (some

observed

times expressed only in the common
openings of numerous vessels) through-
out all the divisions of the Arthropoda.
Hence this number, he concludes, may
be regarded as primitive. It is obvious
that this statement may be correct for
the Arthropoda in general and still in
no wise conflict with the view that the
ancestor of a particular subgroup may
have had more than two Malpighian ves-
Thus Protentomon may have had
several pairs and these, if ascertainable,
might be regarded as constituting the
typical number for the Hexapoda. The
remote ancestor of Protentomon may
have had but a single pair.

Two views have been advanced as to
the number of Malpighian vessels in

sels.

*1.c. p. 292.

BrieF Notes.— Thorell has just published
a second octavo volume of about 500 pp. on
the spiders of Indo-Malesia. It is devoted
to the lower groups, and closes with a
table of the geographical distribution of the
462 spiders so far known from that region.

Our students of Neuroptera will be grate-
ful to Nathan Banks for his Synopsis, cata-
logue and bibliography of the neuropteroid
insects of temperate North America just

PS VCHE,

[May 1893.
primitive insects. Paul Mayer,* in his
well known treatise, expressed himselt
very clearly on this subject. After
doing full justice to all the facts at his
disposal he concludes: ‘‘Dass_ die
anzahl der paare bei Protentomon 2
betrug, ist so gut wie sicher.” The
embryological evidence accumulated in
1876 was perhaps too meagre to lead to
any other conclusion.

In two recent papers Cholodkowskyt
advances the opinion that the primitive
number of Malpighian vessels in insects
is two. He bases his conclusions on
some very interesting observations, to
which I shall have occasion to revert,
when I come to consider the Lepidop-
tera.

My own observations on the embryos
and larve of several insects, together
with the facts recorded by other ob-
servers, lead me to the conclusion that

the ancestral number of Malpighian
vessels in insects was six. In other
words, Protentomon was not only

hexapodous but also hexanephric.

* Ueber ontogenie und phylogenie der insekten. Jen.
zeitschr. natarwiss. 10 bd. 1876, p. 142.

+ Sur les vaisseaux de Malpighi chez les lepidopteres.
Compt. rendus. tome 98, p. 631-633, 1884. Sur la mor
phologie de l’appareil urinaire des lepidoptéres. Arch.
biol. tome 6, fasc, iii, 1887.

issued in the transactions of the American
entomological society. The tables are very
simple and brief, perhaps erring in this
latter feature.

Interesting recent papers on relationships
among butterflies will be found in Spuler’s
Zur stammgeschichte der Papilioniden (Zool.
jahrb., vi, 34 pp., 2 pl.), and Haase’s -Ent-
wurf eines natiirlichen systems der Papilioni-
den (Bibl. zool., heft. viii, 120 pp., 8 pl.).

May 1893. ]

NOTE ON ATROPHARISTA JURIN-
OIDES TOWNS.

The following notes refer to an article by
Dr. Williston in Psyche, Vol. 6, p. 409,
March, 1893.

In the first place Dr. Williston has not ex-
amined the types of this species. The types
are in my own collection, with the exception
of one @ which was sent to the American
Entomological Society. I have never identi-
fied or seen the specimens in Mr. Aldrich’s
collection,*though I doubt not they are the
same.

Upon examining?the, g, I find that the
hairs on the eyes are extremely faint, but can
be seen on close scrutiny. Upon examining
the eyesof the 2, I also find that, though still
more faint, some microscopic hairs can be
distinguished on inferior portions. There-
fore hairiness of the eyes is not a sexual
character here, but only the degree of hairi-
ness is. This is a very frequent sexual char-
acter in the Tachinidae, and the ¢ usually, if
not always, possesses it in the greater degree.

The eyes, however, of neither sex of this
species are hairy enough to be called so, and
therefore in my generic description I stated
the eyes to be bare (Trans. Am. ent. soc. xix,
92-3). Before describing the new genus
Atropharista, I read in Dr. Williston’s de-
scription of Melanophrys that his genus had
the eyes thinly pilose (at least in the @), and
the third antennal joint 4 or 5 times as long
as the second; moreover, the fourth vein was
said to have a stump of a vein at bend. Azro-
pharista jurinotdes has the eyes unnoticeably
hairy, the third antennal joint in both # and
G hardly longer than the second, while the
fourth vein has either no stump whatever at
bend, or an extremely short one. I therefore
think that I was warranted in not referring
the present species to Melanophrys.

I should state that I have recently received
two 2 specimens of this species from Mrs.
A. T. Slosson, collected at Franconia, New
Hampshire. These show, in addition to the
silvery stripe from eye to antennae, a detached

PSYCHE.

461

silvery marking at lower front corner of eye.
Upon examining the South Dakota 9, I find
this silvery marking more faintly represented
in it. This is the lowermost portion of the
broad silvery marking to be seen in the & of
this species. Probably the 2 of Melanophrys
Jlavipennis does not possess this, since its g
does not possess the broad silvery marking
of the of the present species.

C. H. Tyler Townsend.

Moutp IN CABINETS.

Get some small, cheap Turkey sponges, as
free from large holes as possible, and cut
them into cubes of from one half to one inch
each. Take some long stout pins, and putting
two through one of the cubes of sponge, sus-
pend thus the latter in the drawer so that it
touches nothing but the pins. Then get
some of Calvert’s No. 5 carbolicacid...
and a glass pipette; lift the carbolic by the
pipette, and put as much on the sponge as
this will hold without dripping. This will
completely prevent the increase of the fungus;
and if the carbolic be renewed in two or three
months, and if the drawers are pretty tightly
closed, will kill what may be therein. The
carbolic should not be allowed to get on the
insects, but the vapor will be found to help
to keep them clean and bright by preventing
all forms of decomposition. . . . The tissues
of the insects in the drawers become after a
time, I believe, slightly carbolized, and then
mites and mould will not attack them. I use
it in all my boxes and drawers, and consider
it essential to the preservation of collections
containing very large insects by keeping the
atmosphere inside the drawers quite disin-
fected. (Ent. Mo. Mag. April, 1893, p. 93-
94.) D. Sharp.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
10 February, 1893.— The 176th meeting

was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. Henshaw
was chosen chairman.

462

Voted: That Article V of the By-Laws be
amended by striking out the words ‘‘the
members of this committee chosen at large
shall audit the accounts of the treasurer,”’ and
substituting therefor ‘‘the accounts of the
treasurer shall be audited by a committee of
two appointed at the annual meeting by the
chair.”

Dr. H. S. Pratt of Cambridge was elected
to active membership.

Mr. S. H. Scudder exhibited a male of Med-
anoplus atlanis taken by Mrs. A. T. Slosson
on the summit of Mt. Lafayette, N. H., in
October, in which the terminal segment of
the abdomen was entire and not notched.
The nearest approach to this condition which
he had been able-to find after examining
many individuals of this species was in some
taken in the Moosehead Lake district of
Maine. Like these also it differs from more
southern specimens of the same species in
that the marginal apophyses of the last dorsal
segmentare relatively shorter and are gibbous
at the base. He also showed specimens of a
species of Metrypa taken at Capron, Fla., by

7 SVG EES.

[May 1893.

Mr. E. A. Schwarz and at Punta Gorda,
Charlotte Harbor, in the same state, by Mrs.
Slosson. This is the first record of the genus
in the United States.

Mr. Scudder further stated that recently, in
the course of compiling certain statistics for
the U. S. Geological Survey, he had occasion
to count the number of drawings of fossil in-
sects which had been made under his direction
and found that they exceeded 3500—a larger
number, he believed, than had fallen under
the study of any one else; of these 1949 (in-
cluding a number now printing) had already
been published on 97 plates, all but 18 of
quarto size.

Mr. H. G. Dyar read a paper on the species
of Arctia occurring at Pougkeepsie, N. Y.,
and exhibited specimens and drawings.

Mr. A. P. Morse read a description of a
new species of Stenobothrus and made
remarks on the New England species of the
genusawhich were exhibited.

The club then proceeded to examine por-
tions of Mr. Scudder’s collection of Orthop-
tera.

A. SMITH & SONS, 14 FULTON STREET, New York.

A rosie NET

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A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY.
[Established in 1874.]

Vol. 6. No. 206.

JUNE, 1893.

CONTENTS:

AN UNUSUAL APPEARANCE OF SCHISTOCERCA AMERICANA.— W. S. Blatchley.

Hosts oF NorTH AMERICAN TACHINIDAE, ETC., 1.—C. H. Tyler Townsend.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—
VI.—W. F. Holland.

A NEW SPECIES OF STENOBOTHRUS FROM CONNECTICUT, WITH REMARKS ON OTHER
NEW ENGLAND SPECIES (Illustrated).—A. P. Morse.

ADDITIONS TO THE List OF BOMBYCES AT POUGHKEEPSIE (Illustrated).—Harrison
G. Dyar.

EARLY STAGES OF TWO JAMAICA NYMPHALIDAE.—7. D. A. Cockerell.

PUBLISHED BY THE
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.

465
466

469
477

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481

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464

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[June 1893.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

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ly Coleoptera.
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TACHINIDAE WANTED.

C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
Las Cruces, New Mexico.

pan stat a

PSY CHE.

AN UNUSUAL APPEARANCE OF SCHISTOCERCA AMERICANA.

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, TERRE HAUTE, IND.

About three o’clock in the morning
GeeAprol with, 1693, the city.of Terre
Haute, Indiana, was visited with a
severe storm of rain and wind from the
southwest.

A number of buildings were unroofed
and many shade and forest trees twisted
and broken off.

While on
School building several
formed me that they had that morning
seen specimens of ‘‘gigantic grass-
hoppers” on the streets but were unable
to capture them. About ten o’clock
one of my former pupils brought me
two living, mature specimens of that
large and handsome locust, Schzsto-
cerca americana Drury, which she had
picked up from the sidewalk near her
home. I was much surprised to see
them as the earliest date at which I
had before noted the species in this
vicinity was June 27, 1891, when I
found them common and _ freshly
moulted in a small prairie east of Terre
Haute. I have never seen the young or
imagos in winter but have taken the
latter in numbers as late as November
22nd.

my way to the High
persons in-

On looking up all references as to
their time of appearance in other locali-
ties I find nothing definite as to whether
the species hibernates as
young and but little about its appear-
ance in spring. Dr. Riley gives June
14th as the date of its appearance at St.
Louis,* and statesf that the average
period between hatching and maturity
is 70 days. He also states{ that ‘*Cer-
tain large locusts, belonging to the
genera Acridium and Oedipoda, hiber-
nate in the full grown, winged state.. -
and that two _ species which are
most often found with the young (of

imago or

Melanoplus spretus Uhler) are the
American <Acridium, (Acridiune

americanum Drury) and the Coral-
winged Locust( Oedzpoda phoentcop-
tera Germ).” He does not say in so
many words that americana hiber-
nates in the mature state, though from
the context one would infer that he so
meant. In this locality the Coral-
winged Locust, now known as Hzpfes-

* First Report U. S. entomological commission, 221-

+ Loc. cit. 237.

t Loc. cit. 236.

466

cus tuberculatus Beauv., hibernates as
a larva and reaches maturity about May
Ist.

Dr. Cyrus H. Thomas in 1871 de-
scribed* a form of S. americana under
the name of Acridium ambiguum and
stated that in southern Illinois it always
appears in small numbers in April or
May while amerécana never appears
earlier than the middle of July. In
another placet he says of ambiguum:
‘Tt is this variety which appears occa-
sionally to pass the winter in the perfect
state.” The specimens in my possession
may be his var. ambiguum but as far
as I can see they do not differ either in
structure or color from specimens of
the typical americana taken in this
vicinity in October.

McNeill says of S. americana, that
its earliest recorded appearance at Rock
Island, Illinois,‘ is Sept. 20th }; while
Scudder records its capture at Fort
Reed and Jacksonville, Florida, on April
roth.§ This *comprises all the infor-

PSYCHE.

[June 1893.

mation at hand as to dates of appear-
ance at other places.

That the species is, toa certain ex-
tent, migratory is well known, numer-
ous instances of this habit having been
recorded by Riley,* Thomas, and other
writers; but these migrations all oc-
curred in late summer or in autumn.

Its unexpected appearance here so
early in the season gives rise in my
mind to the following questions : Where,
if at any place, inthe United States does
it hibernate as imago? Is it double or
treble brooded in such a locality? At
what point southwest of Terre Haute,
Indiana, does it occur mature as early as
April 12th in sufficient abundance that
it could be blown in numbers and scat-
tered over the streets of this city? In
this locality it is evidently double
brooded, the first brood maturing in

June or July from eggs hatched in

spring, the other maturing in Septem-
ber or October.

HOSTS OF NORTH AMERICAN TACHINIDAE, ETC., I.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

The following twenty-seven species
of tachinids, sarcophagids, etc., were
all bred by Prof. S. A. Forbes, in Ith-
nois. They were included in a large
collection of Muscidae sent to me for
determination from the Illinois State

* U.S. geol. surv. of Montana, 1871, 447.
{ Psyche, VI, 73.

}{ Ninth Rep. st. ent II1., 1880, 133.

§ Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., XIX, 86.

Laboratory of Natural
Champaign.

1. Céstogaster tmmaculata Mcq.—
One bred from Leucanda unipuncta.

2. Ocyptera euchenor W\ik.— One
bred from ‘‘Acrididae.” Also one
(smaller specimen) from Leucanza
unipuncta. .

History at

* First Rep. U.S. ent. comm., 449.

June 1893. ]

3. Exortsta phycitae Le Baron.—
Two specimens bred from <Acrodasis
endiginella.

4. Exortsta hirsuta O. S.—One
from Botzs penttalis.

5. Exorista ciliata
from Hemarés déiffinis.
specimens have the red on sides of ab-
domen much like &. scudderz, but are
apparently greased specimens of &.

winss—— Six
Two of the

ctliata.

6. Exorista trivittata v. d. W.?—
One specimen, which may belong to this
species, but is too broad-headed to be a
typical Hxor¢sta, was bred from Afa-
tela oblinita.

7. Mastcera archippivora Riley.—
Eleven specimens bred from Danazs
archtppus ; and one from Cl¢stocampa
sp.

8. Masicera schtizurae Twns.—One
bred ‘‘from pupae of Luchaetes egle.
Breeding cage, May 4, 1880”; and one
*‘from larva.”

9g. Mastcera nigrita Twns. ?—Three
specimens, which I doubtfully identify as
this species, were bred from Gortyna
nitela. Another specimen was bred
from Gortyna sp. They all differ
from the type in being less narrowed in
form.

10. Masicera eufitchiae Twns.—
Two specimens, a ¢ anda Q, which I
can hardly separate from the type of
this species from Colorado, were bred
from Hyphantria textor. The @ is-
sued July 30, and the 9 July31. They
seem to be hardly as robust as the type
and not quite so bristly, but otherwise
I cannot separate them. The ¢ has
the sides of abdomen a little reddish,

PS) CITE.

467

but the @ shows none of this color.
The type specimen from Colo. is a @,
and shows some reddish on sides of
Another difference to be
noted is that the present bred pair shows

the segments of the abdomen quite uni-

abdomen.

formly pollinose posteriorly as well as
anteriorly, while the type shows the
segments pollinose mainly at base, the
rest being quite shining.

11. Nemoraea hyphantriae Twns.

mMss.—Two bred from Ayphantria
textor.
12. emoraea nigricornis ‘Twns.

Mss.—Three bred from Ayphantria
fextor.

13. Jhiltogramma argentifrons
Twns.—One bred from Leucania uni-
puncta.

14. Micropalpus fulgens Meig.—

Two specimens bred from ‘*cutworm.”

15. Phorocera edwardstz Will.—
One bred from ‘‘cutworms.”
16. Phorocera comstockti Will.—

One from Sots penztalis; and one
from Lophyrus sp.

17. Prospherysa promtscua Twns.
—One bred ‘‘from pupae of Hachaetes
egle. Breeding cage, May 4, 1880.”

18. Phasioclista metallica Twns.—
One specimen (apical cell closed) bred
from Sphenophorus parvulus. Another
specimen, which does not differ except
that it has the apical cell open, was
bred from Leucanta unipuncta.

19. Macquartia sp?—One bred from
‘¢coleopterous larvae.”

20. Phrissopoda lamanensis R. D.
Myod. 335. (Peckéa) ? — Desvoidy’s
description agrees quite well, both in
size and color, with three ¢ specimens

468

bred from Wephelodes minians. Two
specimens show the whole face and
front, even the frontal stripe in some
lights, brassy golden; while the other
one shows the facial depression and
frontal stripe blackish. They might be
identified with Sarc. sarracenzae Riley,
but for the fact that the description and
figure of the latter show no bushy hairs
on posterior tibiae. This latter charac-
ter indicates the species as belonging to
the genus Phrissopoda. It is doubtful

whether this is Desvoidy’s species,
however.
21. Sarcophaga helicts Twns.—

Nine specimens bred from ‘*Zachnos-
ferna’; nine from Perts rapae; and
two from Leucania unipuncta.

22. Sarcophaga oedipodinis Twns.
mMss.—Thirteen specimens, bred from
Lfleliophila untpuncta (?), I cannot
actually separate from two specimens of
above species sent me by Mr. Scudder,
and bred from D¢éssostetra carolina
captured at Niagara Falls.

23. Sarcophaga acrididarumTwns.
mMss.—One bred from ‘‘Acrididae.”

24. Sarcophaga sp. g¢.—Two from
Leucania untpuncta. The species
may be recognized by the following
brief description :

Length, 9-10 mm. Face, sides of face,
cheeks, and sides of front silvery whitish or
cinereous; frontal stripe, antennae, palpi,
and legs black; third antennal joint about
twice as long as second. Thorax cinereous,
with three black vittae, and a shorter one on
each side; abdomen marmorate with silvery,
cinereous, and black, three blackish vittae
showing moderately distinct in an oblique
light; anus fulvous. Marginal macrochaetae
on third and fourth segments, less closely

ESCH.

[ June 1893.
approximated on third segment. Femora
ashy below. Venation typical of genus.

One specimen, however, has the left apical
cross vein bentin at an angle at base, and
with a small stump projecting inward from
the angle. Both are males, and the front is
4 width of head. Row of small bristles on
sides of face below near eye margins well
pronounced.

A much smaller g specimen (6 mm.), also
bred from L. uutpuncta, has the anus more
broadly fulvous, the face with more of a
brassy tinge, the front hardly as wide pro-
portionally. It is perhaps distinct.

25. Sarcophaga sp.—One from Lew-
canta untpuncta. It may be described
as follows:

With much the facies of
Miltogramma, but arista plumose on basal
half. Wholly of a slightly brassy cinereous.
Antennae rufous on second joint and base of
third, palpi rufous Third antennal joint
about 14 times as long as second. Front 4
width of head, frontal vitta 4 width of front.
Frontal bristles descending a little below
pase of antennae, 3 or 4 orbital bristles, a
double row of minute bristles on sides of
face extending upon sides of front. Vibrissae
on oral margin. Thorax brassy cinereous,
without distinct vittae. Scutellum witha
long apical non-decussate pair of macro-
chaetae. Abdomen concolorous, only short
bristly, anus tipped with fulvous. Venation
typical of Ad¢éltogramma (and Sarcophaga).
If this species is found to be undescribed, it
may be known as S. leucantzae.

26. Ormia sp?—A @ bred from
Crambus.

27. Luctlia caesar L.— Six bred
from Leucania unipuncta.

Length, 54 mm.

Note.—I do not vouch for all of the above
flies being true parasites. The hostsas given
above are simply taken from the records of
breeding sent me with the specimens by
Professor Forbes,

June 1893. ]

(Continued from page 454.)

109. 7. albilinea, sp. nov. @. Palpi,
front, collar, and thorax above dark brown.
The abdomen plumbeous. Under side of
body plumbeous, legs concolorous, tarsi
ringed with whitish. Primaries dark fuscous
with an obscure discal dot and a straight
transverse narrow white line beyond the
middle of the wing, running from the costa
to the inner margin. Secondaries pale
fuscous. Under side pale fuscous, lighter
than the upper side of the secondaries.

Q. The female like the male, save that
the antennae are very lightly pectinated and

the expanse of the wings is greater. Ex-
panse, d, 35 mm.; 9, 43 mm.
110. 7. nubtlata, sp. nov. @. Marked

like the preceding species, save that instead
of a white line traversing the primaries there
is a dark brown line, which reappears upon
the under side. Expanse, 35 mm.

111. 7. alé¢notata, sp. nov. g. Antennae
testaceous with white spots at the base.
Palpi, front, upper side of thorax, and abdo-
men dark brown. Under side paler brown.
Primaries ferruginous clouded with fuscous
transverse lines and marked with light bluish-
white and white spots disposed in intricate
patterns. There is a moderately large oval
white dot on the cell beyond the base. Sec-
ondaries fuscous with the fringes of both
wings very pale brown broadly checked with
dark brown. Onthe under side the wings are
luteous clouded with fuliginous in the region
of the cell in the primaries, and near the
costal margin of the secondaries., Both
wings have large well-defined brown discal
dots followed by incomplete transverse
median, and submarginal bands of dark

brown. Expanse, 47 mm.

112. ZT. fumosa, sp.nov. §&. Body and
appendages brownish-fuscous, darker above.
Wings obscure brown, traversed by a basal,

TASSIMO ATE

469

transverse median and submarginal line com-
posed of lunulate spots. There is a dark spot
at the end of the cell anda smaller one on the
cell before the base. On the margin there is
a series of brown spots margined internally
by brown subhastate markings. Fringes pale
brown broadly checked with dark brown.
The secondaries are fuscous. Fringes uni-
formly concolorous. On the under side, the
wings are brownish-fuscous. The secondaries
have at the end of the cell a large lunulate
pale spot bordered by dark brown. These are
also marked by an obscure transverse median
band of brown. Expanse, 43 mm.

113. 7. pallida, sp. nov. @. Palpi, front
collar, tegulae pale greenish-brown. Abdo-
men slightly darker above. Thorax and ab-
domen inclining to whitish below. The legs
whitish. The primaries are greenish-brown
(quite pale), traversed by darker lines with a
well defined reniform spot at the end of the
cell followed bya waved and angulated double
transverse median line. There is an obscure
submarginal lineand a marginal line which
at the inner margin expand into the form of
darker spots. The fringes are pale, checked
with pale brown. The secondaries are uni-
formly pale fawn with the fringes lighter,
and without markings. On the under side,
the wings are of the same color as the fringes
of the secondaries, and the only markings
are an obscure discal dot andan incomplete
transverse median line on the primaries.
The fringes below are as on the upper side.
Expanse, 43 mm.

114. 7. coeruletfascta, sp. nov. Q. Body
dark brown, lighter below. The primaries
are dark sooty-brown with some obscure trans-
verse markings on the cell and the limbal
area. Thereisasubmarginal fascia of bluish-
white scales extending from: before the apex
to the inner margin, most conspicuous and
widest on the latter. There is a marginal
series of small bluish-white dots on the inter-

spaces. The fringe is obscurely checkered

470

with pale brown at the end of the nervules.
The secondaries are uniformly fuscous. On
the under side, the wings are obscure fuscous
with very obscure discal dots at the end of the
cells followed by obscure and incomplete
transverse median and submarginal lines
somewhat darker than the ground color.
Expanse, 40 mm.

ILeEmMA, Moore.

115. I. gonophora, sp.nov. g. Antennae,
body, and legs wood-brown. Upper side:
Primaries brown, darker on the cell and
costa, traversed by a broad transverse limbal
line of dark brown, which runs from before
the apex, at which point it is widest, to near
the middle of the inner margin, whence it is
continued inwardly parallel to the inner
margin as far as the base. It is defined
inwardly by a narrow interrupted series. of
raised velvety scales, which are very dark
brown in color. There is a dark ray of
brown raised scales at the base. On the outer
margin near the outer angle are some dark
brown cloudings accentuated with darker
minute patches of raised blackish scales, and
a small subtriangular spot lying near the
transverse limbal line. There is a marginal
series of minute linear patches of raised
scales. The fringes are pale brown checked
with darker brown.
fuscous, darkest on the outer margins.
fringes are pale wood-brown.

Under side: Both wings are pale wood-
brown. Both are crossed by incomplete
transverse limbal lines. The primaries are
heavily clouded with fuliginous on the cell
and costa near the base. The secondaries
have a distinct discal spot at the end of the
cell and a few obscure submarginal spots.
Expanse, 33 mm.

The secondaries are

The

116. J. albébasalis, sp. nov. @. Antennae
and upper side of body dark brown; lower
side of body and legs paler. Upper side:
Primaries reddish-brown with a submarginal

PST CHE.

[ June 1893.

band of darker cloudings anda darkish ray
of brown extending from before the base
below the cell outwardly to the end of the
cell, where it is interrupted by an obscure
annular mark of pale brown, aud is then con™
tinued beyond the cell
which it

toward the costa’
reaches about two-thirds of the
distance from the base. At the base, there is
an oval patch of chalky markings and a series
of similar chalky-white markings at the apex.
The fringes are pale brown checked with
darker brown. The secondaries are
formly pale fuscous.

uni-

Under side: Primaries pale shining testa-
ceous with the cell and the region of the
median nervules uniformly clouded with pale
fuliginous. There is an incomplete trans-
verse limbal line running from before the
apex to about the middle of the wing. The
fringes are very dark brown checked by pale
testaceous. The secondaries have the ground
color as the primaries and a faint annulus at
the end of the cell, beyond which are mod-
erately broad parallel irregularly curved
transverse median and transverse outer lines
of pale fuliginous. @. The female is marked
much like the male, but the markings are
not quite so distinct. Expanse, g, 23 mm.;
?,30 mm.

117. J. albospargata, sp. nov. @. Body
above pale reddish-brown: under side of body
and legs lighter. Upper side: Primaries
dark brown with a blackish annulus at the
end of the cell, A broad chalky-white band
runs from the lower median nervule diagon-
ally to the apex and is cut into at the end of
the cell by the blackish annulus, and also by
a dark brown spot lying on the costa before
the apex. There are some obscure pale sub-
marginal lines. The secondaries are uni-
formly pale testaceous. Under side: The
wings are marked very much as in the pre-
ceding species, save that the white band of
the primaries reappears on the under side
beyond the end of the cell, where it is crossed
by a transverse limbal line. Expanse, 25 mm.

June 1803. ]

118. J. apicata, sp nov. @. Upper side
of body dark brown with the collar and
patagia pale brown; under side of the abdo-
men pale luteous; legs pale brown annulated
on the tarsi with dark brown. Upper side:
Primaries dark brown with a whitish semi-
lunate patch on the inner margin near the
base. The apex is broadly whitish inter-
rupted on the lower edge of this paler area by
a dark brown cloud, which is a continuation
of an obscure transverse submarginal line.
There is a marginal series of minute whitish
spots. The fringes are dark brown checked
with paler brown. At the end of the cell is
a minute blackish discal dot, margined with
pale brown. The secondaries are uniformly
pale fuliginous with the margins paler.
Under side: The ground color of both wings
is very pale wood-brown with the cell and
middle area of the primaries heavily clouded
with fuliginous. There is a blackish discal
dot at the end of the cell of both wings, and
both wings are crossed by paler and some-
what obscure transverse median and trans-
verse limbal lines, most distinct upon the
secondaries. Expanse, 22 mm.

119. 7. miserata,sp.nov. 4. Upper side
of body dark brown with the patagia paler;
under side of body paler. Upper side: Prim-
aries dark brown clouded with numerous
obscure transverse ftuliginous striae, the
outermost forming a distinct zigzag submar-
ginal series followed by a marginal line of
minute linear patches of raised scales. The
apical region is much paler, save where
crossed by the dark lines, and at the end of
the cell extending upwardly to the costa is a
suboval whitish area margined by very
narrow dark brown lines and intersected by
two similar narrow lines about the middle,
The secondaries are uniformly grayish with
the margins lighter. Under side: The under
side of both primaries and secondaries is pale
gray with the costal area of the primaries
darker, especially toward the apex.

Q. The female is marked like the male,

PISCE.

471

but is considerably larger and the markings
are not quite so distinct. Expanse, g, 28
mm.; 2, 36 mm.

120. /. circumdata, sp. nov. @. Collar
and upper side of thorax pale reddish-brown;
upper side of abdomen darker brown: lower
side of thorax and abdomen pale brown.
Upper side: The upper side of the primaries
is dark brown, obscurely spotted and clouded
with blackish. The outer margin and the
inner margin are broadly pale reddish-brown
of the same shade as the upper side of the
thorax. There are a few obscure whitish
dots near the apex, an obscure submarginal
series of minute brown dots, and the fringes
are dark brown checked with pale reddish-
brown. The secondaries on the upper side
are pale fulvous. Under side: The wings
are marked very much as in Z. albzbasalis.
Expanse, 26 mm.

121. J. brunnetcosta, sp. nov. &. Body
and legs pale luteous. Upper side of the
primaries is very pale luteous with the costa
heavily marked with dark brown, especially
at the middle, where the dark brown shade
extends inwardly, covering the end of the
cell. The outer margins are also clouded
with brown and about the middle of the mar-
ginal area is a very heavy dark brown spot,
margined externally by pale luteous. There
are also one or two dark brown subapical
marks and obscure transverse median and
transverse limbal lines. The secondaries are
uniformly very pale yellowish-gray. The
under side of both wings is colored like the
upper side of the secondaries, save that the
brown costal mark on the primaries reappears
faintly upon the lower side. Expanse, 22 mm.

122. J. albicostata, sp.nov. @. The col-
lar and upper side of the thorax are dark

brown; the upper side of the abdomen pale

brown; pectus and forelegs dark brown;
lower side of thorax and abdomen pale
brown. Upper side: The primaries have the

inner half broadly rich brown marked with

472 PSTCHE. [June 1893.
numerous narrow transverse darker lines. 125. 2. pallida, sp. nov. g. Body ob-
At the base, the wings are chalky-white with scure grayish. Primaries whitish on the

a heavy dark brown area just beyond. The
upper half of the wing from the base of the
costa outwardly is chalky-white, save just be-
fore the apex, where this white area is inter-
rupted by a series of dark brown transverse
limbal markings, which are followed by
some submarginal dashes. The
fringes are pale brown, palest at the apex,
and uniformly checked with dark brown.
The secondaries above are pale fulvous. Un-
der side: Both wings below are pale fulvous
with the costa and middle area of the prim-

minute

aries faintly clouded with fuliginous. Ex-
panse, 30 mm.

123. J. dtéluta, sp. nov. @. The body
and legs are uniformly pale cinereous. The

primaries on the upper side are chalky-white
clouded on the inner margin with pale brown
and traversed on the inner half by incom-
plete, sub-basal, median, limbal, and sub-
marginal pale brown lines, the outer lines
being produced farther in the direction of the
costa than the sub-basal lines. The fringes
of the primaries are dark brown checked with
pale brown. The secondaries are uniformly
pale shining white. On the under side both
wings are whitish, the primaries having a
very dark brown ray extending along the
costa from the base to the apex, the costal
edge being white. Expanse, 20 mm.

124. J. fava, sp.nov. @. The body and
legs are pale yellowish-cinereous. Upon the
dorsal line of the primaries is a series of
three or four minute dark brown tufts of
scales. The primaries are pale luteous-
brown clouded on the middle and outer mar-
gin of the wing with obscure darker brown
markings. The secondaries are pale grayish-
luteous with some obscure dark brown mark-
ings at the anal angle. The under side of
both wings is very pale yellowish-gray, the
darker bands and spots of the upper side re-
appearing more or less obscurely. There is
considerable variation among the specimens.
Expanse, 23 mm.

upper side with the costa clouded with green-
ish-gray. There are a number of obscure
transverse dark cloudings on the costa, and
minute blackish dots scattered over the basal
half. There is an obscure discal dot at the
end of the cell. Beyond this, there are two
very narrow angulated and parallel blackish
lines, between which there is a paler area.
On the margin opposite the end of the cell,
there is a comparatively large brown spot.
The margin is accentuated by a series of
brown dots on the interspaces. The fringes
are very pale ashen, checked with paler gray.
The secondaries are whitish, slightly clouded
with gray at the outer angle. On the under
side, both wings are whitish. The costal
area of the primaries is clouded with dark
gray and the secondaries have on their costa
near the outer angle two parallel and incom-
plete transverse lines. Expanse, 22 mm.

126. J. fusca, sp. nov. @. Body wood-
brown, primaries and secondaries of the
same color, the outer margins of both wings
clouded with darker brown. The primaries
are marked on the cell by a number of min-
ute blackish dots. The fringes of the prim-
aries are dark brown, of the secondaries, pale
cinereous. On the under side, both wings
are paler, both have a conspicuous discal dot
at the end of the cell. The primaries havea
submarginal series of conspicuous dark
brown dots running ina straight line from
below the apex near the outer angle. The
secondaries have two or three conspicuous
submarginal brown dots near the outer angle
and a conspicuous brown patch of scales at
the anal angle. Expanse, 26 mm.

OLENE, Hiibn.

127. O.costiplaga, sp. nov. @. Front,
collar, and patagia whitish; thorax and ab-
domen pale cinereous above; and on the dor-
sal line of the abdomen there is a narrow
raised crest of dark gray hairs; the pectus is
dark brown; the lower side of the abdomen,

June 1893.]

gray. The primaries are dark fuliginous with
the apex and the inner margin whitish. The
white apical area is interrupted by a conspic-
uous dark brown spot, having the form of a
compressed comma. The secondaries are
grayish with the costa and outer margins
lighter. On the under side, both wings are
whitish with the middle area of the primaries
from the cell toward the outer margin
clouded with dark gray. There is an obscure
discal dot at the end of the cell of the second-

aries. Expanse, 40 mm.

128. O. hylotca, sp. nov. @. Front whit-
ish; collar brownish-gray, marked on the
median line in front by a raised tuft of dark
brown scales; patagia yellowish, tipped
with reddish-brown; upper side of the thorax
and abdomen dark brown; the tip of the ab-
domen whitish; the lower side of the abdo-
men and thorax and the legs are grayish-
white. The prevalent color of the primaries
is pale purplish brown, interrupted by a
wedge-shaped area of lighter color, extending
from about the middle of the cell to the apex,
and interrupted bya dark brown ocellus at
the end of the cell, some narrow lines of dark
brown beyond this ocellus, parallel to the
median nervules, and by a dark brown dash
on the costa before the apex. In addition to
these markings, there is a dark transverse
basal and a geminate transverse median line
beyond this darker marking. The second-
aries are white. On the under side, both
wings are whitish-gray with distinct lunulate
discal markings at the end of the cell, those
of the primaries being most conspicuous. In
addition, the markings of the upper surface
of the primaries faintly reappear upon the
lower side. Expanse, 42 mm.

Niopa, Walk.

129. VV. agrotoides, sp. nov. ¢. Front
fuscous; antennae and entire thorax and
abdomen, except the tip of the latter, which
is brown, luteous. Upper side: Primaries

LST CLE.

473

lilacine-brown, except at the outer angle,
which is pale ashen. The primaries are
crossed by numerous marks and striae as
follows: an irregularly curved sub-basal line,
luteous, defined inwardly very narrowly by
dark brown followed by a dark annulus on
the middle of the cell, and an obscure one at
the end of it; below the cell beyond the base
near the inner margin is a dark brown patch
of raised scales having the form of an oblong
parallelogram; there are obscure and very
narrow transverse limbal and transverse sub-
marginal lines with spots and striae upon the
costa. The secondaries are whitish shaded
with fuscous on the outer margin. Under
side: the wings are whitish, silky, with the
basal and median area of the primaries
clouded with fuscous. Expanse, 28 mm.

130. WV. nigristriata, sp. nov. @. Front,
body, and appendages whitish. Upper side:
Primaries chalky-white on the costal half
and on the inner half very pale luteous.
There is a white curved sub-basal line, and a
similar curved white line running from below
the apex on the outer margin to the inner
margin, two-thirds of the distance from the
base. Between these two lines there is a
broad blackish clouding below the end of the
cell, continued outwardly towards the outer
margin above the origin of the outer white
line. Above this clouding below the apex at
the outer margin is a narrow blackish ray.
There is a minute black annulus at the end
of the cell. The secondaries are pure white.
Under side: Both wings are white tinged with

creamy. Expanse, 25 mm.

131. WV. erubescens, sp. nov. 4. Body
whitish with the pectus and legs tinged with
pink. Upper side: The primaries are bright
pink, except at the outer angle, where they
are suffused with creamy-white. There is a
poorly defined sub-basal line of darker pink
and an annulus of darker pink at the end of
the cell. The secondaries are creamy-white-
Under side: Both wings are creamy-white

474

with the costa of the primaries heavily laved
with light pink and the margins of the sec-
ondaries slightly tinged with the same color:
Expanse, 30 mm.

ARGILA, Walk.

132. A. afinis, sp. nov. @. Closely related
to A. basalis, Walk., from which species it
differs in having the dark sub-basal band,
which separates the yellow area at the base of
the wing from the rest of the wing, incom-
plete, and the entire costal half of the wing
uniformly brown, the dark sub-basal band
being represented simply by a subquadrate
spot upon the inner margin near the base.
The marginal and sub-marginal markings
also differ from those of A. dasalis, being
more distinct and darker towards the outer
angle. Expanse, 27 mm.

133. A. basalis, Walk. Q. The female
differs from the male in the much lighter
color of the wings, and in having the prim-
aries very greatly produced and_ strongly
arcuate on the costa before the apex. The
abdomen also, in the gravid specimens
before me, is one-half longer than the poste-
rior margin of the secondaries. The expanse
of wings is, further, very much greater than
that of the male. Expanse, g', 27 mm.; 9,
38 mm.

TERPHOTHRIX, gen. noy.*

3. Palpi small, compressed, third joint
very minute. Antennae about one-third as
long as the costa of the primaries, heavily
pectinated the whole of their length, the pec-
tinations compressed laterally and the ex-
tremity of the culmen curved downwardly.
Legs moderately hairy, the last pair armed
with a double pair of spurs, one at the ex_
tremity of the tibia, and the other pair about
the middle. The second pair of legs have the
tibiae enormously. swollen at the extremity,

* méphos = tergus; Opvf = capillus.

PSY CEs.

[June 1893.

the enlargement being densely covered with
scales. This feature is especially noticeable
in the female. The upper part of the abdo-
men is adorned with long tufts of hair, which
are parted and spread out laterally in the
case of the first four immediately succeeding
the thorax. The two nearest the anal extrem-
ity are compressed and directed upwardly.
The peculiar arrangement of these bunches
of hair on the dorsal line of the abdomen
presents somewhat the appearance of the
tufts which are found on the backs of some
cochliopod larvae. The primaries are sub-
triangular with the costa slightly rounded
before the apex; the outer margin nearly
straight; the outer angle obtuse; and the
inner margin straight. The secondaries are
subpyriform.

Q. The female is very like the male but
larger and with a much stouter body, and has
not, in any of the specimens before me, any
trace of the very peculiar tufts, which are
found on the back of the male. Type,
T. lanarta, Holland.

It is worthy of remark that the peculiar
tufts are very liable to be abraded in dried
specimens, and it is possible that these tufts
may be found also in the female, though four
very well preserved specimens do not reveal
any trace of them, except one in which two
minute tufts appear toward the anal angle.

134. 7. lanaria, sp.nov. @. Front and
upper side of abdomen creamy-white. Ante-
rior wings creamy-white, with the middle
area clouded with warm brown. There are a
series of dark dots upon the costa, one be-
yond the end of the cell, and two before the
apex, the innermost of which is the smallest.
There is a narrow light sub-basal transverse
line and a transverse submarginal line pro-
duced on the second median nervule toward
the margin, both of which lines are pale,
shaded on the side toward the base with
darker brown markings. At the point where
the submarginal line is produced outwardly,
there are a series of blackish spots defined in-

June 1893.]

wardly by creamy dots and succeeded out-
wardly by black checks upon the fringes.
The secondaries are pale creamy-white
touched with dark brown on the fringes
about the middle of the outer angle. The
under side of both wings is white with the
base and middle area of the primaries dark
fuliginous. The black checks on the fringes
of the upper side reappear upon the lower
side.

Q. The female does not differ essentially
from the male in markings, save that on the
upper side of the secondaries there are some
dark brown cloudings which are reproduced
upon the lower side. Expanse, @, 25 mm.;

Se 30 to 32 mm.

OrGyopsis, Feld.

is. O. ftenuzs, sp. nov. Y. - Body
creamy-white. Primaries white laved with
very pale ferruginous‘at the apex and on the
outer margin. There is a very minute black
dot in the middle of the cell, two very slen-
der lines forming a letter K at the end of the
cell, a curved and crenulate pale sub-basal
line with a geminate very faint transverse
sublimbal line, the area between these two
lines near the inner margin being clouded
with pale fawn. There is a minute white
spot at the apex of the primaries followed by
four or five dark brown semi-lunate markings
on the outer margin below the apex, the
third of these spots being defined inwardly
by a white sagittate mark. The upper side
of the secondaries is pure white. The under
side of both primaries and secondaries is
likewise pure white. Expanse, 29 mm.

NOTODONTIDAE.

SomeErRA, Walk.

136. S. chloauchena, sp. nov. @. Front
pale green; antennae testaceous; upper side
of thorax and pectus grass-green; upper side
of abdomen very pale green; the lower side
of thorax and abdomen white; on the dorsal

PE SHC LE.

475

‘line of the abdomen immediately behind the
thorax is a large raised tuft of scales, green
in the centre and dark brown on the sides.
Upper side: The primaries are pale green
crossed beyond the base by a paler line cury-
ing from the costa near the base toward the
middle of the inner margin and defined out-
wardly by a broad band of dark green.
There is a discal dot in the cell and a curved
transverse limbal line of raised whitish scales
beyond the cell, the patches of raised scales
composing this line being defined outwardly
and inwardly by narrow lines of dark green.
There is a submarginal series of raised
patches of white scales at the extremities of
the interspaces defined externally by dark
green; a marginal series of narrow dark lines
on the interspaces. The fringes are white.
The secondaries are whitish with the costa
and the outer angle more or less heavily
clouded with green and the extremities of the
nervules beyond the cell being marked with
dark brown. The marginal markings and
the fringes of the secondaries are as on the
primaries. Under side: On the under side
both wings are white with the costa near the
base and the outer area of the wing just be-
yond the cell clouded with purplish-black,.
Expanse, 37 mm.

137. S. desmotis, sp. nov. §. Antennae
testaceous; front, pectus, thorax, and ex-
tremity of abdomen pale green; the upper
side of the abdomen brownish; lower side of
thorax whitish. Upper side: Primaries pale
green like the thorax, crossed by a broad
dark brown band with its outer margin pro-
duced beyond the end of the cell and curved
and excavated inwardly and outwardly. Its
inner edge toward the base is marked by a
very irregular darker curved transverse basal
line. The secondaries are brownish with the
outer angle and the margin narrowly green.
Lower side: The wings are uniformly gray
shading into paler, almost whitish, near the
base, especially in the secondaries. Expanse,
55 mm.

‘

138. S. chloromorpha, sp. nov. Q. An*
tennae dark brown; front, collar, and upper
side of thorax olive-green; legs and pectus
brown; lower side of abdomen whitish.
Upper side: Primaries olive-green with a pale
whitish median fascia, beyond which are
three dark olive bands running parallel to it,
and below the apex a similarly curved olive
line running outwardly and succeeded by a
The basal area
is dark olive with a large patch of blackish

series of marginal olive dots.

raised scales on the inner margin near the
base. The fringes are dark brown. The sec-
ondaries are uniformly fuscous, the fringes
paler. Under side: Both wings are pale
fuliginous with the costae and outer margins
narrowly pale gray. Expanse, 40 mm.

139. S. bitioides, sp. nov. @. Allied
to S. dztza, Stoll, but not so large, paler in
color, differently marked. Antennae
testaceous; front whitish; collar, tegulae,
and upper side of thorax pale green; upper
side of abdomen pale brown; pectus dark
brown; lower side of thorax and abdomen
whitish; legs tinged with brownish. Upper
side: Primaries pea-green with a profusion
of darker green and brown transverse lines
and spots. The most conspicuous markings
are a series of small brown spots running

and

along the costa, a transverse limbal series of
sagittate brown spots, of which the spot
upon the second and third median nervule
is the most conspicuous. There is a sub-
marginal series of curved brown lines at the
extremities of the interspaces. The secon-
daries are rosy-brown, except on the costal
margin near the outer angle, where they are
tinged with greenish and marked by
three or four incomplete transverse bars of
dark brown. Under side: The wings are
uniformly pale purplish-brown, the secon-
daries somewhat lighter than the primaries.

Q. The female is marked very much as
the male, but the wings are broader and the
markings of the primaries heavier and not so
distinctly defined. Expanse, g, 37 mm.; 9,
39 mm.

PSEC AE.

[June 1893.

140. S. chloérops’s, sp. nov. @. Palpi
on the under side pale brown; front dark
brown; antennae testaceous; collar, tegulae,
and upper side of thorax dark grass-green;
upper side of abdomen dark brown; end of
the abdomen tipped with dark green hairs;
lower side of abdomen pale fulvous; legs
concolorous. Upper side: Primaries uni-
formly dark grass-green with a multitude of
minute and vaguely defined spots and lines
of slightly paler color, defined, especially on
the margin, by very narrow lines of raised
brownish scales. The secondaries are uni-
formly purplish-brown except on the costa
and near the outer angle, where they are
tinged with pale green and marked by incom-
plete bars of darker brown. Under side:
The wings are purplish-brown, paler toward

the base. Expanse, 36 mm.
141. S. chloana. sp. nov. @. Thorax
and abdomen much as in the _ preceding

species, but the legs are heavily clothed with
green scales upon the outer side of the tibiae.
Upper side: Primaries dark grass-green with
obscure transverse basal, transverse median,
and transverse submarginal lines of pale
brown, defined outwardly and inwardly by
dark green. On thecell and near the base
are a number of small circular patches of
dark brown raised scales. The secondaries
are bright yellow from the base to near the
outer margins, which together with the costa
are heavily bordered with dark brown. The
fringes are pale whitish. Under side: The
wings are yellowish with the cell and outer
area of the primaries beyond the cell heavily
clouded with dark brown. Expanse, 40 mm.

142. S. iufima, sp. nov. @. Front
brownish-green; upper side of thorax and
abdomen obscure olive; lower side paler;
legs margined outwardly by dark olive.
Upper side: Primaries obscure olive-green
with the fringes regularly checked with
blackish. At the end of the cell, there is an
obscurely defined annulus formed by dark
raised scales surrounding a paler space. Be-

June 1893.]

PSYCHE. 4

~I
~]

A NEW SPECIES OF STENOBOTHRUS FROM CONNECTICUT,
WITH REMARKS ON OTHER NEW ENGLAND SPECIES.

BY A. P. MORSE, WELLESLEY, MASS.

Stenobothrus olivaceus, sp. nov. Closely
approaching S. maculipennis Scudd. Head
conical. Face very oblique. Vertex nearly
horizontal; acute at apex, in the g more, in
the @ less, the sides slightly excavate; nar-
row between the eyes, in the 2 about equal
to the width of an eye, in @ less; slightly
expanded atanterior margin of eyes. Central
foveola of vertex rather deep; itsedges broad,
raised; its depression slightly (¢) or dis-
tinctly (2) in advance of eves, removed from
the tip of vertex about two-thirds (g) or one-
half (Q) the distance between eyes. [See
fig.] Facial costa shallowly sulcate, more
deeply so than in macul¢fennis, the margins
sharp; at meeting with the vertex angulate,
not rounded as in maculipennis. Lateral
foveolae distinct. Eyes slightly smaller and
less prominent than in maculifennis; seen
from the side the upper front portion is more
angulate in 9, more rounded in § than in
maculipennis. Antennae rather short, vari-
able, about equal to head and prothorax;
slightly flattened toward the base, at tip
gradually tapering to a fine point. Thorax
rather stout. Pronotum with the median
carina distinct, sharp. Lateral carinae
distinct; on the anterior half of prozona sub-
parallel or slightly convergent, on the re-
maining portion of pronotum evenly diver-
gent. Their course is straighter, less made
up of curves, and less convergent on the
prozona than in maculifennis. Tegmina
long, passing hind femora by one-eighth to
one-sixth their length. Wings longer and
more pointed than in maculipennts. Hind
femora long, passing tip of abdomen, and
rather slender.

Color. In general either olivaceous-brown
or light green above, paler brown below;
with the usual dark longitudinal band along
lateral carinae of pronotum and middle of

tegmina less sharply defined and in the male
becoming obsolete. Thecolors are dead and
have a faded appearance, with a peculiar
Olivaceous tinge matching the tints of the
vegetation of its haunts. The dusky bands
of the tegmina are less distinct in brown than
in green specimens, and in males than in
females. Brown specimens are the more
plentiful.

Green specimen, fresh. Face and cheeks
pale pea-green. Eyes brown or slate, con-
siderably darker than surroundings. Clypeus,
labrum and mouthparts light brown, palpi
paler or white. A brown or fuscous band
running backward from upper half of each
eye over occiput. Antennae light brown at
base, darker toward tip. Pronotum pale pea-
vreen; the sides with a dark band running
along the dorsal third, black nearest carinae,
crossing them upon the disk of metazona.
Lateral carinae pale green or whitish.

Meso- and meta-thorax with the sides pale
green. Pectus light brown. Tegmina pale
green; opaque, becoming translucent on
apical half; a dark median band, composed
of nearly confluent small dusky spots extend-
ing usually one-third, rarely two-thirds, its
length, the edges indistinct; this bandis nar-
rower and shorter than in maculipennis, the
spots smaller and less distinct. Wings trans-
parent, veins and venules dusky; preapical
fourth of costal margin opaque greenish, the
veins heavily infuscated. Femora green or
brownish, tibiae and tarsi light brown; spines
of hind tibiae tipped with black.

Abdomen with the dorsum brown, lightest
at sides and on narrow median line, bordered
below bya broad griseous or fuscous band
punctate with black; pleurae palest, light
brown; venter light brown; ovipositor
brown, black at extreme tip.

Brown specimens vary from pale brownish

478

straw to a rather dark olive-brown above,
lighter and of a more olivaceous cast below.
The occiput generally shows the usual two
dusky longitudinallines. Sides of pronotum
varied in middle third with dusky brown and
pale griseous, the ventral third light gray or

white. Episterna of metathorax with pale
oblique bands running downward toward
fossa 3. Hind femora brown above and

below; tibial groove greenish; disk pale gray
or nearly white on proximal half, its midline
often dusky interrupted with pale, forming
two sub-distinct dusky spots on proximal
two-fifths of femora, which are indistinct in
dry specimens; inner side similar to outer
except that the ground-color is paler and the
spots darker.

Measurements. Antenna: f, 6-7 mm.;
9,6. Hind fem.: g, to-to.5; 9, 12.514.
Tes. :'- ¢; 14-15; 9, 17-21., Body: ¢,
16.5-18.7; @, 21-25. Total length: @,
19-20.7; 9, 23-5-28.

180 g, 167 9.* Greenwich and Stamford,
Conn., Aug. 11th to 28th.

This species though not widely spread was
locally very plentiful in the salt marshes, its
green and olivaceous tints closely matching
in color the marsh grasses in which it made
its home. The ground beneath was often
overtlowed at high tide and offered a retreat

*Owing to the large number of types on hand speci-
mens will be sent, for the accommodation of other
students of the family, to a number of collections in
various parts of the country, as follows :—

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Cambridge, Mass.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa.

National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Mr. W.S. Blatchley, Terre Haute, Ind.

State Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Lincoln, Neb.

Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Palo Alto, Cal.

Entomological Society of Ontario, London, Canada.

National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

PST CHE:

[June 1893.

to myriads of fiddler-crabs, being much
wetter and of a wholly different character
from the situations frequented by maculipen-
mis and aegualis.

As has been stated this species closely
approaches maculifennis. Some of the
brown females bear a superficial resemblance
to long-winged specimens of curt¢pennts, but
the antennae and head readily distinguish
them therefrom.

Fig. 1, S. ol’vaceus, @. Fig. 2, S. oliva-
ceus, 2. Fig. 3, S. maculipennis, @. Fig.
4, S. maculipennis, 9. Fig. 5, S. aeqgualis,
@. Fig. 6,.S. eeguale, 9. Figs. 25 4,6,
X 2 diameters.

Compared with maculipennis, the vertex is
more nearly horizontal, more acute, more
angulate with the front in profile; more nar-
rowed between the eyes; the depression of
the central foveola further removed from the
apex. The face is more oblique ; the antennae
are shorter, more flattened toward base, and
more finely pointed. The disk of the prozona
is broader, its sides less incurved, their out-
lines formed by straight lines rather than
curves, and the metazona very nearly as long
as the prozona.

From aegualis also it is readily distin-
guished by the characters of the head and
vertex mentioned above, while the disk of the
pronotum is proportionally much more nar-
rowed anteriorly and the metazona
longer.

In sorting these species I have found it
easier, owing to their larger size, to separate
the females first.

It seems best to make a few statements

much

June 1893.]

here concerning the other two species referred
to,—S. maculipennis Scudd. and S. aegualis
Scudd. From my collections gathered dur-
ing the last three seasons and notes concern-
ing them taken in the field, I am fully con-
vinced of the distinctness of these species.

S. aegualisI have found one of the most
plentifuljlocusts in New England, everywhere
common on dry soil, and very variously
colored. With this species I unite S. d77/-
neatus Scudd.

S. maculifennts on the other hand I have
taken only in Southern New England, where
I have“found it most plentiful near the coast,
preferring sandy soils. This species also is
very variously colored. Individuals of both
species may be wholly either brown or green
or any mixture of the two, but green males
are the least common of any of the forms and
in some places are exceedingly scarce. Not
infrequently specimens show considerable

TASS BY 5 Woe

479

rose-red above or may be very largely black-
ish-fuscous throughout.

The structural characters presented by the
head, vertex, and the best
means of separating these species from each
other and from olzvaceus, but the length and
markings of the tegmina are also helpful.

It may be of interest in this connection to
state that I have examined some of the speci-
mens collected by Prof. S. I. Smith at Nor-
way, Me., and referred to in his paper on the
Orthoptera of Maineas S. maculipennts, and
also some in the collection of Cornell Univer-
sity collected in New York and referred to in
Prof. Comstock’s Introduction to Entomology
under the same name. All of these I am dis-
posed to consider as belonging to aequalis.
Some of the Norway, Me., specimens show
an unusual length of wing but assuredly are
not maculipennis Scudd. I have also exam-
ined the types in Mr. Scudder’s collection.

pronotum are

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF BOMBYCES AT POUGHKEEPSIE.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

In the August, 1891, number of
Psyche I gave a list of the Bombyces
found in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and in-
cluded four species of Arctia. Further
study has shown that this list must be
increased to seven species.
series of A. vzrgo I have picked out two
specimens which are referable to A.
tntermedia Str. They are of the form
in which the markings of the fore wings
are practically as in A. virgo, being
less extensive than in Stretch’s figure.
This form differs from A. parthenice
Kirby only in size, and may prove to be
asouthern race of it. Parthenice occurs
not rarely at Plattsburgh, N. Y.; but I
have never met with it in Dutchess
County. The ¢ genitalia of these forms

From my

I have made
mounts and

do not differ specifically.
drawings from balsam
cannot find any differences which are
greater than the range of individual
variation. From the same parts in A.
virgo they differ slightly and probably
to a degree which is specific.

Under the term zazs in my list were
included all the forms with the pattern
of marking of that species. I am now
satisfied that we have not two species,
nats and decorata, as they stand in
Professor Smith’s list, but three well
defined and distinct species, differing in
markings of the moth, in the larva ac-
cording to the observations of Prof. G.
H. French and Mr. J. Doll, and in the
structure of the ¢ genitalia. In another

480

paper, in conjunction with Mr. Neu-
moegen, I give at some length descrip-
tions of these species. Here I will give
the synonymy, the accompanying figures
of the genitalia and a table of species.

| i PHALERATA
ae

VITTATA

Some of the synonyms given below
may be worthy of varietal rank; but I
have not access to all the publications
and cannot determine the matter.* The
references are from Kirby’s Catalogue
of Lepidoptera Heterocera, Vol. I.

EUPREPIA (APANTESIS) NAIS Drury.

W732— Drury, Ul lexsent., 1, pla7, tag.
Noctua.

cuneata Goeze.

1781 — Goeze, Ent. Beytr., iii (3) p. 65, n-
to1. MVoctua.

deflortana Martyn.

* T have not seen defloriana Martyn or v/ttata Fabr.
The form of zazs described by Butler as ochreata is
worthy of varietal rank if it is different from deflortana;
also the two forms of vzttata with red and yellow hind
wings respectively, when the names can be correctly
assorted.

PSHCTZE.

[June 1893.

1797 —Mart., Psyche, pl. 28, ff. 78, 79. Bom-
byx

ochreata Butler.

1881 — Butl., Ent. mo. mag., xviii, 136,
Arctia.

E. (A.) PHALERATA Harris.

1841 — Harr. Ins. Mass., p. 274.

rhoda Butler.

1881— Butl., Ent.
Arctia.

zncompleta Butler.

1881 — Butl., Ann. mag. nat. hist., (5)
Arctia.

Arctia

mo. mag., xviii, 136.

Vili, 311.

E. (A.) virtaTa Fabricius.

1787 — Fabr., Mant. ins., ii, p. 127, n. 164.
Bombyx.

radians Walker.

1855— Walk., Cat. Brit. mus., iii,
Apantests.

decorata Saunders.

1863 — Saund., Proc. ent. soc. Phil., ii, 60
Arctia.

colorata Walker.

1864— Walk., Cat. Brit. mus., xxxi, 301.
Aloa.

In tabular

632.

form, the specific differences
appear thus :—

A. Costal edge of primaries black.

a. Secondaries ocher yellow, rarely tinged
with pink; dorsal abdominal black band
tapering posteriorly.

B. Costal edge of primaries yellow, except
at apex.

a. Expanse 34-38 mm.; marks of primaries
complete or nearly so; abdomen rosy
red, the black dorsal band tapering pos-
teriorly; secondaries rosy red along ab-
dominal margin in @, crimson in 9, the
spots rarely confluent. phalerata.

6. Expanse 38-43 mm.; marks more or
less incomplete, usually markedly so;
abdomen ocher yellow, the dorsal black
band widened and diffuse posteriorly,
often covering most of the surface; sec-
ondaries red or ocher yellow with a
marginal band of confluent black spots.

vittata,

nats.

June 1893.]

PSLCHE

481

EARLY STAGES OF TWO JAMAICA NYMPHALIDAE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

AGANISTHOS ORION. Egg laid on under
side of leaf of trumpet tree, subglobose (xo¢
barrel-shaped or conoid) with 18 strong ribs
each of which bears a row of minute but well
developed spines which are more or less
bulbous at tips; color of shell bluish white.

Young larvae, brought by Mrs. Swainson
March, 1892, presumed to be this species.
Length about6 mm. Head white subtrans-
lucent, shiny. Body yellowish white (the
eighth segment above decidedly yellow) with
very long hairs, which arise from prominent
tubercles; these hairs are all minutely but
distinctly bristly (or barbed?), the bristles
(barbs) mostly alternate but toward tip of
hair alternate; about eight or nine hairs
arise from each tubercle, the central one
larger, more bristly and black. The thoracic
legs have two claws.

Older larva from Mrs. Swainson, Bath,
Noy. 3. About 49 mm. long, 8 mm. broad,
cylindrical. Head heart-shaped, broadly
notched above pale brownish with a thick
black cross in middle of face cutting the
ground color into four portions; cheeks black

with numerous short rather pale spines, and
a thick black projection, 2 mm. long, blunt
and shiny on each side of the crown, each
with 5 spinules. Body beneath and abdomi-
nal legs red-brown; above dark red brown,
the thoracic legs, thoracic and anal plates
black; numerous bright apple green trans-
verse bands above, four to each of the middle
segments variously broken and coalesced on
the others; they alternate with equally broad
bands of the ground color so that it might
equally well be described as green above
transversely banded with brown. There is a
narrow mid-dorsal green band, and on the
middle segments two green spots in front of
each spiracle; also a minute green point and
a black patch in the subdorsal region. The
spines branch at their summits and are
not centrally produced beyond, the radiate
branches being longer than the spines. The
spines are pale yellow but the branches of
the dorsal spine are black. The following
table, in which the arabic numerals indicate
the number of branches of each spine, will
show their general disposition : —

Body Segments eles Te INS 2 AVe VE or VER VIET” AX XS Ta
Dorsal ay A eat 34 4 et ey cy ee
Subdorsal 2S 4 2

2 2 ec 4 4 4 4 Syee ;
Lateral ite a I 2 4-5

I Teen WNT eet 2h U2) eek. 2) Melee ieee leet Lge ;
GYNAECIA pIRCE. Larva about 30 mm. upper external margin a long slender

long. Head shiny black, with five or six
short white spines on each side, and at each

spine, broader and truncate at tip, whitish

with brown end and beset with scattered

482 PS? CHE.

short spinules. Body including legs velvety
black, but there is a pale yellow patch on
each side of each segment except the 2d,
4th and last; these patches are situated
near the anterior border of the segments and
are largest on 7th-10th. The first body seg-
segment bears dorsally two white pointed
spines of moderate length; the other seg-
ments bear spines stellate at their summits,

[June 1893.

though the spine itself is continued beyond
the branching so as to look like an upright
ray, being but little larger than the divergent
spines; the thicker basal part of the spine
is again -a little longer than the produced
terminal portion. Their disposition is
shown in the following table, in which the
figures indicate the number of divergent
lateral radii: —

Body Segments Tee Le Lh Ver Ve VA VI VAIS SX Xe Xe xT

Dorsal We GhHO. 2 nae. OA 4 4 455. 5) > $= 6-7
Subdorsal 65-3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Lateral 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
e—~- — —— — ——_—_ ——
White Yellow. White.

A younger larva about 21 mm. long is like head are altogether blackish and all the body
the adult, except that the long spines on the spines are yellow.

A. SMITH & SONS, 114 FULTON STREET, New York.

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PSYCHE

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THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN INsects.—II.— W. M. Wheeler. 485
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEsT AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—VII

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NSSVEA A MAS Ace

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PS YORE.

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS.— II.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

ApTERYGOTA. In searching for the
ancestral conditions of the Malpighian
vessels it is natural to turn first to this
group. The few data are, however,
very unsatisfactory on account of the
wide differences between the statements
of authors. As an example we may
take Lepisma. According to Ram-
dohr* this insect has two Malpighian
vessels; according to Treviranus, t
Rovelli,t Gegenbaur§ and v. Siebold, |
four; according to Leuckart,§ six ; ac-
cording to Schindler,** eight. Fernald
saystt that he was unable to ascertain

* Abhandlung ueber die verdauungs werkzeuge der
insecten. Halle, 1811. .

{ Vermichte schriften Bd. ii heft.1, p. 15. Gdttingen,
1816.

t¢ Alcune richerche sul tubo digerente degli atteri,
ortotteri e pseudo-neurotteri. Como., 1884.

§ Grundriss, etc., 1874, p. 292.

|| Anatomie d. wirbellosen, p.625.

7 Frey u. Leuckart, Anatomie u. physiologie d. wir-
bellosen, p. 102.

** Beitrage zur kenntniss der Malpighi’schen getasse
der insecten. Zeitschr. f. wiss. zool. Bd. 30, 1878, p.
602.

tt The relationships of arthropods. Studies biol. lab.
Johns Hopkins univ. vol. iv, no. 7, 1890, p- 464.

the number, but feels certain that there
are at least four.

In Machilis Grassi* found twelve
Malpighian vessels, uniting in pairs and
hence ‘‘on peut les considerer comme
étant au nombre de six.’”’ But Oude-
manns,f who has studied the anatomy
of Machilis very carefully, finds twenty
vessels, uniting in pairs and opening by
means of ten apertures at the junction
of the mid and hind-guts.

Campodea has about 16 Malpighian
vessels according to Grassi.{ These
organs were seen by Oudemanns§ but
he failed to ascertain their exact
number.

According to Grassi|) both Nicoletia
and Lepismina have six Malpighian
vessels, opening separately into the hind-

gut.

*Les ancétres des myriapodes et des insectes, tome
xi, 1889, p. 310.

+ Bijdrage tot de kennis der Thysanura en Collem-
bola, Amsterdam, 1887, p. 66.

t loco crtato, p. 310.
§1. c. p. 67.
|| 1. c. p. 311.

486

Haliday,* Meinertt and Grassi agree
in stating that Malpighian vessels are
absent in Iapyx.

Opinions are divided as to the occur-
rence of Malpighian vessels in the Col-
lembola. Nicolet § thought he saw
three pairs in Podurids and figures
them in Podura stmzlata. Frey and
Leuckart|| and v. Siebold§ also men-
tion six as the number in Podurids.
DeOlfers** saw only four in the Col-
lembola. .

On the other hand, Laboulbenet+ and
Fernaldtt{ find no trace of Malpighian
vessels in Anurida maritima. Schin-
dler§§ failed to find them in Podura
arborea, and Lubbock|||| had no better
success with Orchesella fastuosa (a
species in which they were figured by
von Olfers), Zomocerus plumbeus,
Smynthurus and other species. Tull-
berg’s§¥ results are also negative.

*Japyx, a new genus of insects belonging to the
stirps Thysanura in the order of Neuroptera. Trans.
Linn. soc. vol. xxiv, 1864, p. 444.

t On the Campodee, a family of Thysanura. Ann.

mag. nat. hist. vol. xx (3) 1867, p. 372.

Hives p. 310:

§ Recherches pour servir A l’histoire des Podurelles.
Nouv. méin. soc. helvet. d. sci. natur. 1841, p. 47 (pl. iv,
fig. 2).

|| 1. c. p. 102.

Tl. c. p. 625.

** Annotationes ad anatomiam Podurarum. Diss.
inaug. Berolini., 1862, p. 16.

tt Recherches sur l’Anurida maritima. Ann. soc.

ent. France. 4° ser. tome iv, 1864, p. 715.

ttl. c. p. 468.
§§ 1. c. p. 602.

|||| Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Ray
soc. London, 1873, p. 75.

W1Sveriges Podurider. Kong]. svenska vetensk. akad.
Handlngar. bd. ro, no. 10, 1872, p. 22.

PS (GI ES.

[July 1893.

The majority of recent writers, among
whom Oudemanns deserves special
mention, are of the opinion that the
Collembola have no Malpighian vessels.

It is clear that no phylogenetic con-
clusions of any value can be drawn from
the heterogeneous observations here
given. After making all due allowance
for errors of observation, it is safe
to say that the Malpighian vessels
of the Apterygota are in a state of what
Baron v. Osten Sacken calls ‘¢‘morpho-
logical restlessness.”” The amplitude of
variation within the group is very great,
extending from twenty vessels in Machi-
lis to none in Anurida and allied forms.
There are grounds for believing that
this variation is not a precursor of ad-
vancing development, but rather an ex-
pression of degeneration. Other organs
—such as the eyes, tracheae, sexual
organs—show a similar great range of
structural variation and stamp the Ap-
terygota as a group which has well nigh
run its course in Hexapod evolution.

DERMAPTERA. In Forficula auricu-
larz~a according to Ramdohr,* there are
twenty Malpighian vessels, inserted in_
clusters of five on four protuberances of
the chylific gut. In the same species
Schindlert found the number of vessels
to be greater than 30, and their inser-
tions, if I understand him correctly, to
encircle the gut regularly.

ee G.paizos

tl. c. p. 604.

July 1893.]

(Continued from page 470.)

yond this near the apex on the costa are
some obscure darker markings, and near the
outer angle is a small oval patch of raised
dark brown scales. The secondaries are uni-
formly pale fuscous, slightly darker on the
outer margins. Under side: The wings are
pale grayish white with an obscure lunate
discal mark at the end of the cell of the prim-
aries, and a similar, but more conspicuous
mark, at the end of the cell of the secon-
daries. These marks in both wings are fol-
lowed by incomplete and obscure transverse
limbal and transverse marginal lines. The
fringes of the primaries on the under side
are checked with dark brown, or blackish,
as on the upper side. The fringes of the
secondaries above and below are very faintly
checked in the same way.

@. What I take to be the female of this
species resembles the male just described in
all respects, save that it is larger and the
general coloration is more uniformly olive-
brown with the markings dark brown and
somewhat more diffuse. The antennae, of
course, are less strongly pectinated in this

sex. Expanse fg, 30mm.; 9, 35 mm.

143. SS. chloe, sp. nov.
brown; collar, tegulae and upper side of
thorax dark green; upper side of abdomen
and lower side of thorax and abdomen to-
gether with the legs pale ruddy, with the
outer edges of the tibiae covered with
pale green scales. Upper side: The prim-
aries are bright pea-green, shading into
greenish-white on the outer margin and trav-
ersed by obscure transverse basal, geminate
transverse median, and geminate transverse
limbal lines. There is an obscure dark
green dot at the end of the cell, and some
blackish markings on the costa and the
outer margin near the apex. The fringes
are uniformly pale whitish. The secon-
daries are pale ruddy-brown with the basal
half darker brown, and on the costa tinged

PSTCHE.

&. Front pale

487

with pale green, striped near the outer angle
by three or four lines of dark green. On
the under side, both wings are very pale and
creamy tinged with ruddy, the inner two-
thirds of the costa and the cell being clouded,
with dark purplish-brown. Expanse, 33 mm.

144. S. falsa, sp. nov. g. Front,
thorax, and abdomen brown; legs concol-
orous. Primaries dark brown with a mulfi-
tude of irregular and vaguely defined
transverse lines and markings of obscure
gray, defined inwardly and outwardly by
very narrow lines of dark brown raised
scales. The fringes are pale regularly
checked with dark brown on the interspaces.
The secondaries are uniformly ruddy-brown
with the costa near the outer angle barred
with darker brown. On the under side, the
wings are dark brown with the marginal
area of both wings uniformly margined with
paler brown. On the secondaries there is
an obscure discal mark at the end of the cell,
followed by a slightly paler transverse
median fascia. Expanse, 35 mm.

145. S. propingua,sp.nov. §. Allied to
S. bztiotdes, trom which it differs in having
the fore wings relatively shorter, broader,
and more rounded at the apex. The ground
color of the primaries is greenish with gemi-
nate basal, sub-basal, and transverse limbal
lines of brown with a pale green spot on the
costa about the middle extending over the
end of the cell. There is a uniform submar-
ginal series of dark brown lunulate markings
and some dark brown spots between this and
the transverse limbal markings near the outer
angle. The secondaries on the upper side
are pale brown with the costa stramineous,
banded near the outer angle with three incom-
plete bands of dark brown. The abdomen
and the wings on the lower side are pale
stramineous, the costa and outer area of the
primaries being broadly laved with fuscous.

Expanse, 33 mm.

NorRACA, Moore.

146. NV. signifera, sp. nov. @. Front,
collar, and anterior edge of patagia dark
brown; posterior edge of patagia light rosy-
brown; upper side of thorax and abdomen
rosy-fawn; lower side of the abdomen and of
the legs similarly colored. Upper side: the
primaries are pale rosy-brown, darkest on the
costa and at the apex. On the middle and at
the end of the cell, are two obscure subquad-
rate spots of darker brown margined exter-
nally and internally by very fine parallel
lines. Below the spot in the middle of the
cell, there isa dark blackish subquadrate spot.
There is a regular series of fine submarginal
lines on the interspaces arranged in echelon
from the apex to the outer angle. The sec-
ondaries are whitish slightly tinged with pale
pinkish. Under side: both primaries and
secondaries are uniformly pinkish-white.
Expanse, 38 mm.

147. WV. brevipennis, sp.nov. @. Wings
relatively short and broad; front dark brown;
occiput yellowish; patagia and upper side of
thorax dark brown; upper side of abdomen
lighter brown; under side of thorax and ab-
domen and legs pale brown. Upper side:
Primaries dark brown with the base and a
broad subtriangular patch above the outer
angle on the margin pale yellowish. The
pale area at the base is marked by two narrow
dark brown lines forming a figure eight, the
upper circle in which anastomoses with a
narrow dark line situated on the median ner-
vule. In the middle of the cell and near the
end are obscure darker quadrate spots sepa-
rated from each other by a pale spot. There
is a series of submarginal dark lines on the
interspaces parallel tothe outer margin. The
fringes, which are narrow, are dark brown.
The secondaries, which are uniformly very
pale brown, have the fringes narrowly dark
brown. The wings on the under side are
uniformly pale rosy-brown, the fringes being
as on the upper side. Expanse, 28 mm.
Habitat, Benita.

PSYCHE.

[July 1893-

148. WV. lineata, sp. nov. @. Front and
collar dark brown; patagia, upper side of
thorax and abdomen somewhat paler; under
side of thorax and abdomen and legs pale
reddish-brown. The upper side of the prim-
aries is pale brown, the same color as the
thorax, heavily clouded with blackish-brown
on the inner margin near the outer angle.
There are some obscure annular markings on
the cell, a distinct annulus below the cell
near the origin of the first median nervule, a
blackish V-shaped dash about the middle of
the inner margin with the vertex pointing
toward the cell, and two straight narrow
transverse black lines parallel to each other
running from before the apex to the inner
margin before the outer angle. The inner-
most of these lines is the heavier. There is
a subtriangular series of fine curved lines on
the interspaces. The fringes are dark brown.
The secondaries on the upper side are uni-
formly pale fuscous. On the under side the
primaries and the secondaries are uniformly
pale brown, and both are crossed by a some-
what broad diffuse transverse median line.
Expanse, 32 mm.

149. NW. arctipennis,sp.nov. @. Front,
collar and upper side of thorax dark maroon;
the upper side of the abdomen dark fuscous ;
the under side of the thorax and abdomen
together with the legs pale rosy-brown. The
upper side of the primaries is rich maroon
with two obscure annular markings, one on
the middle of the cell, and the other at the
end, and a submarginal series of darker spots
on the interspaces. The secondaries are
uniformly dark fuscous. Both wings on the
under side are pale reddish-brown and both
have very obscure suggestions of diffuse
transverse median lines. Expanse, 30 mm.
Habitat Benita.

TurRNACcA, Walk.

150. 7. grisea, sp. nov. ¢. Tips of
palpi whitish; the front, collar, and upper
side of thorax and abdomen gray; lower side

July 1893. |

of the thorax, abdomen, and legs white. The
primaries on the upper side are uniformly
gray, irrorated with minute darker scales and
marked by a submarginal series of minute
white spots punctuated inwardly with minute
blackish spots. The secondaries are gray,
slightly paler than the primaries. The under
side of the primaries is clouded with fuscous
except on the costa and outer margins. The
under side of the secondaries is white.

Q. The female has the antennae much
less strongly pectinated than the male, and
the primaries are produced somewhat acutely
at the apex. Expanse, @, 35 to 37 mm.; @,
50 mm.

151. Z. ¢gnobilis, sp. nov. @. Front,
collar, and upper side of thorax obscure gray-
ish; upper side of abdomen and lower side
of thorax and abdomen whitish. The upper
side of the primaries is whitish with an
obscure transverse basal and median zigzag
line. There is a submarginal series of small
black dots on the interspaces. The second-
aries on the upper side and the primaries and
the secondaries on the under side are uni-
formly white, shining. Expanse, 38 mm.

Ramesa, Walk.

152. &. (2) minuta, sp. nov. @. The
head, and thorax grayish; the upper side of
the abdomen paler gray; the under side of the
thorax and the legs dark gray; the under
side of the abdomen whitish. The primaries
are grayish-white with a number of minute
linear dashes on the outer half of the wing
and crossed from the base to the middle of the
outer margin by a dark blackish ray. The
secondaries on the upper side are pale testa-
On the under side both wings are
Expanse, 28 mm.

ceous.
uniformly testaceous.

SCALMICAUDA*, gen. nov.

Palpi small, compressed, heavily scaled,
last joint obsolescent. Antennae heavily
pectinated for one half the distance from the

*Scalmus = an oar; cauda= a tail.

PSLGHE.

489

base; the culmen simple beyond the middle.
The abdomen projects for one-third of its
length beyond the hind margins of the
wings, and is provided with a long conspicu-
ous brush of anal hairs as in the genus
Ichthyura. The primaries are elongated,
with the costa straight, slightly rounded at
the apex, the outer margin straight, the
inner margin curved, with the outer angle
excised. The secondaries are subpyriform.
In the primaries vein 6 is given off beyond
the cell; veins 8 and g anastomose to near
the apex. Inthe hind wings veins 7 and 8
are stalked, vein 9 runs along the upper edge

of the cell. Type S. dexga, Holl.

153. S. denga, sp. nov. @. Front and
collar dark brown; patagia and upper side
of thorax and abdomen dark gray; legs

brown; under side of abdomen grayish-
brown. Primaries grayish-brown traversed
by a pale line running from the apex diagon-
ally to the middle of the inner margin, and
defined inwardly by dark brown. The area
within this line is dark brown contrasting
with the lighter area beyond it toward the
margin. There is a very fine pale curved
sub-basal line succeeded by an annulus on
the middle and also at the end of the cell, a
similar annulus below the cell at the origin
of the median nervule. There are some zig-
zag narrow submarginal markings shaded
inwardly by rusty sagittate spots. The sec-
ondaries on the upper side are fuscous. On
the under side both wings are pale wood-
brown with the basal area of the primaries
clouded with fuscous. Expanse, 36 to 40mm.

MACRONADATA, Moeschl.

154. MW. brunnetdorsa, sp. nov. @. Al-
lied to M. collart#s, Moeschl., from which it
differs in lacking the dark spot at the end of
the cell of the primaries, and having the
middle of the abdomen on the upper side
marked by a broad brown longitudinal band.
The secondaries furthermore are heavily
clouded with dark brown at the base. The

A490

transverse lines on the primaries are ar-
ranged as in M. collaris. Expanse, 60 mm.

I have two specimens which agree thor-
oughly and differ in the respects mentioned
from the insect described and figured by
Moeschler. This may be merely a varietal
form of his species.

STAUROPUS, Germ.

I55- S. sguamipennis, sp. nov. &.
Antennae heavily pectinated, except at the
tip of the culmen. Front and collar very
dark brown; upper side of thorax and abdo-
men dark brown; lower side of body and
legs paler brown. Primaries dark brown
with a broad sooty shade crossing the wings
beyond the base. A narrow pale line runs
from the costa before the apex to the middle
of the outer margin. The wing is orna-
mented by numerous patches of raised
velvety scales of dark brown, margined
inwardly and outwardly with pale ferrugin-
ous. The fringes are dark brown interrupted
with minute white tufts at the ends of the
nervules. The secondaries are brown with
the costal area marked by three heavy trans-
verse bands of very dark brown. The under
side of the primaries and secondaries are
pale wood-brown with obscure and diffuse
transverse median bands of paler brown.
Expanse 38 mm.

LASIOCAMPIDAE.

STIBOLEPIS, Butl.

156. S. subiridescens, sp. nov. @:-
Front dark brown; collar and pectus pale
creamy; upper side of thorax and abdomen
pale fulvous; under side of body creamy; legs
creamy with the anterior pair margined inter-
nally with dark brown. Primaries on the
upper side pale fulvous crossed by waved
transverse basal, transverse median, trans-
verse limbal, and submarginal lines, which
are produced upon the secondaries. The trans-
verse limbal line is accentuated externally

PSTCHE.

{ July 1893.

on both wings by a series of small elongated
whitish spots, the most conspicuons being
the one nearest the apex, and those nearer
the inner margins of the wings. The under
side of the wings is uniformly very pale
yellowish-brown, lightest at the base. The
wings are semi-diaphanous.

@. The female is much larger than the
male. The wings are darker reddish and the
median surface on the under side, which is
not nearly as heavily clothed with hair as in
the male, is most beautifully iridescent,
changing in different lights from pale green
of brilliant purple. Expanse, g, 34mm.; 9,
54 mm.

EsTIGENA, Moore.

157. LZ. “Africana, sp» nov. 6. Palpi
dark brown; front and upper side of body pale
fawn; lower side of abdomen darker brown;
the legs pale fawn. The primaries fawn with
some paler markings near the base and about
the middle of the wing beyond the cell. The
end of the cell is marked by a minute discal
dot. The secondaries are pale fawn on the
inner margin with the costa and the outer
margin as far as the middle darker brown.
There are three hyaline spots, one at the end
of the cell, and two just beyond it at the origin
of vein 7. Immediately above these spots
toward the costa are four pale yellowish spots
with dark brown nuclei. The under side of
both wings is marked very much as the upper
side. Expanse, 58 mm.

HyYPOTRABALA, gen. nov.

@. Palpi minute, last joint exceedingly
small. Antennae relatively small with
minute setae. Legs short, hairy. Body
stout. Primaries produced at apex, the costa
strongly curved beyond the middle; outer
margin slightly crenulate, inner margin
curved; veins 6 and 7 stalked; vein § spring-
ing from upper angle of cell. Secondaries
suboval, somewhat elongated, with the outer _
margin slightly crenulate; veins 5 and 6

July 1893.]

A CABBAGE-LIKE CECIDOMYIIDOUS
GALL ON BIGELOVIA.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
KINGSTON, JAMAICA.

On June 21, 1892, asmall bud-like gall was
foundon Bigelovia graveolens. It was quite
abundant a few miles to the east of Gallo
Spring, N. Mex. There were also found next
day, June 22, west of Apache Spring.

Gall.—Length, 5 to 84 mm.; greatest basal
width, 4to7 mm. Small, bud-like, borne on
sides of stems, to which the gall is attached
by a very constricted base almost without
length; formed of loosely overlapping stip-
ules much like the cabbage gall on willow
but not conical or compact. Greenish in
color, or slightly yellowish, scantily covered
with a fine white woolly pubescence. Stip-
ules forming the gall rather broad at base,
pointed at end or sometimes rounded, from
12 to 20 in number, but not more than 8 or 10
showing on the outside, the tips of the rest
joined and forming the terminal central tip of
the gall. Inside the innermost of these, in a
little slightly hardened cell, a single larva or
pupa is found. Stipules with the woolly
pubescence on the outer convex surface and
on the edges, nearly or quite bare on the
inner concave surface: The central pupal
cell is thinly lined with the white woolly
pubescence, and is about 3 mm. long, by 14
mm. wide.

Described from 8 or g galls. This species,
which is with hardly a doubt new, may be
called Cectdomyia bigeloviae-brassicoides.

Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell records, on page
106 of vol. vi, West American Sci., the breed-
ing of a cecidomyian from the galls of the
trypetid Zurosta bigeloviae. Ifbred from the
trypetid galls, itcan hardly be the same as this
species. He proposes the name C. dzgeloviae
for it, but without description of either gall or
insect.

THE CLICK oF AGERONIA.—In a paper
on stridulation in certain Lepidoptera pub-

PSYCHE.

491

lished by the Zoological society of London
Mr. G. F. Hampson gives the first reasonable
explanation of the clicking sound produced
by Ageronia. He says: ‘‘On detaching and
clearing a fore wing of Ageronia arethusa, I
found there was a small pyriform membran-
ous sac attached to the base of the inner mar-
gin ofthe fore wing, open anteriorly, and
with a pair of curved chitinous hooks with
spatulate extremities lying freely in front of
it. It was obvious that this could not come

into contact with any of the nervures of the
hind wing, and that no structure attached to
the hind wing could act on it; and as there
seemed to be a projection on the thorax in
the immediate neighborhood, I cleared and
denuded of scales a half insect with the wings
still attached to the thorax, and could then
see under a low power of the microscope that
there was a pair of strong chitinous hooks
attached to the thorax and that when the fore
wing was moved up and down the spatulate
ends of the chitinous hooks attached to the
wing played against these, being released
when the wing reached a certainangle, and
I suggest that this is the cause of the clicking
sound, the hooks acting as a tuning fork
and the membranous sac as a sounding
board.” We owe to the favor of the Zoolog-
ical society the opportunity to reproduce
here his cut illustrative of the mechanism
involved.

EARLY APPEARANCE OF ANOSIA PLEXIP-
Ppus.— On two very warm days in the early
part of May, May 11 and 12, Mr. S. W. Den-

492

ton saw close at hand a faded but otherwise
perfect female of Anosta fPlexippus in the
garden of Mr. William Brewster of Cam-
bridge, Mass. It remained for some time
about the garden apparently searching for
the food plant. This must have been a
hibernator and it would seem scarcely possi-
ble that it could already have flown from so
great a distance as the extreme southern
states, but must have passed the winter in
some locality somewhat further north. It

will be recollected moreover that our last
winter was unusually severe. Ss Sy
ATROPHARISTA JURINOIDES. — Professor

Townsend mistakes my notein Psyche. I did
not mean to criticize him for making a
synonym — my own house is too vitreous to
warrant the free use of such missiles. But he
should not be so reluctant to admit in type
what he does ¢ Irtterts, that he had overlooked
Melanophrys. I wasinerror in regard to the
types: Mr. Aldrich tells me that the spe-
cimens in his collection which I examined
were ones that he had compared with the
types. All thatI intended in the article re-
ferred to was a protest against the indis-
criminate use of some of the characters upon
which have been founded the hosts of new
genera in this family within the past three or
four years. S. W. Williston.
Lawrence, Kansas, May 5, 1893-

Note ON Dr. WILLISTON’S CRITICISMS.—
In his article in the March, 1893, number
of Psyche, Professor Williston does me an
injustice. My recent table of tachinidae
contains all the genera in Brauer and von
Bergenstamm’s part i, which are referred by
these authors to North America except several
which are neither figured nor recognizably
described, or else are insufficiently separated
from the older genera. None of those in part
ii are included, for the reason that not a
single one of them is figured, and most of
them are extremely difficult to recognize,
even with that patient study and ample mate-
rial commended by Professor Williston. I

EST CIE.

{July 1893.

do not believe that, in the unbiased entomo-
logical mind, genera erected in such fashion
can stand. As to the figures that are pub-
lished, and those in part i only, they are
with almost no exception heads alone, excel-
lent certainly, but usually there is no clew in
the text to the venation. I contend that no
amount of patient study and ample material
is going to solvesuch problems saz¢sfactorily.
I do not accept Professor Williston’s proposi-
tion that ‘‘figures are usually more valuable
in this family than extended descriptions.”
The best of figures are always more or less
misleading, and cannot be unflinchingly
relied upon. Full and complete descrip-
tions, conscientiously made, are of more
value than any number of figures, since they
contain information in such a form that it
cannot be perverted or misinterpreted, either
in the process of publication or afterwards.
As to ‘‘multiplication of genera,” this is the
chief fault of the authors upheld, their next
fault being the insufficient characterization
of those multiplied. It is with the greatest
reluctance that I have again referred to the
work of these authors, in this particular. I
do not ‘‘sweepingly condemn” this work. I
have great faith in the validity of most of
the characters employed by them, though I
would not attach the same importance to all.
Their figures are unexcelled if equalled, so
faras they go. Their descriptions, not their
system, are splendid, so far as they go!

C. H. Tyler Townsend.
Mar. 12, 1893:

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.—A notable con-
tribution to insect embryology by W. M.
Wheeler appears in the last number of the
Journal of morphology. The original por-
tions of it relate chiefly to Orthoptera and
indeed to Locustidae, but the author has in-
vestigated many other types including in all
some thirty species. Sixty-one figures on the
plates represent Xiphidium, Stagmomantis
and Gryllus. Seventeen figures in the text .
are mostly diagrammatié.

July 1893.]

Brunner von Wattenwyl has improved the
opportunity offered by the study of the large
series of Orthoptera collected by Fea in Bur-
mah, to attempt a general revision of the
system of Orthoptera by the introduction of
tables for the determination of allthe known
genera (occasionally groups of genera) in
the order, excepting only such as have been
recently so treated elsewhere, when due
reference is made. It will be found exceed-
ingly useful for systematists, for no such
general work has appeared since the time of
Burmeister and Serville.
number of new genera are thus introduced,
and among them not a few of North
American forms based sometimes on des-
cribed, occasionally on undescribed species.
The addition of at least a brief diagnosis of
such species would have been acceptable.
The work forms the first part of v. 33 of the
Annali del museo civico di Genova.

L. Bruner prints a list of Nebraska
Orthoptera reaching the astonishing number
of 268 distinct kinds, a testimony to the
activity and zeal of the author as well as to
the extreme fruitfulness of his field. Brief
notes of habitat and abundance accompany
each entry (Publ. Nebr. acad. sc., 3).

C. H. Tyler Townsend has left his posi-
tion as entomologist in the experiment
station at Las Cruces, New Mexico, to accept
the curatorship of the museum in the Insti-
tute of Jamaica at Kingston, W. I., formerly
occupied by Mr. Theodore D. A. Cockerell,
who, curiously enough, moves to Las Cruces
to take Mr. Townsend’s place.

The Brussels Museum has begun the pub-
lication of a general catalogue of Hemiptera
by Lethierry and Severin on the plan of
Gemminger and Harold’s catalogue of
Coleoptera. The first volume embracing
the Pentatomidae is promised at an early day.
The whole work will probably occupy nine
volumes and require five or six years for its
publication. Its price will be about one cent
a page. :

Two new books on butterflies, by S. H.
Scudder, have just been published by Henry

A considerable

PS? CHE. 493

Holt & Co., of New York. One is a guide
to our common butterflies and describes
eighty-four species including (with only half
a dozen exceptions) the caterpillar and
chrysalis as well as the butterfly of each,
besides tables to determine them in every
stage. Brief biographies of each species are
given and at the beginning there is a general
introduction to the study of butterflies. The
other is a very full account of the life of
a butterfly for general readers, our milk-weed
butterfly being the central figure.

The Western university of Pennsylvania
has just conferred the degree of Dees: on
Frederick Moore and of Ph. D. on A. G.
Butler, both of London, in recognition of
their work in entomology.

The West African moths figured in this
number illustrate Dr, W. J. Holland’s article.
They are as follows: Plate 17. Big t
Ilema gonophora; 2. I. albibasalis, 9 ; 3. Te
miserata; 4. I. circumdata; 5. I. albicosta;
6. I. flava; 7. I. albospargata; 8. I. apicata;
g- I. diluta; ro. I. brunneicosta; 11. I.
pallida; 12. I. fusca; 13. Argila affinis; 14.
Nioda nigristriata; 15. Argila basalis, WIk.,
2 ; 16. Nioda agrotoides; 17. N. erubescens;
18. Somera chloauchena; 19. S. chloana;
20: >. desmotis;, 21. (S; chloromorpha;
22. S. chloéropis; 23. Desmeocraera
hinnula; 24. Somera _bitioides; 2b
Olene costiplaga; 26. Olene hyloica; 27.
Notohyba viridis ; 28. N. atrata; 29. Somera
infima, g; 30. S. infima, 2; 31. S. falsa;
32. Turnaca grisea; 33. gen. (?) sp. (?),
Plate 18. Fig. 1. Dasychira apateloides; 2.
D. nubifera; 3. Notohyba nubifuga; 4. N.
Notopriota ocellifera; 6.
Notohyba__ proletaria; 7. Thamnocera
albilinea; 8. Hypotrabala castanea; 9.
Metanastria porphyria; 10. M. spargata;
11. Stibolepis subiridescens; 12. Lebedodes
cossula; 13. Dasychira variegata; 14. D.
albosignata; 15. Oecura crucifera; 16.
Cyrtogone lichenodes; 17. Estigena Afri-
cana; 18. Orgyopsis tenuis; 19. Terphothrix
lanaria; 20. Aroa omissa.

No. 14, p. 476, should read S. chloéropis.

delicata; 5.

494

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

10 March, 1893.— The 177th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. Henshaw was
chosen chairman and Mr. H. G. Dyar secre-
tary.

Mr. S. H. Scudder directed attention to a
passage in his Butterflies of the Eastern United
States, where he had questioned whether
Tropaeolum was one of the food plants of
Pieris rapae, as he thought there might be a
confusion from the fact that the caterpillar
fed upon the genus Nasturtium which was
the common name of Tropaeolum; but ke

PSIG,

[July 1893.

read a letter from Mx, Hob. Pletcher sof
England who assured him that he had found
the eggs and caterpillars on two species of
Tropaeolum, one of the Geraniaceae.

Mr. Scudder also exhibited
specimens of Schistocerca literosaWalk., from
the Galapagos Islands and showed the difter-
ences between the races inhabiting
distinct islands. In some further remarks
upon the orthoptera of the Galapagos, he
said that the paucity of species and their
character in no way supported Baur’s notion
that these islands formed part of a sunken
continent, but decidedly indicated a recent
accidental fauna.

numerous

three

GUST PUBLEDSHET:

Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com-
moner Butterflies.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER, author of ‘‘But-
terflies oe ine Eastern United States and
Canada,” xi + 206 pp. 12mo. $1.25

An foe for the young student, to
the names and something of the relationship
and lives of our commoner butterflies. The
author has selected for treatment the butter-
flies, less than one hundred in number, which
would be almost surely met with by an in-
dustrious collector in a course of a year’s or
two year’s work in our Northern States east
of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While
all the apparatus necessary to identify these
butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect
stage, is supplied, it is far from the author’s
purpose to treat them as if they wereso many
mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar-
ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly
added to the descriptions of the different spe-
cies, their most obvious stages, some of the
curious facts concerning their periodicity and
their habits of life. A short introduction to
the study of butterflies in general is prefixed
to the work, and is followed by a brief account
of the principal literature of the subject.

Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly.
A Chapter in Natural History for
the General Reader.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.
$1.00.

In this book the author has tried to present
in untechnical language the story of the life
of one of our most conspicuous American
butterflies. At the same time, by introduc-
ing into the account of its anatomy, devel-
opment, distribution, enemies, and seasonal
changes some comparisons with the more or
less dissimilar structure and life of other but-
terflies, and particularly of our native forms,
he has endeavored to give, in some fashion
and in brief space, a general account of the
lives of the whole tribe. By using a single
butterfly as a special text, one may discourse
at pleasure of many; and in the limited field
which our native butterflies cover, this meth-
od has a certain advantage from its simplicity
and directness.

HENRY HOLT &. CO:

Publishers,
NEW YORK.

186 pp. 16mo.

A. SMITH & SONS, 121 NASSAU STREET, New York.

y (EE
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JOINTED

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PA Io mmNAT OF. ENTOMOLOGY.
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Vol. 6. No. 208.

AvuGusT, 1893.

CONTENTS:
THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN INsEects.—III.— W. M. Wheeler. 497
NOTES ON GLUPHISIA AND OTHER NOTODONTIDAE.—A. S. Packard. : : : 499

A DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF A SPECIES OF THE LINTNERI GROUP OF GLUPHISIA.

—H. G. Dyar. : : : : . : - : : : : . . 503
A COCK’S-COMB GALL ON RHUS MICROPHYLLA.—C. H. Tyler Townsend. . ; : 504
TARDY WING-EXPANSION IN CALLOSAMIA.—Caroline G. Soule. . : : : 505

ENTOMOLOGICAL Notes (Insect parasitism; stridulation in ants; West Virginia

Scolytidae; reissue of Hiibner’s exotic butterflies). : ; : : é : 505

PUBLISHED BY THE
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.

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PSYCHE.

[August 1893 -

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PSY CELE. ;

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS.— III.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

OrTHOPTERA. It is in this order
that we first meet with facts having a
decided bearing on the question under
consideration. I have no data on the
embryology of the Phasmidae and Man-
tidae.* The other families may be taken
up in order.

BLATTIDAE. Inthe embryo Phyllo-
dromia germanica I find four Malpig-
hian vessels which arise as discrete
outgrowths of the hind-gut in the
manner so often described for other
insects. Somewhat later two more
vessels are added. The adult Phyllo-
dromia and Per¢planeta ortentalis have
60-70 vessels according to Schindler
and Miall and Denny.{ Hence a great
increase in the number of tubules must
take place during larval life. That this
is the case was shown by Schindler,$
who found only 16-18 vessels in a larval
Periplaneta not quite 10 mm. long, and
only eight vessels in larva measuring
4-5 mm. Notwithstanding this increase
in the number of vessels, the number

* Leon Dufour. Recherches sur les Orthoptéres etc.,
p- 358, claims the number of Malpighian vessels in the
adult Mantis to be ‘‘une centaine environ.”’

Welee. p.1607.-

¢ The structure and life-history of the cockroach (Peri-
planeta orientalis) London, 1886, p. 128.

§1. c. p. 607.

(6) persists throughout life, since, as
Miall and Denny* have shown, the
vessels of the adult are grouped in six
clusters at the anterior end of the strik-
ingly hexagonal rectum.

LocustipaE. In the embryo X7phz-
dium ensiferum four Malpighian
vessels arise as in Blattids; to these a
third pair is soon added. In the adult,
of which I examined four specimens,
the vessels are inserted in six clearly
defined clusters, each containing about
7 or 8*tubules. Hence there can be no
doubt that in this form also the number
of vessels increases during larval life.
«This increase is probably effected by a
budding out of new vessels from the
proctodaeal wall at the bases of the em-
bryonic vessels. A large adult Orchel-
imum which I examined showed the
same arrangement of Malpighian ves-
sels as Xiphidium.

Other writers have observed the clus-
tered arrangement of the excretory
tubulesjin the Locustidae but they fail
to find six clusters. According to Leon
Dufourt the 10-12 vessels of Ephip-
pigera open into the gut on five sepa-

*]. c. 123.
7 1. 1c. p= 350:

498

rate knob-like projections. According
to Schindler,* Locusta virtdissima has
more than roo vessels; ‘‘sie miinden
zwar bei L. vir¢déss¢ma einzeln in den
anfangstheil des diinndarms ein, haben
sich aber dabei—entsprechend dem fami-
liencharakter—deutlich in 4 oder 5 ziem-
lich umschriebene biischel gruppiert.”
Schindlert also studied Decticus verru-
‘‘Die absonderung dieser
organe in einzelne (vier) biischel ist bei
Decticus weniger auffallend, als bei
Locusta.”’ I venture to conclude either
that Dufour and Schindler have over-
looked one or two of the clusters of
vessels or, what is more probable, that
the forms which they studied presented
a fusion of two or more of the primitive
clusters. ;

GrRYLLIDAE. The Malpighian vessels
of this group present a very aberrant
character; most, if not all, the forms
having in their adult condition a great
number of tubules opening into the
rectum by means of a single long duct.
Schindler{ estimates the number of
vessels in Acheta campestris at about
TOO.

Clvordus.

Rathke§ studied the embryonic con-
ditions in Gryllotalpa and found that
the embryo leaves the egg with only
four vessels, which, even at this time,
are connected with the proctodaeum by
means of a single duct. Soon another
pair of vessels is added, so that we really
have a stage with six vessels, albeit

cL CHOIG.

{ l. c. p. 621.

tl.c. p. 616.

§Zur entwicklungsgeschichte d. maulwurfsgrille.
Miiller’s archiv. 1844, p. 27, taf. ii, fig. 435.

Iagew MOVs IH

[August 1893.

More vessels
are acquired from time to time during
larval life, till the imaginal number is
completed.

Oecanthus nitveus apparently pre-
sents more primitive conditions. Ayers,*
who studied the embryology of this
insect, makes the following statement.
‘‘When the tube (proctodaeum) has
elongated so that its enlarged end lies
within the fourth or fifth segment of
the abdomen (counting from behind
forwards) there arises near the free end
in the dorsal line a_ small
trilobed, hollow bud of the ectodermic
layer, opening into the lumen of the
tube.

united in a single cluster.

median

Each lobe grows rapidly into a
small tubular organ, the primitive Mal-
pighian vessel. Each of these bifurcates
at some distance from the proctodaeum,
so that there are ultimately six of the
tubes.”’ This account certainly tends
to show that in some Gryllids 3 and 2
are combined in the primitive number.
The common duct seen in Gryllotalpa
and Acheta and indicated in the em-
bryo Oecanthus may, I believe, be
safely regarded as a secondary develop-
ment, since it occurs in no other group
of Orthoptera and but
appears in other orders.

AcripIUDAE. The numerous Mal-
pighian vessels in this family resemble
those of the Locustidae but are not ar-
ranged in clusters. In the embryo
Melanoplus femur-rubrum I find only
six vessels, originating simultaneously
in three pairs.

very rarely

*On the Development of Oecanthus niveus and its
parasite Teleas. Mem. Bost. soc. nat. hist. vol. ili,
1884, p. 246.

August 1893. ]

TEAS MEI g Wii 499

NOTES ON GLUPHISIA AND OTHER NOTODONTIDAE.—I.

BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

This paper is mainly based on exam-
inations of the types of the late Henry
Edwards, now preserved in the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History; and
for facilities and courtesies I am in-
debted to the curator of entomology,
Mr. W. Beutenmiiller.

I regard Gluphisia as the simplest
and most primitive genus of the group;
its larva being noctuiform and without
any projections. The larvae are often,
perhaps usually, even, without any red
spots. G. trzlzmeata Pack. is the typi-
cal species.

G. RIDENDA Edw. is very closely
allied, representing G. ¢rz/zmeata in Col-
orado. The Edwards’ collection con-
tains three @. I havea 9? from Col-
orado which I compared with Mr.
Edwards’s type specimen before his
death. Its venation is the same as in
G. trilineata; its body and wings are
paler gray, the broad median band on
the fore wings is clearer, and pale
tawny yellowish. It is not improbable
that C. ridenda will ultimately prove
to be merely a climatic variety of the
eastern ¢rzl¢neata.

G. rapTA Edw. 1 92, Colorado, I re-
gard as a variety which should be
united with G. r¢denda. ‘The single
(type) specimen is a Q, without
antennae or abdomen.

It is of the same size and with the same
shape of wings as in G. r¢denda. Head and

prothorax paler than in G. ridenda. Fore
wings pale gray, as pale as in rzdenda and
whiter than in ¢rlzneata; base of wings
pale, with a black longitudinal streak, a little
oblique on the costa, and behind is a diffuse
black irregular band; the inner line is black,
and as in ridenda. The inner black line
forming the inner border of the luteous or
tawny yellowish median band is very dis-
tinct, oblique, not bent outward as in
ridenda. The band is much narrower than
in rzdenda, the outer and inner black lines
nearly meeting on the inner edge of the
wing. The outer line is not so much bent
on the costa. No middle line present. The
space beyond the narrow pale line just beyond
the outer line ts dusky, much as in ¢relineata,
where it is pale in rzdenda. Submarginal
scalloped line not so near the edge of the
wing asin ridenda. Fringe checkered as in
videnda and ¢trilineata. ‘The hind wings are
as in r¢denda, with no transverse line. Be-
neath as in G. r¢denda, but with a broad
dusky cloud on the outer fourth of the fore
wings, not reaching the edge.

G. ALBOFASCIA Edwards.—The 2 ¢
type specimens are from Utah, and
seem to be only a pale form of G.
ridenda, probably due to its living in a
drier, less rainy, more sunny region.
It is to be noted that the western varie-
ties named have no longer fore wings
than in the eastern ¢rzlimeata. It
seems to be identical with G. formosa,
but scarcely separable from G. rzdenda,
being, with little doubt, a climatic vari-
ety of the latter species. The two 4
marked albofascta resemble G. for-

500

mosa, only the nearly clear spaces of
the latter in a@lbofascta form dark,
broad, very distinct bands. There are
two dark dusky patches on the hind
wings. The examples of G. albofascta
are more typical of the species (if it be
regarded as distinct from r¢dexda) than
those placed under G. formosa.

The fore wings somewhat luteous-gray at
base; on the inner third is a broad black
band widening on the costa, and still wider
on the internal edge, where it reaches a little
beyond the middle of the wing. A clear
luteous gray median space, beyond which on
the outer third of the wing is a broad black
band, between which and the submarginal
scalloped line is a gray band. Hind wings
with a diffuse broad band on the outer
fourth, forming a dark patch on the internal
angle, and another in the independent inter-
space. On the under side of the wings the
dark bands show through, as do the two
dusky spots on the hind wings.

G. FoRMOSA Edwards.—4 2, all from
Utah. As already stated I regard this
as a synonym of G. albofascta, both
species being with little doubt climatic
varieties of G. ridenda.

The antennae are well pectinated, rather
more so than in G. rzdenda. The wings are
much paler gray than in r¢édenda, the hind
wings being almost white, but the thorax
and abdomen are as in rzdenda. Fore wings
with black scales at the base, but with no
definite lines such as are to be seen in ¢rdZc-
neata and rzdenda, but just beyond the base
the wing is more or less luteous, as in
ridenda. Middle of the wing with a broad
pale flesh-colored or luteous band, bordered
on the inside by a very distinct black line
like that of r¢denda, becoming wider on the
costa. In the middle of the band is a dark
jine nearly parallel with the inner one, dilat-

PSVCHE.

[August 1893.

ing on the veins and all the lines forming
distinct dark costal spots. The outer third
of the wing gray, with dark scales and with
an irregular blackish wavy line, much as in
ridenda and rupta. Hind wings whitish,
with no lines, and with three dark dots on
the fringe of the internal angle. The outer
third of the wing faintly dusted more or less
with fine dark scales. Wings pale whitish
beneath; two blackish costal spots beyond
the middle, and costa of both wings speckled
with dark scales. A faint diffuse band passes
across the hind wings just beyond the
middle; and the margin of both wings is
speckled with dark scales. Body beneath
pale, and the legs (tarsi) ringed with dark
scales.

After preparing the preceding de-
scriptions I find that Mr. Edwards adds
to his description of G. formosa the
following remark: ‘‘It is possible that
G. ridenda and G. rupta are forms of
one species, and that G. albofascza and
G. formosa are forms of another, but I
prefer to consider them as distinct until
future investigation shall
their true position.”

G. LINTNERI (Grote). Originally de-
scribed as a Dasychira; this is a true
Gluphisia, but, with G. severa and ave-
macula, belonging to a distinct section
of the genus. The ¢ antennae are pro-
vided with long close pectinations; the
body is stout and hairy; the costa of
the fore wings is much more convex
than in G. ¢rdlineata, and the apex
somewhat produced as in G. severa.

G. wRricHTu H. Edwards, Ent. amer.
i, I. April, 1636," Uhis species in-
habits San Bernardino, Cal. It is very
near G. severa Edwards (Ent. amer. ii,

167. Wee. TS6p)):

determine

August 1893.]

Of the two female specimens placed
under G. severa in the Edwards col-
lection, one (not the type, which isa @
from Soda Springs, Cal., April 15, with
eggs), probably added after his descrip-
tion was published, I regard as a speci-
men of G. wrzghtzz. Its locality is
Sierra Nevada, Cal. (and Mr. Beuten-
miiller suggests that it may have been
taken at Mt. Shasta). The specimen
is perfectly preserved, and in its struc-
tural character is closely allied to G.
severa. The thorax has a median tuft
asineG. severa. From the type of
wrighti it differs in the more distinct
and darker markings, being less rubbed.

A decidedly luteous subtriangular spot ex-
tends from the base of the wing to the inner
distinct line crossing the wing, which line is
situated half way between the base of the
wing and the inner side of the median band,
this line having been rubbed off in the type
of wrightiz. The space between this line
and the median band is whitish gray. The
broad blackish median band encloses a sinu-
ous linear luteous discal spot, and there is a
luteous patch near the internal edge of the
wing. The inner edge of the median band is
less distinctly sinuous than in the type of
wrightiz, and so is the white outer bordering
line, which, however, is more zigzag. The
edge of the wing is stone-gray,as in the type
of wrigh?iz, and encloses the usual scalloped
dark line, as in the type of wr¢ghtzt. Hind
wings as in the type; a diffuse dark band
crosses the wing beyond the middle, and a
second outer one is parallel to it, but does
not reach the middle, and the two bands en-
close a white linear spot, as in the type.

As the species occurs in northern as
well as southern California, and is quite

PSYCHE.

501

variable, severa may have to be united
with it. ;

G. sEvERA Edwards. The single
type is a 2 from Soda Springs, Cal.

The type is much larger than the Sierra
Nevada specimen, and well preserved. An-
tennae with short pectinations. Body and
head dark gray. Wings unusually dark;
fore wings dark gray on the basal third, with
a very small luteous spot on the median and
submedian veins. Median band broad and
dark, almost black, and not bordered by the
narrow scalloped outer line, the wing being
suffused with black to the outer edge. A
narrow faint luteous linear discal spot. Half
way between the scalloped pale gray line and
the outer edge of the wing is a submarginal
series of tawny or luteous patches. Hind
wings just as in the Sierra Nevada example,
and venation as in wrighti?. Wings under-
neath dark and much diffused, the line on
the fore wing less than in the
wrightit type. Hind wings with two paral-
lel broad dark bands, just as in the Sierra
Nevada specimen of G. wrightiz. The shape
of the head and the wings is the same in the
Californian severa and the eastern form. In
both forms the hind wings are nearly the
same.

sinuous

I am indebted to Mrs. Annie Trum-
bull Slosson for the privilege of examin-
ing and describing a single remarkable
specimen in a perfect state of preserva-
tion taken at Franconia, N. H. Mrs.
Slosson, unlike many entomologists, has
kindly allowed me to partially denude
the under side of the wings of her
unique specimen, so that the venation
could be carefully drawn with the aid
of the camera. She has determined the
species to be new. The species was
not to be found in the collections of Mr.
Graef, Mr. Neumogen, and Mr. Beuten-

502

miiller had not seen it in the Henry
Edwards collections, now fortunately in
the possession of the American Museum
of Natural History at Central Park,
New York. I had described the form
as Ceruridia slossontae, regarding it
as the type of a new genus, allied to but
distinct from Gluphisia, owing to the
notable differences in the venation, as
well as the presence of a dorsal tuft,
and other characters given below. After
sending my description for publication
Mr. Dyar wrote me that he had seen the
specimen with my name on it in Mrs.
Slosson’s collection, and that it seemed
to him tobe a dark 2 of Gluphista avt-
macula Hudson, adding that Mr. Neu-
mogen’s ‘Melia danbyz” is referable
to the same genus, but his name
‘‘Melia” is preoccupied. Mr. Dyar
then rather hastily and with over zeal
published my name. Since then I have
re-examined Edward’s type of G. sev-
era, and have received from Mr. Dyar a
specimen of G. dintneri. Mr. Dyar
also wrote me as his opinion that the
species of Ceruridia or Melia (Eumelia)
are not generically different from Glu-
phisia, as he has collected G. severa
in the Yosemite Valley, Cal.

As the result of my studies, es-
pecially of the venation, I am inclined
to divide the genus Gluphisia into two
sections and to believe that in the forms
mentioned below we have a number of
climatic or temperature varieties of a
species allied to G. déntnerd¢ (origi-
nally referred to Dasychira by Grote),
and which is common to both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The syn-

PSASGHE.

[August 1893.

nonomy may then eventually prove to
be somewhat as follows :—

GLUPHISIA WRIGHTII H. Edwards, Ent.
Amer. ii, 11. April, 1886.

Gluphisia severa H. Edwards, Ent. Amer.
ii, 167.) Dec. 1886.

Melia danbyt Neum. Can. Ent. xxiv, 225,
1892.

Eumelia danbyt Neum. Can. Ent. xxv, 25,
1892.

Gluphista avimacula Hudson, Ent. News.
ii, No.8,,155.. (Oct. 1801.

Of all these forms the variety s/os-
sontae is the most remarkable, from its
very dark markings, and deserves to
receive a distinct name. That these
forms may be the result of climatic
causes, acting on the insect in its pupal
state, seems pretty well established from
the remarkable results obtained not only
by Weismann and W. H. Edwards, but
also the more detailed experiments
made by Mr. F. Merrifield and pub-
lished with elaborate plates in the
Transactions of the entomological soci-
ety of London for 1891 (p. 155) and
1892, 33, (Xxxvi).

In comparing G. slossoniae with
Hudson’s description of avzmacula, it
seems most probable that it is a melan-
otic form, due to the colder and damper
situation of Franconia, N. H., which
is about 1400 feet above the sea. In
slossoniae the thorax is lighter, the pale
ochreous basal and discal spots of avz-
macula are whitish gray in slossoniae,
and the basal and middle lines of the
median band are swamped by the
broad black-brown band of slossonéae ;
the hind wings of slossonzae agree with
Hudson’s description of avzmacula.

August 1893.]

PSL CHE.

503

POE SeRIPiION OF THE LARVA ‘OF A SPECIES OF THE
LINTNERI GROUP OF GLUPHISIA.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

GLUPHISIA SEVERA Hy. Edw.

1886—H. Edwards, Ent. amer., ii, 167.

£gg(?). Hemispherical, the base flat;
smooth, slightly shiny whitish green, the
micropyle round, small, black. Under a
half inch objective it is seen to be covered
with irregular flattened reticulations, not
raised above the surface of the egg, much as
in Cerura, but more irregular, ranging in
shape from quadrilateral to hexagonal.
Diameter 1.1mm. Found on a poplar leaf,
deposited singly. I am not sure that this
egg belongs to this species, as it failed to
hatch, but it was found with the larvae and
probably belongs here.

First larval stage. Not observed.

Second stage. Head slightly bilobed, not
shiny, pale green; mouth whitish; ocelli
black; width og mm, Body smooth,
slender, without humps or tubercles, uniform
pale green, not shiny, with a faint yellow
subdorsal line. No other markings.

Third stage. Only the cast head case

was observed, the width of which was 1.45
mm.
Fourth stage. Width of head, 2.3 mm.
Much as inthe first part of the last stage.
There is a moderately distinct, pale yellow,
subdorsal line without other markings, or
else traces of lateral and stigmatal yellowish
lines, the former broken, the latter continu-
ous, but faint. Spiracles small, faintly
ocherous. As the stage advances the stig-
matal line becomes the most distinct, the
others becoming faint.

Fifth stage. Head very slightly bilobed,
somewhat flattened in front, uniform pale,
sublustrous green, mouth parts paler, jaws
black; width 3.5 mm. Feet normal, all used
in walking, concolorous with the body,. the
claspers whitish. Body long and slender,

noctuiform in appearance, without humps or
tubercles; piliferous dots absent, the hairs
being reduced to mere rudiments. Color
uniformly non-lustrous pale green, semi-
transparent, showing plainly the pulsations
of the dorsal vessels. An obscure, pale
yellow, stigmatal line. Spiracles dull ocher.
The larva rests ona slight web on the back
of the leaf, the head held out flat.

As the stage advances the markings
become much more pronounced. The head
is mottled with white, especially on each
side of the clypeus; clypeus white centrally ;
a yellow line appears on the side of the
head from the base of the antennae behind
the ocelli, in line with the stigmatal band
when the insect is in its normal position of
rest. Stigmatal line distinct, pale yellow,
bordered above, very narrowly, with crim-
son on the thoracic segments, and reaching
nearly to the end of the anal plate. Dorsal
region whitish green, becoming almost
white; subventral region clear green, with
yellow dots; spiracles orange, feet faintly
tipped with vinous. There are faint traces
of a yellowish subdorsal line, and one on
each side of the dorsal vessel, but they
become white and are seen as somewhat
more distinct parts of the general whitish
dorsal shading. Still latter, the rudiment-
ary piliferous dots become surrounded with
yellow. There are seven on each side
above the stigmatal line, seven in the sub-
ventral space (where they appear more
distinctly on account of the absence of white
shading) and others on the venter of the
legless segments.

Length of larva, 41 mm. at maturity.

Cocoon. Spun among leaves. It is com-
posed of gummy silk, slight, but tough.

Pupa. Nearly cylindrical, rounded, no

504

cremaster ; abdomen punctured, cases coarsely
creased: color uniform dark brown, nearly
black. Length 17 mm.; width 6 mm.

Food-plants. Poplar (Populus tremulotdes
and P. balsamifera). Larvae from Yosemite,
Cal.

& moth. Allied to Gluphisia lintneri
Groteand G. avimacula Hudson. Antennae
lengthily bi-pectinated, the pectinations
black, with dense, pale ciliae; shaft with
whitish hairs, Thorax andabdomen densely
clothed with dark gray hairs, black and
white mixed, much darkest on thorax, the
posterior edge of the collar defined bya paler
line. Wings dark gray, nearly white scales
intermixed with black scales and hairs, the
white predominating in the median space.
At the base of fore wings, on median vein, is
a small ocherous dot, contiguous to, and
forming part of a basal ocherous shading,
enclosed in the space between median and
internal veins, and bordered outwardly by an
obscure, brownish-black, transverse line.
Sub-basal space gray, clothed with black and
white scales becoming lighter just before the
t.a. line. Transverse anterior line distinct,
velvety black, outwardly produced on sub-
costal, median and internal veins and in-
wardly arcuate across the cell and submedian
interspace, most strongly defined at the
internal margin. Median space broad, pale
gray, with a central blackish shade-line in
which isan obscure ocherous crescent at end
of cell. Space below median vein next to
t.a. line also shaded with ocherous, extending
to the t.p. line along internal margin. The
veins are slightly lined with black. Trans-
verse posterior line whitish, dentate, pre-
ceded and followed by a black shade which
is emphasized by the black markings on all
the veins before the line, and fills in the sub-
terminal space outside of it. Subterminal
line outwardly arcuate to vein 4, thence again
strongly arcuate to the interspace between
veins 2 and 3 and thence straight to internal
angle. It is shaded with ocherous yellow
and bordered outwardly with dark brown;

ES CTI.

[August 1893.

but is narrowly broken on each vein by the
gray ground color. Terminal space even,
dark gray; fringes spotted with white and
blackish brown. Hind wings thinly scaled,
dark gray, paler at base, with two transverse
pale lines defined by black scales and, on the
internal angle, by three distinct black spots,
the lower one of which is onthe fringe. The
Outer line is faint, but is tinged with ocher-
ous at the anal angle. Fringe as on fore
wings. Beneath, blackish gray; a common
extra mesial pale band, bordered inwardly
with black. Hind wings whitish centrally.
Expanse of wings, 41 mm.

Mr. Neumoegen has recently proposed the
name Melia* (which, however, is preoccu-
pied) for the linterni group of Gluphisia,
describing as the type 1. daubyz. This is
the form of Gluphista severa found in the
Northwest, and I do not think it specifically
distinct from that which occurs in the Sierra
Nevada. I have taken it at Portland, Oregon,
and have seen two examples in the collection
of Mr. R. H. Stretch, presumably captured
in Seattle, Wash.

A COCKS-COMB GALL ON RHUS
MICROPHYLLA.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
KINGSTON, JAMAICA.

On June 16, 1892, I found a gall of very
striking appearance, from its deep scarlet
color, on Rhus microphylla, near Mud
Spring, which is onthe road between Las
Palomos and Cuchilla Negra, in Sierra
county, N. Mex. The gall is of peculiar
shape and resembles a cluster of many
thickened leaflets massed together. At a
casual glance, it might be mistaken for the
fruit of the Aus, which is in clusters and
orange-colored but very different in form.
The same gall was found next day, June 17,
in the upper portion of the small cafion
known as the Cafiada Alamosa.

* Can. ent. xxiv, 225.

August 1893.]

Gall.—Average diameter, 15 to 25 mm;
length (on twig), about 20 to 30 mm. Galls
luster-like, irregular in shape, sometimes,
rounded, cocks-comb-like in appearance,
springing from the small stems which shoot
out laterally from the twig or branch, or
terminal portion of latter. Consisting of
irreglar massed clusters of many aborted,
deformed, greatly thickened and fleshy leaflets
springing from the side stems; surrounding
the twig or branch but not attached thereto,
dark scarlet-red in color on all surfaces ex-
posed to the sun, the under side when not so
exposed being annually greenish and always
lighter than the upper or exposed portions.
Inside portions green. External surface of
the gall extremely irregular in outline, the
fleshy leaflets arranged in irregular cocks-
comb-like groups more or less pointed api-
cally, the groups of leaflets longitudinally
creased, appearing as though formed of many
little columns setside by side and soldered
together, much resembling groups of certain
columnar crystals.

Described from 3 or 4 galls. The fleshy
groups of leaflets contain irregular cavities
within them. These, when opened the fol-
lowing spring, revealed only small pale
brownish bodies attached to the walls inside.
I am unable to suggest the order of insects
to which the maker of this gall belongs. It
may possibly be an acarid—perhaps a phy-
toptid.

TARDY WING-EXPANSION IN CALLOSAMIA.—
A few days ago I found, in Kensington,
N. H., a small wild-cherry tree hung with
cocoons of Callosamia Promethea to the
number of seventy-five at least. On some
twigs six or seven hung close together, all
unusually large and light-colored. I cut off
over thirty of them, and on June 12th I
opened them, finding all good but one, in
which the pupa had failed to cast the larva-
skin, and so had died. One cocoon con-
tained a @ on the point of emerging, the
pupa-skin being broken in several places.
I took out the half-emerged moth, removed

PSYCHE.

505

the ragged pupa-skin, and the moth crawled
to the top of my cage, and hung there, un-
developed, all day and all night. This
morning, June 13th at nine o’clock, its wings
were still undeveloped, and I supposed it had
been stunted by the unusual mode of emer-
gence. At ten o’clock, however, the wings
had expanded to nearly full size, and in half
an hour more the moth was a fine specimen,
fully developed, and unusually large!

I have never known the wings to expand
so many hours after the moth had emerged.

Caroline G. Soule.
Brookline, Mass.

ENTOMOLOGICAL Notes. — Insect parasi-
tism is admirably and suggestively treated
in Pres. Riley’s address to the Entomologi-
cal society of Washington, just printed in
its proceedings. It is worthy of the closest
attention as a broad outline of the subject;
by the introduction of fuller illustrative de-
tails it could easily be expanded into a vol-
ume and bea very welcome addition to our
literature.

In the last part of the transactions of the
Entomological society of London, Dr. David
Sharp shows that ants stridulate by means of
fine transverse lines on the middle of the
dorsum of the third abdominal segment
where it is rubbed by the edge of the pre-
ceding segment; these organs are usually
present in the Ponerides and Myrmicides,
but appear to be absent from the Campono-
tides and Dolichoderides.

A. D. Hopkins prints in Bull. 31 of the
West Virginia experiment station an inter-
esting Catalogue of West Virginia Scotyti-
dae and their enemies.

Wytsam of Bruxelles announces a new
issue of Hiibner’s Sammlung exotischer
schmetterlinge and Zutrige, 664 quarto plates
in all, the plates copied by heliogravure
and colored by hand; the original and the
latest nomenclature will be added. It will
appear in 60 equal parts and be sold for
500 francs, payable by parts.

506

LPS TOME.

[August 1893.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada.

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

he set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 xe.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN «*CO:

4 Park St., Boston, Mass.

¥UST PUBLISHED.

Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com-
moner Butterflies.

By SAMUEL H. ScuppDeR, author of ‘‘But-
terflies of the Eastern United States and
Canada,” etc. xi + 206pp. 12mo. $1.25,

An introduction, for the young student, to
the names and something of the relationship
and lives of our commoner butterflies. The
author has selected for treatment the butter-
flies, less than one hundred in number, which
would be almost surely met with by an in-
dustrious collector in a course of a year’s or
two year’s work in our Northern States east
of the Great Plains, and in Canada. While
all the apparatus necessary to identify these
butterflies, in their earlier as well as perfect
stage, is supplied, it is far from the author’s
purpose to treat them as if they wereso many
mere postage-stamps to be classified and ar-
ranged in a cabinet. He has accordingly
added to the descriptions of the different spe-
cies, their most obvious stages, some of the
curious facts concerning their periodicity and
their habits of life. A short introduction to
the study of butterflies in general is prefixed
to the work, and is followed by a brief account
of the principal literature of the subject.

Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly.
A Chapter in Natural History for
the General Reader.

By SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.
$1.00.

186 pp. 16mo.

HENRY HOLT & CoO.,

Publishers,
NEW YORK.

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ZZ DOUAINAL OF ENTOMOLOGY.
[Established in 1874.]

Vol. 6. No. 209.

SEPTEMBER, 1893.

CONTENTS:

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN INSECTS.—IV.— W. M. Wheeler.

ON VARIATION IN THE VENATION OF AN ARCTIAN WITH NOTES ON OTHER ALLIED
GENERA (Plate 19).—Harritson G. Dyar.

Loca Nores (Dr. Packard’s insect-types; Dr. J. W. Randall; the gypsy moth).

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—
VIII Clustrated).— W. F. Holland.

NOTES ON GLUPHISIA AND OTHER NOTODONTIDAE.—II.—A. S. Packard.
Own A FLESHY LEAF-GALL ON SCRUB-CAK.—C. H. Tyler Townsend.
ARCTIA YARROWII IN CANADA.—Thomas E. Bean.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs (The seventeen-year locust; the ‘‘genuine oestrid larva” of
the box turtle; Mr. J. M. Aldrich; recent publications).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLuB (Mycetophaetus a Penthe-
tria; lepidopterous fauna of the Bahamas; stridulation of Lepidoptera; exhibi-
tions; embryology of the sheep tick).

PUBLISHED BY THE
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,

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508

PSC.

[September 1893.

Psyche, A Journal of Entomology.
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Plate 1g.

Psyche, 1893, Vol. 6.

PSY CELE.

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS.—IV.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

EPHEMERIDEA. Schindler* estimates
the number of Malpighian vessels of
Ephemeridea vulgata at about4o. I
have examined the nymphs of three
species of Ephemeridea belonging to
the genera Blasturus and Ecdyurus. In
one the vessels open separately into
the gut; while in the two others they
are distinctly ramified. An _ older
nymph of one of these species had
about 12 primary trunks, whereas in
two much younger specimens there
were only 8. In all three species the
vessels were coiled and much enlarged
at their tips, so that the whole mass
resembled a chevaux-de-frise. Schind-
ler found similar conditions in Aphe-
mera fiavipes. I believe thatthe eight
primary trunks in the young Ephemerid
represent in great part primitive ves-
sels. The still younger larva or the
embryo probably has only 4 or 6 simple
diverticula of the hind-gut.

OponaTta. Nothing is known con-
cerning the embryonic Malpighian
vessels inthisorder. Schindler + found

¥ 1. c. p. 623.
f l..c. p. 626.

50-60 vessels in imagines of Zzbellula
Jlaveola, L. depressa, Aeschna gran-
dis, Calopteryx splendens and Agrion
puella. It is more than probable that
the larvae and embryos have a much
smaller number.

PLECOPTERA. Perla bicaudata ac-
cording to Schindler * has 50-60 vessels.
I have been unable to secure embryos
of this interesting order. It is certain,
however, that the larvae must hatch
With very few vessels, since a 5 mm.
black and yellow Perlid larva, not un-
common under stones in rapid brooks
near Worcester, Mass., had only 14
vessels. The nearly mature nymph of
the same species (16 mm. long) had
more than 50.

CorRODENTIA. Lespesf found 8
Malpighian vessels in Zermes luctfu-
gus. Fritz Miiller{ found 6 or 8 in
Calotermes and ‘‘bei vielen arten von
Termes und ebenso bei Eutermes und

0G. ‘py 6265.

t Recherches sur l’organisation et les moeurs du
Termite lucifuge. Ann. sci. natur. 4. sér. zool. v.
1856.

+ Beitrige zur kenntniss der Termiten. Jen. zeitschr-

bd. ix, 1875.

510
Anoplotermes bleibt die zahl der
harngefasse zeitlebens auf 4 _ be-

schrankt.”’ According to Nitsch* Psocus
has 4 urinary tubules and authors
ascribe the same number to the Mal-
lophaga, according to Schindler. f
Thus, although the number 6 occurs
among the Corrodentia, the number
4 appears to be the more typical.
THYSANOPTERA. In his admirable
anatomical monograph of this order,
Jordan} ascertains the number of
Malpighian vessels to be 4; 2 extend
into the thorax, while the remaining
pair lie coiled in the abdomen.
Ruyncuota. In Aphides Malpig-
hian vessels were not
Schindler. § Nor do I find any men-
tion of these organs in Will’s em-
bryology of the viviparous forms. ||
Leydig§ found a pair of
vessels in the Coccid Lecanzum
peridum and Mark** demonstrated

seen by

single
hes-

* Uber die eingeweide der biicherlaus, etc.
entomol. iv, 1821, p. 277.

Mag. f.

tl. c. p. 604.

t¢ Anatomie und biologie der Physapoda. Zeitschr.
f. wiss. zool. bd. 47. 1888, p. 576 and 578.

§ l. c. p. 639.

|| Entwicklungsgeschichte der viviparen Aphiden.
Spengel’s Zool. jahrb. abth. f. anat. u. ontog. bd. iii,
1888.

7 Zur anatomie von Coccus hesperidum. Zeitschr.
f. wiss. zool. bd. v. 1854, p. 3.

** Beitrage zur anatomie u. histologie der pflanzen-
laus insb. der Cocciden. Inaug. dissert. 1876 p. 52 et
seq.

PS FCLHE.

{September 1893.

their occurrence in other species of the
same group.

All other Rhynchota have 2 pairs,
which show some interesting varia-
tions, tabulated by Schindler.* In
most genera the vessels end blindly,
but in others (Nepa, Velia, Gerris,
Capsus, Cimex) the ends of the pairs
are united in loops. In some genera
(Psylla, Cicada, Nepa) the four vessels
open separately into the intestine; in
others (Pediculus, Cixius, Capsus,
Pentatoma), either pair has but a
single duct. Frequently the common
ducts #e swollen into vesicles (Velia,
Gerris, Lygaeus, Pentatoma, Cimex).

The union of vessels both at their
distal and proximal ends is undoubt-
edly a secondary feature. In the em-
bryos of Czcada_ septendectm and
Zattha fluminea 1 fail to find any
union; the vessels arise as four dis-
crete diverticula.

It is more than probable that 4 is the
original number of Malpighian vessels
in the Rhynchota. The Coccidae and
Aphidae, the former with 2, the latter
without vessels, have lost one or both
pairs. That such is the case is shown
by the Coccid Orthezia cataphracta,t
which still retains 2 pairs.

*l.c. p. 640.
+ Orthezia cataphracta, eine monographie. Zeitschr.

f. wiss, zool. bd. 45, 1887.

September 1893. ]

PS HCHE.

511

ON VARIATION IN THE VENATION OF AN ARCTIAN WITH
NOTES ON OTHER ALLIED GENERA.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, BOSTON, MASS.

In examining the venation of Pyr-
rharctta tsabella, | found a consider-
able range of variation. Seventeen
specimens were examined and_ they
varied in the following manner. In
thirteen of them, vein to of primaries
arose from the stalk which bears veins
7-9, at a variable distance from its
Oneime(see pl. 19, fig. 3@ and y).
This is to be considered the normal
venation. In one specimen vein Io
arose from the subcostal vein on the
discal cell (fig. 3 7), and in two others
it arose from a stalk with vein 11.
In one of these latter, the stalk arose
from the subcostal vein (fig. 3c) and
in the other from the stalk which bears
veins 7-9 (fig 34). The latter speci-
men was further abnormal in lacking
veiris 4 and 5 of the primary of one
side. Another variation is shown in
fig. 3 @ and 4, in which either veins 7
and 8 or 8 and g are on a common
stalk, that is to say in one case vein 9
is given off before 7, and in the other,
7 before 9. <A slight variation in the
secondaries is shown in fig. 3 d and e,
where veins 3 and 4 are either fused
or well separated at origin.

There is here a sufficient range of
variation among the subcostal venules
to found four genera upon. Moreover,
it is probable that other genera may
vary as much, so that it would be well

to consider this possibility in using such
tables of genera as that by Prof. Smith
in Can. ent., xxii, 233, where the origin
of vein 10 is used as an important
character. While speaking of this
table, I will mention that the genera
Eupseudosoma, Nelphe and Ectypia
are wrongly placed. The former lacks
veins 5 and 8 of secondaries; the
second also lacks vein 8 of secondaries
and has veins 7-10 of primaries on a
stalk ; the third genus has an accessory
cell, and should have been placed with
Nemeophila. Prof. Smith states that
two of these genera are placed by
him partly by guess, as indeed seems
evident.

Genus Sfzlosoma Steph. This
genus differs from the new genera
Neoarctia and Elpis recently estab-
lished by Mr. Neumoegen and myself,
in the position of the ocelli. In Spi-
losoma they are situated close on the
margin of the eyes; in the new genera
they are separated from the margin by
a considerable space.

S. vestal’s Pack. In specimens from
Oregon the apex of the fore wings is
more pointed and the outer margin
more oblique than in those from Cali-
fornia. The black spots, too, seem
less strongly marked, and I took sev-
eral specimens at Portland in which
the abdomen was quite immaculate.

512

For this the varietal name
amelaina would seem not inappropri-
ate. They closely resemble S. /atz-
pennis in general coloration.

Genus “77s Dyar. I have to cor-
rect a statement in my description of
this genus (Ent. news, iv, 36). The
median spurs of the hind tibiae are
not absent as the wording implies,
but are situated close to the posterior
pair (pl. 19, fig4c¢c). The genus differs
from Neoarctia in the shape of the
front of the head, which is
above and below, while in Neoarctia
it is broad and square. Fig. 4 6 shows
vein 7 of secondaries furcate, as it was
in one specimen. I now of the
opinion that Aztarctia vagans Boisd.
would be better placed in Elpis than
in Spilosoma, since it has the ocelli
distant from the eyes and the front
narrowed above and below, though
the vestiture and coloration are
like Spilosoma, I greatly in-
debted to Mr. Thomas E. Bean of
Laggan, Alberta for several specimens

form,

narrowed

more
am

PS DURES

[September 1893.
of Neoarctia beantz, from which the
drawings on the plate were
(fig. 5 a-e).

made

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19.

Fig. 1a. Spilosoma virginica; venation of
primary.

1d. Same; venation of secondary.

1c. Same; hind tibia, showing spurs.

2. Phragmatobia rubricosa; venation.

3a. Pyrrharctia isabella;
primary.

36. Same; abnormal venation.

3c. Same; abnormal venation (partial).

3d. Same; venation of secondary.

3e. Same; venation of secondary (partial)

venation of

3f. Same; origin of subcostal venules
(abnormal).
3g. Same; origin of subcostal venules

(normal).

3h. Same; three joints of f antenna.

4a Elpis rubra; venation of primary.

46. Same; venation of secondary, show-
ing variation.

4c. Same; hind tibia, showing spurs.

5a. Neoarctia beani?; venation of primary.

54. Same; venation of secondary.

5c. Same; hind tibia, showing spurs.

sd. Same; base of g antenna.

5e. Same; three joints of Qantenna.

Locat Notes.— The Peabody academy of
science of Salem has recently transferred to
the entomological department of the Museum
of comparative zoology of Cambridgea num-
ber of types of insects of various orders
described by Dr. Packard; the types were in
the exhibition cases at Salem and were
overlooked when the greater part of the
entomological collections of the Academy
were deposited in Cambridge.

In Psyche v. 6, p. 316 it is noted that the
volume on the animals and plants of Maine
prepared by the late Dr. John W. Randall
was unpublished. Recently we learned that

the manuscript was placed in the hands of
the Maine geological survey for publication
and was subsequently lost. Dr. Randall’s
collection of insects was entirely destroyed
many years ago. It may not be uninterest-
ing to state that the Boston society of nat-
ural history received from Dr. Randall’s
estate the sum of $5000,— the income of
which, in accordance with the wishes of
Miss Randall, will be devoted to the library.

The gypsy moth has been found in Frank-
lin Park, West Roxbury, outside the limits
of the hitherto infected district as mapped
two years ago.

September 1893. |

(Continued from page 490-)

stalked, the stalk given off at the end of the
cell; veins 9 and ro are given off from the
end of a secondary cell located near the base
above the lower cell. Type H. castanea,
Holl.

158. H. castanea, sp. nov. @. Palpi,
front and collar pale rufous; patagia hoary,
whitish; upper side of thorax pale ochrace-
ous; abdomen and legs rufous. The prim-
aries on the upper side are very pale reddish-
brown with the outer margin and the inner
margin near the base whitish. The wings
are marked by a broad chestnut red ray,
which runs from the costa at the base out-
wardly to the outer margin, where it is
widened covering the outer angle and the
inner margin for one-third of its length from
the outer angle. At the end ofthe cell, there
is a dark brown annulus pupilled with lighter
brown. There is a geminate waved sub-basal
and transverse limbal line. From the apex
a broad line runs inwardly terminating upon
vein 6. There is a submarginal series of
lunulate yellowish marks defined internally
by pale brown lines and outwardly on the
margin by very heavy dark brown lines. The
secondaries on the upper surface are pale
creamy with a dark brown patch near the
anal angle, and the fringes for one-half of the
distance from the anal angle are likewise
dark brown. The wings on the under side
are very pale yellowish-rufous, the markings
of the upper side reappearing very faintly and
indistinctly. Expanse, 68 mm.

The only specimen of this beautiful species
which I have ever seen was bred from a
small, oval, dark brown cocoon, which was
found adhering to a leaf, and from which the
imago emerged April 27th, 189t. The insect
is apparently quite rare.

METANASTRIA, Hiibn.

159. M. porphyria, sp. nov. fg. Palpi,
front and collar dark brown; patagia brown

LS ECLLE,,

513

shading into purplish, hoary in certain
lights; the upper side of the abdomen is pur-
plish-brown; the under side of the thorax
and abdomen is paler. The primaries are
brown with a purplish white canescence.
They are crossed by a number of dark brown
lines, one running from the costa at the base
to the middle of the inner margin, the next
crossing the middle of the cell to the outer
angle, forked at the costaand connected with

. the basal line about the middle and near the

inner margin by transverse branches. The
third line of the series is broad and does not
quite reach the outer margin at its outer ex-
tremity bifurcating along the median ner-
vules. The fourth line runs diagonally from
the costa toward the outer margin and is
slightly curved inwardly. There is a sub-
marginal series of angulated whitish mark-
ings, most conspicuous near the apex, which
is heavily clouded with dark brown. The
secondaries are pale brown with the fringes
whitish. On the under side the wings are
dark brown crossed by obscure median bands
of darker brown. The costal area of the sec-
ondaries is irrorated with purplish-white.
The light submarginal markings of the upper
side reappear faintly upon the lower side.
Expanse, 63 mm.

160. M. (7) spargata,sp. nov. @. Palpi
pale chestnut margined externally with dark
brown; front pale rufous; collar brown, mar-
gined internally and externally with dark
brown patagia reddish; upper side of thorax
and abdomen pale rufous; legs ferruginous,
the tarsi black; the under side of the thorax
and abdomen is rufous. The upper side of
the primaries is dark brown with the basal
area and a broad band running from the
apex to the inner margin pale ferruginous.
These areas are defined outwardly and in-
wardly by scalloped dark lines defined within
by pale yellowish-red shading into whitish
toward the costa. At the end of the cell,
there is a moderately large circular white
spot margined with dark brown. The fringes

514

are very dark brown margined internally by
paler brown. The broad band of paler color
which crosses the outer area of the primaries
is continued upon the secondaries which have
the same general ground color as the prim-
aries. On the under side the wings are light
yellowish, clouded heavily with dark brown
on the base, the apex of the primaries, and
upon the costa of the secondaries. ‘The dark
spots and lines which define the outer and

inner limits of the transverse limbal band of.

the wings on the upper side reappear upon
the lower side, being most distinct upon the
secondaries. Expanse, 65 mm.

This species is referred with great doubt to
Metanastria from which the form of the
antennae and palpi together with the greater
breadth of the wings differentiate it. Unfor-
tunately, the very heavy vestiture of the
wings and the fact that I have but one
specimen prevent me at present from making
a critical anatomical diagnosis.

EPIJANA, gen. nov.

Superficially resembling the genus Jana,
from which it, however, is
quite different. Palpi minute, directed for-
ward, heavily clothed with hair, the last
joint obsolescent. Antennae of the male
heavily pectinated, the pectinations moder-
ately long, decreasing abruptly in length
at the apex. The antennae of the female
are almost devoid of pectinations, except at
the base where the setae are very minute.
The fore-wings are produced at the apex.
The outer margin is somewhat excavated
below the apex, and then rounded regularly
to the outer angle, which is likewise evenly
rounded. The inner margin is rounded.
The secondaries have the costa relatively
long, almost straight; the apex and the
outer margin evenly rounded; the anal
angle produced inwardly, or slightly lobed;
the inner margin slightly excavated above
the anal angle and bowed toward the abdomen
before the base. In the primaries the upper

structurally

PSPCHE.

[September 1893.

discocellular is angulated; veins seven, eight,
and nine are stalked; vein eleven springs
from the subcostal near the base and coales-
ces with ten beyond nine, forming an elong-
ated secondary cell above the true cell. The
costal nervure runs parallel to vein eleven
and terminates upon the margin about the
middle of the costa. In the secondaries, the
costal nervure is conformed to the costal
margin along the edge of which it lies;
veins six and seven are stalked. The vesti-
ture of the wings is heavy asin Jana. Type
E. lanosa, Holl.

Neuration of Epijana lanosa, Holl., @ j.

161. £. lanosa, sp. nov. @ Palpi, front
and thorax rich brown; abdomen fawn;
lowerside of thorax and abdomen together
‘with the legs bright ochraceous, the anterior
margins of the legs being brown. The cul-
men of the antennae is whitish, the pectin-
ations testaceous. The primaries are
crossed by a straight blackish, or very dark
brown, line which runs from the costa
before the apex to the inner margin about its~
middle, and is defined outwardly by a nar-
row line of pale lilac. The wings within
this line toward the base are dark brown,
beyond it they are paler brown, dusted near
the apex and above the outer angle with
lilac scales. The fringes on the outer and
inner margins are very heavy brown, tinged
with lilac. The secondaries are bright yel-
lowish-ochraceous, laved with brown shad-
ing into lilac upon the inner margin and

September 1893. |

at the anal angle. In some specimens, an
incomplete transverse brown band extends
half way across the wing from the inner
margin. On the underside, both wings are
bright ochraceous with the costae and
fringes lilacine-brown.

Q. The female does not differ from the
male in its markings, save that on the under-
side the costa of the secondaries is not
shaded with brown and the fringes on the
under side are lighter than in the male.
Expanse, 6, 75 mm. 92, 80 mm. Habitat
Kangwé and Benita.

There is a specimen of this beautiful
species in the collection of Mr. Herbert
Druce.

1625 2a cmerea, sp. nov. @. Front
brown; body and legs fawn. Primaries
grayish-fawn crossed beyond the cell by a
straight, dark brown transverse line, which
runs from the middle of the inner mar-
gin to beyond the middle of the costa
just before reaching which it is bent
inwardly toward the base. This line is
followed by an obscure parallel line of the
same color which extends from the inner
margin to a point opposite the end of
the cell. This is in turn succeeded by
an irregularly curved series of brown sagit-
tate markings followed on the outer margin
below the apex and near the outer angle by
broad, dark brown cloudings. The fringes
are lilacine-brown. The secondaries are in
color like the primaries crossed by regularly
curved transverse median, transverse limbal,
and transverse submarginal lines, which are
somewhat obscure in the region of the costa.
On the underside, the wings are fawn heavily
sprinkled with minute brown scales, giving
them a ‘‘pepper and salt” appearance.
The lines and mnarkings of the upper surface
reappear faintly on the underside. In cer-
tain lights, the underside of the wings dis-
plays a beautiful pavonine iridescence, as in
Stibolepis subiridescens, Holl. Expanse, 75
mim.

TS LCL

O15

163. £. tenuis, sp. nov. @. Body and
legs ochraceous, paler beneath. There is
a line of black spots running from the collar
to the extremity of the abdomen along the
dorsal line. Primaries plumbeous, crossed
by a dark brown, straight line, which runs
from the costa to the inner margin about
three-fourths of their length from the base.
The secondaries are orange-red with the
outer third broadly and uniformly margined
with dark plumbeous-brown. On the under-
side, both wings are uniformly bright orange-
red, with their outer margins bordered as
the outer margins of the secondaries upon
the upperside. Expanse, 45 mm.

This beautiful species agrees structurally
in all respects with the two larger species
described above, so far as the female speci-

men which is before me shows. The type
is unique.
Jana, H. 5S.
164. F. nobilis, sp. nov. @. Antennae

pale testaceous; palpi brown; front pale
gray; collar and patagia dark fawn; pectus
and first pair of legs dark fawn of the same
color as the collar; the thorax, abdomen,
and the two last pairs of legs pale fulvous.
Upperside: The primaries are fawn of the
same color as the collar with the inner margin
and the outer angle pale cinereous. The
wings are crossed before the base by a
straight transverse line of dark brown mar-
gined inwardly with pale cinereous. This is
succeeded bya similar line which crosses the
middle of the cell and is parallel to the first.
There is a short linear brown line at the end
of the cell defined inwardly by gray. Beyond
the cell there is a straight transverse dark
brown line running from beyond the middle
of the costa to the middle of the inner mar-
gin, where it nearly touches the line cross-
ing the middle of the cell. This is defined
inwardly by a broad, pale gray shade. This
line is followed by another straight trans-

verse line running from the costa three-

516

fourths of the distance from the base to the
inner margin two-thirds of the distance from
the base, defined inwardly by a pale gray
line, which is interrupted on the nervules by
ochraceous dots, marking the origin of a
regular series of hastate markings which lie
on the side toward the base with their
points toward the base, which are dark
brown shaded with pale gray toward the
margin. Beyond this dark brown line the
outer third of the wing is fawn marked by
a subapical brown shading and a similarly
submarginal shading near the outer angle,
both fading inwardly into gray. The sec-
ondaries have the costa and the outer mar-
gin of the prevalent fawn color of the prim-
aries with the inner margin and inner angle
broadly glaucous gray. There is a broad
patch of black hairs at the base followed by
a black incomplete transverse band running
from the inner margin to beyond the end
of the cell, and gradually widening from
the inner margin. This is followed by a
narrower black line which is very obscure
upon the costa, but gradually widens toward
the inner margin and becomes more dis-
tinct and terminates upon the internal vein.
This is again followed by a very broad, dark
brown band which runs from the costa
before the outer angle to the inner margin,
its inner edge being straight, its outer edge
curved and denticulate, and defined by a
pale gray waved line. The under side of the
wings is very pale fawn, the bands beyond
the end of the cells reappearing from the
upper surface, paler, but more distinctly
defined. Expanse, 130 mm.

165. F. marmorata, sp. nov. 4. Palpi
blackish-brown; antennae and front pale
grayish; collar dark brown; patagia, thorax,
and upper side of abdomen dark fawn; legs
and lower side of abdomen brownish. The
prevalent color of the upper and lower side of
the wings is dark fawn, paler toward the apex
of both wings. The primaries have a small
circular white dot at the end ofthe cellon both

PS TCLLE.

[September 1893.
sides of the wing. Upon the upper side of
the primaries near the inner margin before
the base there isa small subquadrate blackish
spot, and on the costa of the primaries before
the apex a similarly colored short band con-
stricted at the middle. In addition, the basal
third of the primaries is crossed by a series of
waved and denticulate lines forming intricate
patterns. About the middle of the primaries
beyond the cell there are four waved and den-
ticulate lines arranged in pairs, the inner pair
curving toward the base on the costa, and
toward the inner margin about its middle,
the outward pair bowed outwardly beyond the
region of the cell. These lines are followed
by a straight dark brown line running from
the apex to the inner margin three-fourths of
the distance from the base, defined inwardly
by a paler line interrupted on the nervules
by small subhastate markings. The nervules
beyond this straight line for a short distance
are dark brown and accentuated with small
whitish dots. Beyond these again are paler
cloudings followed by darker cloudings, that
nearest the outer margin below the apex being
the darkest. The secondaries have the trans-
verse lines of the primaries continued upon
them, most distinctly marked toward the inner
margin. Neat the’apex of the secondaries
is a broad brownish patch constricted some-
what at the middle. On the under side of
both wings the lines of the upper side reappear
upon the pale fawn ground beyond the cell, but
are more regular and more distinct.

Q. The female is marked much as the
male but all the markings are paler and more
obscure. Expanse, @, 78 to 82 mm., 9,
85 to87 mm. Habitat, Kangwé and Talaguga.

In one of the males before me, the tranverse
markings of the upper side of the primaries
are almost obsolete.

TARAGAMA, Moore.

166. ZT. choerocampoides, sp. nov. @.
Palpi and front yellowish; patagia and lower
edges of collar rich rosy-brown ; the middle of

September 1893.]

the collar dark brown, punctuated on the
median line by grayish scales; the inner
edges of the patagia blackish; the middle of
the thorax hoary marked by three narrow
parallel dark brown lines; upper side of thorax
rosy-brown; the palpi and pectus and under
side of the thorax and abdomen dark sooty-
brown with a narrow black line upon the
ventral line of the abdomen. Legs are con-
colorous, with the tarsi grayish. The prim-
aries on the upperside are rosy-brown,
shading into yellowish at the base andare
traversed by four nearly parallel curved brown
lines, which run from before the apex to the
middle of the inner margin. The outer
margin is evenly bordered with a dark
brown shade. The subcostal nervules appear
distinctly upon the darker ground of the wing,
being pale yellowish. The pattern of mark-
ing strongly recalls that of many species of
Choerocampa. The secondaries are uni-
formly rosy-brown, shading into yellowish
at the costa near the base. Onthe under
side, both wings are dark rosy-brown,
shading into yellowish upon the inner margin
of the primaries. The bands of the upper
surface faintly reappear upon the lower side.
Expanse, 60 mm.

167. YT.livida, sp.nov. @. Body slaty-
gray, or mouse color, shading into blackish at
the anal extremity ofthe abdomen. The pata-
gia are black, margined with mouse color.
The costa and the inner margin of the prim-
aries on the upper side are broadly pale mouse
color. From the base at its middle there
arises a black shade, which widens outwardly
and extends from the apex to the outer angle,
being darkest at the base. It is traversed by
a dark black line running from the end of
the cell to its lower margin and bya similar
line running from the apex to its inner
margin and is interrupted beyond this last
line by five or six small submarginal whitish
spots, those nearest the apex being the most
distinct. The secondaries on the upperside
are dark mouse color with the costa and the

FS 7 CELE,

D17

inner margin paler and the outer margin a
trifle darker. The fringeson both wings are
very narrowly pale mouse color. On the
under side both wings are pale mouse color
with the inner margin of the primaries lighter
and the outer margins of both wings slightly
darker. The fringes areas on the upper side
with small blackish marks at the tips of the
nervules. Expanse 38mm. Habitat Talaguga.

This may be the male of TZ. (Pachypasa)
Graberti, Dew.

168. 7. fuliginosa, sp.nov. @. Allied to
the preceding species in form and size, but
differing in that the prevalent color is sooty-
black on both sides of the wings. The broad
diverging median ray which appears in the
preceding species is also characteristic of this
species, being defined as a more intense black
upon the blackish body of the wing. The
transverse lines of the primaries which appear
in the preceding species are lacking in this
form as also the submarginal series of light
spots. Expanse 40mm.

This may be a highly melanic form of the
preceding species, but the fact that numerous
specimens ofit have been taken which are all
quite constant in their markings suggests that
we have to do with a distinct form.

169. JZ. Honrathi, Dew. @. The female
ofthis species was described by Dewitz. In
a suite of eighteen specimens bred from larvae,
there are ten males. Front and upper side of
thorax hoary-gray; metathorax heavily
clothed with rosy-brown hairs; upper side of
thorax grayish-brown; under side of thorax
brown; under side of abdomen ochraceous.
The primaries are hoary-brown on the upper
side crossed upon the middle by abroad band
of dark brown, margined externally and
internally by waved and denticulated lines of
darker brown and interrupted throughout its
entire length from the costa to the inner
margin by two parallel curved series of
blackish subhastate markings the innermost
series pointing outwardly, the outermost

518

pointing inwardly, and in many instances
connected between their apices by narrow
black lines following the nervules. Beyond
this dark band isa band of paler color, den-
ticulated inwardly, and irregularly angulated
and denticulated outwardly. The second-
aries are reddish-brown shading into ochra-
ceous upon the costa and at the base. On
the under side, the primaries are hoary upon
the costa and the outer margin; the median
area broadly and uniformly maroon defined
outwardly by two parallel dark curved lines
running from the costa to the inner margin
before the outer angle. The inner margin
near the base is smooth, shining pale yellow-
The secondaries are of the same color
as the primaries laved with maroon upon the
median area and toward the base. The trans-
verse outer lines of the primaries are contin-
ued upon the secondaries. Expanse: @, 50
to 70 mm; ?, 75 tor30mm.

Mr. Kirby has referred the preceding
species to Moore’s genus, Taragama, which
he places among the Pinaridae. I accept the
reference of this and the other species herein
described to this genus _ provisionally.
Taragama is, however, as Mr. Hampson has

ish.

shown, a Lasiocampid genus.

Mr. Good has been quite successful in rear-
ing this species from the larva, and I shall
have occasion later to more fully describe its
life history. The last batch of specimens of
this species sent to me was reared from larvae
which were evidently underfed and are dwarfed
in consequence. A brood was taken in the
branches of a tree called Ntyei overhanging
the bank of the river. Mr. Good says, ‘‘When
first found, the least disturbance would cause
them all to fall off of the branches. I won-
dered how this would work, where they over-
hung the water until a few days ago, when I
saw a caterpillar much like these fall into the
water. It did not seem to be in the least
disconcerted, but drawing its abdominal end
forward under itself, and then forcibly
straightening itself, swam quite easily. I
have no doubt that this and many related

PSTCHE:

[September 1893.

species, the larvae of which are generally
found hanging over the water, can swim.”

GASTROPLAKAEIS, MOoschl.

170. G. forficulatus, Méschl. @Q. Front,
collar, patagia and thorax pinkish-brown.
The patagia are fringed inwardly with long
erect hoary hairs. The pectus and thorax
below are hoary-gray. The abdomen is
rufous. The primaries are rosy-brown, shad-
ing on the outer margin into hoary-gray.
They are crossed by obscure, transverse
basal, sub-basal, and geminate limbal and
sublimbal dark brown lines. They have a
very distinct patch of dark black raised scales
at the end of the cell, margined narrowly by
pale gray. The secondaries are fuscous,
shading into rufous at the base. On the
under side, both wings are brown with the
costae and the outer margins
sprinkled with hoary scales.
mm.

Moéschler erected his genus Gastroplakaeis
for the reception of an insect of which he
knew only the male. The female which I
describe corresponds sufficiently, in the light
of what I know in reference to the succeed-
ing species, with the male of G. forficulatus
to justify me in reckoning it as that sex of
Moschler’s species. Moschler laid stress upon
the formation of the brush of hairs at the
extremity of the abdomen. This was no
doubt due in the specimen before him to the
expanded posture of the male claspers, and is
not either of generic or specific value, as is
shown by numerous specimens in my posses-
sion. The genus, however, is very well
marked, and the female especially differs in
curious particulars, noticeably in the high
and conspicuously tufted inner margins of
the patagia, from other African Lasiocampid
genera. The genus is quite as remarkable as
Pachypasa and Gonometa on account of the
wide dissimilarity in size and
between the two sexes.

profusely
Expanse 95

marking _

September 1893. |

tt 'G. Greyz, sp.nov. ¢. Palpi, front,
collar, and thorax hoary-gray; abdomen on
the upper side orange-pink annulated by
seven lines of jet black, tipped with a long
tuft of cream colored hair. The under side of
the thorax at the base of the wings and the
metathorax are orange-pink. The pectus and
lower side of the thorax and abdomen are
pale hoary gray. The legs have the tibiae
heavily clothed with dark hoary scales. The
tarsi are blackish. The primaries on the
upper side are hoary-gray like the thorax,
paler on the outer margins. The inner
margin is provided at the middle with a
series of long blackish hairlike scales, which
project outwardly and give the inner margin
a lobed appearance. The wing is ornamented
by a spot of deep black velvety raised scales
at the end of the cell, and is crossed by an
obscure denticulate sub-basal line followed
by a geminate more distinct waved and den-
ticulate transverse median line, followed
beyond the cell by a similar less distinct line
which curves outwardly and runs from the
costa to the inner margin at its lobe-like
hairy projection there apparently uniting with
the transverse median line. The outer
margin, which is broadly pale hoary gray,
is slightly clouded with darker brown on the
apex near the costa and on the outer angle
and is marked by afew obscure submarginal
brown spots. The secondaries are dark
brown broadly laved with orange-pink at the
base and on the inner margin. They are
crossed by an incomplete black median band
which runs from beyond the end of the cell
to the inner margin, where it coalesces with
a short blackish longitudinal ray situated
near the inner angle. This transverse line
is followed by a very obscure submarginal
dark shade. The neurations, which are
pale, stand out in strong relief upon the
darker ground of the wings. On the under-
side, the wings are hoary-gray with the neu-
rations pale yellow and standing out dis-
tinctly upon the darker background. The
contrast is made more effective on the median

ES ECLELS.

519

area of both wings by the clouding of the
intraneural spaces dark brown, or
blackish. The secondaries have the inner
margin broadly laved with orange-pink.

2. The prevalent color of this sex is dark
chocolate-brown, darkest upon the outer
margins of the primaries and secondaries.
The primaries are crossed by the same lines
which appear in the male, but modified by
reason of the different form and greater
expanse of the wing. The black patch of
raised velvety scales at the end of the cell is
distinct in this sex and the tufted formation
of the patagia which are margined with black
externally and sprinkled with ochraceous
hairs is very characteristic. On the under
side the costa, which is produced just before
the base and has its costal margin quite
Straight beyond this projection, is clothed
upon its edge with long projecting hairs.
There is no trace whatever in this sex of the
broad orange-pink markings of the male.
Expanse, @, 80mm.; 9, 135 mm.

I have two females of this species which
were bred by Mr. Good from larvae. He
exposed a virgin female in a cage and suc-
ceeded in assembling the males which are
referable to Moscthler’s genus Gastroplakaeis,
which, without a knowledge of this fact,
would at first glance appear to bean improb-
able assortment of the sexes. I take pleasure
in naming this beautiful species after my
good friend, Robert M. Grey, who is one of
our most ardent collectors, and who for
nearly a year rendered me faithful service in
expanding and arranging my great African
and Indian collections.

with

LEIPOXAIS, gen. nov.

Allied to genus Libethra, strictly congen-
eric with Gastropacha haematidea, Snell.,
which is referred by Kirby to Libethra,
where, however, it does not belong, as is
clearly shown by the neuration. The palpi
are large, compressed, directed forward, and
heavily clothed with hair. The antennae of

520

the male are relatively short, heavily pectina-
ted, directed forward andthen recurved about
the middle. The antennae of the female are
very minutely pectinated, appearing simple
to the naked eye. The primaries of the male
are broad, subtriangular, with the costa
strongly arched, the outer margin and the
outer angle evenly rounded, the inner margin
almost straight. The secondaries of the male
have the costa strongly produced upwardly
about the middle, giving the costa a lobed
appearance. The apex, the outer margin,
and the anal angle are evenly rounded. In
the female the primaries are sharply produced
at the apex and subfalcate. The secondaries
have the costa as in the male sex. The
female is twice as largeas the male. In both
sexes the discocellulars. of the primaries are
angulated; veins six and seven and nine and
ten are stalked. Vein eleven apparently
coalesces with twelve about its middle.
Twelve is continuous along the costal margin.
In the secondaries veins four and five are
stalked; veins six, seven, and eight diverge
widely, vein eight terminating at the extrem-
ity of the lobed projection of the costal
margin. Type L. ferafinis, Holland.

Neuration of Leipoxais peraffinis, Holl., ¢, i.

172. L. perafinis, sp.nov. @. Body and
appendages reddish-brown. Primaries and
secondaries of the same color as the body,
the secondaries inclining to luteous on the
inner margin and the primaries shading on
the outer margin in many specimens into
cinereous. The primaries are ornamented
by a curved sub-basal obscurely blackish line
followed by a minute silvery white dot on
the cell, after which there are two irregularly
curved obscurely blackish transverse lines,

PS WiC TIES,

[ September 1893.

which diverge on the costa and converge at
the middle of the inner margin. Beyond this
there is a sinuous band. of small obscure
blackish sub-hastate spots extending from
before the apex to the outer third of the inner
margin. The secondaries on the upper side
have no markings. The primaries on the
under side are pale fuscous without markings
except that the transverse bands of the
upper side very faintly reappear on the lower
side in some specimens. The secondaries on
the under side are marked by a very sinuous
band of angulated spots extending from
before the apex irregularly parallel to the
outer margin as far as the first median
nervule. The lobe-like projection of the
costa is clouded with dark fuliginous and a
similar fuliginous spot is located beyond the
the cell upon the median nervules not very
far from their origin. The inner margin is
pale stramineous.

Q. Inthe female the upper sideis marked
very much as in the male, save that the
sinuous submarginal band of the primaries
is composed not of blackish, but of pale
whitish spots, and on the under side there is
a dark brown spot on the costa before the
apex accentuated outwardly by two whitish
dots, and the secondaries are crossed by a
very broad transverse median and a some-
what narrow transverse submarginal band of
dark reddish-brown. Both of these bands
terminate inwardly upon the first median
nervule. Expanse, g, 32 mm.; 2,56 mm.

There is what appears to be a variety of
this species in which the space between the
two outermost transverse bands of the prim-
aries is paler than the body of the wing,
inclined to luteous, and in which the whole
median area of the secondaries on the upper
side is likewise pale. There is a very marked
resemblance in this species to the insect
described as Gastropacha haematidea, Snell.,
but the fringes in this species, of which a
suit of fifteen specimens is before me, are not
checkered as in the insect described by
Snellen, but are uniformly brown and the
markings are different in other respects.

September 1893. |

TPIS OLE.

521

NOTES ON GLUPHISIA AND OTHER NOTODONTIDAE.—II.

BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

The structural differences between
G. trilineata and G. wrighti?, var.
slossoniae, and which at first led me to
think them generically distinct, are the
following:

A Q. The head is remarkably small, much
more so than in G. ¢rzlineata; and is loosely
scaled in front. The antennae are pectinated,
the branches a little longer than in @ trili-
neata. The palpi are short, small, depressed,
with loose scales; and they are not quite so
large and long as in trilineata. The thorax
differs from that of Gluphista trilineata in
having a median dorsal tuft. The legs are
hairy, and much as in trilineata, the tarsi
being ringed with gray and darker scales.
The fore wings are narrow but with the
costa unusually convex, much more so than
in trilineata; the apex is somewhat rounded,
but much as in trilineata; the outer edge is
very faintly excavated below the apex. The
hind wings are of the same shape as in trili-
neata. There are six branches of the sub-
costal vein: branch 1 is longer than in
trilineata and ends half way between end of
costal vein and end of branch 2 of the sub-
costal; the costal area is wider towards apex
than in trilineata. The 5th and 6th branches
are nearly as in trilineata. The lower discal
vein is not so much bent as_ in the last
named species. The three median veins are
nearly as in trilineata, but the 2d median
space is wider than in that genus. The
submedian vein is represented by a simple
fold. In the hind wings the two branches of
the subcostal are much longer than in trili-
neata, the space between them being long and
narrow, in trilineata short and broad triangu-
lar. The discal veins are, taken together,
slightly curved, where in trilineata they make
a decided angle at the origin of the indepen-
dent vein; and there is a common origin of
the lower discal, and of the two median

veinlets. The second median interspace is
much wider than in the species of the other
section ofthe genus. The submedian vein is
represented by a simple fold.

G WRIGHTIH VAR. SLOSSONIAE.—Body and
wings pale ash-gray ; the prothoracic segment
colored as the head, but the rest of the thorax
is dark brown, the median thoracic tuft also
dark brown. Fore wings black-brown on
basal one-fifth ; this portion sending out five
sharp tooth-like projections along the sub-
costal, submedian and internal veins. A
broad distinct median oblique band, with ir-
regular lobulate edges, and widening on the
costa; it encloses a very distinct discal trian-
gular white spot, the apex pointing outwards.
A submarginal broken row of dark spots
arranged much as in Gluphista trilineata.

Hind wings with no markings, but at the
inner angle isa faint short curved dark band,
edged externally with white, but not reaching
beyond the middle of the submedian space.
Fringe concolorous the but
checkered with small black spots.

Wings beneath much as in Gluphiséa trilt-
neata; the black band is faint. its outer edge
indicated on the costa bya dark spot. Ex-
panse of wings, 38 mm; length of body, 15

with wing,

mm.

NADATA BEHRENSII H. Edw. Types,
2619. Siskiyou Co. and Butte Co.
Cal. This does not seem to differ from
NV. gtbbosa. The @ hasa paler body
and wings, the fore wings are more
pointed, and as in many Pacific coast
moths, it is larger than the eastern form
of gzjbosa. On examining my type of
NV. doubleday?t in the collection of the
American entomological society I find
that it is not even a variety of gzbdosa.
It only differs in having the under side

52 2

of the palpi and of the fore legs dusky,

OEDEMASIA PERANGULATA H. Edw
1g. Type, Colorado. A very distinct
and good species.

OEDEMASIA SALICIS I ¢.
California. Ialso havea @ given me
some years since by Mr. Edwards. I
cannot after repeated examination really

Type,

perceive any differences between this
and the eastern concinna; it only differs
in size, being a little larger, and with
slightly more pointed fore wings, as
one would expect to find it, in accord-
ance with the facts pointed out in my
Monograph of Geometrid Moths (p:
587) where a list of twenty-five species
of Geometrids which grow larger on the
Pacific than the Atlantic coast is given.

OEDEMASIA EXIMIA Grote. I have
been unable to find any valid distinc-
tions between this and cozczzna (also
salicts), except that the insect is larger,
and the fore wings
towards the apex. The females of the
normal conctnnxa differ notably from

more produced

the males in having pale chocolate hind
wings, while in the males they are
white, with a dusky patch at the inter-
nal angle. The three above mentioned
so-called ‘*species” also agree in having
a similar distinct round discal dot.

Ok. BaApIA Pack. is a distinct species,
and differs from Oe. conctnna in the
long linear discal spot, outside of which
is a dark reddish brown shade. There
are also distinct scalloped reddish brown
lines at the base, and beyond the discal
spot. The thorax is also darker red.

Ox. PERANGULATA H. Edw.
from Colorado.
marked species.

Type
This is a distinct, well

(ESWC.

[September 1893

On re-examining the venation and
other I am at
present unable to perceive any impor-
tant generic differences between-Oede-
masia and Schizura, and probably the
species of the former will have to be
merged with those of Schizura.

SCHIZURA EDMANDSII (Pack.). This
is evidently a synonym of S\. wz2cornis.
The specimen (3g) marked edmandsz¢
in Mr. Edward’s collection appears to
be only a small

imaginal characters

zicormes with nar-
The only
difference is in the dusky tawny costa of
the fore wings, and the similarly tinted
hind wings, due perhaps to imperfect
preservation.

5. CONSPECTA (H. Edw.).
Type, California.

rower wings than usual.

ieee
This is only a cli-
matic variety of S. wzzcornzs ; the posi-
tion of the markings is identical in the
two forms, but cozsfecta is larger, the
fore wings as much produced as in any
of uzicornis. The pale area on the
outer third of the wing is clear and
whitish, and the hind wings are clearer
and whiter than in any eastern example
of wzicornts.

S. TELIFER (Grote). This is only a
variety of S. zAomeae, with two long
distinct black streaks, one passing
through the discal spot, and the other
extending along the submedian vein.

JANASSA COLORADENSIS H. Edw.
Type. 3 9, Utah. Aclimatic variety of
F. lignicolor. It is whiter, paler, freer
from dark scales, probably due to living
in a drier climate, flying over a paler
soil, under aclearer sky. Yet an individ-
ual of $. l¢gnicolor from Georgia, inthe
same collection, comes very near it.

September 1S93.]

ON A FLESHY LEAF-GALL ON
SCRUB OAK.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND,
KINGSTON, JAMAICA.
On the leaves of Quercus undulata var.
wrightit, growing near Riley’s water, at the
western base of the Organ Mountains, there
were found some large thick fleshy woolly-
looking galls, May 14, 1892. The following
description is made from them.
Gall.—Measurements of five galls are as
follows : Greatest width (measured trans-
MenselveOnmleat). 1G, 13, 15, 14, 17 mm. ;
greatest length (meas. longitudinally on leaf) |
17, 17, 14, 22, 21 mm. respectively ; greatest
thickness, 8, 9, 11, 7, 8 mm. respectively.
Gall consisting of a very marked thickening
of the leaf, the thickened portion bulging out
most conspicuously on the lower side of the
leaf, beginning apparently usually about the
middle of the leaf and gradually embracing
nearly the whole of it, or all but a more or less
complete margin ; but sometimes situated at
one end or in the middle of a leaf. Mostly
whitish in color, but with more or less of a
reddish-brown tinge, covered with very short
and fine woolly pubescence, the extent of the
swelling indicated not only by the thickness
butalso by this pubescence, while the mid rib
and side ribs of the leaf are plainly indicated
in exaggerated relief on lower surface by the
partial or entire absence of the pubescence :
ribs not indicated at all on upper surface.
Irregular or rounded in outline, more or less
flattened on upper surface of leaf, strongly
convex and conspicuous on lower surface, the
edges of the swelling bounded on lower sur-
face by a hypertrophy of the small net-like
veins of the leaf. Sometimes, in a smaller
leaf, the lateral edges are embraced in the
gall, which in that case bears laterally several
of the marginal spines of the leaf appearing
as part of the gall, the lateral margin being
more or less completely involved in the swell-

ing.

EST CHE:.

523

Described from five alcoholic galls. Color
noted when freshly picked. Opening the galls
disclosed larvae and pupae ofa minute hymen-
opteron (probably a cynipid), enclosed in
small smoothly lined ellipsoidal cells, the
latter about $ mm. wide by 14 mm. long.
The cells are mostly in the middle of the gall,
and quite closely approximated, about equally
distant from the upper and lower sides of the
gall (corresponding to the upper and lower
sides of the leaf), and with their long axes
perpendicular to the surface of the leaf.

Dofia Ana county, New Mexico.

ARCTIA YARROWI IN CANADA. — Although
this fine moth has been known for twenty
years it appears to be still very rare in collec-
tions. The description was based upon a
single male from Arizona in collections made
by the Wheeler survey in 1871, ’72 and 73.
Mr. Stretch’s description appeared in vol. 5
of the survey reports, chapter 9, pp. Soo-8o2,
and the moth is figured on plate 4o. It is to
be regretted that the altitude was not stated
inthe text. Among my few Heterocera refer-
ences I find only one other mention of
yarrowt, in ‘‘Proceedings Davenport acad.
nat. sciences”, vol. 1, p. 189, where occurs
the statement that a pair (gf 9) were col-
lected in 1873 ‘‘high up above timberline” on
Washakie Needle, a north-
western Wyoming.

Near Laggan, Alberta Province, Canada,
during the past seven summers, I have found
but five yarrow, 3 Os 2Qs, all of them above
timberline on mountains five to six miles
east of the British Columbia eastern bound-
ary, at altitudes ranging from 7500 to 8500
feet. My examples differ to some extent on
upper surface from the figure on plate 4o.
On inner margin of primary the two nearly
marginal light spots near base of wing are
relatively larger than in the figure, and on
costal margin the two light spots near base
have not the formal squareness shown in the
figure but are irregularly rhomboidal. On
hind wing the black spot of anal angle is

mountain in

524

narrowly joined to the nearest median spot;
in the figure these two spots are entirely sep-
arate. The local examples are remarkable
for bilateral symmetry, which the figure
markedly lacks. The light markings of prim-
ary in two of the local males are moderately
more developed than in the Arizona male as
figured. The two females have these light
markings still more produced; in other re-
spects they differ little from the males.

Comparing the description of Arctia rem-
zssa of Hudson Bay, doubtfully named by
Henry Edwards asa new species (Entomo-
logica americana, January 1888, p. 184), I
find my local examples true yarrow# as
distinguished from vemzssa, and not close
enough to the latter to give much aid in
determining its validity as a species. The
color of the light markings on anterior wing
of yarrow? is described in the text as ‘‘clear
lemon-yellow”; in description of remussa it
is stated as buff; in my local examples of
yarrowé the color is buff, modified bya slight
tinge of olive.

That yarrow? is strictly alpine in this
district is not certain, though strongly indi-
cated by the facts so far learned. If, 7x addz-
tion, its occurrence in Arizona should prove
to be at low elevation, such a combination
would make a most singular case in geo-
graphical distribution. Probably, however,
its occurrence in Arizona is entirely alpine.

Thomas E. Bean

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTes.—The Division
of Entomology of the United States depart-
ment of agriculture, has issued a circular
regarding the appearance this vear of either
race of the ‘‘seventeen year locust,” asking for
any confirmatory experience as to the
appearance or non-appearance of the insects
in any locality. Any evidence giving the
extent of territory over which they appear or
any well-attested dates of their appearance in
previous years, will be thankfully received
and appreciated. The following list is pre-
pared from previous records.

PSYCHE.

[September 1893 -

Brood XVI.—Tredecim—(1880, 1893).
Alabama.—Lowndes County.
Georgia.—Cobb and Cherokee Counties.
Tennessee.—Lincoln County.

North Carolina.—Lincoln and Moore
Counties.
This brood is but little known, and all

require further confirmation this year.
Brood XI.—Septendecim—(1876, 1893).
North Carolina.—From Raleigh, Wake
County, to the northern line of the
State; also in the counties of
Rowan, Davie, Cabarrus, and Ire-
dell.

Virginia.—From Petersburg, Dinwiddie

County, to the northern line of the
State; Bedford and Rockbridge
Counties; Valley of Virginia from
the Potomac River to the Tennessee
and North Carolina lines.

District of Columbia.—Woods north of
Washington.

Maryland.—Southern half of St. Mary’s
County.

Kentucky.—Trimble County.

Indiana.—Knox, Sullivan,
Counties.

Illinois. —Madison County.

Kansas.—Dickinson and Leavenworth
Counties.

Colorado.—Cheyenne Canyon.

This is a well-established brood, most of
the localities in the Eastern States as well as
those in Indiana and Illinois having been
verified in the past years; but the localities
in Kentucky and Kansas require confirma-
tion, and that in Colorado is extremely
doubtful.

and Posey

Professor Riley in his interesting address
on parasitism in insects, printed in the Pro-
ceedings of the entomological society of
Washington, has, apparently, overlooked
the fact that the ‘‘genuine oestrid larva’
recorded and figured by Packard as taken
from under the skin of the back of the neck
of the box turtle, C7zstudo carolina, has been
proved by Wheeler (Psyche, v. 5, p. 403)
to be a species of Sarcophaga.

September 1S93.]

Mr.J.M. Aldrich, lately of Lawrence, Kan-
sas and formerly entomologist to the experi-
ment station at Brookings, 5. Dakota, has
been appointed entomologist to the experi-
ment station at Moscow, Idaho.

Riibsaamen has published in the Berliner
entomologische zeitschrift (v. 37) a system-
atic study of the Cecidomyidae of the Berlin
museum, accompanied by 14 plates illus-
trating the structure of the wings, abdominal
appendages, antennae, head, pupae and
‘‘breast bone”. They are divided into 2 sub-
families and 23 genera, 4 of them new; 80
species are considered.

The first (double) number of the same
journal for 1893 is given up to the first instal-
ment of a description by Karsch of the insects
of Adeli, West Africa, consisting of the
Apterygota, Odonata, Orthoptera saltatoria,
and butterflies.

Aldrich publishes in the first part of vol.
2of the Kansas university quarterly a re-
vision of the N. American species of the
dipteran genera Dolichopus and Hygroceleu-
thus, 81 of the former (21 new) and 5 of the
latter (1 new). An excellent plate is added,
especially devoted to antennae.

Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica (part15) is
still occupied with the Satyrinae; the early
stages of only one species are figured, but
the wet-season and dry season broods of eight
species are distinguished.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

14 April, 1893.— The 178th meeting was
held at 156 Brattle St., Mr. S. Henshaw in
the chair. Mr. H. A. Morgan of Baton
Rouge, La., was elected to active member-
ship.

Mr. S. H. Scudder showed the fossil fly
from Florissant which he had described under

Vass LOW a aie 525

the name of Mycetophaetus intermedius
Owing to a suggestion of M. Ch. Brongniart
of Paris he had re-examined the specimen
and found that he had been mistaken in re-
ferring it to the Mycetophilidae, since the
antennae are brief and not very long as he
had supposed and the relative stoutness of
the legs showed that notwithstanding its ap-

parently spurred tibiae and small size it
belonged to the neighboring family

Bibionidae and to the genus Penthetria, an
existing genus already well-known in tertiary
deposits.

Mr. A. G. Mayer remarked on the
lepidopterous fauna of the Bahamas which
he had just visited. All the species found
by him, with the exception of a Utetheisa,
are strong fliers, as the weak fliers are blown
off shore by the trade winds. Anoséa plex-
ippus was seen as well as species of Pieridae,
Heliconidae and Hesperidae. The fauna and
flora seem derived largely from the United
States, though in part from South America.

Mr. Scudder called attention to a recent
paper by Hampson on_ stridulation in
Lepidoptera and said he had heard a clicking
sound from Polygonia faunus on Mt. Wash-
ington, N. H. Mr. Mayer said he
observed the same in P. interrogationis.

Mr. A. P. Morse exhibited specimens of
the pupae and imagines of a moth found
feeding on woolens; also the opened egg
cocoon of a spider which in nature bore a
considerable resemblance to an oak apple.

Dr. H. S. Pratt stated that he had recently
been engaged in studying the embryology of
the sheep tick. The head is developed in
the embryo but is concealed in the larva by
two imaginal disks, which are formed by
invagination on the dorsal side at some dis-
tance from the anterior end; they remain
latent during the larval state and in the pupa
are developed into the head. The larva
bears considerable resemblance to that of
the fly.

had

526

PST CHE,

|September 1893.

The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada

With special reference to New England.

By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Illustrated with 96 plates of Butterflies, Caterpillars, Chrysalids, etc. (of which 41 are

colored) which include about 2,000 Figures besides Maps and Portraits.

Vol. 1. Introduction; Nymphalidae.
Vol. 2. Remaining Families of Butterflies.
Vol. 3. Appendix, Plates and Index.

1958 Pages of Text.

The set, 3 vols., royal 8vo, half levant, $75.00 zez.

HOUGETON., Min PEIN «COs

4 Park St., Boston, Mass.

USL LE BLL SALAD,

Scudder’s Brief Guide to the Com-
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By SAMUEL H. ScuppDer, author of ‘‘But-
terflies of the Eastern United States and
Canada,”etc. xi -+ 206 pp. 12mo. $1.25,

Scudder’s The Life of a Butterfly.
A Chapter in Natural History for
the General Reader.

By SAMUEL H. ScuppDER.
$1.00.

16mo.

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Vol. 6. No. 210.

OcTosBER, 1893.

CONTENTS:

NoTEs ON GLupHISsIA.—Harrison G. Dyar.

Notes (Papilio cresphontes; an unknown larva).—Caroline G. Soule.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA.—
IX (Illustrated).—W. F. Holland.

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS ININSECTS.—V.— W. M. Wheeler.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs (Kolbe’s Introduction; Weismann on ants; whiteants in the

Cambridge botanic garden; Cuterebra fontinella).

PUBLISHED BY THE
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528

PST CHE.

[October 1893.

Psyche, A Journal of Entomology.

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PSY CELE.

NOTES ON GLUPHISIA.

BY HARRISON G.

Dr. Packard has recorded his opinion
concerning the species of Gluphisia in
the August number of Psyche.
an examination of the same material, I
have reached somewhat different con-
clusions, and it may not be without
interest to compare the two views.
The principal difference is in regard to
G. wrightiz. Dr. Packard considers it
to be close to G. severa while I regard
itasthe 9 of G. albofascia. | think
that Dr. Packard has allowed himself
to be led: too closely by the statements
of Henry Edwards, published with his
original description. As in the case of
Ichthyura bifiria, where Dr. Packard
has simply copied Edwards’s statement
as to the relationship of that species, so
here he repeats this course. I have
shown that /. ézfrz¢a is not at all
closely related to /. dracez as stated
by Edwards, and, in the present case,
G. wrightiz, to my eye, bears no close
relation to G. severa. I would cer-
tainly put it in the other section of the
genus. The habitat is in accord with
this arrangement, for the fauna of
southern California is essentially that
of the great arid region west of the
Rockies (when the species are not
endemic), while that of the Sierra
Nevada is largely that of the Pacific

From

DYAR, NEW YORK CITY.

Northwest, and thus more similar to
the Atlantic district.

Dr. Packard is inclined to consider
G. albofascéa and allies as ‘‘climatic
varieties” of G. ridenda. Ashe does
not define this term, I understand him
to mean that they are modified to their
present form by the direct influence of
the climate of their habitat, and that if
removed to some other region, they

would not remain constant in their
characters. That this is so cannot be
assumed without proof, though the

experiments of Weismann and others,
to which Dr. Packard refers, might
seem to indicate it.

I have not been able to perform any
experiments in regard to these cases in
Gluphisia; but I have done so in
Ichthyura, There is a pale form of
Z. vau in the Rocky Mountain region,
which bears much the same relation to
I. vau that G. rédenda does to G.
Mr. C. A. Wiley had the
kindness to send me eggs of this form
from Miles City, Montana, and they
were raised in the typically eastern
climate of Boston; but produced an
imago of the pale form.* I am inclined,

trzlineata.

*The larvae had but four stages while 7. vau from
Boston have five, if my observations are correct. In
the last case, I did not observe the stages in sequence,
so that there is some chance of error, (See Can. ent.,

Juneand July 1892.)

530 PS GHz,

therefore, to regard the climatic forms
of Gluphisia as permanent, probably
produced by the action of natural selec-
tion to fit them to their surroundings.
Iclass them as local races, by which I
mean that they are constant in their

Packard’s Arrangement.
1. G. trilineata Pack.
var. ridenda Hy. Ed.
rupta Hy. Ed.

2. G. albofascia Hy. Ed.
formosa Hy. Ed.

3. G. wrightii Hy. Ed.
severa Hy. Ed.
danbyt Neum.
avimacula Huds.
var. slossoniae Pack.

4. G. lintneri Grt.

[ October 1893.

characters, but differ only slightly and
in unessential particulars from the first
described species.

I give below Dr. Packard’s arrange-
ment of Gluphisia and my own in par-
allel columns.

Dyar’s Arrangement.
1. G. trilineata Pack.
race ridenda Hy. Ed.
race quinquelinea Dyar.
2. G. albofascia Hy. Ed.
wrightit Hy. Edw.
var. rupta Hy. Ed.
G. formosa Hy. Ed.
G. severa Hy. Ed.
var. danbyi Neum.
race avimacula Huds.
var. slossonii Pack.

Cet

ReGen Limtn eri ont.

In tabular form, I separate the species as follows :—

Size small; no basal yellow dot (§ Gluphisia).
With a yellow (or black) central band on primaries.

Markings distinct

Markings confused and irrorate
Pale, with no distinct yellowish markings. :
Size large; a basal yellow dot on median vein (§ Eumelia).

A yellow angular discal dot .
No yellow discal dot

trilineata.
formosa.
albofascia.

severa.
lintnert.

Nores.—On September 12th I caught, in
Brookline, Mass., a large, battered Pajgzlio
cresphontes, which was flying rather feebly
about some Salvias. It is the only one I
have seen flying in Massachusetts.

At Nonquitt. Mass., Miss Ida M. Eliot and
I had two larvae, Arctians unknown to us
and certainly not acrea, of a cream-white
color. The body was cream-white with three
broken, blackish, longitudinal lines. There

were no dark hairs. These larvae we fed on
wild indigo-plant, Bafidsta tinctoria, and
after a few days the larger larva moulted,
coming out of a deep, glossy, indigo-blue
color, almost black. The smaller larva first
moulted ofa deep-blue gray color, then again
of a deep blue like the other. These larvae
grew to a length of nearly 3 inches, and were
very striking in appearance. :
Caroline G. Soule.

——=

Octobe: 1893. |

(Continued from page 520.)

173. L. major,sp. nov. @. The wings
have the same general appearance as in the
preceding species. The basal area of the
primaries is pale ferruginous defined out-
wardly by a curved brown line followed by a
broad transverse median band of darker
brown defined externally by a curved and
sinuate dark brown line, which is produced
upon the secondaries and is succeeded by a
broad and somewhat diffuse brown line,
which in turn is followed by a sinuate series
of cinereous hastate spots, as in the preced-
ing species. The outer margin of the prim-
aries shades into lilacine. At the end of the
cell, there is a large and conspicuous round
siivery white spot. The secondaries have
the costa broadly dark brown with the outer
margin broadly paler brown. The base and
inner margin are pale stramineous. On the
underside, the primaries are reddish-fuscous
crossed by a broad transverse median band
and clouded with blackish at the apex and on
the outer margin. The secondaries are
reddish-brown heavily dusted with dark
brown scales and clouded with dark brown at
the base. A broad sinuate transverse
median band of dark reddish-brown bordered
externally and internally by blackish lines
crosses the wing from the lobe on the costa
to the first median nervule, and is succeeded
toward the outer margin by a series of five
or six blackish spots forming an irregular
curved series and margined externally by
pale gray.

Q. The female resembles the male in the
general color of the wings, but lacks the
silvery spot upon the cell and all the mark-
ings are not only much more obscure, but
more intricate, the single transverse lines on
the primaries in this sex being all geminate
and darker, and the’ outer margin being
heavily clouded with blackish. The secon-
daries are traversed by a broad and diffuse
band of submarginal markings. The base
and the inner margin are obscure brown, as
the rest of the wing. On the under side, the

TES: ELT Ez.

531

primaries are uniformly obscure brown with
the outer margins and the apex heavily
clouded with blackish. The transverse
median band which appears in the male on
the under side of the primaries is wanting.
The under side of the secondaries is blotched
and marbled with fuliginous upon a dark
brown ground in a most intricate manner.
Expanse, ¢ 48mm. 2 68 mm.
Described from specimens taken in coitu.

174. L. margine punctata, sp. nov. @.
Front, collar, and thorax pale fawn, inclined
to ochraceous ; upper side of abdomen, lower
side of thorax and abdomen and legs very
pale fawn. The wingsare pale fawn, inclined
to cinereous. The primaries are ornamented
by a very pale ochraceous sub-basal curved
line defined outwardly and inwardly by very
narrow darker lines. This is followed by a
lunulate silvery spot at the end of the cell,
beyond which there is a straight transverse
ochraceous limbal line, running from beyond
the middle of the costa to the middle of the
inner margin and marked externally and
internally by very narrow brown lines. A
conspicuous series of blackish dots produced
outwardly between the first and second
median nervules runs from the apex to the
inner margin before the outer The
secondaries are cinereous and the submar-
ginal series of blackish dots is continued
upon them. The wings on the under side
are pale cinereous, the markings of the upper
surface reappearing faintly upon them. The
fringes are separated from the body of the
wing by a very fine black line and are
obscurely checkered. Expanse, 35 mm.

angle.

GASTROPACHA, Ochs.

175. G. cinerascens, sp. nov. g. Allied
in the form of the wings to G. Gerstdckeri?,
Dew., but widely different. The body is pale
cinereous, as also the upper side of both
wings. There isa very irregular and obscure
sub-basal line followed by a trifid silvery

532 PSP CHE.

spot at the end of the cell, succeeded by a
band of transverse limbal markings, lunulate
in form, whitish, and margined externally
and internally by dark brown, succeeded by
an interrupted submarginal series of obscure
blackish spots. The secondaries, which are
pale ashen like the primaries, have a large
translucent circular spot at the end of the cell,
and the lines of the primaries are continued
upon the secondaries. On the under side the
markings of the upper side reappear, but far
more sharply defined and darker in color.
Both wings, furthermore, are heavily clouded
on the median area with dark slaty-gray.

Q. The female does not differ materially
from the male, except in the much greater
size and the corresponding modifications of
outline and the much greater obscurity of
the transverse markings. Expanse, J, 65
mim: 37 4no5 mtn.

The female in my possession was reared
from a cocoon about three inches in length
and three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
which was found attached to the trunk of a
tree. The cocoon is whitish in color, the
exterior compacted of silk mingled with the
whitish hair and the short but sharp blackish
spines of the larva. The inner layers of the
cocoon are hard and coriaceous. The chry-
salis is relatively long, black, smooth, and
without a cremaster. The insect may be
distinguished from G. Gerstdckerii by its
uniformly cinereous color and the absence
of the broad mesial band of dark brown which
characterizes the latter species.

LaAsIocAMPaA, Schrank.

176. L. viridescens, sp. nov, @. Culmen
of antennae pale yellow; setae dark brown;
body olive-green throughout with the end of
the abdomen tufted with reddish hair. Upper
side: Primaries olive-green clouded with
reddish-brown on the costa and along the
outer margin, traversed by a sub-basal and
geminate transverse median brown line.
There is at the end of the cella small linear

[October 1893.

brown discal dot. The outer third of the
wing is ornamented by an irregularly curved
and denticulate series of lilacine-brown mark-
ings, whichare immediately followed exter-
nally by a pale green band conformed to the
outer margin of these darker markings. The
secondaries are brown, darker at the base,
where they are heavily clothed with hair.
The fringes on the secondaries are narrow
and uniformly pure white. On the under
side both wings are brown laved on the
costae with pinkish. The marks of the
upper surface of the primaries reappear indis-
tinctly on the lower side. The secondaries
have a dark pinkish-brown incomplete trans-
verse line running from the costa and ter-
minating about the middle of the cell. The
outer margin is grayish-white. The fringes
are white as upon the upperside. Expanse,
43 mm.

There is a specimen of this species un-

named in the collection of Mr. Herbert
Druce of London.
177. L. immunda, sp. nov. @,. Upper

side of thorax and abdomen brown, the
thorax somewhat hoary. The under side of
the body and the legs paler brown. The
upper side of the primaries is of the same
color as the thorax shading into pale hoary-
brown on the outer margin. There is a
small silvery dot at the end of the cell. The
primaries are crossed by obscure dark brown
geminate sub-basal and median transverse
bands. There is a submarginal series of
sinuous and denticulate narrow brown lines.
The secondaries are pale at the base, inclin-
ing to ferruginous, with the outer margins
broadly brownish-fuscous. On the under
side, both wings are pale brownish-fuscous;
both are crossed by obscure and diffuse
transverse median bands.

Q. The female differs from the male in
having the tips of the patagia and inner
margin and outer angle of the primaries
laved with pale ochraceous. There are also
a few obscure whitish submarginal lines

October 1893. ]

below the apex. On the under side both
wings are dark fuscous with no traces of the

transverse median bands. Expanse, ¢ 58
mm.; 9 75 mm. Habitat Kangwé and
Benita.

This species differs somewhat in the

ground color. Some of the males before
me are much paler than the type.

178. JL. leucophaea, sp. nov. @. Front,
collar, and thorax dark vandyke brown;
upper side of abdomen paler, inclining at
anal extremity to hoary-gray. The legs
and lower side of thorax and abdomen dark
vandyke brown. Upper side: The prim-
aries at the base are dark vandyke brown
marked with a few bright ferruginous scales.

The outer margins are _lilacine-gray.
There is a small silvery dot at the end of
the cell. The wing is further ornamented by
geminate sub-basal and geminate transverse
median angulated lines of obscure blackish
and a submarginal series of pale ochraceous
denticulate lines running from the apex to
the inner margin before the outer angle.
The secondaries are broadly vandyke brown
on the costa with the remainder ot the
wing uniformly pale vandyke brown, shad-
ing into grayish on the outer margin.
Under side: Both wings are uniformly pale
grayish-brown. The secondaries have the
fringes, which are narrow, pale gray, and
the inner margin a trifle lighter than the
rest of the wing. Expanse, 48 mm.

179. L. lutescens, sp. nov. @. Allied to
the preceding species, from which it may be
distinguished by its uniformly smaller size,
warmer coloration, and the invariable pres-
ence of a broad patch of yellow on the inner
margin near the outer angle and a smaller
patch of yellow near the base about the
origin of the first median nervule; also by
the invariable presence of several silvery
white lunulate markings on the primaries
below the apex; otherwise this species does
not materially differ from the preceding.

PS HCLLE.

533

9. The female is marked almost precisely
like the male, but is much larger, the pre-
valent color being a warm pinkish-brown.
Expanse, g 45 mm.; 2 65 mm.

I have a good series of this species ex
larva. They emerged from the cocoon in
the latter part of August and early Sep-
tember, having pupated between July 28th
and August 17th. I shall in a future paper
furnish a full description of the larvae.

1tetoyy| Ze nov. ¢. Front,
collar, and upper side of the thorax warm
reddish-brown. Upper side of abdomen pale
pinkish-brown; legs and under side of the
body pale pinkish brown, the anterior margins
of the legs being marked with dark brown.
Upper side: The primaries are pale pinkish-
brown of the same color as the upper side of
the abdomen with a dark brown band of the
same color as the upper side of the thorax
extending obliquely from the costa at the
base to the outer angle. The apical third
of the wing below the costa is clouded with
the same dark brown color. There is a
small silvery spot at the end of the cell, and
very narrow and obscure angulated trans-
verse basal, median, limbal, and submar-
ginal The secondaries are pale
pinkish brown of the same shade as the
upper side of the abdomen and have an
obscure incomplete transverse median line
on the costa. On the under side, both wings
are pale pinkish-brown, the dark lines of the
upper surface reappearing very faintly and
obscurely upon this side. Expanse, 30 mm.

MINIMA, SP.

lines.

SATURNIIDAE.

CyYRTOGONE, Walk.

181. C. lichenodes, sp. nov. @. Front
and collar dark brown; patagia vandyke
brown sprinkled with hoary scales. The
middle of the thorax and the upper side of
the abdomen are whitish, hoary, marked

with a line of black spots on the dorsal line

534

of the abdomen, and by a lateral row of simi-
lar spots on either side of the abdomen above
the spiracles. The pectus and legs and the
lower side of the abdomen are rich dark
brown. ‘The tarsi are ringed with pale yel-
lowish. Upper side: The primaries are
olivaceous-gray, shading at the apex and on
the outer margin near the middle into pale
ochraceous. They are profusely sprinkled
with transverse linear greenish-gray striae.
There is an interrupted sub-basal line cross-
ing the lower end of the cell and curving
outwardly to near the middle of the inner
margin. This line is rich velvety black.
The outer angle and the apical third of the
wing are clouded with vandyke brown and
marked by exceedingly intricate black curved
zigzagged submarginal lines. The secon-
daries at the base and on the costa are van-
dyke brown, shading into pinkish near the
costa. The outer margin and the inner
margin are broadly vandyke brown marked
with a multitude of minute blackish striae
and spots. A zigzag black line runs from
the inner margin above the anal angle toward
the outer margin. On the under side, the
primaries have the base and the inner margin
broadly laved with pink; the costa, the
apical third, and the outer pale
fuliginous dotted and streaked with exceed-
ingly intricate spots and lines of blackish,
with two or three silvery white dots upon
the costa near the middle. The secondaries
have the same color and style of marking as
the apical third of the primaries. The gen-
eral effect of the marking and coloration
strongly suggests some forms of lichens,
hence, the specific name. HExpanse, 58 to 65
mm. Habitat Kangwé and Benita. Taken
in the month of January.

Mr. Kirby in his synonymical catalogue
refers Cyrtogone, Westw., to the Pinaridae,
but without propriety. I have carefully de-
nuded the wings of a specimen of the above
species, which I compared with the types
of the genus in the British Museum and
find the neuration to be strictly Saturniid.

margin

PS TIGHT:

[October 1893.

Westwood was right in his location of the
genus. It has nothing in common with
Pinara or Gonometa, the typical genera of

Mr. Kirby’s group.

ARBELIDAE.

LEBEDODES, gen. noy.

Allied to Excaumaptera,Hpsn. The palpi
minute, porrect; antennae of male relatively
short, bipectinated to tips, the branches
gradually diminishing in length from the
base to the tip; legs hairy; tibiae with long
terminal spurs. Fore wings with veins
seven, eight, stalked together.
Hind wings with no bar between vein seven

and nine

and eight; vein eight long running nearly
parallel to the costa as far as the apex; the
areole is divided in the middle by a narrow up-
right bar; veins three and four from the end
of the cell; veins five and six from the upper
and lower angles of the areole. Type Z.
cossula, Holl.

Neuration of Z. cossula, Holl., ¥ +

182. L. cossula, sp. nov. @. Extremity of
abdomen projecting for half its length beyond
the inner margin of the secondaries. Front
and collar pale mouse color; patagia dark
blackish-brown, margined internally by
mouse color; upper side of thorax mouse
color; upper side of abdomen mouse color
inclining towards the anal extremity to pale
ochraceous and ornamented on the dorsal
line immediately back of the metathorax by
a large patch of brown, or blackish hairs.

October 1893. ]

The under side of the body and the legs are
mouse color. The primaries and the secon-
daries on the upper side are mouse color,
shading slightly on the inner margin into
brownish. The inner margin from the base
to the middle below vein one is dark, black-
ish-brown. The wings are crossed by a num-
ber of brownish transverse striae and marked
on the outer third by a straight transverse
brown line running from the costa two-thirds
of the distance from the base to the outer
angle, where it unites with a similarly colored
curved submarginal brown line. The secon-
daries are marked on their inner two-thirds by
numerous, narrow, transverse brown striae.
On the under side, both wings are paler than
on the upper side and the markings of the
upper surface faintly reappear. Expanse, 50
mm.

METARBELA, gen. nov.

Allied to Arbela, Moore, but differing in
the following particulars: The antennae are
relatively shorter than in the genus Arbela;
the primaries have a bar between veins nine
and ten a little beyond the origin of vein
seven, which together with vein eight are
emitted from vein nine. The existence of
this bar results in the formation of a secon-
dary cell beyond the true cell. In the secon.
daries, vein one has two branches, whereas in

Arbela there are three; and veins six and
seven are stalked, whereas in Arbela
they spring directly from the cell. Type

Metarbela stivafer, Holland.

Metarbela stivafer Holl., (Cf. Hampson, Moths of
India, v. i, p. 315, for neuration of Arbela).

mS CHE,

183. M. stivafer,* sp. nov. @. The
palpi brown; front very light brown; collar
and patagia darker brown; upper side of
thorax and abdomen clothed with golden-
ochraceous hairs; the lower side of thorax
and abdomen covered with long silky pale
ochraceous scales. The primaries on the
upper side are pale ochraceous with the outer
margin fading into pale cinereous. The
fringes are a trifle darker than the marginal
portion of the wing. The body of the wing
below the cell and beyond it toward
outer margin is clouded brownish
irregular markings. On the lower margin
a well defined silvery line runs from the base
to the outer angle. This is curved
strongly beyond the base forming almost a
semi-circle from the base to the origin of the
first median nervule, and then runs along this
nervule as a straight line to the outer angle.
Midway between the outer angle and the
origin of the median nervule a white silvery
spot appears and is confluent with the silvery
line on its lower side. The lower margin of
this silvery line is sharply defined by dark
brown. The secondaries are uniformly very
pale fuscous. On the underside, both wings
are pale fuscous. Expanse, 25 to 30 mm.

I have a series of sixteen of this
species, but no females. I give it its specific
name from a fancied resemblance to the out-
line of a plough-tail which the silvery marks
upon the primaries present when
front.

the
with

line

males

viewed

from in

ADDENDA TO BOMBYCIDAE.
ARCTIIDAE.

AUTOMOLIs, Hiibn.

184. A. Hhrmannt, sp. nov. @. Anten-
nae black; palpi and front crimson; collar
bluish-green margined above with crimson;

patagia crimson; upper side of thorax crim-~
~*~

* stiva=a plough-tail; ferre= to bear.

996

son; upper side of abdomen with the somites
bluish-green, heavily bordered on their hind
margins with crimson. The lower side of
the thorax and abdomen is crimson with the
legs bluish-green. The primaries on the
upper side are smoky-brown with the outer
angle laved with ferruginous. There is a
subtriangular hyaline spot in the cell on
its upper margin before the discocellulars.
There is a subovate larger hyaline spot
below the cell near the origin of the first
median nervule and a curved transverse
series of four hyaline spots beyond the cell,
the largest situated between veins five and
six. The secondaries are uniformly bright
orange-red. On the lower side, the prim-
aries have the costa crimson and the inner
broadly orange-red, shading up-
wardly into crimson with the apical half

margin

maroon. The secondaries are as on the
upper surface. Expanse 70 mm. Habitat
Liberia.

I name this magnificent species in honor
of Mr. George Ehrmann, of Pittsburgh,
whose interest in entomological matters is
well known, and to whom I am indebted for
the type.

LIPARIDAE.

Aroa, Walk.

185. A. omissa, sp. nov. ¢@. Body and ap-
pendages argillaceous; abdomen with a
number of small tufts of black hairs on the
dorsal line. Primaries argillaceous sprinkled
with minute darker scales, with a black sub-
basal dot near the costa, a large subquadrate
black spot at the end of the cell, and above it
on the costa two small subtriangular black
spots. The secondaries are creamy-white
with a dark gray discal spot and a series of
similar transverse spots near the anal angle.
On the under side, both wings are creamy-
white, both have conspicuous gray, discal
spots, and the markings of the secondaries
near the anal angle reappear from the upper
side. ‘Expanse, 22 mm.

PSTCHE.

[October 1893.
NOTODONTIDAE.

DESMEOCRAERA, Wallengr.

186. D. (2) hinnula, sp. nov. @. Front
brownish; upper side of thorax and abdomen
pale greenish-brown with some dark spots
upon the dorsal line of the abdomen; legs
brown; under side of abdomen pale fawn.
Primaries dark wood-brown interrupted by a
curved crenulate narrow greenish-yellow
transverse limbal band about the middle of
which a narrow greenish-yellow ray reaches
outwardly to the margin. On either side of
this pale band are two very fine dark brown
lines, conformed to the convolutions of the
band. In addition the wing is ornamented
by a very fine curved and _ denticulate
basal and sub-basal line. There is a linear
dark brown discal mark at the end of the cells
The fringes are pale greenish-gray minutely
checkered with dark brown at the tips of the
nervules. The secondaries are uniformly
The under side of both wings is
fuscous, the primaries paler on the costa and
traversed by an obscure, curved transverse
limbal band. Expanse, 34 mm.

I refer this inconspicuous and obscurely
colored bombycid provisionally to Desmeo-
craera, to which it apparently comes nearer
than to any other genus known to me.

fuscous.

SCRANCIA, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Gargetta, Walk., from
which it differs in that the antennae in the
male are simple from beyond the middle to
their tip, the pectinations being confined to
the basal half (whereas in Gargetta they
extend to the tip); in the female the
pectinations at the base are almost obsolete.
Furthermore, in the primaries veins 10 and
11 have their origin relatively nearer the base
of the cell than in Gargetta, and the areole
at the upper angle of the cell is much
larger. The brush of hairs at the basal
extremity of the inner margin of the prim- -
aries, which is characteristic of Gargetta, is

October 1893.]
wanting. The primaries are relatively
longer and more sharply produced, and the
abdomen is relatively longer. (Cf. Hamp-
son, Fauna of British India, Moths, v. i,
p- 135, for neuration of Gargetta.). Type S.
modesta, Holland.

Scrancia modesta, Holl., 3. (See plate 17, fig. 33.)

187. S. modesta, sp. nov. &. Lower side
of palpi and collar pale fulvous; front paler;
culmen of antennae pale grayish; setae tes-
taceous; patagia hoary-gray; abdomen above
and below together with the legs obscure
fuscous-ochraceous. The primaries are gray
showing a lilacine reflection on the inner
and outer margins. At the base they are
clouded with brownish, and are crossed by
obscure geminate transverse basal, trans-
verse median, and transverse limbal zigzag
brown lines, the spaces between which are
slightly paler than the body of the wing.
On the fmner margin, where the transverse
limbal band terminates, there is a dark brown
dot. Beyond the transverse limbal line, the
neurations are marked with narrow blackish
rays, each interrupted on the middle by a
small white dot. There is an angulated sub-
marginal series of obscure grayish lines. The
margin is accentuated on the interspaces by
brownish linear dots. The fringes are uni-
formly brown. Atthe end of the cell, there is
an obscure brownish discal mark crossed by
two narrow parallel transverse darker lines.
The secondaries are uniformly pale fuscous
shading into creamy on the costa. On the
under side both wings are dusky, traversed

PST CRE.

Aon

by incomplete transverse median, transverse
limbal, and transverse submarginal bands of
brown.

?. The female is like the male save in the
respects pointed out in the description of the
genus. Expanse, gf and 9, 48 mm.

CATARCTIA, gen. nov.

Palpi hairy, porrect, compressed; second
joint long; third joint obsolescent and almost
concealed by the hairy vestiture at the extrem-
ity of the second joint. Antennae short,
bipectinated to the tips; setae in the female
somewhat shorter than in the male. Legs of
the male very hairy ; of the female less hairy.
The tibiae of the second pair are armed with
a terminal spur; of the third pairarmed with
asubterminal and double terminal spurs.
The primaries of the male are produced, with
the costa rounded before the apex; apex
truncate; outer margin produced at second
median nervule, the margin forming an
obtuse angle at this point; inner margin
nearly straight. Secondaries suboval with
all the margins evenly rounded. In the
primaries, vein five springs from the upper
discocellular one-third of the distance above
the point at which it describes an angle
directed inwardly with the lower discocellular.
Vein seven is emitted from vein ten beyond
thecell. Veins eight and nine are very short,
stalked, the stalk being emitted from vein ten
before the apex. Vein eleven is emitted from
the cell near its upper angle. In the secon-
daries, vein one has two branches; veins six
and seven are stalked; vein eight converges
beyond its origin toward the cell, and then
diverges widely. Type C. (Arctia?) divisa,
Walker. (Cf. Walker’s List, v. iii, p. 765.)

Walker insects under the
name Arctia dtvtsa, one an Indian insect,
which is identical according to Kirby with
Arctia leopardina, Koll. The other insect,
which Walker referred with doubt to the
genus Arctia, was from Sierra Leone. Ihave
examined Walker’s type, which is a male,
and have compared it with specimens in my

described two

Catarctia divisa, Walk., ¢.

collection. The female isin the collection of
Mr. Herbert Druce of London, and is also
represented in my collection by numerous
specimens. The insect is a true notodont,
as is shown by the neuration.

188. C. divisa, Walk. 9. Differs from
the male in the much broader expanse of the
and in the complete
obscuration of the transverse lines and mark-

primaries, almost
ings of the primaries which appear in the
male. The primaries in the case of the
female are almost uniformly dull fawn on the
upper surface, and are marked with a minute
black spot at the base and similar minute
black spots on the margin upon the intraneural
interspaces. The secondaries are broadly
pink, except upon the costa, where they are
pale. whitish fawn. On the under side, the
primaries are broadly pink with the margins
narrowly fawn. The secondaries are as in the
male, but more broadly laved with pinkish.

LASIOCAMPIDAE.

PRODONESTIS, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Odonestis, Germ., from
which it differs in the form of the primaries,
which do not have the outer margin evenly
rounded as in Odonestis, but produced at the
outer extremity of the lower radial nervule.
Furthermore, in the secondaries veins three,
four, and five spring from a common stalk,

PST CHE:

[October 1893.

whereas in Odonestis, they spring directly
from the cell. The accessory costal veinlets
in the secondaries are few and incomplete,
none of them reaching the costal margin,
whereas in Odonestis they are well defined
and reach the costal margin. The palpi are
also much shorter than in Odonestis, scarcely
being produced beyond the front. The
female is much larger than the male. The
antennae in both sexes diverge widely and
are then bent backward about one-third of the
distance from theirinsertion. Type P. fulva,
Holland.

Neuration of Prodonestis fulva, Holl., ¢. (Cf. Hamp-
son, Moths of India, v.
Odonestis.)

i, p. 425, for neuration of

189. P. fulva, sp. nov. &. Lower side
of palpi and antennae pale fulvous; upper
side of thorax and legs moderately dark ful-
vous; lower side of thorax and entire ab-
domen pale fulvous. The upper side of the
primaries is fulvous, slightly paler than the
upper side of the thorax, and fading into pale
fulyous-cinereous on the, outer margin.
There is a bright elongated discal cluster of
silvery white scales at the end of the cell.
The middle of the wing is clouded from the
costa to the outer angle by dark brown. A
similar patch of clouding covers the apex and
does not quite reach the outer margin. Be-
tween these dark cloudings there is a narrow.
cleuded band running from the costa trans-
versely toward the outer margin, gradually

October 1803. |

PS CTH.

539

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS.—V.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

NeEuropTEerRA. Leon Dufour*, Frey
and Leuckartt, v. Siebold t¢
Schindler § have shown that members
of this order have either 6 or 8 Malpi-
ghian vessels.
has 6 vessels and the same number of
discrete proctodaeal diverticula is es-
tablished in the embryo, as I have
observed in S. ¢xfumata. In
I take to be the young larva of Cory-
dalis cornuta there are also 6 vessels
but in other much larger larvae (possi-
bly belonging to the genus Chauliodes)
I find the unusual number 7. This
insect, therefore, constitutes a transi-
tion to the forms with 8 vessels, such
as Myrmeleon and Hemerobius.

PaNorRPATA. The Scorpion flies
(Panorpa) agree with Sialis in possess-
ing 6 vessels.

TRICHOPTERA. Patten || has shown
that the embryo Meophylax concinnus
develops 6 Malpighian vessels as dis-
crete proctodaeal diverticula. This
number seems to be retamed through-
out life by all the species of the order.

and

The imaginal Sialis

what

|| The development of phryganids, with a preliminary
note on the development of Blatta germanica, Quart.
journ. micr. sci. vol. xxiv, 1884, p. 590.

CoLeorrera. Schindler* makes
the following general statement in re-
gard to this order: ‘‘Vier Malpighi’sche
gefiisse finden sich durchgehends bei
den Pentameren, wogegen den Hetero-
meren, Tetrameren und Trimeren stets
sechs zukommen.”

pears to

This assertion ap-
require some qualification,
since the Pentameron Hydrophilus has
6 Malpighian vessels according to
Vangel ¢ while the Heteromeron Sitaris
has only 4 according to Beauregard. t
These are very briefly the facts
derived from a study of the embryo:
in the greater number of forms the
vessels arise as 6 discrete diverticula
of the hind-gut. This has been shown
for Doryphora by myself§, for Melo-
lontha by Voeltzkow || and for Hydro-

philus by Heider. In the embryo

*]. c. p. 629 (foot note).

} Beitriige zur anatomie, histologie u. physiologie des
verdauungsapparates des wasserkafers (Hydrophilus
piceus, L.) Nat. hefte. Pest. bd. 10, 1886.

t Recherches sur les insectes vésicants. i partie,
anatomie. Journ. anat. phys. Paris. 21. Annee 1885-
1886.

§ The embryology of Blatta germanica and Dory-
phora decem-lineata. Journ. morph. vol. ili, no. 2.
1889.

|| Melolonthavulgaris, Ein beitrag zur entwickelung
im ei der insecten. Arb. a. d. zool, zoot. inst. im
Wiirzb. bd. ix. heft 1. 1889. (Plate v. figs 1, 2 & 13.)

1 Die embryonalentwicklung v. Hydrophilus piceus,
L i. theil. Jena. 1$89.

—

540 PSTGRMIE:

Dytiscus fasctventris I find only 4
vessels, and this number is retained in
the imago.

Melolontha vulgaris deserves spe-
cial mention, as it shows that the tet-
ranephric is a modification of the
hexanephric condition. Voeltzkow,
as I have said, found 6 Malpighian
vessels in the embryo of this Scarabaeid,
whereas writers on the adult and larva
describe only 4. A fazr of vessels
must, therefore, be suppressed dur-
ing post-embryonic development, pre-
sumably tn early larval life. The
bearing of this fact on the tetranephric
condition of Dytiscus is obvious; we
have only to suppose that the tendency
to suppress a pair of vessels has been
carried back into early embryonic life.

LEPIDOPTERA. Schindler * and Chol-
odkowsky + have given us a consid-
erable body of facts on the number
and disposition of the Malpighian ves-
sels in the Lepidoptera. The em-
bryonic development of the tubules
was elucidated by Hatschek{, as long
ago as 1877. ‘‘Wir finden” says this
investigator, ‘tim stadium C schon 6
Malpighi’sche driisen, jederseits drei,
die nach hinten zurtickgebogen, rings
um den hinterdarm auf dem = quer-
schnitte sich zeigen (figs. 3 and 4, pl.
iii). Die drei Malpighi’schen drtisen
jeder seite miinden durch ein gemein-
schaftliches aufangsstiick in das blinde
ende des hinterdarmes.” Hatschek’s
figures show the arrangement of the

* 1. c. p, 646 et seq.

Paleece . .

{ Beitrige zur entwicklungsgeschichte der Lepi-
dopteren. Naumburg, 1877, p. 19.

[ October 1893.

vessels to be the same as in the larva and
imago. My own observations on em-
bryos of Platysamia cecropia confirm
his account.

With the exception of a very few
species, to be considered presently, all
Lepidoptera have 6 Malpighian vessels.
They are not discrete diverticula of the
hind-gut, but on either side two of the
vessels are united by a common trunk
to the third, so that there is only one
opening into the rectum on either side.
This antler-like system appears to arise
in the following manner: a hollow bud
grows out from the proctodaeum and
bifurcates; then one of the two vessels
thus formed bifurcates, while the other
Cholodkowsky calls
the duct leading into the rectum the
‘tronc basilaire,” the one uniting the
two terminal vessels the ‘‘tronc second-
aire.”

simply lengthens.

He gives an extended account
of the relative variations in length of
the two trunks throughout the various
families of Lepidoptera. The varia-
tions are sometimes considerable, but
the number 6 is rigorously adhered to.
The only exceptions observed by
Cholodkowsky are the Pyralid Galleria
and certain Tineids.

In G. melonella the Malpighian ves-
sels resemble two trees ‘‘richement et
irréguliérement ramifiés.”” This pecu-
liar form is so strikingly unique that we
may put it down without hesitation as
a secondary development. Cholod-
kowsky finds that the larva of Zzzea
biselliella has the typical 6 Malpighian
vessels; but these break down during
the pupal stage and in their stead arises

_—_

October 1893. |

a single pair of imaginal tubules. The
Russian investigator has established the
same interesting fact for Z7zea pellion-
ella and Blabophanes rusticella.

On these cases, avowedly exceptional
even among Tineide, Cholodkowsky
bases his dinephric hypothesis. The
return in the imago to an apparently
simpler condition of the Malpighian
vessels than obtains in the larva, is re-
garded by him as a kind of atavism.
To characterize this form of reversion,
which is regular and periodic in its
occurrence, he introduces the term
“atavisme périodique.” But it is clear
that this atavism, if atavism it be,
must extend to ancestral conditions ex-
ceedingly remote—postulating 2 as the
primitive number of Malpighian tubules
in Arthropods—since the number 2 oc-
curs only in verv few insects, and only
in cases where a secondary reduction
from a greater number furnishes a more
plausible explanation (Coccidae).

Cholodkowsky assumes that the basal

eS PCHE.,

541

trunk

represents the

pighian vessel.

primitive Mal-
I would regard both it
and the secondary trunk as compara-
tively recent acquisitions, since I find it
difficult to see, on Cholodkowsky’s sup-
position, why the number of. vessels
should be so constant throughout the
order and at the same time agree with
the number observed in the older and
more primitive orders (Orthoptera,
Neuroptera, Panorpata). Moreover, it
is generally admitted that the Trichop-
tera stand very near the hypothetical
ancestral Lepidopter, and it has been
shown that both the embryo and im-

aginal Trichopter have 6 discrete
Malpighian tubules. On _ Cholod-
kowsky’s supposition it would be

necessary to regard the urinary vessels
in the lower orders as less primitive
than those of the Lepidoptera, an as-
sumption which certainly has very little
in its favor when we stop to consider
the extent to which other organs have
been modified in the Lepidoptera.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTes.—The 13th part
of Kolbe’s Einfiihrung in die kenntnis der in-
sekten completes the first volume of the work,
and with it the account of the morphology
and physiology of insects; it concludes with
a bibliography of the organs of generation.
Although only two of the twelve main divi-
sionscontemplated have been treated, another
volume will doubtless complete the work.

In the Contemporary review for Sep-
tember, Weismann has a deeply interesting
article on the All-sufficiency of natural selec-
tion, supporting his well known views of the
intransmissibility of acquired characters, and
in which his main arguments are drawn
from the study of ants. ‘‘All-sufficiency” is
a strong term, and if it were generally con-

ceded would prove a distinct bar to progress ;
working hypotheses, on the other hand, lie
at its very foundation.

In recent information regarding the Cam-
bridge botanic garden given in the last num-
ber of the Harvard graduates magazine, Prof.
G. L. Goodale speaks of the damage done by
white ants as follows: ‘In one part of the
wall the ants had taken away nearly all the
wood, leaving the painted surface untouched
and apparently sound. From this wall they
had made their way into floor timbers
hitherto supposed to be free from any pest.”

Mr. Townsend (Ins. life, 5: 317) identifies:
the oestrid larva described by him in the cur-
rent volume of Psyche, p. 298, as Cuferebre

fontinella Clark.

542 PSYCHE. | October 1893.

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ey Cie.

THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS. —. VI.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

HYMENOPTERA. According to Schind-
ler the number of Malpighian * ves-
sels in the imagines of Hymenoptera
varies from 12 to upwards of 150. The
number 12 was observed in Myrmica,
the greater number in Apis.f In cer-
tain ants according to Adlerz { a very
small number is observed,- the neuter
of Tomognathus having only 6 vessels.

Embryology shows conclusively that
none of these numbers (excepting per-
haps that of Tomognathus) are to be
regarded as primitive. Biitschli§ found
only 4 vessels in the embryo of the
honey-bee (Apis mellifica) and
Carriére|| gives the same number for

* 1. c. p. 635 et seq.
{The numbers given by Schindler run as follows
Formicidae.
Myrmica 12.
Formica pubescens 25-30.
Formica rufa 16.
(Adlerz gives 20 for F. rufa and Camponotus.)
Ichneumonidae.
Microgaster 15 (Dufour).
Chelonus, more than 20 (Dufour).
Ophion merdarius, about 40.
Some other Ichneumonids more than 4o.
Cynipidae, at most 20-25.
Chrysididae, about 100.
Crabronidae,
Vespidae, more than 100.
Apidae, 3
t+ Myrmecologiska studier. 2. Svenska myror och
deras lefnadsfiirhollanden. Bih. svenska. vet. akad.
handl. bd. 11, no. 18, 1887.
§ Ic:
|| Die entwicklung der maurbiene (Chalicodoma
muraria, Fabr.) im ei. Arch.f. mikr. anat. bd. 35,

heft 2, 1890.

the wall-bee (Chalicodoma muraria).
This number is retained during larval
life, as has long been known (see
Leuckart’s figure in Lang’s Verglei-
chende anatomie, p. 476). According
to Carriére the Malpighian vessels of
Chalicodoma arise as two pairs of in-
vaginations on the caudal plate (which
is an extension of the ectoderm behind
the eleventh abdominal segment). In
his first account they are said to arise
‘‘ehe die einsenkung des hinterdarmes
beginnt; ihre ..mtindung wiichst mit
dem boden bez. dem rande des hinter-
darmes nach dem hinterende des’ mit-
teldarmes zu.”

Adlerz* claims that the larvae of
It is
more than probable that this is the
number formed in the embryo.

ants have 4 Malpighian ‘vessels.

It appears that we have no cases
among Hymenoptera with 6 Malpighian
vessels in the embryo and only 4 in the
On the supposition that 6 is the
original number we must therefore con-
clude that a pair of tubules has been sup-

larva.

pressed in the ancestral Hymenoptera.
It must,
that we
embryonic development of the excretory

however, be borne in mind

have no observations on the

* Jc,

546

organs of the Tenthredinidae, a family
which promises to throw considerable
light on the ancestral peculiarities of
the order.

DiepTERA. In _ these
modified insects the

very highly
number of Mal-
pighian vessels shows a constancy that
contrasts strikingly with the variations
occurring in the Hymenoptera; with
very few exceptions the Diptera have
in all their stages only 4 urinary tubules.
Still seems to be considerable
variation in the manner, of their opening

there

into the intestine. Schindler* claims
that in Aphaniptera, Pupipara, Tip-
ulidae, Asilus, Haematopota, Eris-

talis, each of the vessels has a separate
opening. In Hippobosca, Musca,
Sarcophaga, Anthrax, Conops, Oestrus
and Syrphus, the vessels are united+in
pairs and open by means of two ducts,
a condition which reminds one of the
Gryllidae. In Tipula and Ctenophora
the terminal ends of the vessels are fused
in pairs.

There is, I believe, some evidence in
favor of the view that 4 is not the
primitive number of vessels in the Dip-
tera, and that there has taken place
throughout the ,group a_ reduction
similar to what was observed in Melo-
lontha. I base this conclusion on an
observation first made by Voeltzkowt
and more recently confirmed by
Graber.{ Voeltzkow describes and fig-

*1.c. p. 642 et seq.

} Entwickelung im ei von Musca vomitoria.
zool. zoot. inst. Wiirzb. bd. 9, heft. 1, 1889, p. 32.

t Vergleichende studien iiber die embryologie der

insecten u. insb. d. Musciden. Denkschr. math. wiss.
classe k. akad. wiss. Wien. bd. 56, 1889, p. 37-38.

Arb.

PSE Cie.

[ November 1893.

ures 3 pairs of tubular diverticula to
the proctodaeum of Musca. Two of
these pairs he designates as Malpighian
vessels, to the third pair he refers as
‘‘neuauftretende giinge.” Graber’s fig.
76, taf. vil, shows that one of the ‘‘gange”’
arises between the two Malpighian ves-
sels on either side. Why may not this
median pair of diverticula, which are
apparently purely embryonic structures,
represent a third pair of Malpighian
vessels ?

(here fact which
vaguely points to a primitively hexa-
nephric condition in the Diptera. I
allude to Culex and Psychoda, forms
which, according to Dufour* Raschket
and Schindlert have five Malpighian
vessels.

is also another

This number, which, to my
knowledge, has been observed in no
other insects, may have originated from
the hexanephric condition either by the
suppression of a single tubule or by the
fusion of a pair of tubules into one.
That the latter is probably not the case
follows from Schindler’s statement:
‘‘Dass das 5 gefiiss nicht etwa das
product der concrescenz zweier gefiisse
ist, scheint mir zur gentige daraus
hervorzugehen, dass ich bei kleinen und
kleinsten larven, bei der puppe und dem
imago von Culex pipiens und C. annu-
fatus immer 5, in ihren langs- und
breite-dimensionen einander vollstindig

* Mémoire sur les vaisseaux biliaires ou le foie des
insectes. Ann. sci. nat. 2° sér. tom. xix, 1843, p. 166.

t Die larve von Culex nemorosus. Ein beitrag zur
kenntniss der insecten-anatomie u. histologie. Arch.
naturg. 53 jahrg. 1887.

t lee. piréq2.

November 1893. |

gleiche harngefiisse vorfand.” It is
perhaps worthy of note that this pen-
tanephric condition obtains in Diptera
which are by common consent among the
most ancient and primitive of the order.

The foregoing remarks may be sum-
marized as follows :—

tr. It is very probable that the so-
called Malpighian vessels of Crustacea
and Arachnida are not the homologues
of the vasa Malpighi of the Eutracheata
(Insects and Myriopods).

2. The Malpighian. vessels of the
Eutracheata arise as paired diverticula
of the hind-gut and are, therefore,
ectodermal.

3. In no insect embryo are more than
6 vessels known to occur; although
frequently only 4 are developed.

_4. The number 6 occurs either dur-
ing embryonic or post-embryonic life in
members of the following groups: Ap-
terygota, Orthoptera, Corrodentia, Neu-
roptera, Panorpata, Trichoptera, Cole-
optera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.

5. The number 4 seems to be typical
for the Corrodentia, Thysanoptera,

PIS CHL.

; 547
Aphaniptera, Rhynchota, Diptera and
Hymenoptera.

6. The embryonic number in Derm-
aptera, Ephemeridea, Plecoptera and
Odonata has not been ascertained, but
will probably be found to be either 4 or 6.

7. There is evidence that in at least
one case (Melolontha) the tetranephric
is ontogenetically derived from the
hexanephric condition by the suppres-
sion of one pair of tubules.

8. It is probable that the insects
which never develop more than 4 Mal-
pighian vessels have lost a pair during
their phylogeny.

g. The post-embryonic increase in the
number of Malpighian vessels in some
orders (Orthoptera, Odonata, Hymen-
optera) is secondary and has apparently
arisen to supply a demand for greater
excreting surface.*

* There is a curious analogy between the excretory
organs of these insects and the mesonephros of some
vertebrates, where a second, third, etc., generation of
tubules is added to the primitive metameric series.
When the embryonic number of Malpighian vessels
persists in insects, the demand for greater excreting
surface is supplied by a lengthening of the individual
vessels.

NOTE ON A SCUTELLERID ON NATIVE TOBACCO IN ARIZONA.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND, KINGSTON, JAMAICA.

At Cedar Ranch, Arizona, which is
the half-way station on the stage route
from Flagstaff to the Grand Cafion, I
found on July 6, 1892, a scutellerid in
numbers on a species of native tobacco,
Nicotiana sp. probably attenuata.
This locality is also called Hull Spring,

and is on the edge of the somewhat
mountainous country which lies to the
south of it, a more or less level plateau
extending to the north between it and
the cafon. The native tobacco upon
which the insects were found grew in
patches about the spring, which is

548

located a few hundred yards to the
south at the base of the north slope of
the wooded hills. The scutellerid was
very numerous on the (Vicotéana, and
lives on the juices of the plant. About
thirty adults were taken, but only one
larva. This was the only larva seen at
this date, but hundreds of the adults
could have been collected. Some ants
were observed, which appeared to
linger about the scutellerids.

Specimens of the latter were sent to
Mr. Uhler and Dr. Riley, and deter-

mined by them as Corémelaena extensa

Uhi. This record is of interest as
noting a scutellerid which affects
Nicotiana. I know of no previous

mention of a member of this family of
insects living upon this plant.

The adult of C. extemsa is shining
black, with the hemelytra widely,
almost wholly creamy on the sides.
The larva is very similarly colored,
being also black with a patch of
creamy on the sides of body, the hem-
elytra being not yet developed. It may
be more definitely described as follows:

Larva of Corimelaena extensa.— Length,
14 mm.; width, 1 mm. Body clothed some-
what sparsely with short pubescence. Head
triangular in outline from above, narrower
than thorax, shining black above and below,
the usually invisible membranous _neck-like
portion which attaches the head to the thorax

being pale or light colored. Eyes brownish.

A NEW ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL.— The
New York entomological society began early
this year the publication of a quarterly jour-
nal, of which three parts have already
appeared, extending to nearly 150 pages.

PS TGHT:

[ November 1893.

Antennae pale-colored,; pubescent, 4-jointed,
last joint longest and stoutest, three basal
joints nearly same length and size. Beak
elongate, reaching beneath body as fir back
as origin of hind pair of legs, pale colored,
3 jointed, basal joint a little the longest, last
two joints nearly the same length, the second
joint a little stouter than the last. Thorax
about one-third broader than head, shining
black above and below. Legs pale colored,
except femora which are mostly darker. Ab-
domen as wide as thorax, rounded behind,
vaulted and convex, cistudinate (in the dried
specimen), exposed and bare, widely shining
black on the median portion longitudinally,
narrowly so on the lateral edges, between
the two with a lateral longitudinal stripe
of creamy whitish which gradually narrows
to a point posteriorly. Ventral surface
of abdomen very concave, and showing
same coloring. Scutellum and
wholly undeveloped.
One specimen,
Arizona.

wings

Nicotiana.

July 6, on

In the adult the last joint of antennae
is no longer nor larger than the preced-
ing two joints, to each of which it is
nearly equal. The legs are almost
wholly blackish or brownish, except
the tarsi and tips of tibiae. The beak
is brownish and 3-jointed, antennae
pale. Whole upper surface of head,
thorax and scutellum is dark
green.

metallic
Wing covers are extremely
narrow, creamy except a narrow dark
green inner edge which
broadens at base.

line on

Most of the articles, as is fitting, bear particu-
lar reference to the insects of the neigh-
boring region, and render the journal of
special value in this respect; besides which
are not a few papers of permanent interest.

November 1893.]

(Continued from page 538.)

diminishing and terminating upon the third
median nervule. There is an obscure ir-
regularly curved sub-basal transverse line
anda similar transverse limbal line which
runs from the costa beyond the middle
obliquely to the third median nervule about
its middle, and then sweeps inwardly with
three irregular scallops to about the middle
of the inner margin. The secondaries are
pale fulvous. On the under side, both the
primaries and the secondaries are pale ful-
vous with obscure and incomplete geminate
transverse limbal lines. The white spot at
the end of the cell on the upper surface re-
appears indistinctly upon the lower side.

Q. The markings in the female sex are
very much as in the male, with this difference
that the white discal spot in the primaries is
in all specimens before me, save one, replaced
by a dark brown spot. In one case, the
silvery-white scales reappear, but far more
indistinctly than in any male.
50 to 65 mm.; 9, 85 to 100 mm.

I have over forty specimens of this species,
male and female, reared ex larva. I hope to
be able to give shortly an account of the life
history of the species.

Expanse ¢,

* PINARIDAE.
GoNoMETA, Walk.

190. G. brotoéssa, sp. nov. @. Front, pec-
tus, and upper side of thorax rich maroon;
upper side of abdomen uniformly steely-blue ;
lower side of thorax and abdomen ferruginous.
Primaries rich maroon with a silvery dot
encircled by black at the end of the cell; a
yellow subtriangular spot below the cell near
the base. On the middle of the wing there
are two obscure parallel zigzag blackish lines
running from the apex diagonally to the
middle of the inner margin. The secondaries
have the costa dusky-ferruginous; the re-
mainder bluish-black. On the under side,
the primaries are maroon, heavily clouded

PSYCHE:

549

with blackish on the cell and middle area.
The secondaries are colored much as on the
upper side.

?. The female has the body as the male,
but much larger. The upper side of the
abdomen is brilliant steel-blue with an
orange colored tuft of hairs at the anal ex-
tremity. Both primaries and secondaries on
the upper and lower sides are uniformly rich
maroon. Expanse g, 65 mm; 2, 95 to
100 mm.

There is less disparity between the sexes
than is the case in some other species of the
genus.

NOCTUIDAE.

GIGANTOCERAS, gen. noy.

Allied to Risoba, Moore. The palpi are
not as closely compressed as in that genus;
the second and third joints are longer, less
hairy, and more attenuated than in Risoba.
The antennae are very long. In Risoba they
are not quite equal in length to the costa of
the primaries; inGigantoceras, they are from
fully one-half to twice as long again as the
costa of the primaries, and are directed for-
ward. They are minutely serrated at the
base. The legs are also relatively much
longer than in Risoba and not so hairy. The
tibiae of the third pair have a subterminal
and two minute terminal spurs: in Risoba
the spurs are prominent.
relatively shorter and broader than in Risoba,
The neuration so far as I have been able to
ascertain does not differ from that of Risoba.
Type G. solstitialis, Holl.

The primaries are

IgI. G. solstitialis, sp. nov. &. Antennae
one-half longer than the costa of the prim-
aries, very slender; palpi and front fuscous;
collar brown; patagia and upper side of thorax
white; lower side of thorax and entire abdo-
men fuscous. The primaries are obscure
fuscous with a dark brown apical patch, and
and inner prevalently

the base margin

550

clouded with the same color. The inner
margin for one-third of the distance from the
base is covered with silvery white scales. In
the middle of this white longitudinal mass of
scales isa minute brown spot. The secon-
daries are pale fuscous with the outer margins
broadly blackish. The fringes of the prim-
aries and the secondaries are light fawn and
obscurely checkered with darker brown at the
ends of the nervules. Onthe under side, both
wings are pale fuscous with the neurations,
an obscurely defined discal mark, and the
margins from a little beyond the cell dark
fuscous. The fringes are paler, and not
checkered as on the upper side.
30 mm.

Expanse,

192. G.(?) geometroptera, sp. nov. @.
Antennae twice as long as the costa of the
primaries. The primaries have the outer
margin relatively longer and straighter than
in the preceding species with the inner margin
relatively shorter. The front is brown; the
thorax on the upper side olivaceous-green ;
the upper side of the abdomen fuscous; the
lower side of the thorax and the abdomen
pale gray. The primaries are pale olivaceous
traversed by geminate basal, sub-basal, med-
ian, and limbal transverse lines of darker
olive-green; darkest in the region of the
costa. The nervules at their extremities are
marked with short blackish rays, and at the
apex there is a series of similar blackish mark-
ings enclosing a wood-brown <-shaped apical
patch. There is an obscure white spot in the
middle of the cell surrounded by pale oliva-
ceous, a linear discal mark.at the end of the
cell dotted at either extremity by dark brown,
and beyond the cell an obscure annulus of
pale olive-green, margined with darker bdlive.
Near the outer angle there is a brownish
patch of scales. Before the geminate sub-
basal transverse line just above the inferior
vein there is a small white dot. On the
margins there are lunulate dark brown mark-
ings on the interspaces, and the fringes are
pale, The secondaries are pale fuscous with

PSTCHE.

[November 1893.

the margins broadly darker brown, and an
obscure discal dot at the end of the cell. On
the under side both wings are very pale
fuscous with the neurations dark brown and
distinctly defined upon the paler ground. A
broad blackish incomplete band runs from
the costa near the end of the cell to the origin
of the lower radial nervule, coalescing on the
costa and at the origin of the radial with a
broad blackish outer marginal band, which
sweeps inwardly to the point of union.
Enclosed between these two markings is a
large suboval whitish spot. The end of the
cellin the secondaries is marked by a broad
obscurely defined blackish spot, and the
margins are broadly blackish. The fringes
are whitish. Expanse, 33 mm.

_ The greater relative breadth of the wings
in this species and the lack of a patch of
raised scales on the inner margin of the prim-
aries lead me to refer the insect with a little
doubt to this genus. My specimen is unique
and I do not care to dissect without more
material.

METALEPTINA, gen. nov.

Allied to Leptina, Guen. The palpi are
longer than in Leptina, and have the third
joint long, aciculate, directed upward. The
antennae areas in Guenée’s genus. The legs
are much more densely clothed with scales,
especially the third pair, which have the
tibiae very heavily clothed with long scales,
armed with long spurs, two at the base and
one just before it. The primaries are not as
long relatively as in Leptina, and relatively
broader. On the inner margin at the base,
the primaries are clothed with a linear patch
of long raised scales. The neuration of the
primaries and secondaries is the same as in
Leptina, so far as I have been able to ascer-
tain by careful comparison, without making
microscopic mounts of the wings. Type, JZ.
ntgribasis, Holl.

November 1893.]

193. M. nigribasis, sp. nov. @. The

lower sides of the palpi are pale fulvous-gray.
The upper side of the palpi, the front, collar,
patagia, and upper side of the thorax are
blackish brown. The upper side of the
abdomen is fuscous, darkest on the dorsal
line. The under sides of the thorax and
abdomen and the legs are pale gray. The
primaries on the upper side are pale wood-
brown with a pinkish reflection shading into
darker brown toward the apex and the outer
margin. The patch of raised scales on the
inner margin at the base is dark blackish-
brown like the costa. The primaries are
traversed from the costa just before the apex
to the middle of the inner margin by a
narrow dark brown straight line, bordered
externally by a paler parallel line. The
secondaries are fuscous, darkest on the outer
margins. On the under side the primaries
are pale fuscous, with the costa and the
middle area darker. The outer margin of
this darker median area is sharply defined as
a curved line, which is followed by a paler
shade. The outer margin is darker, and at
the end of the cell there is an obscure discal
mark. The secondaries on the lower side are
paler than the primaries and are traversed by
an obscure curved transverse limbal line.
The margins are obscurely bordered with
- darker fuscous. Expanse, 30 mm.

6. Lower
Front, collar,

194. M. albibasis, sp. nov.
side of palpi pale ferruginous.
patagia, upper side of thorax, and abdomen
fawn; lower side of thorax and abdomen and
legsvery pale cinereous. The primaries on
the upper side are pale wood-brown, or fawn,
traversed from the costa before the apex to
the inner margin two-thirds of the distance
from the base by a narrow irregularly, and
slightly curved darker line, bordered exter-
nally by very narrow palet lines. The raised
patch of scales on the inner margin at the
base is whitish defined on its upper margin
by a darker shade which extends outwardly
along the inner margin to the termination of

PSYCHE.

551

the narrow transverse limbal line. There is
an obscure round dark spot in the middle of
the cell, an obscure linear mark of the same
coloratits end. The secondaries are uniformly
pale fuscous. On the under side, both
wings are pale fuscous. The primaries have
the middle area and the costa clouded with
darker brown, the outer margin of this darker
area being well defined against the paler
marginalarea. The fringes of the primaries
are dark brown. The secondaries are tra-
versed from the costa beyond its middle by a
curved incomplete transverse limbal band of
dark brown. The fringes of the secondaries
are concolorous. Expanse, 25 mm.

M. obliterata, sp. nov. @. Head
whitish. Collar, patagia, and upper side of
thorax dark cinereous. Upper side of
abdomen pale brown; lower side of thorax
and abdomen with whitish. The
primaries are pale ferruginous. At the end
of the cell, there are two small spots of whitish
raised scales margined with blackish. Beyond
the cell there is a narrow and very obscure~
transverse limbal line, regularly curved out-
wardly, running from the costa before the
apex to the inner margin two-thirds of the
The patch of raised

195.

legs

distance from the base.
scales on the inner margin at the base is
cinereous, defined on its upper side by a
brownish spot. The secondaries are uniformly
pale creamy, tinged on the outer margin with
fuscous. On the under side both wings are
shining creamy with the fringes of the prim-
aries dark brown, and a faint brownish shade
on the upper margin of the cell below the

costa. Expanse, 30mm.

DINOTODONTA, gen. nov.
Allied to Dasunaga, Moore. The palpi are
short, ascending, compressed, scarcely reach-
ing beyond the vertex; the third joint is very
short, hemispherical; the second joint rela-
tively verylong. The antennae in the male
are simple, slightly ciliated on the lower side

near the base, and three-fourths as long as the
costa of the primaries. The legs are long,
naked, the second pair with a long slender
terminal spur, the third pair with double sub-
terminal and double terminal spurs, likewise
slender, the inner member of each pair being
longer than the outer. Theabdomen is much
produced beyond the inner margin of the
secondaries, slender, and lightly tufted with
long hairs at the tip. The vestiture of the
abdomen is smooth, appressed. The patagia
are relatively long, covering the insertion of
both wings. The primaries are narrow,
elongated, slightly curved on the costa,
evenly rounded on the outer margin, and
bilobed on the inner margin, the
first lobe being just beyond the base,
the second about the middle of the
wing. Beyond this second lobe, the
inner margin of the wing is straight.
The secondaries are subtriangular;
the costa is arched beyond the base,
pointed at the apex, nearly straight
along the outer margin, and slightly
curved on the inner margin. In the
primaries the internal vein has two
branches, the lower one extending
from the base to the outer edge of
the second lobe of the inner margin,
the upper extending to the outer
angle. The radial springs from the
middle of the discocellulars. There
is an areole at the upper angle of the cell,
from which veins six to ten spring. Veins
seven and eight are emitted from nine beyond
the upper angle of this areole. Vein eleven is
given off beyond the middle of the cell. Vein
twelve is straight and terminates upon the
costa three-fourths of the distance from the
base. In the secondaries the inferior vein
has two branches, the innermost terminating
on the anal angle, the outermost widely sep-
arated from it, the outer matgin being
slightly lobed between the extremities of these
veins. The radial is given off from the mid-
dle of the discocellulars, which form an angle
with each other pointing inwardly. Veins six

PSYCHE.

[November 1893.

and seven are stalked. Vein eight curves
downwardly to the upper margin of the cell
near the base, and then diverges widely and
terminates upon the costa a trifle before the
apex. Type Dinotodonta longa, Holl.

This genus shows in the neuration affinity
to the Notodontidae, but together with the
two immediately subsequent genera is in my
judgment more properly referred to the

noctuids, the simple antennae and the long
legs being more characteristic of the noctuids
than of the notodonts, although the genus
Scrancia, which I have referred to the noto-
donts, in its neuration comes very near this
and the two following genera.

Dinotodonta longa, Holl. ¢, ie

196. D.longa, sp.nov. @. Palpi, head,
collar, and thorax dark brown; upper side of
abdomen fuscous; lower side of thorax and
abdomen and the legs paler. Primaries on
the upper side pale vandyke brown, trav-
ersed by a broad band of dark vandyke brown
beyond the middle, which is defined exter-
nally and internally by heavy dark brown
lines, which are produced on the nervules, the
outermost very irregularly curved and fusing
with a dark brown ray, which extends from
the apex inwardly. There is a dark vandyke
brown basal shade bordered externally with a
curved sub-basal dark line. The inner margin
where lobed is dark like the basal area. The

November 1893.]

DESC TEE.

DESCRIPTIONS.OF NEW ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA.

BY WM. J. FOX, PHILADELPHIA.

PISONOPSIS gen. nov.

Form stout; sculpture coarse; head as
broad as or slightly broader than the thorax, in
the @ it is distinctly broader; mandrbles
distinctly notched on outer margin; eyes
reaching to the base of mandibles, their
inner margins converging a little towards the
vertex and rather strongly emarginate at
about the middle, in the g they are but
slightly emarginate; ocelli round, regular
and distinct placed in a triangle; antennae
ample, placed immediately behind the
clypeus; shoulder tubercles not reaching to
tegulae; metathorax a little shorter than the
dorsulum; marginal cell long, but not
reaching beyond the tip of third submar-
ginal, obtuse at tip, without appendicula-
tion; three submarginal cells, the first more
than two times longer than the other two
combéned, the second petiolated, generally
though not always, receiving both recurrent
Nervures, third submarginal narrow, wider
below than at the top; discoidal vein con-
fluent with the interno-medial vein; stigma
short, truncate at tip; legs very feeblyarmed,
the anterior tarsi without comb, middle
tibiae with a single strong spur at apex,
tarsal claws entire; Just dorsal segment of
the 2 with a distinct pygidial area, in the
O the last ventral segment roundly emar-
gtnate at apex.

From Prson it is distinguished by the
emarginate mandibles, the last dorsal
segment of 2 with a pygidial area, its more
robust form and its coarse sculpture. From
the other Zarrid genera that have the eyes
emarginate, i. e. Aulacophilus and Tryfox-
ylon, the form of the abdomen will at once
separate it.

Pisonopsis clypeata. 2 .—Clypeus convex
medially, with large, scattered punctures,
produced anteriorly into a strong medial
tooth, at the base of the tooth the clypeus is
transversely impressed; front
rather coarse punctures, with a distinct,
medial, impressed line; ocelli slightly pitted,
forming an equilateral triangle; top of head
and cheeks shining, more finely punctured
than the front; first joint of flagellum a little
shorter than the second which is longer
than the third, dorsulum with distinct
punctures, those on the anterior portion
finest and closest; scutellum punctured like
hind portion of dorsulum; metathorax on
sides and posteriorly with coarse striations,
the upper surface with a somewhat triangu-
lar enclosure, which is on basal portion
obliquely ridged, on apical portion trans-
versely ridged; legs strong, the tibiae and

with close,

tarsi with a very few weak spines; wings
subhvaline, iridescent, the apical margins
darker, recurrent nervures generally received
by the second submarginal cell; in one
specimen the first recurrent nervure is con-
fluent with the first transverse-cubital
nervure; abdomen finely, though distinctly
punctured, the second and third dorsal seg-
ments rather strongly transversely depressed
basally; pygidial area triangular, finely
and closely punctured ; black, the abdomen
rufous; sides of face, clypeus, sides of thorax
more or less and the apical margins of
abdominal segments 1-5, silvery. Length
9g mm.

& .— Eyes scarcely emarginate within and
converging but little towards the vertex;
ocelli situated in a low triangle, the distance
between the hind pair more than twice
greater than the distance between them and

554

the nearest eye-margin; antennae shorter
than in the §, joints 1-6 of the flagellum
produced into a strong angle or tooth
beneath, joints 1-4 much narrowed basally;
from joint six the flagellum gradually tapers
to the apex; apical portion of abdomen
blackish; last ventral segment of abdomen
roundly emarginate at apex.

Nevada (Morrison).

Length 7 mm.
Four specimens.

PLENOCULUS gen. nov.

Eyes within not emarginate, distinctly con:
verging towards the clypeus; the ocelli round
and prominent; antennae short and stout,
originating immediately behind the clypeus;
head transverse, wider than the thorax; outer
edge of mandibles strongly emarginate ; palpi
rather prominent, the maxillary palpi 6-
jointed, the labial palpi 4-jointed; in the g
the clypeus has on eachextreme side a fringe
of hairs as in Cercer?s; pronotum lower than
the level of the dorsulum; metathorax dis-
tinctly shorter than the dorsulum; legs stout,
the femora narrower at apex than atthe
base; four hind tibiae and tarsi strongly
armed with spines, those on the anterior
tarsi forming a weak comb; tibial spurs
large and strong, the hind tibiae two-spurred,
the others with but one spur; tarsal claws
long and slender, not toothed, in the ¢
much smaller; marginal cell at apex obliquely
truncate, witha distinct appendiculation;
three of which the first is
nearly twice as long as the other two com-
bined, the second petiolate, the third is
oblique and is slightly narrowed above, the
first recurrent nervure received by the first
submarginal cell near its apex, the second by
the second submarginal cell between its
middle and apex, the discoidal and basal
nervure meet at a short distance from the
apex of the submedian cell, this cell being

submarginals,

therefore shorter than the median cell on
the externo-medial nervure; stigma small,
scarcely distinguishable from the costal

nervure; abdomen shaped as in Owxybelus;
last dorsal segment 2 distinct
pygidial area.

with a

PS TAC TLE,

[ November 1893.

This genus seems to be most closely re-
lated to Tachyrhostus Saussure from Aus-
tralia; it is, however, different in the fact
that it is not at all metallic in color, the head
being broader than the thorax, the wide
emargination of the mandibles, the narrow
vertex. From Bothynostethus it is distinct
by the eyes converging towards the vertex,
the marginal cell with an appendiculation,
and the hind femora being not broadened at
the apex, etc.

It may be that this is the genus described by
Patton, from New York,* but his description,
‘*Second submarginal cell petiolate,” is of no
value as some half a dozen genera of the
Larridae possess that character. Pleno-
culus is also distinguished from Sylaon and
Solierella in possessing a pygidial area and
by the legs being strongly armed.

Plenoculus davis?. Q.— Anterior margin
of clypeus deeply incised, armed with
five teeth on each side, the outer and inner
tooth is generally the largest, the others
being in some specimens indistinct; front
very finely granulated, with a long, distinct,
medial impressed line, which originates ina
strong fovea, before the anterior ocellus and
extends down between the base of, the
antennae; ocelli forming a triangle; on each
side of anterior portion of vertex there is a
curved furrow, running from each hind
ocellus to the inner eye-margin; first joint of
flagellum possibly a little shorter than either
the second or third, which are a little longer
than any of the following joints, except the
last; dorsulum and scutellum with very fine,
close punctures, both strongly convex; suture
between dorsulum and scutellum strong;
metathorax above very finely granulated,
rather strongly furrowed down the middle,
the extreme base generally with a transverse
series of small fossae, sides and posterior face
very finely striated; abdomen finely and
closely punctured, the pygidial area triangu-
lar, with large, sparse punctures, its lateral
ridges not well defined; black; clypeus,

* Entomological news, iii, p. 90.

November 1893.]

except apex, tegulae, four anterior tibiae on
outer side, the hind tibiae on outer side
except apical portion, yellowish; tarsi and
apical margins of the abdominal segments
testaceous; wings hyaline, iridescent; ner-
vures testaceous; apical abdominal segment
more or less rufous; head, thorax and abdo-
men more or less covered with silvery pile,
which is most dense on the face, clypeus,
mesopleurae and metathorax. Length 5-6
mm.

Var. legs, except anterior tibiae, entirely
black.

@. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly
produced medially; antennae shorter than in
the @ and sub-clavate; clypeus entirely,
scape beneath, tegulae, tubercles, apex of
femora, the tibiae, except inner side of two
anterior pair, and the tarsi, bright yellow.
Length 43-5 mm.

Agricultural College, Michigan (June and
July). Collected by Mr. Gager C. Davy, to
whom it is dedicated; Montana (Morrison).
Coll. Amer. Entom. Society.

Niteliopsis plenoculoides. &.—Clypeus
strongly carinated down the middle; front
finely granulated, distinctly impressed down
the middle, along the inner eye margins the
front is finely punctured; eyes strongly con-
verging to the top, the space between them
at the vertex is about equal to one-half of the
space at the clypeus; ocelli in a triangle, the
lower one situated a little further away from
the hind pair, than the latter are from
each other; from each hind ocellus there ex-
tends down a short furrow, which reaches a
little beyond the fore ocellus; antennae tol-
erably long, reaching to about the tegulae,
the flagellum tapering on apical half; joints 2
and 3 of the flagellum longest, the first and
fourth about equal; dorsulum with exceed-
ingly close and fine punctures; metathorax
above and on the sides finely granulated,
with indistinct striations when viewed in
certain positions; at the extreme base of upper
surface there is a transverse series of small
fovea and down the middle there is an im-

PST CHT. r

o
pea |

pressed line (this is not distinct in one spec-
imen), the posterior face transversely rugose;
tibiae and tarsi, with exception of the calcaria
unarmed; tarsal claws rather short, stout and
not toothed; abdomen elongate-ovate, the
first three dorsal segments when viewed from
the side are seen to be contracted basally and
apically; last dorsal segment without a
pygidium; three submarginal cells, the sec-
ond petiolated, receiving both recurrent ner-
vures; black; two transverse spots on the
collar above, posterior half of tubercles, a
spot near the middle of hind tibiae and the
tibial
tegulae and tarsi, testaceous; wings subhya-

spurs, whitish; apex of mandibles,
line; nervures black; face and clypeus, sides
of thorax and abdomen, more or less, with
silvery pile. Length, 6 mm.

New York; Colorado.
ance this species reSembles Plenoculus davish
but the abdomen is differently shaped, the
antennae are longer, the legs without spines,
the second submarginal cell receiving both

In general appear-

recurrent nervures and the last dorsal seg-
ment lacks a pygidial area. It seems to me
that Kohl haserred in uniting Niteliopsis
Saund., with Solierella Spin.* A compar-
ison of the figures of these genera,f is, I
think, evidence enough that they are not the
same; while the species herein described
agrees with the description and tolerably
well with figure of M7telzopsis it does not
agree with Kohl’s description, nor Spinola’s
figure of Solterella. As nothing definite
can be ascertained to show whether these
genera are synonomous or not without an
examination of Saunders’s type, it seems
best for the present to consider them distinct.
But one other species of Niteliopsis is known
and is from the Ionian Islands. The single
species of Solierella inhabits Chili.

* Verh. zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien. XXXIV, Pp. 207,
1884.

+ Solferella Spin. Gay’s Hist. Chile. Zool, tab. ii,
figs. 5 a, b, c, Mrteliopsts Saund. Trans. ent. soc.

Lond., 1873, p, 410-

096
Cerceris austrina. §&.—Clypeus — sub-
convex, not produced, its fore margins

rounded or subtruncate, strongly punctured,
its lateral lobes small and indistinct; front,
vertex and cheeks with coarse punctures,
those on the cheeks strongest; inner eye-
margins slightly converging towards the
clypeus; ocelli placed in a low triangle ;
antennae tolerably long, thickened but little
to the apex, first joint of the flagellum about
one-quarter longer than the second, joints
2-4 about equal in length; thorax very
coarsely punctured, the punctures on the
mesopleurae irregular; sides of prothorax
somewhat excavated or depressed; mesopleu-
rae armed with two strong teeth beneath;
enclosure on metanotum triangular, parted
by a strong furrow which runs the entire
length of the metathorax, and with a number
of both oblique and transwerse ridges; tibiae
and tarsi strongly spinose, the hind tibiae very
distinctly serrated on outer edge; the spines
on fore tarsi forming the comb rather short
and widely separated; dorsally the abdomen
is less strongly punctured than the thorax,
segments I-5 reflexed at apex; ventrally the
base and apex of segments 2-5 are im-
punctate; pygidial area almost exactly ovate,
having the appearance of being scaly; black;
clypeus, sides of face, scape beneath, basal
half of mandibles, four anterior tibiae and
tarsi in part a transverse mark on pronotum,
separated in the middle, and scutellum
yellow; greater part of antennae, pronotum,
tegulae, legs, postscutellum, first abdominal
segment above, second and third segments,
except basal portions, rufous, apical portion

A CORRECTION.— In Psyche 1893 (v. 6, p.
379) I described larvae received from Mr. J,
B. Lembert as Arctia blakei Grote. Since
then Mr. Lembert has sent a second specimen,
like the one from which the eggs were ob-
tained except that the veins of fore wings
are narrowly lined with flesh color. This
leads me to believe that the larvae described
were really those of A. orzata Pack. and the
varietal name proposed by me will not stand.

J) / AG) ee,

[November 1893.

of second dorsal segment, yellow; face and
clypeus clothed with pale silvery pubescence ;
head, thorax, and abdomen ventrally, with
pale fuscous hair; wings fuscous, nervures
testaceous. Length 114 mm.

g.— Middle lobe of clypeus somewhat
pyriform, its anterior margin seemingly
tridentate, in consequence of its middle por-
tion being angularly produced; head coarsely
punctured, the punctures on front, vertex
and cheeks deepest; antennae longer than
in the Q, second joint of flagellum a little
longer than either the third or fourth;
mesopleurae not dentate; wings subfuscous
darker towards apex; pygidial area coarsely
punctured; eighth ventral plate bifurcate ;
colored like the female, except that the face
and clypeus is entirely yellow, and dorsal
abdominal segments 2-5 have. generally a
narrow, yellow fascia at apex, the first and
second segments are both above and beneath
generally rufous; in some specimens the
second segment has no trace of rufous, while
in others the first three segments are more or
less marked with that color, apical half of
antennae black. Length 10-12 mm.

So. Florida (Chas. Robertson). 1 9 and 15
& specimens. Allied to vertécal’s Smith, but
differs in the less coarse sculpture, the
roughly and many ridged enclosure on
metanotum (in vertzcal?s it is smooth) and
the somewhat stouter antennae. It resembles
verticalis very much, but the want of the ruf-
ous color on vertex and metathorax will gener-
ally distinguish it. Itis larger than rufopicta
more coarsely sculptured and the flagellum
is not so much thickened on apical portion.

The synonymy will be :—
EYPREPIA (CALLARCTIA) ORNATA Pack.
simplictor Butl.
perpicta Dyar.
var. ACHAIA G. & R.
edwardst Stretch.
var. COMPLICATA Walk.
tdahurtca Grote.
ochracea Stretch.

barda Hy. Edw. Harrison G. Dyar.

November 1893. ]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.—IV.
BY SAMUEL HENSHAW.

MINOR ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.—
GARDEN AND ForEst, Vol.I (1888), contains
the following notes and articles : —

Packard, A. S. Arsenical poison in the
orchard. p. g.
Packard, A. S. The red mite [T7etranychus
telartus| on verbenas. p. 20, fig.
Editorial. [Futility of plugging trees with
nostrums.] p. 51.

Packard, A. S. Certain cone-eating insects
[Pinipestis veniculella, Dryocoetes affa-
ber.| pp. 100-101, f. 18-21.

Osborn, Herbert. The banded hickory borer.

[ Chion cinctus.| pp. 148-149, f. 26-28

Arsenical poisons on elm trees. p.

Gils

Farlow, W. G. Fungus diseases of insects.
[Review of Thaxter’s Entomophtho-
Fede ops 15g:

Packard, A. S. The work of a timber beetle.
[Monohammus confusor.] pp. 172.

Anon. Cut-worms. [Agrotidae.] p. 177.

Pearson, A. W. Vineyard notes from south-
ern New Jersey. [Ravages and means

Anon.

against Macrodactylus subspinosus.|
p- 256-257.
Weed, C. M. Whitewash for rose beetles.

[ Macrodactylus subspinosus.| pp. 307.
[Triphleps tnstdtosus injuring chry-
santhemums.] p. 312.
Editorial. [Ravages of Orgyta leucostigma. |
p- 314.
Packard’s Entomology for beginners.
[Review.] p. 407-408.
M., E. azd Editor. Destruction of ants. p.
442-443.
Jack, J. G. The red mite [ Tetranychus tela-
rius| on trees. p. 459-460.

Anon.

Vol. II (1889) contains the following :—

Divers, W. H. How we rid our vines of the
mealy bug. [Pulvinaria tnnumera-
biles.| p. 222.

dsl, CLEP.

557

Packard, A. S. Boring beetles [ Zeretrius
americanus] in the ash
chapel. p. 254-255, f. 108.

Smith, J. B. The imported elm leaf beetle,
Galeruca xanthomelaena Schr. Pp: 292.

Smith, J. B. Cut-worms. [Agrotidae.] p. 328.

Smith, J. B. The white pine weevil. Pys-
sodes strobr Peck, p. 378, fig.

Hoskins, T. H. Insects and manure P- 392-
393:

Jack, J. G. The asparagus beetle.
certs asparagt.| p. 399-400.

K., W. and Editor. The asparagus beetle.
[Crioceris asparagi.| p. 430.

Smith, J. B. The periodical Cicada.
cen septendecim.| pp. 436.

Taplin, W. H. Roses and the larvae of the
June-bug. [Lachnosternasp.] p. 453.

Jack, J.G. A newenemy [Gossyparia ulm?]
of the elm. p. 461, f. 129.

Hoskins, T. H. and Editor. Notes from
a northern garden. [Ravages of Thri-
pidae, Trypeta pomonella.| p. 476-477.

Jack, J. G. A destructive cornel sawfly.
Hlarpiphorus vartanus Norton. p.
520-521, f. 138.

Williams, E. Trypeta pomonella in New
Jersey. Pp. 527.

Quis. Ocneria dispar. p. 562.

Jack, J. G. A tulip tree leaf destroyer. Ceev-

domyta lirtodendri. p. 604-605, f. 152.

[Wheat sawfly, Cephus pygmaeus. |

p- 612.

finish of a

[ Crio-

[ T7be-

Anon.

MIscELLANEOuS NoTes.— Dr. Carl Berg
has left Montivideo and returned to Buenos
Aires, where he has been given the director-
ship of the National museum in the place
of the late Dr. Burmeister.

Mr. W. L. Distant has again left England
for South Africa where his address will be
at Pretoria, Transvaal.

The plates in the present
Psyche illustrate Dr. Holland’s article on
West African moths and will be explained
at the conclusion of his paper in the next

number of

number.

558 PS GrT Es.

| November 1893.

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CONTANTS:

Tue PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN INSEcTS (Concluded).—VII.

(Illustrated).—W. M. Wheeler.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF West AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA
(Concluded).—XI (Illustrated).—W. $. Holland.

Tue DoLicHopopip GENUS LiancaLus LoEw.—F. M. Aldrich.

Two NEW FORMS OF DIASPINAE.—T. D. A. Cockerell.

A NOTE ON THE LARVA OF DATANA FLORIDANA GRAEF.—Harrison G. Dyar.

INDEX TO VoLuME VI.
[TitLe PaGe AND TaBLE oF CONTENTS. ]

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THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN
INSECTS.—VII.

BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D., CHICAGO, ILL.

With these conclusions the object of
the present paper is attained. As
stated in the beginning, the homologies
of the Malpighian vessels with other
insect or vermian organs are most
obscure, and if I venture to add some
remarks of a critical nature, it is in the
belief that a discussion of the difficulties
attending the establishment of such hom-
ologies is not without a certain, albeit
negative value.

It is an interesting fact, which has
impressed several observers, that the
fore-gut, and more especially the hind-
gut in many insects, have a very regular
hexagonal outline. This is most readily
seen in the more primitive orders, like
the Orthoptera, where it extends even
to the mid-gut which is of entodermal
origin. Minot* was struck with this
peculiarity while studying Melanoplus.
‘*T cannot but think,”’ he concludes, ‘*that
it (the curious repetition of the number
six) will be ultimately found to have
some hitherto unsuspected meaning.
There are six rows of teeth in the pro-
ventriculus, six diverticula arising from
the stomach, and twelve longitudinal

» *Histology of the locust (Caloptenus) and the cricket
(Anabrus). Second rep. U. S. ent. comm. 1878-79 relat-
ing to the Rocky Mt. locust. 1880, pp. 220-221.

folds in each diverticulum.
twelve (twice six)

There are
gastroileal folds,
arranged in twos, each pair appearing
as the double anterior termination of the
six ileal folds, which, changing their
character, extend backwards through
the colon; finally in the rectum there
are six rectal glands.”

The hexagonal symmetry of the hind-
gut makes its appearance during embry-
onic life, as I have observed in members
of the orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera
and Lepidoptera. The Malpighian
vessels arise at the 6 angles, or horns of
the proctodaeal wall. There
dently, some correlation
between the 6 vessels and the hexagonal
outline of the hind-gut.

Miall and Denny * were, I believe,
the first to offer an explanation for the
rectum.

is evi-
therefore,

hexagonal structure of the
They are of the opinion that ‘‘the tend-
ency to produce a 6-banded stomodaeum
and proctodaeum may possibly be
related to the 6 theoretical elements
(two tergal, two pleural, two sternal)
traceable inthe Arthropod exo-skeleton,
of which the stomodaeum and procto-
daeum are reflected folds.”

*1.c. p. 126.

5062

Mingazzini* too in his study of the
alimentary canal of the phytophagous
concludes __ that
hexagonal structure of the rectum is
eed filogenetico,
perché si riscontra in quasi tutti gli
Min-
gazzina adds as further evidence to Miall

Lamellicornia the

grande importanza

ordini d’insetti finora studiati.”
and Denny’s suggestion that the proc-
todaeum presents 6 bands of longitudinal
muscles corresponding to the 6 longitud-
inal muscles ofa segment.

Miall and Denny’s hypothesis is cer-
tainly ingenious, but I fear that it is
untenable. To be admissible it would
require that each of the 6 sides of the
hind-gut should be parallel to one of the
6 exoskeletal elements of the segment
(Bie. 1)ie!) “he

median dorsoventral

A
|

E1IG. 1.

plane, represented by the line A A,
should cut the prismatic hind-gut into
two symmetrical halves, either of which

* Ricerche sul canale digerente delle larve dei
lamellicorni fitofagi. Mitth. zool. stat. Neapel. bd. ix
heft i, 1889, p. 95 at seq.

PSVCHE:

[December 1893.

But
in reality this is not the case, as sections
through the embryo show (Fig. 2.) ;
there being in the proctodaeum one
dorsal, one ventral, and on either side
two pleural planes. The median dor-
soventral plane A A cuts the procto-
daeum into two symmetrical halves,

would contain three entire planes.

A
i

EXG.. 2)

either of which consists of two entire
It is therefore nec-
essary to suppose either that the rectum
has undergone a rotation of 30° on its
axis —and__ this
would produce a torsion of which there
is not the slightest evidence in the
embryo or adult—or that a single side
of the proctodaeum does not correspond
to a segmental element and this is, of
course, equivalent to abandoning the
hypothesis altogether.*

and two half sides.

median longitudinal

* Miall and Denny’s remarks are hardly explicit
enough, I have interpreted their hypothesis as refer-
ing tothe sides and not to the angles of the hind-gut. On
the supposition that each corner, or horn with the adja-
cent half sides is regarded as equivalent to an exoskele.
tal element, no very serious objection can be raised to
the view.

December 1893.]

The actual position of the procto-
daeum in the body of the insect leaves
no doubt that the Malpighian vessels
are paired structures; there being a
dorsal, a pleural and a ventral pair.
These may be readily resolved into an
anterior, median and posterior pair, if
we go back to the earliest stage in the
formation of the hind-gut and its diver-
ticula in such -a form as Doryphora.
At this time the future long axis of
the proctodaeum lies at right angles to
the long axis of the ventral plate, so
that the vessels budding from its walls
may be regarded as arising in three
consecutive pairs.

If we go a step further and look for
the meaning of the paired arrangement
of the vessels we are at once confronted
with difficulties. Two alternatives pre-
sent themselves :

1. The number of vessels is simply
correlated with the number of rectal
folds, and the regular prismatic character
of the rectum requires some other ex-
planation than the presence of the
vessels, since it recurs also in the fore-
gut. According to this alternative the
6 Malpighian vessels belong to one
segment, the eleventh abdominal, or
telson, from which the proctodaeum
arises.

2. Each pair of vessels represents a
metameric unit. Hence three separate
segments must have contributed to the
formation of the proctodaeum. This
alternative, if accepted, only leads to
further difficulties, since the vessels
must either be the serial homologues
of paired ectodermal structures be-

PSV CHE.

563

longing to the more typical anterior
abdominal segments or such structures
no longer exist in the Insecta and must
be sought for in the more ancestral
Articulata. (Annelida presumably).
Insect structures which may be homody-
namous with Malpighian vessels are :—

a. Thetracheae. These are known
to arise as tubular invaginations of the
integumental ectoderm pleurad to the
pair to a segment.
They occur only as far back as the
As the
ninth, tenth and eleventh segments are
etracheate we might hope to fill this
gap with the three pairs of Malpig-
hian vessels, on the assumption that
had in some
arise from the

appendages, a

eighth abdominal metamere.

these diverticula way

come to proctodaeal
instead of the integumental ectoderm.

&. The oenocyte-clusters. These, as
I have shown in a former paper,* arise
as paired ectodermal cell-masses just
caudad to the tracheae. They, too,
are wanting in the ninth to eleventh
segments.

The Malpighian vessels resemble the
tracheae in being tubular, the oenocytes
in the glandular character and large
size of the cells. The faint invagina-
tion, which still accompanies the forma-
tion of an oenocyte-cluster in embryonic
Orthoptera and Coleoptera, may be the
last trace of the lumen of a tube, the
disintegrated walls of which are now
represented by the oenocytes.

c. The nephridia. I have pointed

* Concerning the ‘‘blood-tissue”’ of the Insecta. Psy-

che. Feb.-April, 1592.

564

out* that the sexual ducts arise in Xiph-
idium as hollow diverticula of the
somites, like the nephridia and sexual
ducts of Peripatus. It is, however, only
the mesodermal portion of the nephridia
which arises in this way; if what stu-
dents of annelid development tell us
prove to be correct, each nephridium
must also have a small proximal piece
derived from the ectoderm. The oeno-
cyte cluster may be this piece disinte-
grated and changed in function. I deem
it probable that the insect nephridium
has passed through the following stages :

1. The nephropore (now represented
by the oenocyte pit in the embryo)
became occluded and then obliterated
together with the lumen of the ectoder-
mal portion of the nephridium.

2. With further degeneration the
ectodermal and mesodermal anlagen of
the nephridium failed to unite during
ontogeny and persisted as
structures.

separate

3. These two anlagen took on new
functions — the ectodermal or oenocyte
some function
that of the
thymus in vertebrates ; the mesodermal
portion becoming converted partly into
the corpora adiposa and in part into the
sexual ducts.f

portion
perhaps

acquiring
analogous to

* A contribution to insect embryology.
morph. vol. viii, no. I. 1893, p. 116 et seq.

Journ. of

+ The fat-body retains to this day a nephric function
inasmuch as it stores up urates often in considerable
quantity. Kowalevsky (Ein beitrag zur kenntnis der

PSPC E:

[ December 1893.

The Malpighian vessels, if at all com-
parable to nephridia, can represent only
the ectodermal (oenocytic) ends. On
the trisegmental hypothesis the vessels
would be equivalent to three pairs of
oenocyte-clusters, which had preserved
their tubular character and excretory
function. But the great difficulty lies
in understanding the process whereby
these three pairs of metameric and
originally integumental structures could
be carried into the anal invagination
and appear ontogenetically as hollow
buds at its inner end. On the other
hand my hypothesis is beset with fewer
difficulties, if we suppose that the three
pairs of Malpighian vessels do not rep-
resent three metameres, but only a single
one, for it is easy to understand how a
single pair of oenocyte tubules could be
carried in and subsequently, in the re-
mote ancestors of existing insects, give
rise to three pairs of vessels by a simple
process of budding.

These considerations lead me_ to
reject the trisegmental hypothesis and,
while regarding 6 as the primitive
number of Malpighian vessels in insects,
to postulate only a single pair in more
ancestral Articulata.

The University of Chicago.
Sept. 1892.

exkretionsorgane. Biol, centralbl. bd. ix, 1890, p. 42 et

seq.) in a long series of experiments found that
carmine, chloride of iron, and litmus were abstracted
from the blood by the cells of the pericardial fat-body.
In Muscid larvae the cells of the garland-shaped strand
have a similar function.

———

December 1803. ]

(Continued from page 552.)
secondaries are fuscous, slightly darker at the
anal angle. On the under side both wings
are fuscous, the primaries clouded with darker
fuscous on the costa near the base, and
crossed by an incomplete transverse limbal
line of pale fuscous. The secondaries are
crossed by incomplete parallel median and
limbal transverse bands of dark fuscous.
Expanse, 38 mm.

MaGuza, Walk.

My friend, Dr. Frederic Moore of London,
hasassured me that the following species is
correctly referred to Walker’s genus Maguza,
which was erected for the reception ofa South
American species. A close microscopical
study of its neuration shows great similarity
to that of the preceding genus, Dinotodonta,
the most marked difference being the fact
that the lower branch of the inferior vein in
the primaries does not diverge as in Dinoto-
donta, but coalesces after its origin with the
main vein a short distance beyond the base.
The form of the wings is also different, being
relatively shorter and broader in the case of
the primaries and without lobes on the inner
margin, and in the secondaries having the
costa evenly rounded or arched from the base
to the apex, and the outer margin evenly
rounded. The legs are also much shorter
than in the preceding genus, and hairy.
The neuration again suggests as in the case
of the preceding genusa relationship to the
Notodonts in that vein five in the primaries
springs from the middle of the cell.

197. M. Africana, sp. nov. 8. Palpi
pale cinereous on the lower side; upper side
of palpi, front, and collar dark brown; pata-
gia dark brown, margined externally with
paler brown. Upper side of thorax and
abdomen fuliginous.. Anal tuft pale ochra-
ceous. Lower side of thorax, abdomen, and
legs pale gray. The primaries on the upper
side are light woodc-brown with the outer
third vandyke brown this outer area being

PST CHP

565

traversed by a pale cinereous line, and sepa-
rated from the inner area by a narrow regu-
larly curved pale ochraceous line defined
inwardly and outwardly by very narrow
darker lines. Just within this defining line a
little below the costa is a patch of dark
brown, within which is a minute whitish
ocellus. There is a broad curved sub-basal
band of vandyke brown crossing the lighter
inner area besides a few spots and longitud-
inal streaks of slightly darker brown between
this sub-basal band and the pale ochraceous
line which defines the dark outer area in-
wardly and two black dots bear the costa
just beyond the base. The secondaries are
uniformly fuscous with the costal area testa-
ceous, shining. On the under side both
wings are pale fuscous, eachcrossed by a
paler tranverse limbal band defined inwardly
and outwardly by parallel darker shades.
The secondaries have an obscure discal dot.
Expanse, 32 mm.

Maguza Africana, Holl. Ah a

MACROSENTA, gen. nov.

The neuration of the wings is almost iden-

tical with that of the preceding genus. The
abdomen is, however, relatively much

longer, and in fact projects for half of its
entire length beyond the posterior margin of
the secondaries. It is long, slender, and
tapering, being provided with a slight bunch_
of hairs. The palpi are long, produced; the
second joint viewed laterally is elliptical in
outline; the third joint is elongated, conical,
and bent outwardly from the axis of the
body; the first and second joints are com-
pressed. The antennae are filiform. The

legs are relatively long and moderately

966

hairy; the second pair armed witha terminal
spur, the third pair with two terminal spurs.
As in the two preceding genera, the radial
in the primaries springs from the middle of
Type,

the cell. Macrosenta

Holland.

longticauda,

Macrosenta longicauda, Holl. ¢ é.

198. M. longicauda, sp. nov. d. Palpi
below whitish, laterally pale fawn. Front
white; collar, patagia, and upper side of
thorax fawn. Upper side of abdomen pale
cinereous; lower side of abdomen and legs
white. Primaries on the upper side with
the costal area very pale fawn, with the lower
two-thirds darker fawn. These two tracts
are separated from each other by a dark sub-
costal ray, which runs from the base to the
apex, curving upwardly to the apex, and is
marked about its middle by a deep black
longitudinal spot, swollen at its outer ex-
tremity. In addition the primaries are
crossed by geminate sub-basal and submar-
ginal parallel series of brownish dots. There
is also a very faint sublimbal transverse band
of gray, which runs parallel to the submar-
ginal series of dark dots. The secondaries
are uniformly fuscous on the upper side. On
the under side both wings are pale whitish-
gray, with the median area of the primaries
slightly darker. Expanse, 33 mm.

MamestTra, Treitsch.

199. M. (?) tarara, sp.nov. g. Front,
collar, and patagia pale golden-green. Upper
side of thorax greenish. Upper side of ab-
domen pale olivaceous; under side of thorax,
abdomen, and legs pale olivaceous. The
primaries on the upper side are pale golden-

PSTCHE.

[December 1893.

green; the fringes evenly checked with
darker olivaceous. The wings are traversed
by zigzag transverse basal, sub-basal, trans-
verse limbal, and transverse submarginal
lines of pale silvery-green. There is a sub-
triangular olive spot at the base near the
inner margin. The area between the basal
and sub-basal line is clouded with olivaceous
in the middle. There is an olivaceous spot
in the middle of the cell and another at the
end, both surrounded by narrow pale silvery-
green lines, and connected by a longitudinal
olivaceous shade. The area between the
sub-basal and sublimbal lines on the inner
margin is clouded with dark olivaceous and
the area between the limbal and submarginal
lines about the middle of the wing is likewise
clouded with the samecolor. The nervules
near their marginal extremities are marked
with dark olivaceous. The secondaries are
shining whitish, with the nervules near the
apex dark olivaceous. The fringes of the
secondaries are checked with pale olivaceous.
On the under side both wings are shining
cream y-white.

Q-. The female is much larger than the
male. The secondaries are blackish with
the fringes white checked with blackish. On
the under side both primaries and secondaries
are fuliginous. The fringes are pale oliva-
ceous checkered with black. Both wings
have an obscure discal dot and are crossed
by obscure incomplete transverse limbal and
transverse submarginal lines. Expanse, ¢,
28mm; 9,40 mm.

I have a numerous series of this species ex
larva. Mr. Druce, who has examined them,
has referred them to the genus Mamestra,
with which they apparently agree, but the
dissimilarity in the color of the sexes is so
unusual as to suggest at least something
anomalous.

WESTERMANNIA, Hiibn.

200. W.anchorita, sp. nov. @. Front, .
collar, upper side of thorax and abdomen

pale fawn. The primaries are narrowly

December 1893.]

marked on the inner margin and broadly
marked on the outer margin with pale rufous.
This marginal band is marked by an irregu-
larly curved submarginal series of minute
brown dots. On the costa just within the
broad marginal rufous band is a triangular
spot of pure white. The remainder of the
wing is plumbeous with a dark cireular spot
at the base annulated with a narrow white
line and shaded about the middle of the wing
with a broad >-shaped band pointing out-
wardly, defined. inwardly and outwardly
by narrow silvery-white lines, having at its
vertex and at the extremity of the lower
limb near the inner margin dark circular
spots margined with a narrow circular white
line. The secondaries are pale whitish.
Both wings on the under side are whitish
with the middle area of the primaries clouded
with gray. Expanse, 27 mm.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The numbers which follow the names of
species refer to the serial number in the text.

PLATE I0.

Fig. 1. Lomodonta erythrina, sp. nov. (75)
2. Heteronygmia stigmatica, sp. nov. (68)
3 ce argiloides, sp. nov. (71)
4 a clathrata, sp. nov. (69)
Ss. ce arctioides, sp. nov. (72)
6. es basibrunnea, sp. nov. (70)
7. Laelia hypoleucis, sp. nov. (86)

Som “= otellata; sp: nov. (go)
g. Aroa nigripicta, sp. nov. (91)

10. Dasychira sublutescens, sp. nov. (95)
Il. Ge ruptilinea, sp. nov. (96)

12. a congia, Druce, @.

13. Aroa lata, sp. nov. (92)

14. Heteronygmia hypoxantha, sp. nov. (74)
15. a rhodapicata, sp. nov. (73)
16. Artaxa nigra, sp. nov. (76)

17. Laelia lignicolor, sp. nov. (83)

18. Euproctis Reutlingeri, sp. nov. (67)
19. Euproctidion Gabunica, sp. nov. (66)

oq"

PSYCHE.

20.

~~ = mM
| So)

ww NH NN NH RH Me Oe oe oe
nNAPwWN HOW ONT AN DW

OD BI ANAY b

567

Artaxa mesomelaena, sp. nov. (77)
es parallela, sp. nov. (82)
discipuncta, sp. nov. (83)
palla, sp. nov. (79)
‘* melaleuca, sp. nov. (80)
‘* rotunda, sp. nov. (84)
‘* apicipuncta, sp. nov. (85)

- Balacra rubricincta, sp. nov. (35)

‘* glagoessa, sp. nov. (34)
‘¢ damalis, sp. nov. (36)

. Casphalia nigerrima, sp. nov. (38)
. Anace monotica, sp. nov. (27)

‘¢ parachoria, sp. nov. (26)

. Apisa cana, sp. nov. (25)
- Alpenus multiscripta, sp. nov. (41)

PLATE (17.

. I. Ilema gonophora, sp. nov. (115)

‘« albibasalis, sp. nov. 2. (116)
‘¢ miserata, sp. nov. (119)

‘< _circumdata, sp. nov. (120)

*¢ albicostata, sp. nov. (122)

«¢ flava, sp. nov. (124)

‘* albospargata, sp. nov. (117)
‘¢ apicata, sp. nov. (118)

‘¢ diluta, sp. nov. (123)

‘* brunneicosta, sp. nov. (121)
‘¢ pallida, sp. nov. (125)

. Zlema fusca, sp. nov. (126)
. Argila affinis, sp. nov. (132)

Nioda nigristriata, sp. nov.(130)
Argila basalis, WIk., 2, (133)

. Nioda agrotoides, sp. nov. (129)

‘¢ erubescens, sp. nov. 131)

. Somera chloauchena, sp. nov. (136)

‘* chloana, sp. nov. (141)

‘* desmotis, sp. nov. (137)

‘¢ chloromorpha, sp. nov. (138)
** chloéropis, sp. nov. (146)

. Desmeocraera hinnula, sp. nov- (186)

Somera bitioides, sp. nov. (139)

. Olene costiplaga, sp. nov. (127

‘¢ hyloica, sp. nov. (128)

. Notohyba viridis, sp. nov. (105)

striata, sp. nov. (IOI)
Somera infima, d, sp. nov. (142)

568 PSVCHE.

30. Somera infima, ?.

are “¢ falsa, sp. nov. (144)

32. Turnaca grisea, sp. nov. (150)
33. Scrancia modesta, sp. nov. (187)

PLATE 18.

2.
gg

» gO.
5

. 1. Dasychira apateloides, sp. nov. (98)
ne nubitera,* sp. nov.

Notohyba nubifuga, sp. nov. (99)

oe delicata, sp. nov. (100)
Oecura ocellifera, sp. nov. (107)
Notohyba proletaria, sp. nov. (103)
Thamnocera albilinea, sp, nov. (109)
Hypotrabala castanea, sp. nov. (158)
Metanastria porphyria, sp. nov. (159)
Philothermat spargata, sp. nov. (160)
Stibolepis subiridescens, sp. nov. (156)
12. Lebedodes cossula, sp. nov. (183)
13. Dasychira? variegata,} sp. nov., 9.
14. Dasychira’albosignata, sp. nov. (97)
15. Oecura crucifera, sp. nov. (106)
16. Cyrtogone lichenodes, sp. nov. (182)
17. Estigena Africana, sp. nov. (157)
18. Orgyopsis tenuis sp. nov. (135)

HOO MI ANE YH

* Dasychtra nubifera sp. nov. 92. Inits markings
recalling Ercheia subsignata, Walker, anoctuid. The
body is pale brown, darker on the thorax. The prim-
aries are pale wood-brown, with a darker shade run-
ning from the costa at the base diagonally to the middle
of the inner margin, then sweeping upwardly in an
irregular curve to the costa, which it reaches before the
apex, the outer margin being broadly much paler than
the rest of the wing. There are transverse basal,
median, and limbal dark lines, and an irregular ocelli-
form spotat the end of the cell. The secondaries are
pale cinereous. On the under side, both wings are
ashen and both have a conspicuous discal spot and
some incomplete lines beyond it near the costa. Ex-
panse, 47 mm.

t Philotherma, Moeschler, Abhandl. Senck. nat.

ges., bd. xv, p. 80.

[ December 1893.

1g. Terphothrix lanaria, sp. nov. (134)
20. Aroa omissa, sp. nov. (185)

PLATE 20.

Fig. 1. Panglima gloriosa, Butl. 9.
Jana marmorata, sp. nov. @. (165)
Gastroplakaeis Greyi, 9. (171)

te Greyi, @.

‘¢ ? forficulatus, Moeschl. 2 (170)
. Jana nobilis, sp. nov. (164)

LS)

TON -

PEATE 21.

. 1. Methorasa cornu-copiae, sp. nov. (2)*
“ complicata, sp. nov. (1)*

Westermannia anchorita, sp. nov. (200)

Plusia siculifera, sp. nov. (5)*

Plusiotricha livida, sp. nov. (g)*

Plusia Mapongua, sp. nov. (4)*

Methorasa eximia, sp. nov. (3)*

. Gigantoceras geometroptera, sp. n. (192)

ss solstitialis, sp. nov. (191)

10. Plusia Ogovana, sp. nov. (6)*

11. Metaleptina nigribasis, sp. nov. (193)

12). ue albibasis, sp. nov. (194)

ity ae obliterata, sp. nov. (195)

ee
bo og

Noy Tony | Nun & WwW

¢ Dasychira (?) vartegata, sp.nov. g. Collar dark
brown; upper side of thorax gray; abdomen fulvous
with dorsal and lateral rows of black spots. The
primaries are creamy marked with brown spots and
lines. Ofthese the most conspicuous are a basal spot,
a broad sub-basal brown band margined on both sides
with paler, a large ovoid spot at the end of the cell, a tri-
angular subapical spot of brown on the costa, a smaller
brown spot near the outer angle, anda series of mar-
ginal lunulate markings. The secondaries are white
narrowly margined with pale brown, The marginal
series of lunulate markings is continued from the prim-
aries, and there isa subtriangular brown spot at the anal
angle. On the under side both wings are paler and the
markings are more obscure.

Q. The female is like the male, but the spots are
broader and more diffuse. Expanse ¢, 40 to 50mm.;
2555 mm.

*The numbers under Plate 21 marked with an asterisk are the numbers given toa new series
of descriptions to appear in the next volume beginning with the January issue of Psyche.

‘=

December 1803 ]

PSE CHE:

569

THE DOLICHOPODID GENUS LIANCALUS LOEW.

BY J. M. ALDRICH, MOSCOW, IDAHO.

The genus Liancalus contained only
one known North American species at
the time of the publication of Loew’s
monograph in 1864; subsequently Osten
Sacken in his Western Diptera described
another. The present paper describes
two more. Ihave not seen either of the
earlier species, but it happens that one
of the following is a near relative of
Loew’s, the other of Osten Sacken’s,
species.

Mik has separated a part of the
European members of the genus to form
the genus Alloeoneurus. None of the
known American species are included
in this new group.

The females of the following species
have few if any available separative
characters, except the yellow knees in
genualis.

Table of species.

1. First joint of fore tarsi of male shortened.
ip A

Second joint of fore tarsi of male short-
ened. a.

2. Last three joints of male fore tarsi of nearly
equal length. stmilts, N. sp.
Third joint as long as fourth and fifth
querulus, O.S.
genualis, Loew.
hydrophilus, 0. sp.

together.
3. Knees yellow,
Knees not yellow.

LIANCALUS HYDROPHILUS, ND. Sp.

&. Front concave, green, somewhat over-
laid with whitish dust, especially about the
angles. Face rather wide, divided just below
the middle by a transverse elevation, which

forms two slight arches toward the antennae.
Above this elevation the face is concave, shin-
ing green; below it, flat and densely silvery-
white pollinose. The flat palpi are silvery
pollinose with a few black hairs. Antennae
wholly black, short, the third joint with a
blunt point. Cilia of the orbit black above,
white below.

Thorax with a single median row of acros-
tichal bristles, smaller anteriorly; with two
reddish-bronze longitudinal lines (enclosing
a golden-green one), abbreviated behind; on
each side of these median lines is an area of
beautiful blue color; beyond this, near the
border of the dorsum, another bronze line,
wide, semi-interrupted at the suture, an
attenuated portion reaching nearly to the
scutellum. The latter with six bristles.
Pleurae green, more or less overlaid with a
white dust, the metallic color usually show-
ing through but slightly. This covering of
white dust extends over the dorsum, except
upon the bronze portions. Cilia of tegulae,
whitish; halteres yellow.

Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, club-
shaped at the apex, from which two long
filaments project forward below, each bearing
two lateral rows of upward-curving, long
whitish hairs; these filaments almost reach
the hind coxae. Sides of abdomen with
sparse and delicate pile, longer on the
anterior segments, forming a distinct pos-
terior fringe on the first segment. General
color of abdomen bluish-green, with white
dust, except as follows: first segment with
narrow brown posterior border; second and
third segments witha narrow brownish-black
border in front and a wide one behind, some-
what coalescing dorsally in an indistinct line;
distal half of the fourth segment and a rather
wide dorsal stripe brownish-black; fifth seg-

5970

ment and the clubbed genitalia mostly black.
Hair of abdomen yellowish-white, except

upon the dark parts, where it is more
brownish.
Legs obscure metallic green, the tarsi

black; fore coxae very long, cylindrical, with
delicate white hairs and a subapical row of
black bristles; second joint of fore tarsi one
fourth as long as the third, wider than the
others, on the under side with a pad of dense
short hairs (tubercles?).

Wings hyaline, a trace of gray across the
middle portion, third longitudinal vein curved
back to meet the margin behind the apex;
beyond this point the margin is a little excised,
and close against it lies an almost semi-
circular, opaque spot, snow-white in certain
lights; this spot is a little nearer the third
than the fourth vein; it is enclosed on the
proximal side by a distinct, narrow, curved
brown spot, beginning behind in the corner
of the second posterior cell and continuing
around into the marginal, where it gradually
fades away along the border ofthe wing. The
fourth longitudinal vein curves strongly back-
ward just before reaching the posterior cross-
vein, where it makes an angle; there is
another backward curve just at the end, in the
brown spot. That section of the fifth longi-
tudinal vein lying beyond the crossvein is
about one sixth the length of the crossvein
and almost obsolete. The border of the wing
is excised deeply behind the termination of
the fourth vein, and immediately behind this
is produced into a point, minutely blackened
at its apex and bearing a pencil of fine black
hairs resembling a small bristle. At the end
of the fourth vein is another of these pencils,
much larger, and the two are convergent,
projecting outward and downward.

Length 8.5 tog mm.; of wing, 7.5 mm.

Q. Eyes more widely separated; upper
half of the face metallic blue, covered with
fine corrugations diverging downward; lower
half green, more whitish dusted. Palpilarge,
longer than in the male, grayish-yellow
dusted, with black hair. Abdomen of mod-

PSECTHE-

{ December 1893.

erate length, borders of the segments more
shining green or bronze than black. No dis-
tinct spots on the wing, but a very faint cloud
at the apex and the same median cloud as in
the male. Margin of wing regular in outline ;
last section of fifth vein distinct, tarsi plain.

Length 7 mm.; of wing, 7 mm.

Black Hills, S. D.; elevation over 5000 feet.
Numerous specimens of both sexes.

Closely related to gexualis Loew, but
readily separated by the yellow knees of
the latter, and by the marked differences
in the wings of the males.

I believe this is the largest species of
the family Dolichopodidae so far known ;
certainly it is the largest North American
species.

The habits of this species deserve
notice. Schiner says the genus is found
in the moist places about waterfalls. I
found hydrophilus in two places near
Custer, S. D., last August. Following
up a little rillin a meadow east of town,
its origin is found in adeep, round pool,
thirty feet across, at the head ofa small
ravine. This pool is just at the foot of
a ledge of rocks some fifteen feet high.
From several seams in the rock there is
a gentle flow of almost ice-cold water,
which covers a considerable area of
vertical rock ina thin sheet. Standing
in this icy water were my flies! They
would scarcely alight on the neighboring
dry warm rock at all, but when disturbed
merely moved to another part of the
water. The second place was between
Custer and Harvey Peak. Here a small
stream flows through a narrow gap ina
high palisade of rock. A dam twenty
feet high in the gap creates a small

artificial lake. Below the dam is an

December 1893. ]

area about thirty feet square that is shut
in on three sides by masonry and solid
rock, the open side being toward the
north. In the coolest, darkest, dampest
nook at the foot of the dam were a few
more hydrophilus, not quite standing in
the water, but on very moist rock.

Nearly half of my specimens have
become greasy since capture,—a very
rare trouble among the species of this
family. It suggests a modification of
their tissues from the normal type of the
family to adapt them to the low temper-
ature under which they exist.

LIANCALUS SIMILIS, n. sp.

¢. Differs from the foregoing as follows:
thorax much duller in color; hypopygium
destitute of filaments, with only minute

TWO NEW

ES PCH:

o71

lamellae; fore metatarsus hardly one-fourth
the length of the following joint, which is a
little enlarged, with a slight fringe on the
sides and a dense short brush below, the
three following joints of equal length; wings
on the apical two-fifths clouded with brown,
the infuscated area rather indefinite in extent;
margin of the wing not excised, third vein
ending before the apex.

Length, 6.1 mm.; of wing, 7 mm.

2. Differs from hydrophilus only in having
the general color more pure green, without
the extreme contrasts of blue and bronze; the
wings of one specimen have more brown,
which takes the form of three well defined
spots, but this is evidently variable.

One male, two females, Washington (state),
University of Kansas collection.

The principal differences between
species and guwerudus are in the structure of
the male fore tarsi.

this

FORMS OF DIASPINAE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, LAS CRUCES, N. MEX.

Aspidiotus uvae, Comstock var.
coloratus, n. v.

C1.)

@. Scale about 14 mm. wide, broad oval,
flat, dull pale orange-brown, exuviae con-
colorous, thinly covered, first skin rather
pale.

Q. Broad pyriform, pale orange. Three
pairs of lobes visible in immature specimens,
but the middle pair only prominent. In the
adult only two pairs of lobes are present,
and of these the second pair might almost be
described as rudimentary. The middle lobes
are close together but not touching, promi-
nent, squared, notched on each side. The
plates and incisions are practically as in uvae,
so also are the anal and genital orifices —
though the former in Comstock’s figure

(Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1880) appears to
be too small. The terminal segments are
striate after the manner of ostreaeformts,
etc., which I find is also the case with uwvae.
The grouped glands differ a little from uvae ;
as the median group, represented in wvae by
two orifices, is wanting in coloratus ; and the
anterior and posterior lateral groups of
coloratus run together, forming one long
group of 11 to 15 orifices on each side —or
may be separated by a short interval, in
which case the cephalolateral group has
about 8, and the caudolateral about g orifices.

Eggs bright lemon yellow.

& scale elongate oval, with the exuviae
towards one end.

Hab. Las Cruces, New Mexico, 3,800 ft.
alt., on Chilopsis; scales crowded on the

572

under side of the leaves, producing a pustular
appearance on the upper side.

History. This scale was discovered by
Hon. A. L. Christy in Las Cruces, and was
examined by Prof. C. H. T. Townsend, who
gave a short account of it as Asfzdiotus n.
sp.?in Bull. 7, N. Mex. Exper. Station (1892)
p.11. Prof. Townsend sent it to Prof. Com-
stock, who said it was unknown to him, and
probably undescribed. On July 7, 1893, I
found it in abundance close to the railway
depot in Las Cruces, and after examining it,
came to the conclusion that it was a new
species. Although I had seen A. uvae in
Jamaica, it did not occur to me that it could
be that species, partly because Professor
Comstock did not recognize it, and partly
because the food-plant and habit were differ-
ent. However, I sent some to Professor
Riley, who remarked that the species came
nearest to A. uvae; and that led me to com-
pare it with specimens of wvae from Ithaca,
N. Y., kindly sent by Mr. R. H.- Pettit. The
result is that I cannot by any means distin-
guish it as a species from wvae, and even as
a variety it is not well marked, and would
hardly be separated but for the difference of
locality and food-plant.

So far as observed, it is confined to Chzlof-

sts ;and although grapes are extensively culti-
vated in and about Las Cruces, no case is
known of its attacking the vines.
. This adds another to the instances of
Coccidae differing in habit though hardly or
notat all in structure. They are what might
be termed physiological spectes, in contradis-
tinction to the ordinary or anatomical ones.
They suggest the idea that organisms present
differential characters of a class which weare
hardly beginning to understand.

(2.) Mytlaspis albus, Cockerell, var.
concolor, Nn. Vv.

Q@ scale elongate, narrow-mytiliform,
grayish-white. Exuviae pale straw color.
Q. Elongate pyriform, black or brown-

FS PCLT:

[ December 1893.

black (dark brown by transmitted light), 13
mm.long. Skin conspicuously striate (albus
also has the skin striate). Three pairs of
lobes; median lobes large and prominent,
rounded, notched without, rather widely
apart; 2nd lobes bifid, lew, the caudad por-
tion largest; third lobes low, bifid, the two
parts about equal. A pair of spine-like plates
between the median lobes; and one such
plate beyond 2nd and 3rd lobes respectively.
A spine by the outer margin of each lobe.
Margin beyond the third lobe coarsely
crenate. Margin in region of 2nd and 3rd
lobes shows three or four sacs, elongated
with bulbous ends—no doubt glandular.
The anal orifice is ata considerable distance
from the caudal extremity. The ventral
glands are not in well-defined groups, but
scattered. On each side of the anal orifice,
slightly cephalad of it, is a group of about 8
orifices, not very close to each other; and
between this and the third lobe is another
scattered rather elongate group of about 8;
few other orifices are scattered here
and there, some single, others in little groups
of 3 or 4.

Egg. Theeggs (in caustic soda) are pe-
culiar for being of a dirty prussian-green
color.

and a

Larva. Elongate oval, eyes blue-black.
Last joint of antenna with two moderately
long hairs. Tarsal knobbed hairs long and
slender, with small knobs. Caudal filaments
ordinary, but some broken off.

& scale as usual in Mytrlasprs.

Parasite. Many @ scales
where a parasite has escaped.

Hub. Las Cruces, New Mexico; in great
numbers on a chenopodiaceous plant, on
which are also found Orthesza n. sp., larvae
of Lycaena exilis, and other interesting
things. It mostly infests the stems, but the
leaves show some scales, both on upper and
under sides.

When I found this, I thought it must be
a new species, and it was surprising to find

show holes

December 1893. |

that it could not be separated from M. albus
which I lately described from specimens on
a malvaceous plant in Jamaica! There are
differences, indeed, in the color of the exuviae
and other small points, whereon a new
variety is founded—but after comparing
concolor with the types of aléus, I can see
nothing to separate them specifically.
Thus we have :—

PSTVCHE:

573

(a.) albus. Jamaica, ona malvaceous plant,
alt. 50 feet above the sea, climate very humid,
tropical.

(b.) albus v. concolor. New Mexico, ona
chenopodiaceous plant, alt. 3,800 ft., climate
very dry, not tropical. (One can scarcely
Say temperate, the summer heat being
greater than in Jamaica). Truly a singular
distribution !

A NOTE ON THE LARVA OF DATANA FLORIDANA GRAEF.

BY HARRISON oa.

Having examined some specimens of the
larva of Datana floridana in the collection
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge, I am able to confirm the des-
cription by Mr. Koebele (Bull. Brooklyn ent.
soc. iv, 21) and to add that the lateral lines
are slightly broader than the intervening black
spaces, or asbroad; not confluent at the ex-
tremities. The large, normal hairs are white,
and arise singly from minute tubercles; the
fine, short (secondary) hairs are black, very

DYAR.

inconspicuous without a lens, and not differ-
ing from the corresponding structures in D.
major and D. palmit. The species is closely
allied to D. palmzz, and may prove, on further
investigation, to be not specifically distinct.
The following table may replace the one given
by me (Ent. amer. vi, 132). I include the
names of the three species whose larvae are
unknown, in the order in which they will
probably be found to belong.

Mature Larvae (Stage V).

Secondary hairs much shorter than primary ones.

Hairs concolorous, pale.
Ceryical shield black.
Cervical shield yellow.

Lateral lines separate at extremities.

Lateral lines confluent at extremities.

Hairs not concolorous.
Secondary hairs black; head red.

Lateral stripes broken into spots.

Lateral stripes continuous.

Stripes narrower than the subdorsal black space; head pale red.
Stripes broader than this space; head dark red.

Secondary hairs brown; head black or red.

hairs nearly as lone as primary, concolorous.
Secondary ha y g Pp 1

Cervical shield black.
Cervical shield yellow.

- ANGU SIL.

ministra.
[californica].

drexelit.

major.

palmit.
Jiortdana.
[ modesta).

perspicua.
[robusta].

integerrima.
contracta.

o74

Ih a he.

Begins in January, 1894, and continues through three years.
> J 5 /
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| December 1893.

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INDEX OF NAMES OF INSECTS.

Abaris, 293.

Acalyptratae, 329.

Acantholepis, 68.

Acantholophus, 402.
402.

Acanthomera, 180.

Acanthomeridae, 180, 406.

Acaroidea, 277.

Acheta campestris, 498.

Acilius, 219,

Acinopterus, 307.
308.

Acrididae, 62, 73, 342, 466. 498.

Acridini, 73.

Acridium alutaceum, 73. am-
biguam, 466. emericanum, 465.
emarginatum, 73. rubiginosum,
73. tuberculatum, 303.

Acrobasis indiginella, 467.

Acroneura, 235.

Acronycta, 442.

Actias, 68. luna, 129.

Adephaga, 53.

Adoneta spinuloides, 127.

Adrimus, 295.

Adscita chloauges, 374.

Aegeria «xitiosa, 60, 122, 123.
fulvicornis, 122, 137, 141.

Aegocera gladiatorin, 373.

Aeneus proteus, 171.

Aeschna grandis, 34, 509.

Aeschnidne, 197.

Aethra, 441.

Agalena naevia, 101.

Agalenidae, 54.

Aganisthos orion, 481.

Agaristidae, 373.

Ageronia, 491. arethusa, 491.

Agra, 293. pennsylvanica, 170.

Agrion, 15. puella, 509.

Agroeciini, 150.

Agrotidae, 557.

Aletia, 131.

Alloeoneurus, 569.

Allotriopus, 293.

Allygus, 307.

A‘oa colorata, 480.
398.

horridus,

acuminatus,

nigricosta,

Alpenus aurant ca, 397. mul-
tiseripta, 398, 422, 567.

Alypia octomaculata, 16.

Amara, 238, 293. impunctata,
171. musculus, 90, 93,

Amblychila, 238. cylindrifor-

mis, 238. piccolominii, 238.
Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 21.

rotundifolia, 22.
Ametabola, 37.
Anabolia sordida, 154.
Anabrus, 131.

Anace herpa, 397.

monotica,
395, 422, 567.

parachoria, 395,

422, 567. perpusilla, 395.
Anamoeotes leucolena, 374.
tenellula, 373.
Anaphe, 385. carteri, 387.

clara, 385, 390, 391,410. infracta,
387, 891. moloneyi, 387, 388. 389,
390, 391. panda, 386. subsordida,
385, 390, 391, 410.

Anaretina, 369, 370.

Anatrichis, 293.

Anax concolor, 118.
118.

Anaxipha pulicaria, 6.

Anaxiphus, 442.

Anchomenus, 293.

Ancistroglossus, 293.

Anergates, 372.

Anillus, 293.

Anisodactylus, 293.

Anisomompha, 372.
toides, 78.

Anisota senatoria, 129. stigma,
129.

Anisotarsus, 293.

Anobium, 441.

Anoplotermes, 510.

Anosia plexippus, 54, 250, 491,
492. 525.

Antaretia vagans, 512.

Anthaxia, 209, 250.

Anthocharis genutia, 69.

Anthocomus, 441.

Anthomaster Jeonardus, 366.

Anthomyidae, 314, 329.

Anthrax, 160, 546. flava, 455.
lateralis, 284. nigricauda, 284.

Anthrenus scrophulariae, 372.

Antixoon, 441.

Anurida maritima, 220, 486.

Apalus, 346.

Apamea didyma, 117.

Apanteles carpatus, 261. cas-
sianus, 261. edwardsii, 261. emar-
ginatus, 261. glomeratus, 261.
megathymi, 261. sayi, 261. the-
elae, 261.

Apantesis blakei, 379. decorata,
380. nais, 380. nevadensis, 379.
radians, 480.

Apatela americana, 166,

longipes,

bupres-

obli-

nita, 467.

Apatelodes, 147. angelica, 148.
torrefacta, 128, 146.

Apatura, 297. flava, 85.

Apenes, 293.

Aphaenogaster fulva, 321,

Aphaniptera, 233, 546, 547.

Aphidae, 510.

Aphides, 510.

Aphidinae, 118.

Aphnaeus, 33,

Aphodius granarius, 322, pu-
milus, 210.

Aphoebantus, 180.

Aphonus, 392.

Apidae, 545.

Apioceridae, 422.

Apis, 545. mellifica, 545.

Apisa cana, 394, 422, 567.
canescens, 394. cinereo-costata,
394.

Apithes, 442.

Aporia limacodis, 275.

Apristus, 293.

Apterygota, 220, 485, 486, 525,
547.

Arachnida, 209, 458, 459, 547.

Araeoschizus armatus, 323,
fimbriatus, 323. regularis, 323.
simplex, 325.

Aramigus fulleri, 372.

Araneina, 459.

Arbela, 535.

Arbelidae, 534.

Arctia, 462. acrea, 530. arge,
127. bieti, 380. blakei, 379,
555. decorata, 479, 480. divisa,
537. geneura, 381. imeompleta,
480. intermedia, 479. —_leopar-
dina, 537. nais, 127, 479. neva-
densis, 379. ochreata, 480. or-
nata, 556. parthenice, 479. pha-
lerata, 480. remissa, 524. rhoda,

480. vilica, 380. virgo, 127,
479. virguncula, 127. yarrowi,

523.
Arctiidae, 394, 535.
Arcyptera lineata, 66.
Ardistomis, 293.
Argila affinis, 474, 493, 567.
basalis, 474, 493, 567.
Argynnis, 134, 261.
130. ;
Argyramoeba, 180. analis,
284. pluto, 284. simson, 284.
tripunetata, 455.

evbele,

576

Argyrophyes nigrofasciata, 127.

Argyrophylax, 188.

Arhopala, 33. farquharii, 68.

Aroa amissa, 4938. lata, 422,
432, 567. nigripicta, 422, 432,
567. omissa, 536, 568. termina-
lis, 432.

Arphia carinata, 62. neglecta,
360. sulphurea, 62. tenebrosa,
62. xanthoptera, 62.

Arraphis, 289. americana, 289.
minuta, 289.

Artaxa apicipuncta, 418, 422,
567. discipuncta, 418, 422, 567.
mellaleuca, 418, 422,567. mesome-
laena, 417, 422, 567. nigra, 417,
422, 567. palla, 418, 422, 567.
pirallela, 418, 422, 567. — rotun-
data, 418, 422, 567. tessellata,
417. xanthomelaena, 418.

Arthropoda, 405. 459, 460.

Arthrostictus, 293.

Arthrostraca, 458.

Articulata, 563, 564.

Asilidae, 132, 180, 283.

Asilus, 140, 546.

Aspasiola, 293.

Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 571.
sp., 572. uvae, 571. uvae colora-
tus, 571.

Aspidisca slendoriferella, 378.

Aspidoglossa, 293.

Aspidosoma, 441.

Astylus, 441.

Atherix variegata, 284.

Athysanus, 305, 307. bicolor,
307. comma, 307. curtisii, 307.
obsoletus, 3807. obtusus, 307.
plutonius, 307.

Atractocerus, 441. braziliensis,
34.
Atropharista, 461. jurinei, 461.
jurinoides, 409, 492.

Attacinae, 282.

Attacus polyphemus, 182. pro-
methea, 54, 102.

Attagenus pellio, 170.

Attalus, 441.

Attidae, 210.

Attus palustris, 210.
210.

Aulacophilus, 553.

Aulicus, 441.

Automolis ehrmanni, 535.

Axinopalpus, 293.

pulex,

Bacillus, 372.
coloradus, 372.

Bacunculus, 372.

Balacra damalis, 397, 422, 567.
flavimacula, 397. glagoessa, 396,
422,567. haemalea, 397. rubri-
cincta, 396, 422, 567.

Barbarothea, 118.
102.

carinatus, 372.

florissanti,

PS LOTTE.

Barini, 382.

Barsine gubunica, 399. (Siccia)
rivulosa, 399.

Barysomus, 293.

Batrachidea carinata, 77.

Belocephalus subapterus, 150.

Belotus, £41.

Bembidium, 293.

Bibionidae, 180, 406, 525.

Bizone africana, 399. porrima,
399. rubristriga, 399.

Blabophanes rusticella, 541.

Blaps, 140.

Blasturus, 234, 235, 258, 509.

Blatta, 114, 219, 233, 253, 256,
458. germnica, 78. (Phyllodro-
mia) germanica, 258.

Blattidae, 78, 114, 342, 497.

Blaxima, 441.

Bledius armatus, 392.

Blepharocera, 34.

Blepharoceridae, 180, 406.

Boletophagus cornutus, 140,
169.

Boletotherus bifurcus, 238.

Bombyces, 282, 342, 479.

Bombycidae, 102, 200, 213, 216,
535.

Bombylidae, 180, 285, 284

Bombylius atriceps, 284. fra-
tellus, 284. major, 455. pyg-
maeus, 284. varians, 284.

Bombyx, 112. acria, 59, 60.
caprotina, 60. cecropia, 59. de-
floriana, 480. diego, 386. (Hyp-
soides) radama, 386. io 124. poly-
phemus, 59. prometheus, 59.
radama, 386, trifolii, 122. vittata,
480,

Bostrychidae, 441.

Bostrychus, 441.

Bothynostethus, 554.

Botis penitalis, 467.

Brachinus, 293. fumans, 139.

Brachycentrus, 155.

Brachytrypus, 68.

Brenthis montinus, 130.

Brentus anchorago, 140.

Bruchidae, 238, 262.

Bruchus, 118, 445. fabae, 341,
445. irresectus, 148,445. obsole-
tus, 148, 445. obtectus, 445, 449.
ornatus, 447. pisi, 170, 342, 448.
quadrimaculatus, 447, 449.

Bryodema _ barabensis, 210.
tuberculata, 210.

Buprestidae, 53.

Buprestis, 58, 60. divaricata,
139. virginiensis, 170.

Bythoscopus tergatus, 306.
unicolor, 306.

Cabarda frigida, 399. temper-
ata, 399. torrida, 399.
Caenia, 441.

Calathus, 293.

Callaretia, 380.

Calleida, 293.

Calleros, 441.

Callidium bicolor, 170.
cum, 172. flavum, 172.

Callidryas eubule, 366.

Callimorpha suffusa, 127.

Calliphora, 97.

Callophaena, 293.

Callosam‘a angulifera, 129.
promethea, 94, 166, 129, 505.

Calocladon, 441.

Calolycus, 441.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 38.

Jalopteron, 441.

Calopteryx, 15. splendens, 509.

Calosoma, 293. calidum, 170,
172.

Calotermes, 509.

Camnula pellucida, 63.

Campodea, 485. fragilis, 220.

Camponotides, 508.

Camponotus, 545.
nicus, 34.

Cantharidae, 345.

Cantharis, 58, 60. aenea, 60.
afzeliana, 60. alloila, 60. arti-
cularis, 60. atrata.60. cinerea,
60. ferruginea, 60. immaculata,
60. maculata, 60. marginata, 60,
121. nuttalli, 60. polita, 60.
reticulita, 60. segmentata. 60.
sphaericollis. 60. vittata, 60.

Capsus, 510.

Carabidae, 89,
293.

Carabus. 293. catenulatus, 170.
dispar, 171. pusillus, 171. serra-
tus, 89. vulgaris, 171.

Carcocapsa saltitans, 133,

Caryoborus, 262.

Casnonia, 293.

Casphialia flavicollis, 397.
herpa, 397. nigerrima, 397, 422,
567.

Cassida aurichalcea, 139, 172.

Catapiesis, 293.

Catarctia, 537. (Arctia) divisa,
537. divisa, 538.

Catascopus, 293.

Cathorama, 441.

Cecidomyia, 256. antennariae,
255, bigeloviae-brassicoides, 491.
liriodendri, 557.

Cecidomyidae, 180, 255, 369,
370, 406, 525.

Cecrita guttivitta, 178.

Celia, 238, 293.

Cephaloon ungulare, 345.

Cephus pygmaeus, 557.

Ceracis, 441.

Cerambyx, 58.

Cerastoma, 403.

Ceratopogon, 369, 370.

fenni-

pennsylva-

205, 249,

INDEX OF NAMES OF INSECTS.

Abaris, 293.

Acalyptratae, 329.

Acantholepis, 68.

Acantholophus, 402. horridus,
402.

Acanthomera, 180.

Acanthomeridae, 180, 406.

Acaroidea, 277.

Acheta campestris, 498.

Acilius, 219.

Acinopterus, 307.
408.

Acrididae, 62, 73, 342, 466. 498.

Acridini, 73.

Acridium alutaceum, 73. am-
biguum, 466. emericanum, 465.
emarginatum, 73. rubiginosum,
73. tubereculatum, 303.

Acrobasis indiginella, 467.

Acroneura, 235.

Acronycta, 442.

Actias, 68. luna, 129.

Adephaga, 53.

Adoneta spinuloides, 127.

Adrimus, 293. ;

Adscita chloauges, 374.

Aegeria exitiosa, 60, 122, 123.
fulvicornis, 122, 137, 141.

Aevocera gladiatorin, 373.

Aeneus proteus, 171.

Aeschna grandis, 34, 509.

Aeschnidne, 197.

Aethra, 441.

Agalena naevia, 101.

Agalenidae, 54.

Aganisthos orion, 481.

Agaristidae, 373.

Ageronia, 491. arethusa, 491.

Agra, 293. pennsylvanica, 170.

Agrion, 15. puella, 509.

Agroeciini, 150.

Agrotidae, 557.

Aletia, 131.

Alloeoneurus, 569.

Allotriopus, 293.

Allygus, 307.

A‘oa colorata, 480.
398.

acuminatus,

nigricosta,

Alpenus aurant ca, 397. mul-
tiseripta, 398, 422, 567.

Alypia octomaculata, 16.

Amara, 238, 293. impunctata,

171. musculus, 90, 93,
Amblychila, 238. _cylindrifor-

mis, 238. piccolominii, 238.
Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 21.

rotundifolia, 22.
Ametabola, 37.
Anabolia sordida, 154.
Anabrus, 131,

Anace herpa, 397.

395, 422, 567.

422, 567.

monotica,
parachoria, 395,
perpusilla, 395.

Anamoeotes leucolena, 374.
tenellula. 373.
Anaphe, 385. carteri, .387.

clara, 385, 390, 391,410. infracta,
387, 391. moloneyi, 387, 388. 389,
390, 391. panda, 386. subsordida,
385, 390, 391, 410.

Anaretina, 369, 370.

Anatrichis, 293.

Anax concolor, 118.
118.

Anaxipha pulicaria, 6.

Anaxiphus, 442.

Anchomenus, 295.

Ancistroglossus, 293.

Anergates, 372.

Anillus, 293.

Anisodactylus, 293.

Anisomompha, 372.
toides, 78.

Anisota senatoria, 129. stigma,
129.

Anisotarsus, 293.

Anobium, 441.

Anoplotermes, 510.

Anosia plexippus, 34, 250, 491,
492, 525.

Antaretia vagans, 512.

Anthaxia, 209, 250.

Anthocharis genutia, 69.

Anthocomus, 441.

Anthomaster leonardus, 366.

Anthomyidae, 314, 329.

Anthrax, 180, 546. flava, 455.
lateralis, 284. nigricauda, 284.

Anthrenus scrophulariae, 372.

Antixoon, 441.

Anurida maritima, 220, 486.

Apalus, 346.

Apamea didyma, 117.

Apanteles carpatus, 261. cas-
sianus, 261. edwardsii, 261. emar-
ginatus, 261. glomeratus, 261.
megathymi, 261. sayi, 261. the-
clae, 261.

Apantesis blakei, 379. decorata,
380. nais, 380. nevadensis, 379.
radians, 480.

Apatela americana, 166,

longipes,

bupres-

obli-

nita, 467.

Apatelodes, 147. angelica, 148.
torrefacta, 128, 146.

Apatura, 297. flava, 85.

Apenes, 293.

Aphaenogaster fulva, 321.

Aphaniptera, 233, 546, 547.

Apbidae, 510.

Aphides, 510.

Aphidinae, 118.

Aphnaeus, 33,

Aphodius granarius, 322. pu-
milus, 210. -

Aphoebantus, 180.

Aphonus, 392.

Apidae, 545.

Apioceridae, 422.

Apis. 545. mellifiea, 545.

Apisa cana, 394, 422, 567.
canescens, 394. cinereo-costata,
394.

Apithes, 442.

Aporia limacodis, 275.

Apristus, 293.

Apterygota, 220, 485, 486, 525,
547.

Arachnida, 209, 458, 459, 547.

Araeoschizus armatus, 323,
fimbriatus, 323. regularis, 323.
simplex, 323.

Aramigus fulleri, 372.

Araneina, 459.

Arbela, 535.

Arbelidae, 534.

Arctia, 462. acrea, 530. arge,
127. bieti, 380. blakei, 379,
555. decorata, 479, 480. divisa,
537. geneura, 381. imcompleta,
480. intermedia, 479. leopar-
dina, 537. nais, 127, 479. neva-
densis, 379. ochreata, 480. or-
nata, 556. parthenice, 479. pha-
lerata, 480. remissa, 524, rhoda,
480. vilica, 380. virgo, 127,
479. virguneula, 127. yarrowi,
523.

Arctiidae, 394, 535.

Arcyptera lineata, 66.

Ardistomis, 293.

Argila affinis, 474, 493, 567.
basalis, 474, 493, 567.

Argynnis, 134, 261.
130.

Argyramoeba, 180. analis,
284. pluto, 284. simson, 284.
tripunctata, 455.

cybele,

576

Argyrophyes nigrofasciata, 127.

Argyrophylax, 188.

Arhopala, 33. farquharii, 68.

Aroa amissa, 498. lata, 422,
432, 567. nigripicta, 422, 432,

567. omissa, 536, 568. termina-
lis, 432.

Arphia carinata, 62. neglecta,
360. sulphurea, 62. tenebrosa,

62. xanthoptera, 62.

Arraphis, 289. americana, 289.
minuta, 289.

Artaxa apicipuncta, 418, 422,
567. discipuncta, 418, 422, 567.
mellaleuea, 418, 422,567. mesome-
laena, 417, 422, 567. nigra, 417,
492, 567. palla, 418, 422, 567.
pirallela, 418, 422, 567. rotun-
data, 418, 422, 567. tessellata,
417. xanthomelaena, 415.

Arthropoda, 405, 459, 460.

Arthrostictus, 293.

Arthrostraca, 458.

Articulata, 563, 564.

Asilidae, 132, 180, 283.

Asilus, 140, 546.

Aspasiola, 293.

Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 571.
sp., 572. uvae, 571. uvae colora-
tus, 571.

Aspidisca slendoriferella, 378.

Aspidoglossa, 293.

Aspidosoma, 441.

Astylus, 441.

Atherix variegata, 284.

Athysanus, 305, 307. bicolor,
307. comma, 307. curtisii, 307.
obsoletus, 3807. obtusus, 307.
plutonius, 307.

Atractocerus, 441.
34

Atropharista, 461. jurinei, 461.
jurinoides, 409, 492.

Attacinae, 282.

Attacus polyphemus, 182. pro-
methea, 54, 102.

Attagenus pellio, 170.

Attalus, 441.

Attidae, 210.

Attus palustris, 210.
210.
Aulacophilus, 553.
Aulicus, 441.
Automolis ehrmanni, 535.
Axinopalpus, 293.

braz'liensis,

pulex,

Bacillus, 372.
coloradus, 372.

Bacunculus, 372.

Balacra damalis, 397, 422, 567.
flavimacula, 397. glagoessa, 396,

carinatus, 372.

422,567. haemalea, 397. rubri-
cincta, 396, 422, 567.
Barbarothea, 118. florissanti,

102.

PST CLEHE,.

Barini, 382.

Barsine gubunica, 399. (Siccia)
rivulosa, 399.

Barysomus, 293.

Batrachidea carinata, 77.

Belocephalus subapterus, 150.

Belotus, 441. m

Bembidium, 293.

Bibionidae, 180, 406, 525.

Bizone africana, 399. porrima,
399. rubristriga, 399.

Blabophanes rusticella, 541.

Blaps, 140.

Blasturus, 234, 235, 258, 509.

Blatta, 114, 219, 233, 253, 256,
458. germeunica, 78. (Phyllodro-
mia) germanica, 258.

Blattidae, 78, 114, 342, 497.

Blaxima, 441.

Bledius armatus, 392.

Blepharocera, 54.

Blepharoceridae, 180, 496.

Boletophagus cornutus, 140,
169.

Boletotherus bifurcus, 238.

Bombyces, 282, 342, 479.

Bombycidae, 102, 209, 213, 216,
535.

Bombylidae, 180, 283, 284

Bombylius atriceps, 284. fra-
tellus, 284. major, 455. pyg-

maeus, 284. varians, 284.

Bombyx, 112. acria, 59, 60.
caprotina, 60. cecropia, 59. de-
floriana, 480. diego, 386. (Hyp-
soides) radama, 386. io 124. poly-
phemus, 59. promethens, 59.
radama, 386. trifolii, 122. vittata,
480.

Bostrychidae, 441.

Bostrychus, 441.

Bothynostethus, 554.

Botis penitalis, 467.

Brachinus, 293. fumans, 139.

Brachycentrus, 155.

Brachytrypus, 68.

Brenthis montinus, 130.

Brentus anchorago, 140.

Bruchidae, 238, 262.

Bruchus, 118, 445. fabae, 341,
445. irresectus, 148,445. obsole-
tus, 148, 445. obtectus, 445, 449.
ornatus, 447. pisi, 170, 342, 448.
quadrimaculatus, 447, 449.

Bryodema _ barabensis,
tuberculata, 210.

Buprestidae, 53.

Buprestis, 58, 60. divaricata,

210.

139. virginiensis, 170.
Bythoscopus tergatus, 306.
unicolor, 306.
Cabarda frigida, 399. temper-

ata, 399. torrida, 399.
Caenia, 441.

Calathus, 293.

Callarctia, 380.

Calleida, 293.

Calleros, 441.

Callidium bicolor, 170.
cum, 172. flavum, 172.

Callidryas eubule, 366.

Callimorpha suffusa, 127.

Calliphora, 97.

Callophaena, 298.

Callosamia angulifera, 129.
promethea, 94, 166, 129, 505.

Calocladon, 441.

Calolycus, 441.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 38.

Calopteron, 441.

Calopteryx, 15. splendens, 509.

Calosoma, 293. calidum, 170,
172.

Calotermes, 509.

Camnula pellucida, 63.

Campodea, 485. fragilis, 220,

Camponotides, 505.

Camponotus, 545.
nicus, 34.

Cantharidae, 345.

Cantharis, 58, 60. aenea, 60.
afzeliana, 60. alloila, 60. arti-
cularis, 60. atrata,60. cinerea,
60. ferruginea, 60. immaculata,
60. maculata, 60. marginata, 60,
121. nuttalli, 60. polita, 60.
reticulita, 60. segmentata. 60.
sphaericollis, 60. vittata, 60.

Capsus, 510.

Carabidae, 89, 205,
293.

Carabus, 293. catenulatus, 170.
dispar, 171. pusillus, 171. serra-
tus, 89. vulgaris, 171.

Carcocapsa saltitans, 133.

Caryoborus, 262.

Casnonia, 293.

Casphalia __ flavicollis, 397.
herpa, 397. nigerrima, 397, 422,
567.

Cassida aurichalcea, 139, 172.

Catapiesis, 293.

Catarctia, 537.
537. divisa, 538.

Catascopus, 293.

Cathorama, 441.

Cecidomyia, 256. antennariae,
255, bigeloviae-brassicoides, 491.
liriodendri, 557.

Cecidomyidae,
370, 406, 525.

Cecrita guttivitta, 178.

Celia, 238, 293.

Cephaloon ungulare, 345.

Cephus pygmaeus, 557.

Ceracis, 441.

Cerambyx, 58.

Cerastoma, 403.

Ceratopogon, 369, 370.

fenni-

pennsylva-

249,

(Avetia) divisa,

180, 255, 369,

Cerceris, 554. austrina, 556.
rufopicta, 556. verticalis, 556.

Ceropales bipunctata, 346,

Cerura, 290. albicoma, 291,
292. aquilonaris, 129, 290, 293.
bicuspis, 290. borealis, 128, 290,
292. candida, 290, 292. cinerea,
80, 129, 290,292. cineroides, 82,
290, 292. meridionalis, 291, 292.
modesta, 290, 292, 293. multi-
scripta, 129,290, 292. occidenta-
lis, 129, 290, 292. paradoxa, 291,
992. placida, 291, 292. sciti-
scripta, 290, 292. scolopendrina,
290, 292,293. —-

Ceruridia slossoniae, 502.

Cetonia barbata, 139.

Ceuthophilus gracilipes, 27.
pee maculatus, 27. niger,

Chaleididae, 246.

Chalcis microgaster, 346.

Chalcosiidae, 373.

Chalepus obsoletus, 592.

Chalicodoma, 458. muraria,
114, 545.

Chariessa, 441.

Chauliodes serricornis, 346.

Chauliognathus, 441.

Cheiroplatys clunalis, 392.

Chelonus, 545.

Chilo carnifex, 388.

Chion cinctus, 557.

Chionobas, 210, 261, 581. bru-
cei, 881. chrvxus, 86. jutta,
381. uhleri, 221. varuna, 221.

Chiromyzidae, 180.

Chironomidae, 255, 369, 370,
406.

Chironomus, 27, 115, 255, 256,
370, 381.

Chlaenius, 293.

91, 93, 198.
Chlamys plicata, 174.

tomentosus,

Chloealtis conspersa, 65. viri-
dis, 64.
Chlorotettix, 305, 306. galba-

tergatus, 309.

natus, 306, 510.
unicolor, 308,

viridius, 306, 509.
309. -

Chortophaga viridifasciata, 62,
406. viridifasciata infuscata, 62.

Chrysididae, 382, 545.

Chrysomela trimaculata, 172.

Chrysopila —_ fasciata, 283.
quaidrata, 283. thoracica, 285.

Chrysops, 180, 236.

Jhrysopsyche mirifica, 216.

Cicada, 32, 39, 181, 510. sep-
tendecim, 510.

Cicadae, 14, 223.

Ciecadariae, 305.

Cicadidae, 33, 406.

Cicadinae, 406. ¢

Cicadula, 305. exitiosa, 306.
punctifrons, 305. quadrinotata,
305. sexnotata, 305. variata, 305.

PST CHL.

Cicindela, 141, 293. erythro-
gaster, 138. formosa, 297, 298.
hirticollis, 170. lemniscata, 392.
lepida, 392. praetextata, 392.
punctulata, 170, 392. purpurea,
170., sexgutata, 170, 297, 298.
sperata, 392. trifasciata, 139.
vulgaris, 139.

Cicindelidae, 205, 238, 293.

Cimbex, 345. ulmi, 16.

Cimex, 510.

Ciniflonidae, 33.

Cioidae, 441.

Circotettix verruculatus, 64.

Cis, 441.

Cistela sericea, 346.

Cistogaster immaculata, 466.

Citheronia regalis, 129, 198.

Cixius, 510.

Cladodes, 441.

Cladophora leucographa, 420.

Clemensia albata, 127.

Cleridae, 441.

Clerus, 441.

Clisiocampa, 410. americana,
126,129. constricta, 326. dis-
stria, 129, 526, 364. erosa, 364.
sp., 467. strigosa, 326. sylvatica,
84, 85.

Clivina, 293.

Clopodes, 293.

Clytus, 297. speciosus, 346.

Coccidae, 37, 39, 67, 132, 510,
541.

Coccinella abbreviata, 172. bi-

oculata, 172. sanguinea, 173.
9-notata, 172.
Cochlidiae, 146.
Cochliopodidae, 281.
Coelodasys, 17. conspecta,

325. leptinoides, 177.
Coenagrion, 15.
Coenagrioninae, 15.
Coenodomus hockingii, 387.
Coenostegia, 385.

Colaspis 10-notata, 172.
Coleoptera, 12, 13, 38, 39, 40,

41, 42, 43, 54, 118, 147, 150, 160,

188, 205, 209, 233, 234, 238, 249,

254, 261, 315, 316, 321, 366, 391,

442, 458, 589, 547, 561, 563.
Colias interior, 300. philodice,

300.

Collembola, 486.

Collops, 441.

Colydiidae, 206.

Colyphus, 441.

Conibius elongatus, 323.

Conocephalinae, 150.

Conocephalini, 150.

Conocephalus, 150. ensiger, 23.
nebrascensis, 23. robustus, 23.
uncinatus, 150.

Conopidae, 329,

Conops, 329, 546.

Cophura, 180.

Coptodera, 293.

t
=~]
~]

Cordulia lintneri, 34,

Cordyluridae, 329.

Corethra, 381.

Corimelaena extensa, 548.

Corimelaenidae, 365.

Corrodentia, 235, 509, 510, 547.

Corydalis cornuta, 539.

Corydia carunculigera, 105.

Cossus, 33, 58. robiniae, 58.

Cotalpa lanigera, 92.

Crabronidae, 545.

Craesus latitarsus, 33.

Crambidia pallida, 127.

Craspedosoma, 297, 298.

Cratocera, 293.

Cratomorphus, 441.

Cratypedes putnami, 360.

Creatonotus leucanioides, 397.

Cremastocheilus, 358. — casta-
neae, 140, 185.

Crematogaster lineolata, 321.

Crenis amulia, 215.

Crioceris asparagi, 557. (Lema)
trilineata, 172. vittata, 60.

Crocota brevicornis, 127.
la, 127.

Cryptobatis, 293.

Cryptohypnus, 152.

Ctenistes pulvereus, 321,

Ctenophora, 546.

Ctenostoma, 293.

Culex, 546. annulatus, 546.
pipiens, 546,

Culicidae, 180, 255, 406.

Cureulio, 297. hirtus,
nenuphar, 157.

Curtonotus, 293.

Cuspidia alni, 442.

Cuterebra, 298. fontinella, 541.
sp., 299.

»ychrus, 297.

Cyclocephala immaculata, 392.

Cyclorrapha schizometopa, 313.

Cymatodera, 441.

Cymbalophora, 380.

Cymbidae, 398.

Cymbolus, 441.

Cynipidae, 86, 366, 545,

Cyrtidae, 180.

Cyrtogone, 534.
493, 533, 568.

Cyrtolaus, 293.

Cyrtophyllus concavus, 22.

opel-

172.

lichenodes,

Daiphron, 441.

Danais archippus, 467.

Dasunaga, 591.

Dasychira, 500. albosignata,
434, 493, 568. apateloides, 434,
493,568. congia, 422,567. nubi-
fera, 493, 568. ruptilinea, 422,

434, 567. saussurei, 434, sub-
lutescens, 422, 433, 567. varie-
gata, 493, 568. ;
Dasylophia anguina, 128.
Dasypogon, 132. :
Datana angusii, 128, 573. cali-

578

fornica, 573. contracta, 128, 575.
drexelii, 128,573. floridana, 573.
integerrima, 128, 573. major, 128,
573. ministra, 128, 573. mcdesta,
573. palmii,J28,573. perspicua,
128,573. robusta, 575.

Debis, 342.

Decticus verrucivorus, 498.

Deidamia inscripta, 16, 116,
149. ;
Deilephila alecto, 132. nicae,

152.

Deltocephalides, 14.

Dendry phantes, 210.

Dermaptera, 12, 13, 486, 547.

Dermatobia, 298. sp., 299.

Dermestes marmoratus, 171.

Desmeocraera hinnula, 493,
536, 567.

Desmocerus, 141.

Dexia, 314, 331.

Dexiaria, 314.

Dexinae, 332.

Dexiosoma, 330, 331.

Diabrotica 12-punctata, 28, 44,
78. longicornis, 29,44, 79.

Diadema dinarcha, 413.

Diamesa, 370.

Diaperis maculata, 170.
pennis, 172.

Diapheromera, 372, 406. femo-
rata, 182. sayii, 78. velii, 78.

Diaphorus, 293.

Dicaelus elongatus, 169.

Dichromyia, 529.

Dinoderus, 441.

Dinotodonta, 551, 565.
552.

Diogmites, 180.

Diploharpus, 293.

Diplolepis confluentus, 340.

Diptera, 18, 40, 41, 42, 43, 54,
67, 102, 115, 118, 131, 150, 180,
209, 233, 255, 283, 318, 422, 546.
orthorrhapha, 406.

Discoderus, 293.

Discodon, 441.

Dissosteira carolina, 64, 406,
468. saucia, 303.

Dixidae, 406.

Dolba hylaeus, 436.

Dolerus arvensis, 346.
natus, 346.

Dolichoderides, 505.

Dolichopodidae, 180.

Donacia attenuata, 172.

Dorcatoma, 118, 441.

Doritis apollina, 132.

Doryphora,97, 218, 458, 539,563.

Drassidae, 54.

Drepana rosea, 179.

Drilolampadius, 441.

Dromanthus, 441.

Dromius, 293.

Drymonia dimidiata, 194.

Dryocaetes affaber, 557.

viridi-

longa,

inor-

Sa CME.

Dryocampa riversii, 222. rubi-
cunda, 129.
Dryops, 134.
Dryopteris rosea, 129, 179.
Dysclurius sp., 90, 93.
Dysderidae, 54.
Dytiscus, 131, 140,219. fasci-
ventris, 540. marginalis, 170.

Eacles imperialis, 129,

Earias ogovana, 398.

Ebaeus, 441.

Ecdyurus, 234, 509.

Eclimus, 180.

Eepantheria seribonia, 127.

Ectopsis ferrugalis, 198.

Edema albicosta, 128, 147, 338.
albifrons, 147.

Ega, 293.

Elaphrus riparius, 140, 170.

Elater corticinus, 170. dorsalis,
170. oculatus, 170. pumilus, 171.

Elateridae, 197.

Eleodes dispersa, 323.

Ellida gelida, 128.

Elliptoleus, 293.

Elpis, 512. rubra, 512.

Empidae, 180, 283.

Empretia stimulea, 127.

Empusa egena, 132.

Encaumaptera, 534.

Encoptolophus sordidus, 63, 406.

Eneyrtus fuscicollis, 117.

Ennomos autumnaria, 196.

Ephemera flavipes, 509.

Ephemeridae, 34.

Ephemeridea, 234, 509, 547.
vulgata, 509.

Ephemeroptera, 12, 13.

Ephippigera, 497.

Epibates fumestus, 284.

Epicauta, 39.

Epijana, 514. cinerea, 515.
lanosa, 514. tenuis, 515.

Epinephele, 261.

Epiphloeus, 441.

Epiphragma, 180.

Erebia, 261. discoidalis, 150.

Eremochaeta, 406.

Ergates spiculatus, 392.

Eristalis, 546.

Erycininae, 54.

Estigena africana, 490, 493, 568.

Eucaterva variaria, 258.

Euchaetes collaris, 127.
127, 467.

Eucheira socialis, 410,

Euchroa, 293.

Euchroma gigantea, 53.

Euclea, 281. cippus, 127.

Eugoa costiplaga, 412.
calis, 412.

Eumelia danbyi, 502.

Eumenes fraterna, 346.

Eumolpus auratus, 172.

Euphanessa mendica, 127,

egle,

tropi-

Euphoeades glaucus, 130. troi-
lus, 150.

Euphydryas phaeton, 150.

Euploeinae, 14, 166, 405.

Euprepia (Apantesis) nais, £80.
(Apantesis) phalerata, 480. (Apan-
tesis) vittata, 480. behrii, 379.
caja, 380. (Cymbalophora) blakei,
379. elongata, 379. geneura, 379.
fasciata, 379. incorrupta, 379.
ochracea, 379. perpicta, 381.
pudica, 379, 380. — shastaensis,
379. sulphurica, 379. superba,
379.

Euproctidion, 414.
414, 422. 567.

Kuproctis reutlingeri, 414, £22,
567.

Euproctus, 293.

Eurosta bigeloviae, 491.

Eurycoleus, 293.

Eurymetopon convexicolle, 323.

Eurymus interior, 130. — phil-
odice, 406.

Euryopa, 441.

Eutachina, 259.

Eutermes, 509.

Eutettix, 305, 307.

Eutracheata, 458, 459, 547.

Evarthrus, 293.

Everyx miyron, 16, 149.

Exoprosopa, 180. doreadion,
284. fasciata, 284. fascipennis, 284.

gabunica,

Exorista ciliata, 467. hirsuta,
467. phycitae, 467. scudderi,
467. trivittata, 467.

Eyprepia barda, 556. (Callare-

tia) ornata, 556.
edwardsii, 556. ochracea, 556.
ornata achaia, 556. ornata com-
plicata, 556. perpicta, 556. sim-
plicior, 556.

dahurica, 556.

Feniseca tarquinins, 70, 201.
Filisata, 86.
Foenus tarsatorius, 346.
Forficula auricularia, 486.
Forficulidae, 342.
Formica pubescens, 545.
545. schaufussi, 321, 322.
Formicidae, 545.
Formicoxenus, 372.
Frenatae, 442.
Fulgoridae, 353.
Fustiger fuchsii, 321.

rufa,

Galerita, 293.
198. luteola, 148.
ena, 148, 557.

Galleria, 540. melonella, 540.

Gallerucidia, 293.

Gargetta, 536, 537.

Gastropacha, 112. americana,
129. cinerascens, 531. gerstae-
ckerii, 531, 532. haematidea, 519,
520.

janus, 90, 93,
xanthomela-

Gastrophilus, 329.

Gastroplakaeis forficulatus, 518,
568. greyi, 519, 568.

Geometra, 68.

Geometrina, 209.

Geotrupes tityus, 140.

Gerris, 510.

Gigantoceras, 549. geometrop-
tera, 550, 568. solstitialis, 549,
568.

Gluphisia, 499, 503, 521, 529.
albofascia, 499, 500, 529, 530.
avimacula, 500, 502, 504, 530,
danbyi, 530. formosa, 499, 500,
530. lintneri, 500, 502, 504, 530.
quinquelinea, 530. ridenda, 499,

500, 529, 530. rupta, 499, 500,
530. severa, 500, 501, 502, 503,
529, 530. slossoniae, 502, 530.

trilineata, 128, 146, 499, 500, 521,
829, 530. wrightii, 500, 502, 521,
529, 530. wrightii slossoniae, 521,
Glyptolenus, 293,
Gly ptus sulcatus, 33.
Goniops, 236, 246,
coides, 237.
Gonometa, 518, 534. brotoessa,
549.
Gortyna nitela, 467.
Gossyparia ulmi, 587.
Grapholitha motrix, 133.
nivora, 379.
Gryllidae, 3, 342, 442, 498, 546.
Grvllodes, 406.
Grvllotalpa, 112, 218, 442, 498.
borealis, 3. columbia, 3.
Gryllus, 114, 442, 492. abbre-
viatus, 5, 6. domesticus, 6.
luctuosus, 4,5, 6. neglectus, 5.
obscurus, 303. pennsylvanicus,
4,
Grypotes, 306.
Gymuosomatidae, 381.
Gynaecia dirce, 481.
Gyrophaena sp., 321,

hippobos-

sp., 467.

pru-

Hadenoecus subterraneus, 105.

Haematopota, 546.

Halisidota, 162, agassizii, 323.
alni, 323, 324. antiphola, 162.
earyae, 127, 158, 163, 166. harrisii,
162, 163, 197. maculata, 127, 163,

165, 323, 324. tessellaris, 126,
127, 162, 164.

Hallesus, 156. maculipennis,
153.

Halobates, 67.

Hargium, 139, 141.

Harma amphiceda, 214. caenis,
214, 216.

Harpalus rusticus, 171.
nigAle

Harpiphorus varians, 557.

Harrisimemna trisignata, 53.

Heliconidae, 525.

Helicopsyche, 155.

Heliophila unipuneta, 462.

viridis,

PSL CHE

Helluomorpha, 293.

Helomyzidae, 329.

Helops piceus, 172.

Hemaris diffinis, 142, 467.

Hemerobius, 34, 539, cornutus,
59. pectinicornis, 59.

Hemidiptera haeckelii, 66.

Hemiptera 12, 13, 37, 42, 43, 67,
69, 98, 118, 209, 368, 493.

Hemonia luteicincta, 412,

Hepialus, 33, 294.

Heraclides ‘cresphontes, 294
372.

Hermetia, 180.

Hesperidae, 278, 525.

Hesperotettix Vv iridis, 262.

Hetaerius, 321, hornii, 322.
tristriatus, 322,

Heterocampa biundata, 128,
178. conspecta, 325. guttivitta,
128,178. manteo, 128. marthe-
sia, 128. obliqua, 128. salicis,
177, 223. subrotata, 178. uni-
color, 95, 128, 197.

Heterocera, 392.

Heteromyia, 370.

Heteronygmia, 414. arctioides,
416, 422, 567. argiloides, 415,
422, 567. basibrunnea, 415, 422,
567. clathrata, 415, 422, 567.
hypoxantha, 416, 422, 567. rhoda-
pieata, 416, 422,567. stigmatica,
415, 422, 567.

Heteropacha rileyana, 30, 193.

Heteroptera, 166, 238.

Hexagenia, 235.

Hexapoda, 220, 458, 459, 460.

Hipparehia semele, 298. semi-
dea, 298.

Hippiscus, 262, 265, 266, 317.
compactus, 268, 288, 301. coralli-
pes, 318. corallipes ruyrosus, 287.
discoideus, 63, 274. haldemanii,
267, 286, 336, 361. haldmanni,
302. lineatus, 360. montanus,
361. mnanus, 286. ocelote, 262,
266. 268, 302. pantherinus, 267,
285. phoenicopterus, 63, 267, 274,
303. rugosus, 63, 268, 287, 301.
saussurei, 268, 302. sutural's, 268,
301. texanus, 267,286. tubercu-
latus, 62, 63, 266, 269, 286, 303,
466. variegatus, 268, 301.

Hippiscus (Sticthippus) califor-
nicus, 269, 317. marmoratus, 269,
318.

Hippise us (Xanthippus) affric-
tus, 272, 336, 349. albulus, 273,
350. altivolus, 272, 347. aurile-
gulus. 274, 362. calthulus, 274,
361. conspicuus, 270, 286, 319.
corallipes, 270, 318, 319. cupidus,
272, 348. devotus, 336. eremitus,
271, 320. griseus, 274, 362. late-
fasciatus, 273, 359. lateritius,
274, 361. leprosus, 271, 334.
maculatus, 271, 333, montanus,

579

273, 361. REE CCUIa, 273, 302,
360. obscurus, 273, 359. para-
doxus, 271, 335. pardalinus, 271,
319, 333. pumilus, 272, 348, 349,
stigmosus, 274, 363. tigrinus, 271,
334. toltecus, 272, 347. vitelli-
nus, 274, 362. zapotecus, 270,°319.
Hippobosea, 546.
Hister punctifer, 189,
Hoplia equina, 189.
Hyalomyia, 429.
Hyalomyodes, 429.
430.
Hyas, 441.
Hyboptera, 293.
Hydnocera, 441.
Hydrocorisa, 67.
Hydrometra, 297,
Hydiophilus, 97, 112
140, 218, 539.
Hydropsy chidae, 157.
Hydroptilidae, 157.
Hyloicus plebeius, 437.

weedii, 429,

1s) J14,

Hy lotoma, 10, 112, 115. ber-
beridis, 114. dulciaria, 10. mac-
leayi, cits pectoralis, 10. scap-

ularis, 11.

Hylurgus, 172

Hymenoptera, 13, 43,115, 118,
150, 209, 233, 449, "458, 545, 546,
547, 553.

Hyperalonia, 180.

Hypervhiria io, 15, 126, 129,

Hypercompa, 380.

Hyphantidium, 385,
386. sericearium, 386.

Hyphantria cunea, 127, 176.
textor, 16, 126, 467.

Hyphantrophaga, 247.
triae, 247, 258.

Hypherpes, 293.

Hypochilus, 86.

Hypoderma, 329, 331.
341.

Hyponomeuta, 117.

Hy poprepia fucosa, 127.

Hypotrabala, 490. — castanea,
493, 513, 568.

Hypsoides, 385.
radama, 386.

bipars,

hyphan-

lineata,

diego, 386.

Ichnaea, 441.

Ichneumon, 198. pennator, 59.

Ichneumonidae, 366, 545.

Ichthyura albosigma, 128. bi-
firia, 529. brucei, 529. inclusa,
128, 147. multnoma, 403. palla,
147. vau, 128, 529.

Idiocerus, 306.

Idiomorphus hewitsonii, 215.
italus, 215. sebetus, 215. vala,
213, 214, 215, 216. zinebi, 214

Ilema, 434. albibasalis, 470,
471, 493, 567. albicostata, 471,
493, 567. albospargata, 470, 493,
567. apicata, 471, 493, 567. brun-
neicosta, 471, 493, 567. circum-

580

data, 471, 493, 567. diluta, 472,
493, 567. flava, 472, 493, 567.
fusca, 472, 493, 567. gonophora,
470, 493, 567. miserata, 471, 493,
567. pallida, 472, 493, 567.

Ilerda brahma, 68.

Imatidium argus, 172.

Ino, 374.

Insecta, 216, 233, 253, 459.

Intsia madagascariensis, 385.

Ips fasciata, 170.

Ischnoptera pennsylvanica, 78.
unicolor, 78.

Isopenthes, 180.

Ithytolus, 293.

Ixodes, 33.

Jana marmorata, 516, 568.
nobilis, 515, 568.

Janassa,177. coloradensis, 522.
lignicolor, 128, 522.

Japyx, 12, 486.

Jasoniades glaucus, 150, 342.

Jassidae, 305.

Jassides, 14.

Jassus jucundus, 307.
udus, 307.

Jugatae, 442.

Julus terrestris, 458.

semin-

Kybos, 305.

Lachnophorus, 293.

Lachnosterna, 468. crassissima,
392. fusea, 92, 93, 198, 392. hir-
ticula, 392. longitarsis, 392. sp.,
bol.

Lacinius, 402. horridus, 402.
obtusidentatus, 402. ohioensis,
402. spinosus, 402. texanus,
405.

Lacosoma chiridota, 128.

Laelia, 431. barsineides, 431.
hypoleucis, 422, 431, 567. ligni-
color, 422, 431, 567. ocellata, 422,
432,567. setinoides, 431.

Laertias philenor, 238.

Lagoa, 281. crispata, 70, 127.

Lagoidae, 282.

Lagoinae, 282.

Lamellicornia, 562.

Lamia aspersa, 170.
170. tornator, 139.

Lampides marakata, 68.

Lamprocera, 441.

Lampyridae, 91, 255, 440.

Lampyris ater, 171. corrusca,
171. laticornis, 171.

Laphria, 180.

Larridae, 554.

Lasiocampaimmunda, 532. leu-
cophaea, 533. lutescens, 533.
minima, 533. viridescens, 532.

Lasiocampidae, 490, 538.

nebulosa,

PST CLIE..

Lasius aphidicola, 322.

Lastaurus, 180.

Latrodectus formidabilis, 382.

Lebasiella, 441.

Lebedodes, 534.
534, 568.

Lebia, 293.

Lecanium hesperidum, 510.

Lehera eryx, 68.

Leipoxais, 519. major, 531.
marginepunctata, 531. peraftinis,
520.

Lelis, 293.

Lema, 112.

Lemphus, 441.

Lepidanthrax, 180.

Lepidoptera, 13, 41, 42, 43, 115,
131, 150, 166, 198, 209, 219, 233,
234, 249, 255, 373, 392, 405, 442,
460, 525, 540, 541, 547, 561.

Lepisma, 485. saccharina, 220.

Lepismina, 485.

Lepista limbata, 411. mono-
chroma, 411. subumbrata, 411.
xanthopa, 411.

Leprus, 266, 317. ingens, 266.

Leptidae, 180, 283, 406.

Leptina, 550.

Leptis hirta, 283. mystacea,
284. punctipennis, 284.

Leptoceridae, 156.

Leptotrac! elus, 293.

Leptura, 297. pubera, 298.

Lestes eurinus, 66.

Lethe, 342.

Leucania unipuncta, 466, 467,
468

Leucarctia acraea, 127.

Leucospis, 297. affinis, 298.
dorsigera, 59.

Lia, 293.

Liancalus, 569. genualis, 569,
570, hydrophilus, 569, 571. quer-
ulus, 569, 571. similis, 569, 571.

Libellula, 33. depressa, 509.
flaveola, 509. vacua, 34. virgo,
15. .

Libethra, 519.

Libythea, 54.

Libytheinae, 102.

Limacodes, 281. biguttata, 127.
coesonia, 127. fasciola, 127. flex-
uosa, 127, 146. scapha, 127. sp.,
275. y-inversa, 127.

Limenitis arthemis, 298.

cossula, 493,

disip-

“pus, 132.

Limnaeina, 166.

Limnophila pudicus, 154,

Limnophilidae, 153.

Limnotettix, 305.

Limotettix, 305, 306. parallelus,
306. striola, 306.

Limulodes paradoxus, 322.

Lina, 112, 113, 114.

Linoptes, 441.

Liobunum, 425. politum, 429.
politum magnum, 426, 428, 429.
ventricosum, 427, 429. ventri-
cosum hyemale, 426, 427, 429.
vittatum, 426, 428, 429. vittatum
dorsatum, 428.

Lioolius, 441.

Liparidae, 281, 385, 414, 536.

Liparis hylomima, 433. mus-
cosa, 432. preussi, 433.

Liphyra brassolis, 201.

Listroscelini, 150.

Listrus, 441.

Lithacodes fasciola, 145.

Lithocolletis ornatella, 378.

Lithosiidae, 209, 399.

Lobetus, 441.

Locusta apiculata, 303.
lina, 303. viridissima, 498.
Locustidae, 21, 342, 492, 497.

Lomadonta, 417. — erythrina,-
417, 422, 567.

Lomechusa cava, 321.

Lophocampa caryae, 16. tes-
sellaris, 16.

Lophodonta angulosa, 128. fer-
ruginea, 128. georgica, 128.

Loricera, 293.

Soxandrus, 293.

Loxopeza, 293.

Loxura, 33.

Lucaina, 441.

Lucanus parallelus, 170, 172.

Lucidota, 441.

Lucilia, 97. caesar, 468. syl-
varum, 249.

Luperus, 297.

Lycaena, 297. exilis, 572.
paludicola, 52. phlaeas, 298.

Lycaenesthes lychnaptes, 51.
regillus, 51. rubricinctus, 51.
scintillans, 51. scintillula, 50.
tisamenus, 52.

Lycaenidae, 32, 50.

Lycidae, 440.

Lycinella, 441.

Lycosa portosantana, 132.

Lycostomus, 441.

Lycus, 441. dimidiatus, 170.
reticulatus, 170.

Lygaeus, 510.

Lygistopterus, 441.

Lymexylonidae, 441.

Lytta, 169, 345. atrata, 58,
170. cinerea, 58, 170. margin-
ata, 58,170. vittata, 58.

coral-

Machilis, 220, 485.

Macquartia, 329. sp., 467.
Macrobasis atrivittata, 392.
Macrocis, 441.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 557.
Macrolepidoptera, 198.
Macromia, 33.

Macronadata brunneidorsa, 489.
collaris, 489.

Macronychia, 331.

Macronychus, 134,

Macrosenta, 565.
566.

Macrosila, 436. carolina, 435.
quinquemaculata, 435.

Malachius 4-maculatus, 170, 172.
vittatus, 170, 172.

Malacodermata, 255.

Mallophaga, 510.

Mallophora, 180.

Malthinus, 441,

_Mamestra tarara, 566.
Mantidae, 38, 78, 342, 497.
Mantis, 32, 112, 114.

Maronius, 441.

longicauda,

Mascicera archippivora, 467.
eufitchii, 467. nigrita, 467.
schizurae, 187, 467.

Mazuga, 565.

Mecoptera, 13.

Megacepha marmorata, 172.

Megachile brevis, 341. centun-
cularis, 340, 341. integer, 341.
scaevus, 341. sp., 341.

Megacilissa, 421. electa, 421.
eximia, 421. gloriosa, 421, mexi-
cana, 42]. yarrowi, 421.

Megalophthalmus, 441.

Megilla maculata, 173.

Meigenia hyphantriae, 176, 247,
websteri, 259.

Melandrya labiata, 298.

Melanophrys, 409, 461, 492.
flavipennis, 409, 461. jurinoides,
409.

Melanoplus, 561.
462. bivittatus, 74. cenchri, 74.
collinus, 74, 406. differentialis,
74. femur-rubrum, 73, 74, 498.
junius, 262. minor,
punctulatus, 74. spretus, 73,465.

Meletomma, 441.

Melia, 329, 504.
504.

Melisa grandis, 394.

Meloe, 39, 172.

Melolontha, 112, 539, 546, 547.
elongata, 171. iricolor, 171. pilo-
sicollis, 139. quercina, 171. ser-
icea, 139. subspinosa, 59, 60.
varians, 171. vulgaris, 540.

Melyridae, 441.

Membracis bimaculatus, 139.

Menidius, 293.

Mermiria bivittata, 66.

Mestobregma cincta, 64.

Metabola, 37. Pais

Metaleptina, 550. —albibasis,
551, 568. nigribasis, 550, 551,
568. obliterata, 551, 568.

Metanastria porphyria, 493,
513, 568. spargata, 493, 513.

Metarbela, 535. stivafer, 535.

Metarctia benitensis, 395. eru-

africana, 565.

atlanis, 73,

danbyi, 502,

74, 250.

PST CHE.

bescens, 395.

haematica, 396.
haematoessa,

396. haemato-
Sphages, 396. inconspicua, 395.
lutea, 396. pareclecta, 395. par-
emphares, 395.

Metathorasa complicata, 568.
cornu-copiae, 568.

Metrypa, 462.

Micragra, 293.

Micralymna, 27.

Micranobium, 441.

Microcentrum laurifolium, 22.

Microgaster, 545,

Micropalpus fulgens, 467.

Micropteryx, 150.

Microtricha, 329.

Midaidae, 180.

Miltochrista clara, 400. ecraigii,
411. erythrias, 400. numida, 400.

Miltogramma argentifrons, 467.

Mimosa lebbek, 385.

Mioptachys, 293.

Mirax, 377. aspidiscae, 877,

378. gyrapholithae, 377, 378.
lithocolletidis, 377, 378. minuta,
377, 378. pallida, 3877, 379.

spartil, 377.

Mirosternus, 441.
Mitopus, 402.
Mizotrechus, 293.
Molanna, 156.
Monohammus confusor, 557.
Morio, 293.
Moriosomus, 293.
Mormonia, 155.
Musca, 97, 98, 99, 114, 381, 546.
Muscaria schizometopa, 313,
329.
Muscariae genuinae, 329.
Muscidae, 255, 259, 329, 331.
Mycetophaetus intermedius,525,
Mycetophilidae, 180, 369, 406,
5

525.
Mygale, 132. hentzii, 33.
Myopa, 140. dorsalis, 329.
picta, 329.
Myriapoda, 366.
Myriopoda, 209, 220, 458.
Myrmecochara sp., 321.
Myrmeleon, 539.
Myrmica, 545.
Myrmycides, 505.
Mystacidae, 156.
Mystacides nigra, 156.
Mytilaspis albus, 572, 573.
albus concolor, 572, 573.

Nabis, 198.

Nacaduba stratola, 52.

Nadata, 147, 337. behrensil,
388, 521. doubledayi, 338, 521.
gibbosa, 128, 197, 276, 337, 340,
521. oregonensis, 337, 338.

Nemestrinidae, 180.

Nemobius, 442. fasciatus, 6.

Nemocera anomala, 406. vera,
406.

081
Nemognatha vittata, 169.
Nemoraea hyphantriae, 467.

nigricornis, 467.
Nemotarsus, 293.
Nemotelus, 297.
Neoarctia, 512. beanii, 512.
Neonympha canthus, 150.
Neophylax concinnus, 539.
Nepa, 510.
Nephelodes minians, 468.
Nepticula septembrella, 377.
Nerice bidentata, 128, 276.
Neuronia stygipes, 153, 154.
Neuroptera, 12, 18, 38, 40, 42,
209, 254, 460, 539, 541, 547.
Nigoletia, 485.
Nioda agrotoides, 567. erubes-
cens, 473, 493, 567. nigristriata,
473, 493, 567. nigrotoides, 473,

493.

Niteliopsis, 555. plenoculoides,
555.

Nitidula bipunctata, 148. bi-
pustulata, 148.

Nocticola, 442.
Noctua cuneata, 480.
Noctuae, 117.
Noctuidae, 549.
Noctuina, 209.

Nola hyemalis, 110. melanopa,
127. minuscula, 248. ovilla, 110.
sexmiuculata, 110. sorghiella,
110. trinotata, 110, 127, 260.

Norraea arctipennis, 488. brevi-
pennis, 488. lineata, 488. sig-
nifera, 488.

Nothiophilus aquaticus, 345.

Nothochrysa gigantea, 182.

Notibius puncticollis, 323.
puberulus, 325.

Notiobia, 293.

Notiophilus, 293.

Notodonta — descherii, 351.
stragula, 128.

Notodontidae,
521, 536, 552.

Notohyba, 434. atrata, 493.
delicata, 451, 493, 568. muscosa,
453. nubifuga, 451, 493, 568.
obscura, 452. proletaria, 452,
493,568. striata, 452, 567. vir-
idis, 453, 493, 567.

Notopriota ocellifera, 493.

Nudaria juvenis, 412. lacteata,

nais, 480,

853, 475, 499,

‘412.

Nyctemeridae, 412.
Nymphalidae, 54, 215, 405.
Nymphalinae, 382.

Ocnaea, 180.
Ocneria dispar, 102, 250, 557.
Ochropisus, 293.
Ocyptera euchenor, 466.
Ocypteridae, 381.
Odonata, 12, 13, 15,
235. 509, 525, 547.
Odonestis, 558.

33, 209,

582

Odontocheila, 293.

Odynerus, 340.

Oebalus pugnax, 61.

Oecacta, 369, 370.

Oecanthus, 114, 442. angusti-
pennis, 6, 8. bipunctatus, 9. fas-
ciatus,6,7, 8. latipennis, 6, 7,
8,9. nigricornis, 8. niveus, 4,
6, 498.

Oeceticus, 294.

Oecleus decens, 353.

Oecura, 385, 389, 410, 434. cru-
cifera, 453, 493, 568. goodii, 388,
390, 391, 410, 454. ocellifera,
454, 568. thersites, 454.

Oedemasia, 522. badia, 177,
522. concinna, 128, 177, 178, 522.
eximia, 177, 522. perangulata,
522. riversil, 223, salicis, 177,
223, 325, 522.

Oedipoda, 266. corallipes, 266,
318. discoidea, 266, 274. halde-
manii, 266, 286, 302. (Hippiscus)
ocelote, 302. montana, 361. neg-
lecta, 266, 286, 360. obliterata,
303. paradoxa, 286, 335. parda-
lina, 333. phoenicoptera, 274,
303, 465. pulchripennis, 303.
rugosa, 266, 287.

Oedipodini, 62.

Oeneis, $9,210. aello, 99, 100.
bore, 99, 100. brucei, 100, 210.
chryxus, 99, 100. iduna, 99, 100.
ivalda, 99, 100. jutta, 99, 100,
210. macounii, 99, 100, 210.
semidea, 54,99, 100, 129, 250, 341.
uhleri, 250.

Oestridae, 259, 329, 331.

Oestromyla, 330.

Oestrus, 331, 546.

Olene costiplaga, 472, 493, 567.
hyloica, 473, 493, 567.

Oligolophini, 402,

Oligolophus, 402. ohioensis,
402. pictus, 402.

Oligonephria, 459.

Omophron, 293. limbatum,
170.

Onota, 293.

Onypterygia, 293.

Ophion merdarius, 545.

Opomala brachyptera, 541.

Orchelimum, 150, 497. concin-
num, 25. glaberrimum, 25. long-
ipenne, 25. nigripes, 25. silvati-
cum, 26. volantum, 26. vulgare,
23, 24, 25.

Orchesella fastuosa, 486.

Orgyia, 281, 338. antiqua, 419,
420, 421. badia, 419, 421. cana,
203, 824,421, 4388. definita, 111,
127, 145, 324, 421. gulosa, 421,
~ 488, 440. inornata. 420, 421.
leucographa, 420. leucostigma,
111, 112, 127, 324, 420, 421, 438,
557. nova, 111, 420. obliviosa,
420. sp., 421. vetusta, 421, 440.

PSVCT LE.

Orgyopsis tenuis, 475, 493, 568.

Orizabus, 392.

Ormia sp., 468.

Ornithoptera, 182, 442.
eana, 68.

Orocharis, 442.
uhleri, 9.
iets glabratus, 148. niger,

brook-

saltatrix, 9.

Orphnephilidae, 406.

Orthesia sp., 572.

Orthezia cataphracta, 510.

Orthopleura, 441.

Orthoptera, 3, 12, 13, 21, 40,
43, 62, 73, 98, 150, 209, 219, 220,
233, 234, 342, 422, 458, 462, 492,
493, 497, 541, 547, 561, 563, salta-
toria, 525.

Orthorhapha nematocera, 313.

Osmia pacifica, 340. simillima,
340.

Otiorhynchus sulcatus, 101.

Otoglossa, 293.

Otroeda cafra, 414. hesperia,
414. jonesii, 414. occidentis,
414, permaguifica, 413.

Oxybelus, 554.
Oxycheila, 293.
Oxygonia, 293.

Pachyarches, 68.
Pachy pasa, 518.
Pachyteles, 293.

Packardia albipunctata, 128.
elegans, 128. fusca, 128. gemi-

nata, 128.
Palaeoblattina douvillei, 365.
Pambolus bifasciatus, 289.
Pamphila, 134.
Panagaeus, 293,
Panglima gloriosa, 568.
Pangonia, 236.
Panorpa, 539.
Panorpata, 539, 541, 547.
Pantarbes, 180.

Papilio ajax, 152. alexanor,
132. americus, 221. asterias, 59,

152, 140. cardui, 140. cres-
phontes, 152, 530. hyale, 140.
idalia, 59. maackii, 132. pelaus,
450. plexippus, 59. polyxenes,

150. rutulus, 340. troilus, 59,
140. turnus, 102, 166, 3840. zoli-
caon, 221, 250.

Papilionidae, 450.

Parasa chloris, 127. fraterna,
197.

Pardalophora, 266.

Parnassii, 70.

Parnassius, 261.

Parorgyia, 282. cinnamomea,
127. clintonii, 127. _parallela,
ID (

Paroxya atlantica, 401, 410.
Pasimachus, 293.

Passalus interruptus, 170.
Peckia, 467.

Pediculus, 510.

Pelecinus polycerator, 300.

Pelecium, 293.

Pelmatellus, 293.

Pelonium, 441.

Pentagonica, 293.

Pentatoma, 510.

Pentatomidae, 365, 493.

Penthetria intermedia, 525,

Percolaus, 293.

Pericompsus, 293.

Perigona, 293.

Peripatus, 405, 564. ;

Periplaneta, 32. americana, 78.
orientalis, 78, 497.

Perla bicaudata, 509.

Pezotettix autumnalis, 76. gra-
cilis, 76. manca, 77. minuti-
pennis, 76. occidentalis, 76.
scudderi, 76. unicolor, 76. viola,
76. viridulus, 65, 75, 77.

Phaenolis, 441.

Phalangiidae, 402, 425.

Phalangiinae, 425.

Phalanginae, 402.

Phalangium, 402. longipalpis,
402. ventricosum, 427. vittatum,
426, 429.

Phanaeus, 102.

Phaniidae, 314, 381.

Phasia, 331.

Phasiidae, 529, 331, 381.

Phasinae, 332.

Phasioclista metallica, 467.

Phasis astrapeus, 373. tribuna,
373.

Phasmidae, 32,78, 342, 372, 406,
497.

Phengodes, 441.

Pheosia californica, 194. dimi-
diata, 194, 352, 353. portlandia,
351. rimosa, 128, 194.

Pheropsophus, 293.

Phibalosoma parva, 64. quadri-
maculata, 64.

Phidippus, 210.

Philonthus aeneus, 148. fusci-
pennis, 148. microphthalmus,
821. politus, 148.

Philopheuga, 293.

Philotherma, 558.
568.

Phlepsius, 307.

Phloeothrips, 236.

Phloeoxena, 293.

Phobetron pithecium, 127.

Phonius, 441.

Phorocera, 331. comstocki, 467.
edwardsii, 467. (Meigenia) pro-
miscua, 259. promiscua, 84, 177.

Photinus, 441.

Photuris, 441.
254, 255.

Phragmatobia ful ginosa, 127.
rubricosa, 512.

Phrissopoda lamanensis, 467.

Phryganeidae, 153.

spargata,

pennsylvanica,

Phryganidae, 32, 114.
Phylethus bifasciatus, 148.
Phyllium, 406.

Phyllodromia, 32. germanica,
257, 404, 497.
Phylloscirtus, 442. pulchellus,

Physea, 293.

Phytophaga, 115.

Phytophthires, 253,

Phytoptocecidii, 241.

Pieridae, 525.

Pierinae, 54.

Pieris, 112, 297, 298. navi, 70.
oleracea, 70, 101. rapae, 101, 130,
237, 468, 494.

Pinacodera, 293.

Pinara, 534,

Pinaridae, 397, 518, 534, 549.

Pinipestis veniculella, 557.

Pison, 553.

Pisonopsis, 553. clypeata, 553.

Pissodes strobi, 557.

Pitnus, 441.

Plataspidae, 365.

Plateros, 441.

Platyblemmus, 150.

Platynoptera, 441.

Platynus, 293. brunneomargin-
atus, 189. tenuicollis, 189.

Platyptera, 13, 209.

Platypteryx arcuata, 129.

Platysamia ceanothi, 133, 166,
196. cecropia, 129, 255, 540.

Platysoma, 293.

Plea, 297.

Plecoptera, 13, 235, 509, 547.

Plectoptera, 209.

Plectroenemia, 157.

Plectrodes, 392.

Plenoculus, 554.
555.

Plusia mapongua, 568.
vana, 568. siculifera, 568.

Plusiotricha livida, 568.

Podisus spinosus, 61.

Podura arborea, 486. simulata,
486.

Poecilia lucubanda, 171.

Poecilochroa, 441.

Pollanisus cyanota, 374. obscu-
rissimus, 374.

Pollyxenus, 297.
293.

Polpochila, 293.

Polyeaon, 441.

Polygonia faunus, 525.
rogationis, 525.

Polynephria, 459. ;

Polyphylla, 392. decemlineata,
92, 93. :

Pompilus fascipennis, 346,

Ponerides, 505.

Porthesia, 281.
281.

Priocera, 441.

Prionoxystus querciperda, 108,

davisi, 554,

ogo-

fasciculatus,

inter-

chrysorrhaea,

PSYCHE:

109. robiniae, 108, 129.
Prionus californicus, 392.
Priotoma, 441.

Procris, 374.
Proctacanthus, 180.
Prodonestis, 538. fulva, 538.
Prolibythea vagabunda, 102.
Prosopus, 406.
Prospherysa promiscua, 467,
Protentomon, 460.
Protocimex siluricus, 365.
Protophasma, 406.
Pseudodipsas cephenes, 53.
Pseudoletis zebra, 50.
Pseudomorpha, 293.
Pseudoxycheila, 293.
Psinidia fenestralis, 64.
Psocidae, 131.
Psocus, 510. venosus, 235,
Psychoda, 546,
Psychodidae, 406.
Psylla. 510.
Pterygota, 220, 233, 257.
Ptinidae, 441.
Ptinus, 441,
Ptomaphagus pusio, 321.
Ptorthodius, 441.
Ptychoptera clavipes, 298.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 557.
Pupipara, 42, 43, 255, 546.
Pyralidina, 209.
Pyrameis cardui, 259.
Pyrectomena, 441.
Pyrgocorypha uncinata, 150.
Pyrophila pyramidoides, 16.
Pyrrharctia isabella, 126, 127,
511, 512.
Pyticera, 441.

Ramesa minuta, 489.

Ranatra fusca, 253.

Raphia frater, 146.

Rhagium indagator, 139. inqui-
sitor, 140.

Rhopalocera, 392.

Rhyacophilidae, 158.

Rhynchaenus cerasi, 59. strobi,
59.

Rhynchophora, 193, 262, 382.

Rhynchota, 233, 253, 510, 547.

Rhyphidae, 180, 406.

Rhyssemus sonatus, 322.

Risoba, 549.

Rusticus seudderii, 34.

Sallaea, 441.

Saperda 2-fasciata, 59. bivit-
tata, 60. candida, 60. Oe
Sarcophaga, 524, 546. acridi-

helicis, 220, 468.
leucaniae, 468. oedipodinis, 468.
sarraceniae, 468. sp., 468,
Sarrothripa reveyana, 259.
Saturnia arnobia, 213, 216. io,
100.
Saturniidae, 282, 535.
Satyridae, 213.

darum, 468.

083

Satyrinae, 85, 166, 197, 294, 342,
405, 525.

Satyrus meadii, 85, 86.

Scalmicauda, 489. benga, 489.

Scaphinotus, 293,

Scarabaeidae, 92, 392.

Scarabaeus ebenus, 171. hecate,
171. relictus, 171.

Scatophagidae, 329,

Scenopinus, 332.

Schistocerca americana, 73, 465.
literosa, 494.

Schizogenius, 293.

Schizometopa, 330.

Schizoneuriuae, 118.

Schizura, 522. badia, 128,177.
conspecta, 325, 522. edmandsii,
522. eximia, 128,177. ipomaea,
128, 522. leptinoides, 96, 128,
177. telifer, 522. unicornis, 128,
187, 522.

Sciara, 209, 250, 262,

Scolopendra complanata, 220.

Scolytidae, 505.

Scolytus cerasi, 172.

Scopaeus, 321.

Scotobates calcaratus, 13.

Serancia, 536, 552. modesta,
537, 568.

Scudderia curvicauda, 21. fus-
cata, 21.

Scutelleridae, 365.
Seirodonta bilineata, 128.
Selenia, 148.
Selenophorus, 293.
Sepsidae, 329.

Sericina telamon, 132.

Sericostomatidae, 155.

Sermyle, 372.

Sesiidae, 209.

Setodes ignita, 156.

Sialis, 32, 405, 539.
254, 539.

Sigalphus sericeus, 346.

Sigara, 139.

Silis, 441.

Silpha caudata, 171. lapponica,
171. surin:mensis, 171.

Simulia, 256.

Simulidae, 180, 255, 406.

Simulium, 370. meridionale,
107. occidentale, 107. pecuarum,
106, 107.

Sisyra, 34, 405.

Sisyrosea inornata, 127.

Sitaris, 39, 539.

Smerinthus astylus, 31,
cata, 169. myops, 169.
169.

Smynthurus, 456,

Solenopsis debilis, 321, 322.

Solierella, 554, 555.

Somera bitia, 476. _ bitioides,
476, 487,493, 567. chlouna, 476,
493,567. chloauchena, 475, 493,
567. chloe, 487. chloeropis, 476,
493, chloromorpha, 476,

infumata,

excae-
ocellata,

567.

584

493,567. desmotis, 475, 493, 567.
falsa, 487, 493, 568. infima, 476,
493, 567, 568. propinqua, 487.

Sozuza decipiens, 411.

Spalgis epius, 201. s-signata,
201.

Spectrum femoratum, 346.

Spharagemon aequale, 64. bolli,
64. collare, 64.

Sphenophorus parvulus, 467.

Sphinges, 342.

Sphingidae, 54, 209, 435.

Sphinx cinerea, 435, 437.

Spilosoma, 511,512. antigone,
127. Jlatipennis, 127, 338, 512.
vestalis, 511. virginica, 16, 126,
127, 512.

Stagmomantis, 492. carolina,

Stauropus squamipennis, 490.

Stenobothrus, 112, 113, 114,
218, 219, 462. aequalis, 478, 479.
bilineatus, 479. curtipennis, 65,
406, 478. maculipennis, 65, 477,
478. olivaceus, 477, 478.

Stenocorus bidens, 141, 172.
cyaneus, 139, 141. putator, 59,
141, 172. tridens, 137,141. vil-
losus, 141, 172.

Stenocrepis, 293.

Stenoglossa, 293.

Stenognathus, 293.

Stenomorphus, 293.

Stenophylax, 154.

Stenous, 293.

Stetheophyma (Arcyptera) gra-
cilis, 66.

Stibolepis 490,
493, 515, 568.

Sticthippus, 262, 266, 269, 317.

Stolonis, 293.

Stomoxys, 297.

Stonyx, 180.

Stratiomyidae, 180, 406.

Strongylosoma guerinii, 458.

Stylops, 41, 140, 141.

Sutria madagascariensis, 385.

Sylaon, 554.

Sylegoptera, 329.

Synchloe joppa, 450.

Syntomis cerbera, 393. cor-
stricta, 375, 393. crenophylax,
293. creobota, 393. cybelistes,
393. cytogaster, 393. elachista,
375. elasson, 375. goodii, 376.
leimacis, 375. leucerythra, 376.
leucogastra, 393. leugalea, 375.
miserabilis, 375,393. natalii, 3874.
ogovensis, 374. puncticincta, 375.
reutlingeri, 376.

Syrbula admirabilis, 65.

- Syringura, 394. uranopetes,

394.

Syrphidae, 255, 314.

Syrphus, 297, 546,

* Systoechus oreas, 455.

Systropus macer, 284,

subiridescens,

PSTCHL.

Tabanidae, 180, 236, 255, 283,
406.

Tabanus, 180.

Tachina, 314. clisiocampae,
83, 259. (Mascicera) armigera, 85.
onchestus, 388.

Tachinaria, 314.

Tachinidae, 247, 313, 329, 381,
409, 429, 461, 466, 492.

Tachininae, 247, 332.

Tachyrhostus, 554.

Tachys, 293.

Tachyta, 293.

Tanypremna, 180.

Tanypus, 370.

Tapinoma, 322.

Taragama choerocampoides,516,
fuliginosa, 517. honrathi, 517.
livida, 517. (Pachypasa) graberii,
517.

Tarentula opiphex, 197.

Tuasitia berenice, 250.

Telea polyphemus, 117, 129, 255.

Telephoridae, 441.

Telephorus, 112.
91, 93.

Tenebrio barbatulus, 171. moli-
tor, 139, 171.

Tenebrionidae, 322.

Tenthredinidae, 366, 546.

Tenthredo cerasi, 59.

Teretrius americanus, 557.

Terias lisa, 69.

Terina minor, 413.
412.

Termes, 509. flavipes, 15, 182,
236. lucifugus, 509.
Terphothrix, 474.

493, 568.

Territelariae, 198.

Tersesthes, 370. torrens, 371.

Tetracha, 293. carolina, 392.

Tetragonoderus, 293.

Tetramorium, 261.

Tetranychus telarius, 557.

Tetrapriocera, 441.

Tettigidae, 14, 223.

Tettigidea lateralis, 78.
morpha, 78.

Tettiginae, 73.

Tettix, 223. arenosus, 77. cris-
tatus, 77. cucullatus, 77. gran-
ulatus, 77. ornatus, 77. rugosus,
77. triangularis, 77.

Thais rumina, 70.

Thamala marciana, 68.

Thamnocera, 454. albilinea, 454,
469, 493,568. albinotata, 469.
coeruleifascia, 469. fumosa, 469.

nubilata, 469. pallida, 469.

Thamnotettix, 305, 306. atro-
punctatus, 306. belli, 306. clitel-
larius, 306. coquelletti, 306.
decipiens, 306. eburatus, 306.
fasciaticollis, 306. fitchil, 306.
flavocapitatus, 306. geminatus,
306. gilletti, 306. kennicotti,

rotundicollis,

tenuifascia,

lanaria, 474,

poly-

306. laetus, 306. longiseta, 306.
lurida, 307. melanogaster, 306.
montanus, 306. semipullatus, 306.
smithii, 306. subaenea, 306, 307.

Thanasimus formicarius, 345.

Thaptor, 441.

Thecla, 33. grunus, 196.

Theclini, 32.

Theraphosidae, 86.

Therevidae, 180.

Thinalmus, 441.

Thomisidae, 210.

Thripidae, 557.

Thrixion, 329.

Thyreonotus pachymerus, 24.

Thyreus abbotii, 16, 149.
Thysanoptera, 12, 13, 236, 510,
547.
Thysanura, 11, 12, 13, 27, 37.

Tibicen septendecim, 557.

Tibiceninae, 406.

Tillus, 441. :

Tinea biselliella, 540. pellio-
nella, 541.

Tineidae, 541.

Tineina, 209, 377, 405.

Tiphia inornata, 346.

Tipula, 297, 546. tritici, 140.

Tipulidae, 180, 255, 406, 546.

Tolype laricis,129 velleda, 129.

Tomocerus plumbeus, 486.

Tomognathus, 545.

Tortricidia flavula, 128, 145,
146. pallida, 146.

Tortricina, 209.

Toxophora virgata, 455.

Trechus, 293.

Trichius eremicola, 171. piger,

93,198. scaher, 171.
Trichodesma, 441.
Trichopoda, 329.
Trichoptera, 13, 153, 209, 233,
254, 539, 541, 547.
Trichopterygidae, 238.
Trichopteryx parallelopipeda,
Trichostoma, 155.
Tridactylus, 442. apicalis, 3.
minutus, 3. terminalis, 3.
Trigonogenius, 441.
Trimerotropis maritima, 64.
Triodites mus, 455.
Triphleps insidiosus, 557.
Triptotricha rufithorax, 283.

Trochilium fraxini, 109. lug-
geri, 108, 109.
Trox nigritus, 171. pulveru-

lentus, 171.
Truxalini, 62.
Truxalis brevicornis. 66.
Trypeta pomonella, 557.
Trypetidae, 283.
Trypherus, 441.
Trypoxylon, 553.
Turnaca grisea, 488, 493, 568.
ignobilis, 489.
Typhlocyba, 54.

Typhlocybidae, 34,
Typhlocybides, 14.
_ Typhlocybini, 305.

Udeopsylla nigra, 27.
Utetheisa, 525. bella, 127.

Vanessa, 223.
milberti, 16, 441.
441,

Velia, 510.

Vespa sylvestris, 450.
woodil, 450.

Vespidae, 545.

Virapa radza, 197.

Volucella, 100.

eardui, 100.
urticae, 262,

west-

ES IC OCLLE

Westermannia anchorita, 566,
568.

Xabea bipunctata, 406.

Xanthippus, 262, 266, 269, 317,
318. calthulus, 361. corallipes,
318. lateritius, 262, 361. lepro-
sus, 334. neglectus, 63, 360. par-
dalinus, 333. toltecus, 347. vitel-
linus, 362. zapotecus, 319.

Xenos peckii, 121, 140, 141.

Xestobium rufovillosum, 148.
tessellatum, 148.

Xiphidiini, 150.

Xiphidium, 32, 113, 150, 219,
233. 253, 254, 256, 458, 492, 564.
brevipenne, 24. ensiferum, 24,
234, 258, 497. fasciatum, 24, 234.

085

nemorale, 24. sp., 24. strictum,
Xylographus, 441.
Xylopertha, 441.
Xylophagidae, 180, 406.
Xylosomus, 293.

Xylota, 297.

Zaitha, 32. fluminea, 253, 5:0.

Zephyrus pavo, 68.

Zerene catenaria, 124.

Zonitis, 346.

Zoote, 380.

Zopherus, 198.

Zophodiopsis hyaenella, 388.

Zygaena, 112. cerasi, 122. per-
sicae, 122.

Zygaenidae, 374.

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